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Abstract
The types of costs are categorized as direct, indirect, and overhead costs. The way these costs
behave determines if they are fixed, variable, or a combination of both, as mixed. Once the
type and behavior are identified, the costs can be analyzed on a per-unit basis. The cost
methods are job-costing, process costing, and activity-based costing. Once managers
understand the costs of production, they can use that information for various analyses, which
In this paper, the three costing methods are reviewed with advantages and disadvantages.
While the traditional two methods are simple and conform to GAAP, ABC methods can
allocate manufacturing overhead more accurately to products and processes that use the
activity. The ABC analysis for Wet Suit World shows that ABC provides deeper understanding
(1) Job costing: Job costing system records revenues and costs for each job (Heisinger &
Hoyle). Job costing is best suited to those situations where goods and services are
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
- Required to track all materials and labor used during the job
- Large number of small jobs is executed at a time in job costing
- Not provide an effective way of controlling overhead costs
(2) Process costing: Process costing is methodology used to allocate the total costs of
production to homogenous units produced via a continuous process that usually involves
multiple steps or departments (Walther & Skousen). A process costing system is used by
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
- Required to track all materials and labor used during the job
- Not disclose the weaknesses and inefficiencies of any process
- Not consider the efforts of individual workers or supervisors
(3) Activity-based costing: Activity-based costing attempts to divide production into its core
activities, define the costs for those activities, and then allocate those costs to products
based on how much of a particular activity is needed to produce a product (Walther &
Skousen). Companies that produce several different products may believe that the benefits
Advantages
Disadvantages
2. Proposal for the cost method Wet Suit World should use
According to Heisinger & Hoyle, the companies with one or two products that require very
little variation in production may not benefit from an ABC system. However, that
management would benefit from understanding the activities involved in the process and the
Wet Suit World seems to have just one product line with one design and one production
process even though it has variety of size and thickness. However, we can get lot of insights
on the costs by allocating different conditions and by costing with ABC method.
(1) Assumptions
Indirect costs and SG&A costs are allocated as same percentage as the case study on the
textbook (Walther & Skousen, p.127). Each size and thickness has different activities as
follows.
[Prices] 2mm: $350, 5mm: $450, 5mm: $500
[Batch] 2mm: 50 units, 5mm & 7mm: 25 units
[Size adjustment service frequency] 2mm: 1/50 units, 5mm: 1/25 units, 7mm: 1/20 units
[Size for Markets] Asia: S/M/L/LL, Europe: M/L/2L/3L, North America: M/L/2L/3L
[Material cost] 7mm 3L costs 2.4 times higher than 2mm S
[Labor cost] 7mm 3L costs 1.3 times higher than 2mm S
P rod u ct Re ven ue s 175,000 700,000 # # ## # # 700,000 175,000 450,000 1,350,000 1,800,000 1,350,000 450,000 250,000 750,000 # ## # # # 500,000 250,000 # ## # # #
P rod u ct Margin 7,604 78,862 93,237 18,862 - 22,396 56,814 174,304 185,701 84,304 - 3,186 - 946 23,523 14,661 - 27,614 - 30,946 652,783
Entity P rofit 453,283
6%
ABC Analysis shows that the middle-size and middle-thickness models are the more
profitable than the corner models. The most profitable model is 5mm - M with 15% cost ratio
while the least ones are 2mm & 7mm - 3L with -11% cost ratio. Although the company cannot
easily cut down the number of sizes and thicknesses, it can utilize the analysis to derive the
3. Conclusion
The three costing methods were reviewed with advantages and disadvantages. While the
traditional two methods are simple and conform to GAAP, the ABC methods can allocate
manufacturing overhead more accurately to products and processes that use the activity. The
ABC analysis for Wet Suit World showed that ABC provides deeper understanding of costs
In s u ran ce $ 70,000 25% 17,500 20% 14,000 10% 7,000 0% - 0% - 45% 31,500
Oth er $ 180,000 50% 90,000 30% 54,000 10% 18,000 5% 9,000 5% 9,000 0% -
Accou n tin g $ 60,000 5% 3,000 5% 3,000 10% 6,000 5% 3,000 10% 6,000 65% 39,000
TOTOAL COST $ 11,600,000 $ 2,260,500 $ 203,500 $ 100,000 $ 165,500 $ 371,000 $ 199,500
2mm, L 3,000 60 60
2mm, LL 2,000 40 40
2mm, LLL 500 10 10
5mm, S 1,000 40 40
UNIT S M L LL LLL
2mm 500 2000 3000 2000 500
2mm 10 40 60 40 10
7mm 25 75 100 50 25
ADS S M L LL LLL
2mm 2 3 3 3 2
5mm 2 3 3 3 2
7mm 2 3 3 3 2
Heisinger, K., & Hoyle, J. B. (n.d.). Accounting for Managers. Retrieved from
https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/accounting-for-managers/index.html
Walther L. M. & Skousen, C.J. (2018). Managerial and Cost Accounting. Bookboon.com
Ingram, D. (n.d.). Advantages & Disadvantages of Job Order Costing & Process Costing.
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