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https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-019-08091-1

Soft computing based color image demosaicing

for medical Image processing

D. R. Ramji 1 & C. Anna Palagan 2 & A. Nithya 1 & Ahilan Appathurai 3 & E. John Alex 4

Received: 10 May 2019 / Revised: 19 July 2019 / Accepted: 8 August 2019

# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019

Abstract
As digital cameras become more enhanced and small, CCD sensors can relate to only one
color of a pixel. This color mosaic pattern is called as Bayer Pattern(BP) which requires
processing to obtain a color image with a higher resolution. Each image pixel that undergoes
interpolation has a full color spectrum based on surrounding pixel colors. Here we introduce
Adaptive CFA(ACFA) interpolation model. For normal image regions hue technique is used
while edge regions adapt the new technique. It is proposed to apply fuzzy logic and fuzzy rule
which is based on Genetic Algorithm that uses random local search to enhance the PSNR.
Medical image reconstruction by this proposed fuzzy based method outperforms the other
medical image reconstruction methods.

Keywords Charge coupled devices (CCD) . Fuzzy logic (FL) . Genetic algorithm (GA) . Peak
signal to noise ratio (PSNR) . Hue transition (HT) . Adaptive CFA-ACFA . Hybrid algorithm (HA)

1 Introduction

Color images are obtained by interpolating a CFA in single chip digital cameras. In digital
cameras CCD arrays do not capture full RGB color planes with respect to hardware limita-
tions. Instead, Interpolation is used to reconstruct the original colors after the CCD array
captures the sampled image of the RGB plane. CCD sensor with a CFA is present in a digital
camera. Blue (B), red (R), and green (G) tri-stimulus value estimates are obtained on three
interleaved sampling structures which jointly form a CFA sampling structure.

* D. R. Ramji
ramjidr@gmail.com

1
Department of ECE, Vaagdevi college of Engineering, Warangal, Telungana State, India
2
Department of ECE, Teegala Krishna Reddy Engineering College, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
3
Department of ECE, Infant Jesus College of Engineering, Tuticorin, India
4
Department of ECE, CMR institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
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An edge-adaptive high quality color interpolation approach for Complement CFA was
presented by Chen and Wang [5]. Using bilinear interpolation on edge directions two
luminance signals were made at each pixel depending on different hypotheses. Final interpo-
lation is based on the sampled signa and both estimates. A post-processing by adaptive
filtering is engaged to suppress demosaicing artifacts.
Initial step in processing of images in digital still cameras is demosaicing. With the onset of
image reconstruction if noise and blurry edges occur then a post-processing can enhance the
quality level of the generated image by some degree. A demosaicing method was proposed by
Chen and Chang to prevent color artifacts in images [4]. Weights can be obtained accurately
for interpolating before post-processing by detecting the edge characteristics. When we
compare the results with previous methods, the color artifacts are reduced and the image
quality is increased in proposed method. Condat [6] proposed a new framework by minimi-
zation of a variational function with available raw data obtained with a completely arbitrary
CFA. The variational approach defines a reconstructed image that has a maximal smoothness
under consistency constraint. By a more linear approach, it yields a pleasing demosaiced
images. This framework is linear, robust, and generic whereas CFA is arbitrary.
A novel approach in demosaicing based on existing directional filtering, weight based
techniques was proposed by Dengwen [7]. The study’s contributions are twofold. The
advantages and limitations of all techniques to suppress common demosaicing artifacts was
first analyzed and color component reconstruction scheme was created. Results proved that the
new method overcame the existing demosaicing methods both in subjective and objective
measures.
For color information, we place a CFA before a sensor which allows a spectrum portion to
pass through a transparent material mosaic. A CFA can be defined by a three factors

T
c f a½n ¼ cr ½n; cg ½n; cb ½n ∈½0; 13 ð1Þ

Equation (1) represents the three components RGB in percentages placed at pixel location
denoted by n.
A new universal demosaicing method based on Bayer demosaicking designs was intro-
duced by Gu [11]. Using filter bank’s properties it resulted in a recovery method which was
non linear and almost consistent with the Bayers demosaicing method.
A support vector regression was presented by He [12] as a self learning approach. With
respect to to the previous learning-based demosaicing methods, the new approach takes on an
image-dependent information in making a learning model, without needing additional training
data. Experiments showed that the new method overcame in subjective and objective image
quality measures.
The Bayer pattern is a widely used CFA configuration where for 50% of pixels are given as
green component and the other pixels are given by either by red or blue components. Bayer
pattern is also referred to as CFA or a mosaic pattern which is an repeatedly made up of a
combination of three colors as given in Fig. 1.
By simultaneously increasing luminance and chrominance channels spectral radii for
reconstruction purpose the problems related to CFA and spatial reconstruction implication
can be determined [13] as given by Hirakawa. Empirical evaluation supports theoretical results
for multicolor image. It emphasizes the potential of such patterns so that an increase in spatial
resolution of fixed sensor sizes can be achieved. Improve reconstruction fidelity leads to a
reduction in hardware complexity.
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Fig. 1 Bayer Pattern CFA

Interpolation

The simplest color reconstruction is given by a bilinear interpolation, where a pixel’s

missing color components are determined by calculating an average of corresponding com-
ponents in a three by three window surrounded by the pixel.
Image artifacts occur as a result of bilinear interpolation and unnatural hue changes. In Hue-
Based Interpolation, the color’s hue has to be maintained. Equation (2) gives the calculation of
red hue value HR and a blue hue value HB.
HR ¼ R=G; HB ¼ B=G ð2Þ

The green plane is first interpolated after this hue is interpolated. The estimated values G33,
G35, G53, G55 is taken after the first pass interpolation. For example, eq. (3) gives the red plane
is estimated and is represented by,
2 3
R3;3 R3;5 R5;3 R5;5
þ þ þ
6 G3;3 G3;5 G5;3 G5;5 7
R4;4 ¼ G4;4  6 4
7
5 ð3Þ
4

Blue plane is estimated similar to red plane. To eliminate chrominance distortions, one
assumes that color hue varies smoothly in natural images. It defines two `hues’ as ratios of
each chrominance component to luminance, and assumes that interpolated luminance interpo-
lates these hue values rather than chrominance values to reduce color aliasing.
Based on this sampling theory a costeffective CFA was highlighted by Hirakawa, [14]. It
explains an implementation which has linear elements and only ten add operations to recon-
struct a pixel Joint sensor demosaicing techniques in architectures structures of digital camera
can be achieved with high image quality and less complexity.
Using constraint sets we can develop a full color resolution channel to be used in Bayer
CFA in an influential demosaicing technique that has been proposed by Jayachandran and
Dhanasekaran [18]. The new algorithm gave high frequency information. A solution to
demosaicing is to converge the theoretic reconstruction technique to a fixed point. The
proposed method was compared with the latest demosaicing algorithms in relation to image
quality and PSNR.
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Near edges if any color artifacts are present they can be improved based on edge-directed
interpolation which carries out interpolation along edges and not across edges. A gradient set
being determined from neighbouring pixels was presented by Jeon [19]. Weighted-edge
methods estimate similarity among various edges for more than one directional interpolation
based on weighting and thereby reduces color artifacts and higher implementation cost. Higher
implementation cost are reduced by usage of weighted edge methods.
Weighting factors are decided by high frequency wavelet coefficients as was presented by
Jeong [20], where weighted average uses replace rule to sort out low frequency coefficient and
high frequency coefficient of wavelets. The proposed wavelet domain demosaicking method
was simulated and compared to the new algorithm and to current demosaicing scheme
providing good results.
Suppression of undesirable artifacts around the line edges was proposed by Ramji, [31]
which along the detected direction calculates the line edge patterns and interpolates missing
pixels. The new method produced good quality images and high value of PSNR.

2 Related work

For high-speed and compact hardware implementation a new method was presented by Karloff
and Muscedere [23]. Many current demosaicking methods need multiple processing iterations
and complex calculations unsuited for high throughput or compact applications. It reduced
computational complexity, Final image quality was preserved and requires lower memory.
A demosaicing method which emphasized edge estimation was proposed by Kim and Cho
[24] for edge estimation global information was used to determine direction. Energy function
is estimated through a combination of interpolation risk and pixel connectivity in MRF. To
reduce MRF edge directions with green pixels are interpolated along edges. Luminance update
is iterated and color correction can be done by high frequency from green channel. This
method yielded a higher CPSNR value of (ie) upto a maximum value OF 2.7 dB and a
minimum value of 0.4 dB.
An adaptive interpolation model is proposed by Sree Devi, which states that interpolation
technique of SHT is used if a pixel is not along the edge. SHT is used on a color image sensor
information in a Bayer pattern. Fuzzy logic is applied and the fuzzy rule selection uses GA.
Random local research is used by Hybrid GA,
The concept of denoising followed by demosaicing for reduction of noise is used in PCA
based spatially adaptive noise removal which was highlighted by Sree Devi, [33]. Noise is
suppressed while the color edges and details of image are preserved. The image denoising
scheme that uses CFA along with succeeding demosaicing scheme reduces color artifacts
caused by noise. The proposed scheme preserves fine structures in the image with denoising
features. The proposed method produced better PSNR ratio and less number of color artifacts
of noise.
Kolta [26] suggested a combination of frequency domain demosaicing with post processing
wavelet decomposition to reduce color artifacts at edges. The algorithm along with the
adaptive stopping criterion is iterative. A considerable increase in PSNR value both numeri-
cally and visually was evident before and after preprocessing of image.
Blind reverse demosaicing method uses inferior color image input to detect pixel values of
sensor which was proposed by Li and Randhawa [27]. The quality of an image that is in not in
RAW format can be increased by advancement in demosaicing techniques.
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A quality calculation method without a reference for CFA demosaicing was introduced by
Liu [28], which implies a double interpolation concept which could easily find out the
interpolation artifacts. Local quality assessments is provided by DI difference map and global
quality assessment based on PSNR without ground truth image.
Based on fuzzy rule size reduction can be achieved by interpolation as proposed by
Koczy and Hirota [25] where rule bases were low and the interpolation algorithm
replaces the rules so that it recovered them with a certain accuracy. For interpolation
we use Lagrange method for supplying a minimal degree polynomial. The study is
related to a reduction technique independent of the interpolation and is algorithm that
is tractable.

3 Methodology: Interpolation by ACFA and SHT techniques

Pixels are classified as edge pixels and normal pixel in an adaptive CFA method. If
an edge pixel is not available then SHT method is used. The Red and Green color
ratio is given by red hue and Blue and green color ratio is given by blue hue.
Equations [7, 8, 11] gives missing blue value interpolation at three different locations
(m, n). To interpolate missing blue value, the computation is carried out as follows [5,
25].

Case 1: Blue color for location (m, n)is calculated if right and left adjacent pixels have the
blue color and if a pixel with green value alone at a location (m, n), then
 
Bm;n−1 Bm;nþ1
Bm;n ¼ Gm;n * þ =2 ð4Þ
Gm;n−1 Gm;nþ1

Case 2: Blue color for location (m, n) is calculated if top and bottom adjacent pixels have
blue color and if pixel with green value alone at a location (m, n), then
 
Bm−1;n Bmþ1;n
Bm;n ¼ Gm;n * þ =2 ð5Þ
Gm−1;n Gmþ1;n

Case 3: Blue color for location (m, n) is calculated if four diagonals have a blue color and
if a pixel with red value alone at a location (m, n) has red value, then
 
Bm−1;n−1 Bm−1;nþ1 Bmþ1;n−1 Bmþ1;nþ1
Bm;n ¼ Gm;n * þ þ þ =4 ð6Þ
Gm−1;n−1 Gm−1;nþ1 Gmþ1;n−1 Gmþ1;nþ1

The pixels at an edge can be detected by Sobel and Canny methods. To perform interpolation
luminance or sharpness transition is required. On edges and along edges interpolation is
restricted by technique of transition based interpolation. A model is mathematically proposed
depending on the correlation of surrounding pixels which defines two steps for a horizontal
directed edge and a vertical directed edge. Next pixel in the edge is used to acquire direction
which was presented by Naveen and Shobanbabu [2]. The example in fig. Fig. 2 defines this
model. We represent the missing component as R. Equations [12–14] gives the edge values for
horizontal and vertical edges for estimation of red values.
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Fig. 2 Mathematical model to find R

B G3 B

G1 R G2

B G4 B

At the horizontal edge, If G1 > G2 then

R ¼ 0:075 G1 þ 0:025G2 ð7Þ

If G3 > G4 then
R ¼ 0:075 G3 þ 0:025G4 ð8Þ

At the vertical edge, If G3 > G4 then

R ¼ 0:075G1 þ 0:025G2 þ 0:75G3 þ 0:25G4 ð9Þ

4 Proposed fuzzy logic interpolation

Depending on qualitative and quantitative data, we use Fuzzy Logic to design a system
without descriptions in a mathematical manner. Computations are represented by IF condition
and THEN condition followed by which actions are taken. It directs to a fuzzy classifications.
One fuzzy set decides the Fuzzy rule and action are taken as conditions get fulfilled. Here
Tsai, [15] presented an algorithm in which a combination of fuzzy membership assignment and
smooth hue transition is used for interpolation of color which provided high quality resolution
than most algorithms.
There are two phases of selection for rules in fuzzy logic. Mining of data is used as first
phase for rule generation in GA that was proposed by Hisao Ishibuchi [16]. First,
candidate rules are generated in large numbers which are prescreened using a criteria
called as two rule evaluation case mining of data. Next fuzzy rules are selected from
candidate rules in small numbers by using genetic algorithms An optimization problem is
rule selection with three main contents (ie) classification accuracy must be increased, the
number of selected rules should be reduced and to reduce the total rule length. For pattern
classification a small number of IF condition followed by THEN can be used so that
problems in continuous attributes can be solved as shown by Ishibuchi, Yamamoto [15].
Fuzzy Application areas like classification and control work under Fuzzy rule. Here the
objectives are enhancement of performance and comprehensibility. The major steps related
to fuzzy rule-based systems comprehensibility are:

(i) Clear outlook on Fuzzy partitions (ie) for each variable allot fuzzy set, fuzzy sets
separation, linguistic interpretability of fuzzy set.
(ii) Systems depending on fuzzy rule simplicity which defines the number of if-then rules
and input variables.
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(iii) Simplicity of if-then rules (ie) number of upcoming conditions in if-then rule and fuzzy
if-then rules types.
(iv) Simplicity on Fuzzy reasoning (multiple rules based voting, one winner selection rule).

Determining the correlation with the surrounding pixels, a strategy is developed for the
surrounding pixels at horizontal and vertical points to allot membership grades. Equations
[18–21, 23, 24, 26] gives the four cases considered, where the horizontal and vertical
directions have possible edges.
Case 1:
∣G1 − G2∣ is small while ∣G3 − G4∣ is arbitrarily high, with respect to ∣G3 − G4∣-∣G1 −
G2∣> > 0. Here we consider the edge as horizontal while the neighboring pixels G1 and G2
have the same intensity.
Case 2:
∣G1 − G2∣is less and ∣G3 − G4∣is of random choice and G1 ≈ G2 ≈ G4. In this case the pixel
R has an edge and its intensity depends upon the values of G3 and G4.
Case 3:
This case is related to case 2, with a difference that here the pixels G1, G2 and G3 have same
intensity, i.e. ∣G1 − G2∣ is less and ∣G3 − G4∣ is arbitrary and G1 ≈ G2 ≈ G3.
Case 4:
In this case all the four neighboring pixels G1, G2, G3 and G4 are considered and if they are
different then location R is as follows:

0:5*G1 þ 0:5*G2 þ 0:1*G3 þ 0:1*G4

Missing G ¼
0:5 þ 0:5 þ 0:1 þ 0:1
ð10Þ
ðG1 þ G2 Þ ðG3 þ G4 Þ
¼ 0:8333* þ 0:1667*
2 2
For horizontal edge, if G1 > G2 then
0:75*G1 þ 0:25*G2 þ 0:1*G3 þ 0:1*G4
Missing G ¼
0:75 þ 0:25 þ 0:1 þ 0:1
ð11Þ
ð3G1 þ G2 Þ ð G3 þ G 4 Þ
¼ 0:4167* þ 0:1667*
2 2
if G3 > G4 then
0:5*G1 þ 0:5*G2 þ 0:75*G3 þ 0:25*G4
Missing G ¼
0:75 þ 0:5 þ 0:75 þ 0:25
ð12Þ
ð G1 þ G 2 Þ ð3G3 þ G4 Þ
¼ 0:8333* þ 0:4167*
2 2
For vertical edge, when G3 > G4
0:075*G1 þ 0:025*G2 þ 0:75*G3 þ 0:25*G4
Missing G ¼
0:75 þ 0:025 þ 0:75 þ 0:25
ð13Þ
ð3G1 þ G2 Þ ð3G3 þ G4 Þ
¼ 0:0454* þ 0:4545*
2 2
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Selection of feature, initialization reduction and tuning of model to generate a classifier

based on fuzzy rule depending on labeled data was presented by Roubos [32] that
applies in an iterative way. An initial fuzzy classifier is achieved by applying a
covariance based model initialization process. Accurate classifiers can be designed by
applying a combination of factors such as selection of feature,simplification of rule base
and tuning based on GA.

4.1 Genetic algorithms for fuzzy rule selection

A method of optimization based on evolution of biological systems in which genetic

material is based on data structure represented as a string of symbols similar to the
appearance of DNA. Individuals of a fit population exist for genetic material reproduc-
tion to result in new individuals. A GA is required in case of inflation and to solve
problems related to search.
Due to problems related to incomplete understanding as a result of high complexity.
Uncertainty are ensured by sustainable decision making. Best solution set is usually an
array named Population is maintained to hold the best solution set. An optimized
function need not have to be a mathematical formula, continuous or even derivable
in a GA. In GA members fight for survival to adapt to the environment by usage of
genetic operations like selection, crossover, and mutation. Chromosomes define how
well individuals fulfil a target function depending on surviving qualities and possibil-
ities of cross breeding. The method provides an increase in scheduling obligations and
the computations results meet our expectations. According to our study, we found that
it is possible to use genetic algorithms to optimize the production cost while providing
effective results.
Two different ways were used to create a test image considering a genetic
algorithm chromosome as an image bitmap by creating objects using lines, letters,
rectangles, circles etc., as presented by Mantere [29].GA one of the best function
optimization methods. Meera Kapoor [22] presented a probability based selection
method known as Roulette wheel whose fitness function produced good results. The
fitness function chosen by roulette wheel selection optimization procedure produces
better results.
With L defining the population size in a chromosome,the fuzzy model parameters are given
by ! s l ; l ¼ 1:::Las element set by which the fuzzy sets are encoded. M fuzzy rules classifier
can be encoded as in eq. (14)
!s ¼ ðant :::ant Þ ð14Þ
l 1 M

Where anti = (ai1, bi1, ci1...ain, bin, cin)contains the upcoming fuzzy sets parametersAij. j = 1...n.
We choose nC chromosomes to implement roulette wheel selection method. The roulette
wheel chances are adaptive and is given as Pl =∑l0 Pl0 , where
 2
1 0
Pl ¼ ; l; l ∈f1:::Lg ð15Þ
Jl

and on chromosome ! s l ,Jl is the encoded model performance given in eq. (15). In this
local minima is avoided by GA that uses local search. Local knowledge is being
employed local search methods in order to enhance chances to propagate characteristics
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Table 1 PSNR comparison for sample medical images

Hybrid
Fuzzy rules Fuzzy GA in Genetic Fuzzy
Sl Sample R,G,B
in proposed proposed Algorithm
No Images pixels Adaptive method method with random
CFA using
local search
Sobel
R 34.49 35.26 35.64 36.03

1 G 36.01 36.87 37.34 37.86

B 34.73 35.55 36.04 36.52

R 39.00 40.13 40.66 41.23

2 G 42.65 43.65 44.22 44.81

B 41.24 42.25 42.68 43.20

R 41.86 42.99 43.54 44.02

3 G 43.69 44.80 45.44 46.01

B 41.24 42.37 42.82 43.39

R 38.05 38.97 39.43 39.99

4 G 42.48 43.50 44.11 44.64

B 41.38 42.34 42.86 43.42

R 38.11 39.19 39.61 40.08

5 G 39.76 40.72 41.23 41.64

B 38.82 39.78 40.18 40.68

R 36.57 37.44 37.91 38.35

6 G 37.71 38.78 39.17 39.59

B 35.87 36.86 37.25 37.63

R 42.81 43.92 44.51 45.05

7
G 45.1 46.08 46.71 47.30

B 43.22 44.2 44.72 45.30

to upcoming generations. Different integrations between genetic algorithms and other

search, optimization techniques was reviewed by El-Mihoub [9]. When designing a
hybrid genetic algorithm many factors have to be considered. Optimization methods are
the local searching methodologies applied that keep up an updated solution which are
used in the following processing that is explained by García Martínez [10]. This
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(c)
(a)

(b) (d)

(e)
Fig. 3 (a): Original Image. (b): Image that is reconstructed using Adaptive CFA with Sobel. (c): Image
Reconstructed using Fuzzy technique. (d): Reconstructed image using Fuzzy rule selection with GA. (e):
Reconstructed using image using hybrid genetic Fuzzy technique.

process is continued until a stop condition occurs. Three important Local Search
Parameters are:
Local Search First Improvement: The original solution is replaced by a better fitness value
of a random neighbouring solution.
Best Improvement Local Search: Among all the neighbouring solutions the best one is
chosen to replace the original solution.
Randomised K-opt LSP (RandK-LS): The current solution per iteration is altered
by k variable components and replacing with it with the the explored neighbourhood
dimension.
Binary genetic along with steepest descent gradient algorithm resulted in a hybrid genetic
algorithm that was explained by Boriskin [3]. Here the whole design space is globally explored
by GA under a number of solutions and local down hill optimization is used in SDG algorithm
that reduces stagnation.
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Fig. 4 (a-c) Red, Green and Blue

PSNR for sample images 1–7.

(a)

(b)

(c)

To obtain color images with good quality and to enhance demosaicing performance, a high
resolution color image was introduced by Sree Devi. An edge detecting function and direc-
tional edges are used to reject region of high frequency artifacts and to enhance performance.
The initial population is generated whom with a size of 250 is chosen and each individual is
evaluated on the basis of a function on fitness and assigned a fitness value.
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The pseudo code is as follows,

5 Experimental results

In this study, interpolation model known as ACFA is proposed. In the pixels at normal HTI
technique is used at normal pixels and if a pixel is not in an edge then ACFA method is
implemented. Genetic and Hybrid Algorithms are used in rules of fuzzy selection.
Table 1 gives an PSNR value from various techniques, for sample images 1–7 taken for
investigation. Fig. 3 (a) is the first sample image and 3 (b), 3 (c), 3(d), 3 (e) are reconstructed
images by adaptive CFA, Fuzzy Technique, Fuzzy rule selection by GA and hybrid genetic
fuzzy respectively.
In the reconstructed image, the image is partially shown to highlight the distortion
seen. In interpolation algorithms PSNR is considered as the comparison method of
subjective quality. Figure 4 shows Red, Green and Blue PSNR values for sample
images 1–7 achieved by various techniques. The hybrid genetic fuzzy GA as the
proposed method produces better PSNR. Results are compared with PSNR values
obtained by different interpolation methods. In Fig. 4 the proposed method gives a
PSNR value with an average of 36.80.
The proposed technique achieves a PSNR of 1.76% when related to ACFA interpolation
with Sobel and a PSNR of 0.46% when related to Fuzzy rule selection using GA. Similarly, for
the seventh sample image (parrot image) the new method gives an average PSNR value of
45.88.
2.17% improvement in the PSNR when related to ACFA without using fuzzy and 0.56%
when related to the proposed technique with fuzzy rule selection using GA. The reconstructed
image by proposed CFA produces better PSNR. The results shows the proposed method’s
efficiency.
Figure 3(b-e) Reconstructed Image using Adaptive CFA with Sobel, proposed fuzzy
technique, Proposed Fuzzy rule selection with GA and Proposed Hybrid Fuzzy technique
for sample Image 1.
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6 Conclusion

To reduce the cost and packaging in cameras, the colors in a region are captured with a
SINGLE sensor and CFA. CFA acts like a coating on a single sensor array pixel that
allows a color component’s photon and blocks that of the other two colors. So, a process
called as interpolation is required to get missing colors. On edges the interpolation
technique fails to act. To offset this, ACFA interpolation is explained where the pixels
in general regions use HT techniques and edge pixels use the proposed mathematical
model for detection. The fuzzy rule-based system focusses on maximization of perfor-
mance and comprehensibility. This work uses fuzzy logic to form interpolation rules.
Fuzzy rule selection is achieved using GA with random local search. Efficiency of the
new method is higher when using Green plane interpolation, Red and blue plane
interpolation with the fuzzy genetic method for interpolation.
Seven sample images were taken and reconstructed by ACFA using Sobel, CFA
interpolation technique with Fuzzy rules, Fuzzy rule selection with genetic algorithm
and finally the proposed hybrid genetic fuzzy interpolation with random local search.
The PSNR was evaluated for different techniques. It was observed that the proposed
ACFA using hybrid genetic fuzzy interpolation with the random local search approach
generated images with superior quality. An improvement of PSNR can be achieved by
the proposed hybrid genetic fuzzy system with a random local search method. Which
achieves better RGB PSNR values compared with other techniques used for the
sample images taken.

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D. R. Ramji received B.E. degree in Electronics & Communication Engineering from Anna University in 2006
and M.E. degree in VLSI Design from Anna University in 2008. He received the Ph.D. degree in the Faculty of
Information & Communication engineering from Anna University in 2018. He worked for various institutions in
Electronics and Communication Departments around many states in India. He has published journals and
attended many conferences in national and international level. His research interests are on Algorithms of color
imaging, demosaicing, VLSI technology.

Dr. C. Anna Palagan (Professor in ECE, Teegala Krishna Reddy Engineering College, Hyderabad, India). Dr.
C. Anna Palagan received her B. E (2003) from MS University, M.E (2005) and PhD (2018) from Anna
University in Electronics and Communication Engineering. The main focus of his PhD work was in acoustic
modeling for noise robust speech recognition and separation of Speech Signals from Blind Sources. He currently
holds over 29 Journal publications. His research interests are in acoustic modeling, including deep belief
networks and sparse representations.
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A. Nithya received B.E. degree in Electronics & Communication Engineering from Anna University in 2009 and
M.E. degree in VLSI Design from Anna University in 2011. She received the Ph.D. degree in Electronics and
Instrumentation Engineering from Annamalai University in 2016. She worked for various institutions in
Electronics and Communication Departments around many states in India. She has published journals and
attended many conferences in national and international level. Her research interests are on Bio medical image
processing, types of imaging, VLSI technology.

Ahilan received B.E. degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Anna University Chennai,
India in 2008 and M.E. degree in VLSI Design from Government Collage of Technology, Coimbatore, India in
2012 and obtained Gold medal. He received Ph.D. degree in Information and Communication Engineering from
Anna University Chennai in 2017. He worked as JRF and SRF during his doctoral study. He was previously
employed in Tata Consultancy Services, Bangalore. His research area includes VLSI Design, FPGA application
development and Image Processing. His research papers have been published in journals and presented papers in
various national and international conferences. He attended various standard abroad conferences as ASQED 2015
in Malaysia and ESREF 2015 in France. He is the life member of various professional bodies like ISTE and
IEEE.
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Dr. E. John Alex received B.E. degree in Electronics and communication engineering from Anna University,
M.E. degree in VLSI engineering from Karunya University and Ph.D degree in VLSI from Anna University
Chennai in 2018. Currently he is doing his research in the field of VLSI. He holds 10 years of teaching
experience in engineering colleges. He has guided more than 10 academic projects and has presented 12 papers in
National and International conferences. His research interest includes digital electronics, VLSI, Networking,
Communication systems, image processing and device modeling.