TOPIC 3: HEAT SOURCES AND FLAMES

Heat sources

Most chemical reactions require heat to proceed. It is therefore important to have sources of heat
in a laboratory for heating various reacting substances. Sources of heat in a chemistry laboratory
may include Bunsen burner, candle, spirit burner, kerosene burner (stove), tin lamp (kibatari)
and charcoal burner. These are burners commonly used in most school laboratories.

Different Heat Sources which can be Used in a Chemistry Laboratory

Name different heat sources which can be used in a chemistry laboratory

The Bunsen burner is the best of all burners because it is convenient to handle. Another
advantage of the Bunsen burner is that it produces a hot flame whose temperature is
approximately 1000°C. The temperature can be adjusted easily to produce a non-luminous
flame, which does not produce much soot.

Spirit burner
The spirit burner can also produce a soot-free flame. But the flame is not hot enough to effect
(produce) some chemical reactions. Apart from that, the burner is filled with spirit, a substance
that is highly flammable.
Spirit lamp

A candle
A candle can only be used where a chemical reaction does not require much heat. Its
disadvantage is that it produces a lot of soot. The other burners, though not commonly used, are
an electric heater and a gas burner.
The electric heater uses electricity. The gas burner uses a liquefied gas. The disadvantage of an
electric burner is that it cannot be used in rural areas where there is no electricity.

Candle

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A kerosene burner

A kerosene burner (stove), also called jiko la mchina in Swahili, if well adjusted can produce a
flame hot enough to heat many substances in the laboratory. It is fulled with kerosene, a fuel that
is convenient to carry and store. This fuel does not catch fire easily as compared to spirit and it
is affordable
It can conveniently be used by schools in the most remote areas where there is no electricity. If
too much heating is required, wire gauze should be placed on top of the burner. This will enable
reduce soot and increase the heating temperatures to about 1000°C or more.

Kerosene burner (stove)

A charcoal burner
A charcoal burner can also be used in remove areas. In case the kerosene burner is not available,
for one reason or another, a charcoal burner can be the best alternative.
The red-hot charcoal on the burner is almost soot-free. It can produce high temperature
sufficient to carry out many reactions.

Charcoal burner

A tin lamp
A tin lamp (kibatari), though it produces a lot of soot, can also be used as a burner in a
laboratory, especially in remote areas.
However, the heat it produces is not hot enough to initiate some reactions.

Tin lamp

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The Functioning of a Bunsen Burner

Explain the functioning of a Bunsen burner

Of all the burners we have discussed so far, a Bunsen burner is the mostly used. Therefore, we
are going to discuss about the functioning of the Bunsen burner in more detail. As the name
suggests, this burner was invented by a German scientist called Robert Bunsen, so it was named
after his name as a Bunsen burner. The burner uses coal gas, which burns with a hot and non-
luminous flame when the air holes are open. This is a kind of flame we normally use in the
laboratory.

Functions of different parts of the Bunsen burner

Base: Supports the burner. It makes the burner stable, due to its heavy weight, when placed on a
bench.
Gas inlet: Lets the gas in from the gas supply.
Jet: Directs the gas to the barrel
Collar: Regulates the amount of air entering the burner. It has air holes that can be turned open
or closed depending on the kind of flame, and hence amount of heating required.
Air holes: These small holes on the collar allow air to enter in the burner.
Barrel: This is a part of the burner where air (from outside), and gas (from gas supply) mix up
and burn.

How to light a Bunsen burner

After knowing the different parts of the Bunsen burner, it is important that you also learn how to
light it. This is because careless use of the burner may lead to accident or wastage of the gas.
The following is a correct sequence of steps on how to light the Bunsen burner:
1. Connect the Bunsen burner by a rubber tube to the gas supply.
2. Close the air holes.
3. Turn the gas tap on to let in sufficient gas.
4. Quickly bring a flame at the top of the barrel. You may use a matchstick, a lighter or
wooden splint as a source of flame.
5. Turn the collar to adjust the air holes until you get the type of flame you want. You may
have the holes completely open.
6. Adjust the gas tap until the gas supply is enough to produce a non-luminous flame.

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To put off the flame of the burner after you finish heating a substance, turn the gas tap off in
order to cut off the gas supply to the burner. Disconnect the burner from the gas mains by
removing the rubber tube connecting the two. Then close the air holes. Pay attention not to touch
the hot collar with your fingers or else wait until it is cool enough. Take the Bunsen burner and
keep it at the appropriate place

Types of flame

Flames are formed by burning gases or vapours. During burning, heat and light are given out.
For any solid or liquid to burn with a flame, it must first turn into inflammable vapours (gaseous
state).
Luminous and Non-luminous Flames from Different Types of Flames

Produce luminous and non-luminous flames from different types of flames

A flame can be luminous or non-luminous. Flames of a candle and any oil are usually smoky
and luminous. Flames of such kind are normally of little laboratory use. This is because they are
not hot enough and would deposit soot on laboratory apparatus. Coal gas also burns with a
smoky and luminous flame. With a Bunsen burner, one can produce two types of flames namely,
the luminous and non-luminous flames.

Luminous flame

This is a type of flame produced when the air holes of a Bunsen burner are closed. When the air
holes are closed very little air enters the barrel of the burner. In this case, the flame will be large,
unsteady and bright
The flame will have four main zones each having a distinct colour.

Luminous flame
1. The inner dark zone - This is dark, cool and contains unburnt gas
2. Luminous yellow zone - The gas burns in this zone but because the air is not enough the
burning is incomplete. This leads to formation of tiny carbon particles from the gas. When
these particles are white-hot, they result in formation of light (the yellow colour we see). If
a cold evaporating dish, porcelain crucible, or glass is placed in this zone, it will blacken
due to deposition of carbon particles (soot) on it.
3. Outer zone - This is a non-luminous zone where the burning of the gas is complete due to
presence of enough air. Because of the absence of carbon particles, this zone does not give
out light. Consequently, the zone cannot be seen easily.

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 4. Blue zone – Due to rising convectional current, there is sufficient supply of air for complete
burning at this zone.
Non-luminous flame

When air holes are fully opened, sufficient air enters the Bunsen burner barrel and mixes well
with the coal gas. Hence, the burning of the gas is much quicker and complete. The flame is
smaller and hotter.
Due to absence of white-hot carbon, no light appears. The flame is therefore non-luminous. The
flame has three district zones each with a different colour.

Non–luminous flame
1. Cool I nner zone – this is a zone of unburnt gas.
2. Green/blue zone - part of the gas burns in this zone because there is not enough air to burn
all the gas completely. However, no carbon is formed. The hottest part of the flame is at the
tip of this zone.
3. Outer purple zone – Burning of the gas in this zone is complete.
Major differences between luminous and non-luminous flames
Non luminous flame Luminous flame
1 Formed when air holes are open Formed when air holes are closed
.
2 Very noisy Silent or calm
.
3 Comprises of three zones Comprises of four zones
.
4 Forms no smoke or soot on Forms a lot of smoke or soot on apparatus
. apparatus
5 Blue and almost invisible Bright yellow and clearly visible
.
6 Very hot flame Not a hot flame
.
7 Not bright Very bright
.
8 Triangular flame Wave-like flame
.

Investigation of different parts of a flame

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We can easily find out whether or not the inside of a flame is cool. Two experiments can prove
this:
1. (a) When a piece of cardboard is held horizontally over a non-luminous flame, we notice a
burn mark as shown below:
When held vertically over the flame, the burn mark is as shown in above. Note that when
performing this experiment, the cardboard should be withdrawn from the flame just before it
catches fire. We find that the middle part of the cardboard does not get burned. This is the part
in the zone containing unburnt gas.

Burn mark on cardboard when held horizontally

(b) If the above experiment is repeated using a wire gauze, we notice that the part in the middle
will not become red hot except when the gauze is held in the flame for a long time.

Burn mark on cardboard when held vertically

We can prove the presence of unburnt gas in the Bunsen flame. This can be done by inserting a
glass tube into the flame as shown in figure bellow

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The unburnt gas can be shown to have risen up the tube by putting a light at the top of the tube.
The flame will form. This indicates the escape of unburnt gas through the tube.

To indicate the presence of unburnt gas in a Bunsen burner flame

Uses of flames
Flames are used for different purposes. Some uses of the flames include the following:

 Production of heat for heating substances in the laboratory: In this case, a non-luminous
flame, which produces much heat, is used. However, for reactions that require little heat, a
luminous flame, which is not very hot, can be used.
 Flame tests for elements: In chemical analysis of some elements, a flame test is one of the
preliminary tests normally used to identify an element. When some elements are strongly
heated, they produce characteristic flame colours that distinguish them from one another. A
non-luminous flame is often used.
 Production of light: Flames produce light that can be used to light a dark room. Therefore,
an experiment that involves heating can even be conducted in the dark. The same flame is
used to give heat as well as light. Here, a luminous flame is used. Examples of heat
sources, which produce flames that may be used for lighting, are hurricane lamp, tin lamp,
spirit lamp and candle.
 Cooking: Since it gives a hot flame and produces no soot, a non-luminous flame can be
used for cooking food. Gas cookers, gas stoves and kerosene stoves usually produce such
flames.
 Welding: A non-luminous flame is suitable for welding because it is very hot. In most
welding operations, an oxyacetylene gas, a mixture of oxygen and ethyne, is used. When
burned, the gas produces a flame hot enough to cut or melt the metal.

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