1. Compare commodatum with mutuum (Arts.

1933 & 1953 CC)

2. Distinguish consumable from non-consumable; fungible from non-fungible (Art. 418 CC)
3. Is commodatum and mutuum a consensual or real contract (Arts. 1315, 1316, 1934 CC;
BPI Investment Corp. v. Court of Appeals G.R. No. 133632, February 15, 2002)
4. Should the contract of commodatum and mutuum be in writing to be valid (Arts. 1356,
1358, & 1403 CC)
5. Compare commodatum and usufruct (Arts. 564, 1935, & 1940 CC)
6. Compare commodatum and deposit (Arts. 1933, 1937, 1962, 1965, & 1966 CC)
7. Compare commodatum and lease (Arts. 1935, 1936, 1643, 1645; Republic v. Bagtas, G.R.
No. L-17474, October 25, 1962)
8. Compare commodatum and tolerance (Arts. 537 & 1946 CC; Pujuyo v. Court of Appeals,
G.R. No. 146364, July 3, 2004)
9. Obligations of bailee (borrower) (Arts. 1939 (2), 1941, 1942 (4), 1943, 1949 CC)
10. Obligations of bailor (lender) (Arts. 1938 & 1949 CC)
11. Liability of bailee in case of loss of object (Arts. 1170, 1174, 1942 CC)
12. Extinguishment and return of object (Arts. 1939 (1), 1946, 1947, & 1948 CC)
13. Right of retention (Arts. 1944, 1951, & 1952 CC)
14. Compare mutuum (Arts. 1933 & 1953 CC) and barter (Arts. 1638 & 1954)
15. Compare mutuum and sale (Art. 1458)
16. Loan with condition (Saura Import v. Development Bank, G.R. No. L-24968, April 27,
1972)
17. What is a credit card transaction? (Pantaleon v. American Express, G.R. No. 174269,
August 25, 2010)
18. What is a savings deposit? (Arts. 12315, 1287, & 1980 CC; Gullas v. Philippine National
Bank, G.R. No. L-43191, November 13, 1935)
19. Loan with chattel mortgage. (Republic v. Grijaldo, G.R. No. L-20240, December 31, 1965)
20. Is non-payment of loan a purely civil liability? (Guingona v. City Fiscal of Manila, G.R. No.
L-60033, April 4, 1984)
21. Payment (Arts. 1249, 1250, 1955 CC; R.A. No. 8183 – An Act to Assure the Uniform Value
of Philippine Currency; Equitable PCI Bank v. Ng Shiong, G.R. No. 171545, December 19,
2007 – Extraordinary deflation)
22. Kinds of interest: a) Monetary (Art. 1956 CC; State Investment House v. Court of
Appeals, G.R. No. 90676, June 19, 1991); b) Compensatory (Arts. 1226, 1229, & 2209 CC)
and c) Compound (Arts. 1959 & 2212 CC)
23. Should stipulation of interest be in writing to be enforceable? (Arts. 1956 & 1960; De la
Paz v. L & J Development Company, G.R. No. 183360, September 8, 2014; Section 4, R.A.
No. 3765 – Truth in Lending Act) With certain exceptions (Arts. 1589, 1788, 1896, 2209,
2210, & 2211 CC)
24. What is an escalation clause? (See page 79, De Leon; Philippine Savings Bank v. Castillo;
G.R. No. 193178, May 30, 2011)
25. What is an acceleration clause? (See page 64, De Leon)
26. Exorbitant interest. Usury law suspended (Arts. 1175, 1413, 1957, & 1961; Advocates for
Truth in Lending v. Bangko Sentral Monetary Board, G.R. No. 192986, January 15, 2013;
 Angel Jose Warehousing Company v. Chelda Enterprises, G.R. No. L-25704, April 24,
1968)
27. Courts can equitably reduce exorbitant interest (Macalinao v. Bank of Philippine Islands,
G.R. No. 175490, September 17, 2009; Medel v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 131622,
November 27, 1988; Fausto v. Multi Agri-Forest, G.R. No. 213939, October 12, 2016)