Design of RC T-beam Bridge

Problem Statement and Owner Requirements

Design a T- beam Bridge Deck to meet the following requirements of owner.

 Type of Bridge : Local Road Bridge

 Bridge Effective Span : 12 m
 Carriage Way : Two Lane
 Safety Kerb : Two (Each on either side of bridge)
 Wearing Coat : Asphalt Concrete
 Height of Support :7m

Design of Bridge Deck

Design of bridge deck has been carried out in the following three steps.

I. Planning and Preliminary Design of Deck

Bridge deck design is started with the appropriate selection of bridge deck type. Then
geometry of the deck is planned, type of materials required for deck are selected.
[Refer IRC 5 and IRC 6 for planning and preliminary design]

II. Analysis and design of Deck Slab

In the analysis of deck slab, loads on bridge deck are assessed, critical responses of deck
slab i.e. maximum values of bending moment, shear force at the critical sections of
restrained and cantilever slabs are calculated. After analysis, assigned sizes of deck slab
are verified and critical sections of restrained and cantilever slab are designed. Detailing
of reinforcing bars are carried out after the section design
[Refer IRC 6, IRC 21, IRC 112, IS456, SP16 and SP34 for RC design and detailing]

III. Analysis and Design of Girders of Bridge Deck

In this stage, loads on main and cross girders of bridge deck are assessed and responses
of girders at critical sections are determined. After analysis, sizes of the main and cross
girders are verified, quantity of reinforcing bars and their arrangements are determined.
Detailing of reinforcing bars are carried out after the section design
[Refer IRC 6, IRC 21, IS 4 and IRC 112, IS456, SP16 and SP34 for RC design and detailing]

Design Example of RC T-Beam Bridge Page 1

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I. Planning and Preliminary Design of Bridge Deck
A. Selection of Type of Bridge Deck
For bridges up to 12 m span, slab on girder type bridge will be technically and economically
feasible. So in the example, T-Beam Bridge has been selected for bridge deck.

B. Material Selection

Take

 M25 grade of concrete for all RC work

 Fe 415 HYSD bars for all RC work
 Asphalt Concrete for Wearing Coat
 Heavy Steel Pipe of Mild Steel for Railing

C. Geometry of Bridge Deck

Width of Carriageway

Take, Width of carriageway = 4.25 m

 Minimum carriageway width for single lane bridge = 4.25 m

[Refer IRC 5]

Width and Height of Safety Kerb

Take, Width of Kerb = offset + width of railing post + min. clearance from post
= 50 + 225 + 225 = 500 mm
Height of Kerb ≥ minimum height from road surface
= 300 mm
 Minimum width of kerb = 0.225 m from the face of railing
 Minimum raised height of safety kerb from wearing course = 0.225 m
[Refer IRC 5-1998 Cl. 111]

Type of Drainage Spout

Take Standard type of drainage spout @ 3 m c/c

Type of Wearing Coat [Refer 1308, Yellow Book]

Take Asphalt Concrete for wearing coat of bridge. Thickness of wearing coat is taken
50 mm at edge and 92.5 mm at crown of carriage way to give about 2% camber.

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 Type of Railing

Provide heavy steel pipe with RC post as railing. [Refer IRC 5-1998 Cl. 115]

Take
 RC post of 225 mm × 225 mm × 1100 mm
 No of Post = 9 on either side of bridge @ 1.5 m spacing
 3 - 48.3 mm ∅ heavy steel pipe @ 4.37 kg per running meter [Refer steel section book]

48.3 mm dia. steel pipe

0.1m

0.4m
1.1m
Fig: Railing
0.4m

0.4m
0.225m

Size of RC Slab
Provide
 200 mm thick restrained slab with 150 mm× 300mm fillet at their ends
 Cantilever slab of tapering shape with 170 mm thickness at tip up to 0.5 m and
350 mm depth at the root of cantilever.

 Minimum thickness of slab =200mm at mid and 150 mm at cantilever tip [Refer IRC 21 Cl.305.2]

Size of Main Girder

Provide
 Min. thick. of web of girder = 250 mm
 Width of web of main girder (bw) = 300 mm
 Depth of main girder (D) is estimated
 Depth of main girder (D) = E. span / 12 = 1 m
by defection control criteria. Usually
 Spacing of girders (S) = 3m
span/effective depth ratio for simply
 No of girder = 2
supported T-Beam Bridge is taken 10
to 15
Size of Cross Girder  Effective spacing of M. girder = 2 - 3 m
Provide  Depth of Cr. Girder ≥ ¾ D
 Width of web = 250 mm  No. of Cross Girder ≥ 5
 Depth of girder = ¾ D = 750 mm [Refer IRC 21 Cl. 305]
 No of cross beam =5
 Spacing of girder = 12/(5-1) = 3m

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 Asphalt concrete of 50mm th. at B
edge and 92.5 mm th. at crown
1.1m
RC post of 225mm × 225mm
4.25 m
with three heavy steel pipes
0.17 m
0.2m 0.75m
1m 0.3m

1.125 m RC safety kerb of 0.5 m

3m
width and 0.3m height
5.25 m
` B
Fillet of 150 mm × 300 mm

Transverse Section of Bridge at A-A

RC posts of 225mm × 225 mm

@ 1.5 m spacing with three
steel pipes
A

1m 0.5m 0.2m 0.25m 0.75m

3m 3m
l = 12m
L = 12.5m
Cross girder
A Mid line
@ 3 m c/c

Longitudinal Section of Bridge at B-B

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II. Analysis and Design of Deck Slab

Deck of T-Beam bridge consists of two types of slab i.e. cantilever and restrained slabs. Both
types of slabs are analyzed and designed for one meter strip. So in this example load and
responses have been calculated for one meter strip of slab

1. Design of Cantilever Slab

 Take the face of main girder as the support of cantilever slab
 Assess dead loads from railing, kerb, slab, wearing coat, and live load on cantilever slab per
its unit width.
 Assess live load per unit width by Effective Width Method.
 Find maximum BM at critical sections of cantilever slab.
 Design cantilever slab for BM and carry out detailing of reinforcement

ANALYSIS OF SLAB

0.15m
0.325m Wheel of 114 KN
axle of Class A load
0.3m
0.17m
0.35m

0.5m 0.475m
m

Cantilever slab with dead and live

load

Calculation of Dead load

 Weight of railing
 Weight of W.C.
 Weight of kerb
 Weight of slab
1.35
= (9×0.225× 0.225 × 1.1 × 25 + 12 ×3 × 0.0437) × 12
= 1.59 KN/m (load acts at 0.1625m from tip)
= 0.072 × 0.475 × 22 × 1.75
= 1.32 KN/m (load acting at 0.238 m from support)
= 0.5 × 0.3 × 25 × 1.35
= 5.063 KN/m (loads acts at 0.25m from tip)
= 0.17 × 25 × 1.35 = 5.74KN/m at tip
= 0.35 × 25 × 1.35 = 11.82 KN/m at support

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 Calculation of live load

Live load per unit width of slab is calculated placing a wheel of 114 KN Axle at 0.15 m
from the face of the kerb. Live load per unit width of slab is found by dividing live load
by effective width of slab ‘bef’

𝑙
bef = 1.2a + b1 ≤ ; Where, a = 0.1625, b1 = 0.25 + 2 × 0.072 = 0.394 m
3

𝑙 0.975
bef = 0.589 and = = 0.325 m ; Adopt, bef = 0.325 m
3 3

57×0.325×1.5×1.5
Live load per unit width with impact =
0.5×0.325
= 256.5 KN (acts at 0.1625 m from support)

Design Longitudinal BM at face of main girder

Design BM = Max. BM due to dead load + Max. BM due to live load

Mu = 256.5 × 0.1625 + 1.32 × 0.238 + 5.063 × 0.725+ 1.59 × 0.8125 + 5.74 × 0.975 ×
0.975/2 + ½ × (11.82-5.74) × 0.475 × 0.475/3
= 8.24+ 41.68 = 49.92 KN-m/m

Maximum Transverse BM in the direction of traffic

Mu = 0.3 BM due to live load + 0.2 BM due to dead load

= 0.3 × 41.68 +0.2 × 8.24 = 14.15 KN-m/m

DESIGN OF SLAB

Check depth of slab

𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 350 – 25 – 10/2 = 320 mm

𝑀𝑢 49.92 × 10 6
𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑙 = = = 120.3 mm
𝑄×𝑏 3.45 × 1000
Where, Q = 0.36 fck× 0.48 × (1 -0.416 × 0.48) = 3.45

𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 > 𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑙

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 Find reinforcing bars

Since, dbal < dprov , section of slab is designed as Singly Reinforced Under-Reinforced
Section (SRURS). In the example, section design has been done by using SP16.

a. Primary Reinforcement

𝑀𝑢 𝑀𝑢 49.92× 10 6
Find 2
; = = 0.4875 ≅ 0.5
𝑏×𝑑 𝑏×𝑑 2 1000 ×320 2
𝑝𝑡 = 0.142% [For fck= 25N/mm2 and fy= 415 N/mm2] ≥ 𝑝𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.12%
0.142
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝑠𝑡 = × 1000 × 320 = 454.4 mm 2
100
Adopt 10 mm ∅ bar @ 150 mm c/c 𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣
𝑠𝑡 = 523.6 mm2

b. Transverse Reinforcement

𝑀𝑢 14.15 × 10 6
= 10 10 = 0.147≅ 0.15
𝑏×𝑑 2 1000 ×(320− − )2
2 2
𝑝𝑡 = 0.084 % [For fck= 25N/mm2 and fy= 415 N/mm2] < 𝑝𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.12%
Provide 𝑝𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.12 % of bD
0.12
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝑠𝑡 = × 1000 × 350 = 420 mm2
100
Adopt 10 mm ∅ bar @ 150 mm c/c 𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣
𝑠𝑡 = 523.6 mm2

c. Temperature Reinforcement

Provide 𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑠𝑡 = 402.2 mm2 per m width steel bars as temperature reinforcements
in both direction of slab at bottom. [Refer IRC 21- 2000 Cl. 305.17.4]
Adopt 10 mm ∅ bar @ 180 mm c/c.

Check slab for shear

Cantilever slab designed by effective width method is not necessary to check for
Shear. [Refer IRC 21- 2000 Cl. 305.16.2 note]

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 2. Design of Restrained Slab

 Assess dead load from its self-weight and wearing coat per its unit width.
 Assess live load per unit width of slab, positioning wheels of 114KN axle of class A load at
the center of slab panel.
 Find maximum BM at mid of shorter and longer span of Slab by Pigeaud’s Method.
 Find maximum SF at support in shorter span of slab.
 Design section of slab for bending moment and shear force and carryout detailing of
reinforcing bars.

ANALYSIS OF SLAB

Slab Panel
Direction
of traffic
500 mm st
Wheel of 1 114 KN
2.75 m I Axle of Class A load

250 mm
1.2 m
nd
Wheel of 2 114 KN
II Axle of Class A load

2.70 m

Position of Class A load

for maximum BM

Effective span in transverse direction of bridge = 3 – 0.3 = 2.7 m

Effective span in longitudinal direction of bridge = 3 – 0.25 = 2.75 m [Refer Cl.305.43 IRC 21]

Calculation of Bending Moment due to Dead Load

Bending moment is calculated by using PIGEAUD’S METHOD
BM in shorter span of slab = (m1 + µm2) × W × 0.8 = 2.98 KN - m
BM in longer span of slab = (m2 + µm1) × W × 0.8 = 2.98 KN - m
Where,
m1 = 0.037, m2 = 0.037 for K = Shorter span / Longer span ≈1 and 1/K ≈ 1,
𝜇 = 0.15, W = 87.41 KN

Dead load due to W.C. and self wt. of slab (W) =

= (0.072 × 22 × 1.75+ 0.2 × 25 × 1.35) × 2.7 × 2.75 + 0.15 × 0.3 × 2.75 × 4 × 25 × 1.35 = 87.41 KN

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 Calculation of Bending Moment due to Live Load
Bending moment is calculated by using PIGEAUD’S METHOD

BM due to Wheel I
BM in shorter span = (m1 + µm2) × W × 0.8 = 18.88 KN-m
BM in longer span = (m2 + µm1) × W × 0.8 = 18.88 KN-m

Where,
𝑢 0.500 + 2 × 0.072
m1 = 0.16, m2 = 0.16 for K ≈ 1, = = 0.238,
𝐵 2.7
𝑣 0.250 + 2 × 0.072
= = 0.143, 𝜇 = 0.15, W = 57× IF × 𝑟𝑓 = 128.25 KN
𝐿 2.75

BM due to Wheel II
BM in shorter span = (BM of patch I – BM of patch II) × 1/2 = 2.63 KN-m
BM in longer span = (BM of patch I – BM of patch II) × 1/2 = 2.63 KN-m

Hypothetical Wheel
Identical to wheel II

II Direction
of traffic
2.75 m Patch I Patch II
= -
II
2.7m
Wheel of 114 KN
Axle of Class A
load
BM due to wheel I and wheel II in shorter span = 18.88 + 2.63= 21.51 KN-m
BM due to wheel I and wheel II in longer span = 18.88 + 2.63= 21.51 KN-m

Design moment due to DL and LL in shorter span = 21.51 + 2.98 = 24.49 KN-m
Design moment due to DL and LL in longer span = 21.51 + 2.98 = 24.49 KN-m

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Calculation of Shear Force due to Dead Load

Max. SF due to dead load in shorter span of slab = SF due to Self Wt. of WC, & slab with fillet
𝑤𝑢 𝑙 0.2×25×1.35+0.072×22×1.75 × 2.70
= + Vufillet = + 0.25 × 0.15 × 0.3 × ½ × 2.75 × 25
3 3
= 9 KN [Only 25% of wt. of fillet is taken for shear calculation]

Calculation of Shear Force due to Live Load

Shear force is calculated by effective width method. Find effective width of slab for wheel I
and wheel II.

st
Wheel of 1 114 KN
1.8m Axle of Class A load

2.75m I II
1.2m I

I II
I
0.522m nd
Wheel of 2 114 KN
2.7m Axle of Class A load

Position of Class A
load for maximum SF

For wheel I
𝑎
𝑏𝑒𝑓 𝐼 = α × a 1 – + b1 = 2.24 × 0.522 × (1 - 0.522/2.70) + 0.394 = 1.34 m
𝑙
Where,
a = 0.25 + 0.2 + 0.072 = 0.522 m
𝐵
α = 2.24 for 𝐿 = 1 (For continuous slab)
b1 = W + 2h = 250 + 2 × 72 = 394 mm
Since the bef of individual wheel overlaps, find modified effective width.
𝑏𝑒𝑓 𝐼 𝑀𝑜𝑑 = 0.25+ 0.25/2 + 1.2 + 𝑏𝑒𝑓 𝐼 /2 = 2.245 m
Width of cross beam is taken into account for effective width calculation.
2 × 57 × 𝐼𝐹 × 𝑟 𝑓 𝐿𝐿
Load due to wheel I (FI) = = 114.2 KN/m
𝑏𝑒𝑓 𝐼 𝑀𝑜𝑑

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 For wheel II
𝑎
𝑏𝑒𝑓 𝐼𝐼 = α × a 1 – + b1 = 2.24 × 0.378 (1 - 0.378/2.70) + 0.394 = 1.12 m
𝑙
Where,
a = 2.7 – 1.8 – 0.522 = 0.378 m
𝐵
α = 2.24 for 𝐿 = 1 (For continuous slab)
b1 = W + 2h = 250 + 2 × 72 = 394 mm
Since the bef of individual wheel overlaps, find modified effective width.
𝑏𝑒𝑓 𝐼𝐼 𝑀𝑜𝑑 = 0.25 + 0.25/2 + 1.2 + 𝑏𝑒𝑓 𝐼𝐼 /2 = 2.135 m.
[Width of cross beam is taken into account for effective width calculation]
2 × 57 × 𝐼𝐹 × 𝑟 𝑓 𝐿𝐿
Load due to wheel II (FII) = = 120.14 KN/m
𝑏 𝑒𝑓 𝐼𝐼 𝑀𝑜𝑑

FI = 114.2 KN FII = 120.14 KN

0.522 m 1.8 m 0.378 m
Am m B

L = 2.7 m

Longitudinal position of Class A load

Reaction at A and B
RA × 2.7 = 114.20 × (2.7 – 0.522) + 120.14 × 0.378
∴ RA = 108.94 KN
RB = 125.4 KN

Design shear force due to DL and LL in shorter span = 125.4 × 0.8 + 9 = 109.32 KN

DESIGN OF SLAB

Check Depth of Slab

Effective depth of main reinforcement (d1) = 200 – 25 – 10/2 = 170 mm

Effective depth of secondary reinforcement (d2) = 200 – 25 – 10 – 10/2 = 160 mm
𝑀𝑢 24.49 × 10 6
𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑙 = = = 84.26 mm
𝑄×𝑏 3.45 × 1000

𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑙 < 𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣

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 Find Reinforcing bars

Since, dbal < dprov , section of slab is designed as Singly Reinforced Under-Reinforced
Section (SRURS). In the example, section design has been done by using SP16.

a. Reinforcing bars in shorter and longer direction of slab

In short span
𝑀𝑢
Find
𝑏 × 𝑑2
𝑀𝑢 24.49 × 10 6
= =0.847≅ 0.85
𝑏 × 𝑑2 1000 × 170 2
𝑝𝑡 = 0.246 % > 𝑝𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.12 %
0.246
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝑠𝑡 = × 1000 × 170 = 418.20 mm2
100

In long span
𝑀𝑢 24.49 × 10 6
= = 0.96
𝑏×𝑑 2 1000 × 160 2
𝑝𝑡 = 0.28% > 𝑝𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.12 %
0.28
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝑠𝑡 = 100 × 1000 × 160 = 448 mm
2

Provide 10 mm ∅ bar @ 167 mm c/c in both directions of slab. 𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣

𝑠𝑡 = 471.23 mm2

b. Temperature Reinforcement
Provide 10 mm ∅ bar @ 300mm c/c in both directions at top of slab.

Check for Shear

Check 𝜏𝑢𝑣 ≤ K 𝜏𝑢𝑐

Where,
𝑉𝑢 109.32×1000
Nominal Shear Stress 𝜏𝑢𝑣 = = = 0.341 N/mm2
𝑏𝑑 1000 ×320
Shear strength of concrete section 𝜏𝑢𝑐 = 0.35 N/mm2 for M25 and pt = 0.236 %,
Limiting value of Shear Stress 𝜏𝑢𝑐 ,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3.1 N/mm2 [Refer IS 456 table 19, 20]
Depth factor (K) =1
d = 350 – 25 – 10/2 = 320mm [Refer IRC 21 Cl. 305.5.2]

Since 𝜏𝑢𝑣 < K 𝜏𝑢𝑐 no shear reinforcement requires.

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III. Analysis and Design of Girders of Bridge Deck

Bridge deck consists of two main girders and five cross girders with rigidly connected
deck slab. In the example, one main girder and two cross girders i.e. one end cross
girder and one intermediate cross girder have been analyzed and designed.

1. Design of Main Girder

 Assess loads dead load from slab, wearing coat, kerb and railing.
 Assess live load on main girder. Combination of Class A load and uniformly
distributed load of 5 KN/m2 is taken as live load [Refer Cl. 204.3, IRC 6]
 Find maximum BM at mid and quarter span of main girder due to DL and LL.
 Find maximum SF at support and quarter span of main girder due to DL and LL.
 Design Critical sections of main girder for bending moment and shear force.
 Carry out curtailment, anchorage design and detailing of main steel bars.

ANALYSIS OF MAIN GIRDER

Calculation of dead loads on a main girder per running meter of span

 Weight of wearing coat = 4.25 × 0.072 × 22 × 1.75 / 2 = 5.9 KN/m

 Weight of railing = 1.59 KN/m [Refer design of cantilever slab]
 Weight of kerb = 5.063 KN/m [Refer design of cantilever slab]
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔 𝑕𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 467.18
 Weight of slab = = = 19.47 KN/m
𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 ×𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 2×12
Where, total weight of slab consists of
a) Middle portion = 3.3 × 0.2 × 12 ×25 × 1.35 = 267.3 KN
1 1
b) Fillet = ( ×0.15 × 0.3 × 12× 2 × 25 + × 0.15 × 0.3 ×2.1 × 8 ×25) × 1.35= 30.98 KN
2 2
c) Cantilever part = (0.5 × 0.17 × 12 × 2 × 25 + 0.475 × 0.26 ×12 × 2 × 25 ) × 1.35 = 168.9 KN

 Weight of web of main beam = 0.3 × 0.8 × 25 × 1.35 = 8.1 KN/m

Total design dead load (Wu) = 5.9 + 1.59 + 5.063 + 19.47 + 8.1 = 40.15 KN/m

 Self wt. of Cross girder acts as a point load on main girder

a) Self wt. of web of inter. cr. girder on a girder = 0.25 × 0.55 × 2.7 × 25 × 1.35 × ½ = 6.27 KN
b) Self wt. of web of end cr. girder on a girder = 0.25 × 0.3 × 2.7 × 25 × 1.35 × ½ = 3.42 KN

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 6.27 KN 6.27 KN 6.27 KN
3.42 KN 40.15 KN / m 3.42 KN

A B
3m

RA l = 12 m RB

Dead Load on Main Girder

Calculation of Maximum BM and SF at critical sections due to DL

B.M. at mid span

Mu = RA × 6 – 3.42 × 6 – 6.27 × 3 – 40.15 × 6 × 6/2 = 760.35 KN-m

B.M. at quarter span

Mu = RA × 3– 3.42 × 3 – 40.15 × 3 × 3/2 = 570.26 KN-m

S.F. at support (just right of A)

Vu = 253.73 -3.42 = 250.31 KN

S.F. at quarter span (just left of point load)

Vu = 253.73 – 3.42 – 3 × 40.15 = 129.86 KN

Calculation of Maximum BM and SF at critical sections due to LL

W W 5 KN / m
2
0.4m 1.8 m
0.5m
2.3 m 1.95 m
1 2
1.125 m 3m

Transverse positioning of Class A and

uniformly distributed load in bridge deck

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 Find reaction of girder 1 from Class A
𝐿 12 3
When = > 2, No. of cross beam ≥ 5 and depth of cross beam ≥ 4 𝐷 , Courbon’s
𝐵 5.25
method can be used to determine the maximum reaction on girder 1 (R1).

2WI 2W ×0.825×I×1.5
R1 = + = 1.55 W
2I I×1.52 + I×1.52

 Reaction of girder 1 from 27 KN axle of Class A

𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 27
= 2
× 𝑅1 × 𝐼𝐹 × 𝛾𝑓 = 2
×1.55 × 1.5 × 1.25 = 39.24 KN
 Reaction of girder 1 from 114 KN axle of Class A
𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 114
= 2
× 𝑅1 × 𝐼𝐹 × 𝛾𝑓 = 2
∗1.55*1.5*1.25 = 165.66 KN
 Reaction of girder 1 from 68 KN axle of Class A
𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 68
= 2
× 𝑅1 × 𝐼𝐹 × 𝛾𝑓 = 2
× 1.55 × 1.5 × 1.25 = 98.82 KN
4.5
Where, IFF = = 0.25
6+𝐿

Find reaction of girder 1 from UDL of 5 KN/m2

In single lane bridge, Class A occupies 2.3 m strip of carriage way. Remaining strip
[4.25 - 2.3 = 1.95 m] should be loaded with UDL of 5 KN/m2 [Refer Table 2, IRC 6].
Reaction from UDL of girder 1 is found by Courbon’s Method.

Intensity of load per unit length of girder = 5 × 1.95 × 1 × 𝛾𝑓 = 14.625 KN/m

14.625 × I 14.625 × 1.15 × I × 1.5
R1 = + = 2.29 KN/m
2I I × 1.52 + I × 1.52

Calculation of maximum BM at mid span due to live load

2.29 KN/ m

39.24 KN 39.24 KN 165.66 KN 165.66 KN 98.82 KN

ILD of BM at mid
span with Class
A and UDL
0.25 0.8 2.4 3 0.85
1.1 m 3.2 m 1.2 m 4.3 m
12 m

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a) BM at mid span due to Live Load

Mu = 39.24 × 0.25 + 39.24 × 0.8 +165.66 × 2.4 + 165.66 × 3 + 98.82 × 0.85 + 0.5 × 3 × 12 ×
× 2.29 = 1060.99 KN-m

Calculation of maximum BM at quarter span due to live load

2.29 KN/ m

165.66 KN 165.66 KN 98.82 KN 98.82 KN

ILD of BM at
quarter span
2.25 1.95 0.875 0.125
1.2 m 4.3 m 3m with Class A
12 m and UDL

b) BM at quarter span due to live load

Mu = 165.66 × 2.25 + 165.66 × 1.95 + 98.82 × 0.875 + 98.82 × 0.125 + 0.5 × 12 × 2.25 ×
× 2.29 = 825.51 KN-m

Calculation of maximum SF at support due to live load

2.29 KN/ m

165.66 KN 165.66 KN 98.82 KN 98.82 KN 98.82 KN

ILD of SF at
support with
1 0.9 0.54 0.292 0.042
1.2 m 4.3 m 3m 3m Class A and UDL
2
12 m

a) SF at support due to Live Load

Vu = 165.66 × 1 + 165.66 × 0.9 + 98.82 × (0.542 + 0.292 + 0.042) + 0.5 × 1 × 12 × 2.29
= 415.06 KN

Design Example of RC T-Beam Bridge Page 16

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 2.29 KN/ m

165.66 KN 165.66 KN 98.82 KN 98.82 KN

ILD of SF at
0.75
quarter span
0.25 0.6 0.292 0.042
with Class A
1.2 m5 4.3 m 3m
12 m and UDL

b) SF at quarter span due to live load

Vu = 165.66 × 0.75 + 165.66 × 0.65 + 98.82 × (0.292 + 0.042) + 0.5 × 0.75 × 9 × 2.29
= 272.66 KN

Design BM due to DL+LL at mid span = 760.35 + 1060.99 = 1821.34 KN-m

Design BM due to DL+LL at quarter span = 570.26 +825.51= 1395.78 KN-m

Design SF due to DL+LL at Support = 250.31 + 415.06 = 665.37 KN

Design SF due to DL+LL at quarter span = 129.86 + 272.66 = 402.52 KN

DESIGN OF MAIN GIRDER

bact = 2.625 m

0.17 m 0.35 m 0.2 m

x 0.5 m x
0.3 m
1m

0.975 m 0.3 m 1.35 m

Actual Section of Main Girder

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Design Section of Main Girder

Thickness of slab of design section (Df)

0.214 + 0.216
Df = = 0.215 m
2
Where
1.70 × 0.5 + 0.26 × 0.475
Av. thickness of left part of slab (tl) = = 0.214 m
0.975
0.2 × 1.05 + 0.275× 0.3
Av. thickness of right part of slab (tr) = = 0.216m
1.35

Effective width of flange of girder (𝑏𝑒𝑓 ) [Refer IRC 21 Cl. 305.15.2]

𝑙
𝑏𝑒𝑓 = + 𝑏𝑤 = 2.7 𝑚 ≤ 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 2.625 m; 1.312 m on each side of girder
5
Actual width on left side of girder = 0.975 + 0.15 = 1.125 m
Adopt 𝑏𝑒𝑓 = 2 × 1.125 = 2.25 m

bef = 2. 25 m
0.215 m
x x
1m
0.3 m 𝑦 = 0.729𝑚

1.125 m

Design Section
C.G. of section
0.785 0.215
0.785 × 0.3 × + 2.25 × 0.215 ×(0.785 + )
2 2
𝑦 = = 0.729 m
0.785 × 0.3 + 0.215 × 2.25

Moment of inertia of design section of main girder about X-X axis

2.25 × 0.215 3 0.3 × 0.785 3
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = + (2.25 × 0.215) × 0.16352 + + (0.3 × 0.785) × 0.33652
12 12
= 0.053555 m4

Moment of inertia of actual section of main girder about X-X axis

𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 0.05911154 𝑚4

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 1. Design of section for bending

Mid Span Section

Find Xu,l = 0.48 d = 427.2 mm; Since Xu,l > Df, Neutral axis lies in web.
28
Where, d = 1000 – 40 – 28 – 28 – = 890 mm
2
(Considering 40mm clear cover and 3 layers of 28 mm ∅ tension bars in main girder)
Find Mu,l = 0.36 fck × b × Xu,l × (d – 0.416 Xu,l ) + 0.446fck × (bef – bw) × Df × (d – Df/2 )
= 4479.48 KN-m
Since Mu < Mu,l, design the section as SRURS.
Find Xu considering Xu < Df
Mu = 0.36 fck × bef × Xu × (d – 0.416 Xu)
Or, 1821.34 × 106 = 0.36 × 25 × 2250 × Xu × (890-0.416 × Xu)
∴ Xu = 106.35 mm < Df; N. Axis lies in flange
Find area of steel for SRUR flanged section when N.A. lies in flange
𝑀𝑢
Astreq = = 5964.55 mm2 > Astmin
0.87×𝑓𝑦 ×(𝑑−0.416𝑋𝑢 )
min 2
Where, Ast = 0.2% of bd = 0.002 × 300 × 890 = 534 mm [Refer Cl.305.1, IRC21]

prov 2 max
Provide 10 – 28 mm ∅ bar Ast = 6157.52 mm Pt = 2.31 % < Pt =2.5%

Quarter Span Section


Find Xu considering Xu < Df
Mu = 0.36 fck × bef × Xu × (d – 0.416 Xu )
Or 1395.78 × 106 = 0.36 × 25 × 2250 × Xu × (890 - 0.416 × Xu )
∴Xu = 80.47 mm <Df
Find area of steel for SRUR flanged section when N.A. lies in flange
𝑀𝑢
Astreq = = 4513.46 mm2 > Astmin
0.87×𝑓𝑦 ×(𝑑−0.416𝑋𝑢 )
Where, d = 1000 – 40 – 28 – 28/2 = 918 mm

4926.02×100
Provide 8 – 28 mm ∅ bar prov
Ast = 4926.02 mm
2
Pt = 918×300
=1.79% < Ptmax = 2.5%

2. Design of section for shear

Support Section
𝑉𝑢 665.37×1000
Find 𝜏𝑢𝑣 = = = 2.416N/mm2
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 300×918
Where, d = 1000 – 40 – 28 – 28/2 = 918 mm
Find 𝜏𝑢𝑐 = 0.785N/mm2 for M25 and pt = 1.79 %,

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 Find 𝜏𝑢𝑐 ,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3.1 N/mm2 for M25
Since 𝜏𝑢𝑣 > 𝜏𝑢𝑐 , design shear reinforcement.

Take 10mm ∅ 4-legged vertical stirrups for shear reinforcement.

0.87 𝑓𝑦 ×𝐴𝑠𝑣 ×𝑑 0.87×415×4×𝜋×10 2 /4×918
Sv = = = 231.81 < 0.75d and < 300 mm
𝑉𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑡 2.416−0.785 ×300×918
Adopt Sv=230 mm up to quarter span from support.

Provide 10 mm ∅ 4-legged vertical stirrups @ 240 mm c/c from support to quarter

span.

Quarter Section
𝑉𝑢 401.66×1000
Find 𝜏𝑢𝑣 = = = 1.504 N/mm2
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 300×890
Find 𝜏𝑢𝑐 = 0.885 N/mm2 For M25 and pt = 2.31 %
2
Find 𝜏𝑢𝑐 ,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3.1 N/mm
Since 𝜏𝑢𝑣 > 𝜏𝑢𝑐 , design shear reinforcement

Take 10 mm ∅ 2- legged vertical stirrups for shear reinforcement.

0.87 𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠𝑣 × 𝑑 0.87×415×2×𝜋×10 2 /4×890
Sv = = = 305.4 mm < 0.75d and > 300 mm
𝑉𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑡 1.504−0.885 ×300×890
Adopt Sv = 300 mm

Provide 10 mm ∅ 2-legged vertical stirrups 300 mm c/c from quarter span to quarter
span of other side.

3 Detailing of Reinforcement

Curtailment of main reinforcing bars

Girder section at quarter span needs only 8 bars so curtail two bars at quarter span.

Find the length of extension of bar beyond the theoretical cutoff point (𝑙𝑑 ).
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝑙𝑑 = 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝑙0 = 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝑛∅ = 1 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 × 46 × 28 = 1152.76 𝑚𝑚
1152.76 𝑚𝑚
Where, 𝛼1 = 1 for straight end
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞 4409.52
𝛼2 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 4926.02 = 0.895 2∅ = 56 𝑚𝑚
Theoretical cutoff point
∅ = 28 𝑚𝑚

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 Anchorage of main reinforcing bars at supports
2
Extension of bar beyond the face of support = 3 ld= 569 mm
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞 .
Where, ld = 0.7 × l0 × for bars with hook end
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜 .
= 852.52 mm

2/3ld = 569mm

Side face reinforcement

0.1
Take, 0.1 % of web area. As = 100 × 785 × 300 =235.5 mm2
Provide 3 - 8 mm ∅ on each face of web.

4 Check main girder at limit state of serviceability in deflection

Deflection of girder is checked by method of sufficient stiffness.

𝑙
𝐶𝑕𝑒𝑐𝑘 ≤ 𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿𝜆 [Refer Cl. 23.2.1 IS 456]
𝑑
Where,
𝑙 12 × 1000
= = 13.31
𝑑 1000 − 98.8
10
𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿𝜆 = 20 × 12 × 0.9 × 1.14 × 0.8 = 13.68
10
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 > 10 𝑚, 𝛽 = 12 ; 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑡 = 2.31 %, γ = 0.9
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑐 = 0.465 %, δ = 0.9; For flanged section λ = 0.8

𝑙
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 < 𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿𝜆 , 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙.
𝑑

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 2. Design of Cross Girder
Typical cross girders of bridge deck are two i.e., intermediate and end cross girders. In
the example two typical cross girders have been designed as follows.

 Assess loads dead load from slab and wearing coat.

 Assess live load on cross girder.
 Find maximum BM at mid span of cross girder due to DL and LL.
 Find maximum SF at support of cross girder due to DL and LL.
 Design Critical sections of cross girder for bending moment and shear force.
 Carry out anchorage design and detailing of main steel bars.

Analysis of cross girder

i. Intermediate Cross Girder

Calculation of dead loads on cross girder

 Load due to self-weight of slab and wearing coat acts on contributory area of
triangular shape.
- Self-weight of Wearing Coat = 0.072 × 22 × 1.5 × 2 × 1.75 = 8.316 KN/m
- Self-weight of Slab = 0.2 × 25 × 1.5 × 2 × 1.35 = 20.25 KN/m
Total = 28.57 KN/m
 Load due to self-weight of cross beam and fillet acts as a uniformly distributed load.

- Fillet = ½ × 0.15 × 0.3 × 25 × 2 × 1.35 = 1.52 KN/m

- Self-weight of Cross Beam = 0.55 × 0.25 × 25 × 1.35 = 4.64 KN/m
Total = 6.16 KN/m

28.57 KN/m

6.16 KN / m

l=3
m

Dead Load on Intermediate Cross Girder

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 Calculation of live loads on Cross Girder 114 KN axle
of Class A
load
1.8 m
57 × 1.5 × 1.5 57 × 1.5 × 1.5
= 128.25KN = 128.25KN 1.2 m

1.8 m
1.5 m
l=3m
3m
3m
Longitudinal position of Class A
load for maximum BM Contributory
Area of load for
Cross Girder

114 KN axle
of Class A
load

57 × 1.5 × 1.5 2 × 57 × 1.5 × 1.5 1.8 m

= 128.25KN = 256.5KN
1.2 m

1.8 m
1.5 m
l=3m
3m
Longitudinal position of Class A 3m
load for maximum SF
Contributory
Area of load for
Cross Girder

Calculation of maximum BM at mid span due to DL and LL

6.16 × 3
Mu = × 1.5 – 6.16 × 1.5 × 1.5/2 + ½ × 28.57 × 3 × ½ ×1.5 - 1/2 × 28.57 × 1.5 ×
2
1.5/3 + 128.25 × 1.5 -128.25 × 0.9 = 105.31 KN-m

Calculation of maximum SF at support due to DL and LL

Vu = 6.16 × 3/2 +1/2 × 28.57 × 3 × ½ + 128.25 + 256.5 × 1.2/3 = 261.52 KN

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 ii. End Cross Girder

Calculation of dead loads on cross girder

 Load due to self-weight of slab and wearing coat acts on contributory area of
triangular shape.
- Self-weight of Wearing Coat = 0.072 × 22 × 1.5 × 1.75 = 4.158 KN/m
- Self-weight of Slab = 0.2 × 25 × 1.5 × 1.35 = 10.125 KN/m
Total = 14.29 KN/m
 Load due to self-weight of cross beam and fillet acts as a uniformly distributed load.

- Fillet = ½ × 0.15 × 0.3 × 25 × 1.35 = 0.76 KN/m

- Self-weight of Cross Beam = 0.3 × 0.25 × 25 × 1.35 = 2.53 KN/m
Total = 3.3 KN/m

14.29 KN/m

3.3 KN / m

l=3
m
Dead Load on End Cross Girder

Calculation of live loads on Cross Girder

3m
57 × 1.5 × 1.5 57 × 1.5 × 1.5
= 128.25KN = 128.25KN
1.8 m
3m
1.8 m
1.5 m 1.2 m
l=3m

Longitudinal position of Class A Contributory 114 KN axle of

load for maximum BM Area of load for Class A load
Cross Girder

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 3m
57 × 1.5 × 1.5 2 × 57 × 1.5 × 1.5
= 128.25KN = 256.5KN
1.8 m
3m
1.8 m
1.5 m 1.2 m
l=3m

Longitudinal position of Class A Contributory 114 KN axle of

load for maximum SF Area of load for Class A load
Cross Girder

Calculation of maximum BM at mid span due to DL and LL

3.3 × 3
Mu = × 1.5 – 3.3 × 1.5 × 1.5/2 + ½ × 14.29 × 3 × ½ ×1.5 - 1/2 × 14.29 × 1.5 × 1.5/3
2
+ 128.25 × 1.5 -128.25 × 0.9 = 91.43 KN-m

Calculation of maximum SF at support due to DL and LL

Vu = 3.3 × 3/2 + 1/2 × 14.29 × 3 × ½ + 128.25 + 256.5 × 1.2/3 = 246.52 KN

DESIGN OF CROSS GIRDER

bef =0.85 m

i. Intermediate Cross beam

0.2 m
Design section
0.75 m
Find bef = 𝑙/5 + bw = 3/5 + 0.25 = 0.85m ≤ bact = 3 m 0.25 m
28
d = 750 – 40 – = 696 mm
2
Design Section
Design section for bending

 Find Mu,l
Xu,l = 0.48 d = 334.08 mm
Since Xu,l > Df and Df > 0.43Xu,l, find Mu,l for when NA lies in web and Df > 0.43Xu,l

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  Find Xu, considering Xu < Df
Since Mu < Mu,l, section is SRURS.
Mu = 0.36 fck × bef × Xu (d – 0.416 Xu )
Or, 105.31×106 = 0.36 ×25 × 850 × Xu (696 - 0.416 Xu )
∴ Xu = 20.01 mm < Df

 Find Area of steel

𝑀𝑢
Ast = = 424.15 mm2 > Astmin
0.87×𝑓𝑦 ×(𝑑−0.416𝑋𝑢 )
min 2
Where, Ast = 0.2% of bd = 0.002 × 250 × 696 = 348 mm

Provide 3 – 16 mm ∅ bar Astprov = 603.19mm2 , pt = 0.347 %

Design section for shear

𝑉𝑢 261.52 × 1000
 Find 𝜏𝑢𝑣 = = = 1.49 N/mm2
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 250 × 702
Where d= 750 – 40– 16/2 = 702 mm
 Find 𝜏𝑢𝑐 = 0.41N/mm2 for M25 and pt= 0.347 %,
 Find 𝜏𝑢𝑐 ,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3.1 N/mm2 for M25
Since 𝜏𝑢𝑣 > 𝜏𝑢𝑐 , design shear reinforcement.
Take, 10mm ∅ 2-legged vertical stirrups for shear reinforcement.
10 2
0.87 𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠𝑣 × 𝑑 0.87× 415× 2× 𝜋 × × 702
4
Sv = = = 210.05 mm
𝑉𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑡 1.49−0.41 × 250 × 702
Sv < 0.75d =688.5 mm and < 300 mm adopt Sv=200 mm

Provide 10 mm ∅ 2-legged vertical stirrups @ 200 mm c/c.

ii. End Cross beam

bef =0.55 m
Design section 0.2 m
Find bef = 𝑙/10 + bw = 3/10 + 0.25 = 0.55m ≤ bact = 1.5m
16 0.5 m
d = 500 – 40 – = 452 mm 0.25 m
2

Design Section

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 Design section for bending

 Find Mu,l
Xu,l = 0.48 d = 216.96 mm
Since Xu,l > Df and Df > 0.43Xu,l, find Mu,l for when NA lies in web and Df > 0.43Xu,l

 Find Xu, considering Xu < Df

Since Mu < Mu,l, section is SRURS.
Mu = 0.36 fck × bef × Xu (d – 0.416 Xu )
Or, 91.43 × 106 = 0.36 ×25 × 550 × Xu (452 - 0.416 Xu )
∴ Xu = 42.53 mm < Df

 Find Area of steel

𝑀𝑢
Ast = = 583.1 mm2 > Astmin
0.87×𝑓𝑦 ×(𝑑−0.416𝑋𝑢 )
min 2
Where, Ast = 0.2% of bd = 0.002 × 250 × 696 = 348 mm

Provide 3 – 16 mm ∅ bar Astprov = 603.19mm2 , pt = 0.534 %

Design section for shear

𝑉𝑢 246.52 × 1000
 Find 𝜏𝑢𝑣 = = = 2.18 N/mm2
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 250 × 452
 Find 𝜏𝑢𝑐 = 0.5 N/mm2 for M25 and pt= 0.534 %,
 Find 𝜏𝑢𝑐 ,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3.1 N/mm2 for M25

Since 𝜏𝑢𝑣 > 𝜏𝑢𝑐 , design shear reinforcement.

Take, 10mm ∅ 2-legged vertical stirrups for shear reinforcement.

10 2
0.87 𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠𝑣 × 𝑑 0.87× 415× 2× 𝜋 × × 452
4
Sv = = = 135.03 mm
𝑉𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑡 2.18 −0.5 × 250 × 452
Sv < 0.75d =688.5 mm and < 300 mm adopt Sv=200 mm

Provide 10 mm ∅ 2-legged vertical stirrups @ 135 mm c/c.

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 Reinforcement of Slab

10mm dia. @ 300mm c/c

10mm dia. @ 150mm c/c in both directions

10mm dia. 4-legged vertical

10mm dia. @
10mm dia. @ 167mm c/c stirrups @300 mm c/c
300mm c/c in both
in both directions
directions

Reinforcement of Main Girder

4- 20mm dia.

10mm dia. 4-legged vertical

stirrups @240 mm c/c
6 – 8 mm dia.
Cross section of
main girder at
support 8 – 28 mm dia.

4- 20 mm dia.

10mm dia. 2-legged vertical 6 – 8 mm dia. Cross section of

stirrups @300 mm c/c main girder at
mid span
10- 28 mm dia.

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 4 – 20 mm dia.
10mm dia. 4-legged vertical 10mm dia. 2-legged
stirrups @240 mm c/c vertical stirrups @300 mm
c/c

8 – 28 mm dia. 10 – 28 mm dia.
Longitudinal Section of Main Girder

10mm dia. 2-legged

Reinforcement of Cross Girder vertical stirrups @200 mm
c/c

3 – 16 mm dia.
4 –8 mm dia.

Longitudinal Section of Cross Girder

10mm dia. 2-legged

vertical stirrups @200 mm 2– 12 mm dia.
c/c

4 –8 mm dia. Cross Section of Cross Girder 3 – 16 mm dia.

Design Example of RC T-Beam Bridge Page 29

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