STATISTICAL

ANALYSIS
WITH
SOFTWARE
APPLICATIONS

A LEARNING MODULE

JAY FIE P. LUZANO

Faculty, College of Teacher Education, Arts, & Sciences
Dear Student,

Panagdait sa Tanang Kabuhatan!

The success of this module lies in
your hands. This was prepared for
you to learn diligently,
intelligently, and independently.
This will be a great opportunity for
you to equip yourself not only with
academic content but as well as
some invaluable skills which you
will be very proud of as a
responsible learner.

Remind yourself always, that

there’s no growth in our comfort
zones and no comfort in our growth
zones.
 STUDY SCHEDULE AND HOUSE RULES

Course Title: Statistical Analysis with Software Applications

Course Description: This course is primarily intended for accountancy students
in preparation of their Accountancy Research. Students learn statistical
techniques for further study in business, economics, finance, and accounting.
The course covers introduction to SPSS, sampling distributions, probability,
confidence intervals, hypothesis testing, correlations, regression, basic
modeling, analysis of variance, and chi-square tests. The primary software to be
used is the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The main objective
of the course is to provide students with pragmatic tools for assessing statistical
claims and conducting their own statistical analyses and to critically evaluate
statistical reports or findings.
STUDY SCHEDULE
MODULE 1:
 Introduction of Statistics
 Organization & Presentation of Data
 Frequency Distribution
At the end of the module you will be able to:
1. Define statistics;
2. Recognize the contributions of great mathematicians and statisticians in
developing the different concepts in statistics;
3. Differentiate census from sample taking;
4. Determine the most appropriate way of selecting a sample and collecting data
in a particular study;
5. Summarize the different classifications of variables and data;
6. Appreciate the importance and uses of statistics in all fields of work;
7. Apply statistics in research and in any systematic investigation. (LESSON 1)
WEEK TOPIC Date Time

Week 1 Lesson 1 – Introduction of Statistics

Lesson 2 – Organization and

Week 2
Presentation of Data

Week 3 Lesson 3 – Frequency Distribution

PRELIM EXAMINATION
 The following guides and house rules will help you to be on track and complete
the module with a smile on your face.
1. Read and understand every part of the module. If there are some contents or
tasks which you find difficult to understand, try to re-read and focus. You may
also ask help from your family at home, if it doesn’t work, you may send a private
message on my Facebook account (Jay Fie P. Luzano) or you may text me on this
cellphone number 09075659573.
2. Each module begins with an overview and a list of the topics you are expected to
learn.
3. At the end of each lesson try to reflect and assess if you were able to achieve the
learning objectives. Remember that you can always read again if necessary.
4. Learn to manage your time properly. Study how you can manage to work on this
module in consideration of your other modules.
5. Each module has worksheets where you can do all your activities. At the end of
the month, remove the worksheets and submit them to your teacher.
6. Have patience and do not procrastinate.
7. Practice the virtue of honesty in doing all your tasks.
8. Lastly, the activities in the module must be done by you and not by others. Your
family and friends may support and guide you but you must not let them do the
work. DO YOUR BEST AND GOD WILL DO THE REST.

JAY FIE P. LUZANO

Instructor
 Module 1

 Introduction of Statistics
 Organization & Presentation
of Data
 Frequency Distribution
 MODULE CONTENTS

I. Lesson 1: Introduction of Statistics

II. Lesson 2: Organization and Presentation of
Data
III. Lesson 3: Frequency Distribution
IV. References
 Module 1
Lesson 1 Introduction of Statistics
Learning Outcomes:
After this lesson, you should be able to:
 Define statistics;
 Recognize the contributions of great mathematicians and statisticians in developing the
different concepts in statistics;
 Differentiate census from sample taking;
 Determine the most appropriate way of selecting a sample and collecting data in a
particular study;
 Summarize the different classifications of variables and data;
 Appreciate the importance and uses of statistics in all fields of work;
 Apply statistics in research and in any systematic investigation.

Origin and Development of Statistics

 The history of Statistics can be traced back at least to the Biblical times in ancient Egypt,
Babylon, and Rome.
 In Egypt, Statistics had been used in th form of recording the number of sheep or cattle
owned, the amount of grain produced, and the number of people living in a particular city
as early as 3,500 years before the birth of Christ.
 In Babylon, they used Statistics to measure the number of men under a king’s rule and
the vast territory that he occupied as believed before that more men under his command
and the more lands they conquered, the more powerful their kingdom would become.
 In Rome, they used Statistics by conducting registration to record population for the
pupose of collecting taxes.
 In the modern times, statistical methods have been used to record and predict such
things as birth and death rates, employment and inflation rates, sports achievements, and
other economic and social trends.
 Modern Statistics is said to have begun with:
1. John Graunt (1620-1674) – an English tradesman; he collected published
records called “bills of mortality” that included information about the
numbers and causes of deaths in the city of London and created the first
mortality table.
2. Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) – the brilliant German mathematician
who used statistical methods in making predictions about the positions of
the planets in our solar system.
3. Adolphe Quetelet (1796 -1874) – a Belgian astronomer who developed
the idea of the “average man” from his studies of the Belgian census and
known as the “Father of Modern Statistics”.
4. Karl Pearson (1857- 1936) – an English mathematician made important
links between probability and statistics.
5. Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher (in the 20th century) – a British statistician who
developed the F-tool in inferential statistics (derived after his name). The
F-tool has been very useful in testing improvements of production from
agricultural experiments and improvement of precision of results from
medical, biological, and industrial experimentation.
6. George Gallup (1901-1984) – an American statistician who was
instrumental in making statistical polling, a common tool in political
campaigns.
 In this age of information technology, a lot of computer programs such as Microstat,
Soritec Sampler, SPSS, and others are made available website that perform more than
the manual calculations in statistics.
  People working in some government agencies, in laboratories, in media, and in business
generally use these electronic devices to easily access data, improve graphics, and obtain
ready-made analyses and interpretations about the data.

Definition

 Statistics is an art and science that deals with the collection, organization, creative
presentation, analysis, and interpretation of quantitative data.

Uses of Statistics

 Statistics helps people answer questions and make decisions about many things.
 For instance:
1. In education, statistics can be used to assess students’ performance and correlate
factors affecting teaching and learning processes to improve quality of education.
2. In psychology, statistics is used to determine attitudinal patterns, the causes and
effects of misbehavior.
3. In business and economics, statistics is used to analyze a wide range of data
like sales, outputs, price indices, revenues, costs, inventories, accounts, and the
like. This is to monitor status of customers, employees, orders, and production.
4. In research and experimentation, statistics is used to validate or test a claim or
inferences about a group of people or object, or a series of events.
5. In medicine, statistics is used to collect information about patients and diseases
and to make decisions about the use of new drugs or treatment.
6. In meteorology, statistics is used to find patterns in the weather and make
predictions about what future weather will be like.
7. In demography, as demographics, the study of size, vital characteristics of the
population, and how they might change over time.

Branches of Statistics

Example:
1. In a recent study, volunteers who had less than 6 hours of sleep were four times more
likely to answer incorrectly on a science test than were participants who had at least 8
hours of sleep. Decide which part is the descriptive statistic and what conclusion might
be drawn using inferential statistics.

The statement “four times more likely to answer incorrectly” is a descriptive

statistic. An inference drawn from the sample is that all individuals sleeping less than 6
hours are more likely to answer science question incorrectly than individuals who sleep at
least 8 hours.
Constants and Variables

 Constants refer to the fundamental quantities that do not change in value. Fixed costs
and acceleration due to gravity are examples of such.
 Variables are quantities that may take anyone of a specified set of values.
These set of values can be classified as:
 Qualitative (categorical) – are non-measurable characteristics that cannot
assume a numerical value but can be classified into two or more categories. It can
be dichotomous (for example gender-“male or female”), trichotomous (for three
options), and multinomous (for multiple variables).
 Quantitative (numerical) – are those quantities that can be counted with your
bare hands, can be measured with the use of some measuring devices, or can be
calculated with the use of a mathematical formula.
This variable can be classified as discrete variable – consists variates (actual
values) usually obtained by counting (for example, the number of students in a
Statistics class), or continuous variable – obtained by measurements, usually
with units such as height in meters.

Data and Information

 Data usually refers to facts concerning things such as status in life of people,
defectiveness of objects or effect of an event to the society.
 Information is a set of data that have been processed and presented in a form suitable
for human interpretation, usually with a purpose of revealing trends or patterns about the
population.

Sources of Data

 Primary source – a firsthand information usually obtained by means of personal interview

and actual observation.
 Secondary source – is taken from other’s works, new reports, readings, and those that
are kept by the Philippine Statistics Authority and other government and private agencies.
Levels of Measuring Data
Methods of Collecting Data: Its Advantages and Disadvantages

1. Direct or Interview Method – a person-to-person interaction between interviewer and an

interviewee. Tape recorded or written interviews will help the researcher obtain exact
information from the interviewee.

Advantages: Precise and consistent answers can be obtained by modifying or rephrasing

the questions especially to illiterate respondents or to children under study.
Disadvantages: It is time, money, and effort consuming and it will be applicable only for
small population, except when conducting a census.

2. Indirect or Questionnaire Method – alternative method for the interview method. Written
responses are obtained by distributing questionnaires (list of questions intended to elicit
answers to a given problem, must be given in a logical order and not too personal) to the
respondents through mail or hand-carry.
Advantages: Lesser time, money, and efforts are consumed.
Disadvantages: Many responses may not be consistent due to the poor construction of
the questionnaire. The meaning of the questions may be different from each respondent.
Inconsistent responses can no longer be modified, thus, it reduces valid number of
participants.
3. Registration Method – is enforced by private organizations or government agencies for
recording purposes.

Advantages: Organized data from an institution can serve as ready references for future
study or for personal claims of people’s records.
Disadvantages: Problem arises only when an agency doesn’t have a Management
Information System and if the system or process of registration is not implemented well.

4. Observation Method – a scientific method of investigation that makes possible use of all
senses to measure or obtain outcomes/responses from the object of the study.

Advantages: Observation method is usually applied to respondents that cannot be asked

or need not speak, especially when behaviors of persons/culture of
organization/performance outcomes of employees/ students are to be considered.
Disadvantages: Subjectivity of information sought cannot be avoided.

5. Experimentation Method – is used when the objective is to determine the cause-and-

effect of a certain phenomenon under some controlled conditions.

Advantages: There is objectivity of information since a scientific method of inquiry is used.

An equal number of respondents with relatively similar characteristics are being examined
to obtain the different effects of something applied to the experimental group.
Disadvantages: It’s too difficult to find respondents with almost similar characteristics.
The whole method must be repeated if the desired outcome is not reached.

Note: Data that are collected by these methods are usually referred to as raw data.
 VARIABLES

QUALITATIVE  Dependent QUANTITATIVE

 Independent

 Dichotomous  Discrete
 Trichotomous  Continuous
 Multinomous

DATA

SOURCES LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

 Primary  Nominal
 Secondary  Ordinal
 Interval
 Ratio

METHODS PRESENTATION

 Interview  Textual
 Questionnaire  Tabular
 Registration  Graphical/Chart
 Observation  Line Graph
 Experimentation  Bar Graph
 Pie Graph
 Pictograph
 Map/Cartogram
 Scatter Point Diagram

Fig. 1. Classifications of Variables and Data

Population and Sample

 A population is the collection of all outcomes, responses, measurement, or counts that

are of interest.
 A sample is a subset of a population.

To illustrate:

Parameter & Statistic

To explain:
Exercise 1
A. Tell whether each of the following situations requires a Descriptive or Inferential statistics.

_______________1. The price movements of 50 issues of stocks are analysed to determine

whether stocks in general have gone up or down during a certain period of time.
_______________2. A statistical table is constructed for the purpose of presenting the
passenger-miles flown by commercial airlines in the Philippines.
_______________3. Several manufacturing firms in a particular industry are surveyed for the
purpose of estimating the industry wide investment in capital equipment.
_______________4. The effectiveness of computer-aided instruction in Statistics class was
studied by comparing the performance of the students under the experimental and controlled
groups.
_______________5. The problem solving abilities of students in the different skills were
interpreted by classifying their average scores as Excellent, Very Good, Good, Fair, or Poor.

B. Analyze the research questions below. State the population of the study and discuss its
appropriate sampling technique.
1. Is there a significant difference between the working and non-working students of the
University of the East in terms of their academic performances?

Population:

Sampling Technique:

2. What is the effect of using Computer-Aided Instruction in the performance of Statistics

Classes?

Population:

Sampling Technique:

3. Is there a significant difference between the two methods, Natural and Artificial in
culturing Tilapia in terms of productivity and marketability levels?

Population:

Sampling Technique:

C. CASE PROBLEM. Suppose you were asked to make a study on the brand preferences
and satisfaction of customers of famous laundry soaps in four different supermarkets.
1. Arrange the LETTERS of the following steps to statistical inquiry in a logical way:
A. Collecting relevant information.
B. Defining a problem
C. Interpreting the data
D. Analyzing the data
E. Organizing and presenting the data
2. Who will be the most appropriate respondents of the study?
3. Calculate the sample size if the population size is 2,000 and the margin of error is 5%.
References

Sirug, Winston S. (2011). Introduction to Business Statistics. Minshapers Co. Inc.

Altares, Priscilla S. (2012). Elementary Statistics with Computer Applications. Rex Printing
Company, Inc.