ESc201, Lecture 26:  

26:  Operational  Amplifier
Operational  Amplifier vth  v1(s)
Band Pass Filter (Combination of a Low Pass  sC1  v1(s)-vo (s) +sC2v1(s)
Rth
and a High Pass Filter):
To avoid
saturation vi

vi sC2v1(s)=- vo (s)
R2

vth   1   v (s) 
vo (s)
( )
R th  

=  s  C1 +C 2  +
 R
v
 1
(s)-sC v
1 o (s)=s 

  C1  C  o
2 sC R -C v
1 o (s) +
 R sC R
2 2
th   2 2  th
ωo = 1 R2 C1C2
R th R 2C1C Q=
Q
2 R th C1+C2
1/ R 2
R 3 R 2C2
) vo (s) =-
ABP ((s)= sωo
vth (s)
() R1+R 3 R1C1 s2 +s ωo +ωo2
Q
C,, and ωo =
For C1 = C2 = C 1
C R thh R 2 Q= R2
2 Q
BW=
R 2C ωo  1 , and ω2  1 R th
o
Q R2 R2
 ESc201, Lecture 26:  Operational  Amplifier
26:  Operational  Amplifier Schmitt Trigger:
Positive Feedback – Inverting input
v >v+  vo =-V
Vsatt
+
2
6 vo =A v  v+ -v  v <v+  vo =+Vsat
vVi V0 R2 Let R 2 =10k, VCC =+12V, VEE =-12V,
i –
3 v+ =vo
V1
R1 +R 2 v =±V 10 = ± 12× 2 = ± 4.8V
R1 + sat
10+15 5

10 k 
15 k VIH =+
+ 4.8V,
4 8V VIL =- 4.8V
4 8V vVo0
R2
Fig.3is v
VOH
vi here trigger the Trigger Signal
sat +V
that creates change of state.
Let10the
koutput be high (+ (+12
12V)
V) and hence input has to be Fi 2
Fig.2
low (≤ - 4.8V).
V). As vi increases, nothing happens till vi Hysteresis
reaches 4.8V, when the output toggles from +12V 12V to -12
12V
V. Width
So the toggling from VOH to VOL does not happen at the
same input
input.. The loop formed is called Hysteresis.
Hysteresis. VIL VIH v
V
ii
Thus, the circuit has two stable states,
states, giving the name
“bistable circuit
circuit”. For a change of state at the output,
output an
appropriate trigger signal needs to be applied at the input. -V vi
sat
Within the Hysteresis width (VIH - VIL), the output is VOL
indeterminate and depends on the direction of change of the
Trigger input. Is Hysteresis good or bad? Usually unwanted.
But imagine the input has noise added. Then Hysteresis prevents t
the output from chattering - good. Schmitt Trigger acts as an Effective Noise Suppressor
 ESc201, Lecture 26:  Operational  Amplifier 
26:  Operational  Amplifier ––Non‐
Non‐Inverting Schmitt Trigger
R2 Due to positive feedback,
feedback, the
Byy Superposition
p p
output
t t vo will
ill be
b att V+sat for
f V+ >
R1 R2
R1 +VCC V+ = vi  vo V-, and at -Vsat for V-> V+. For
vi R1 +R 2 R1 +R 2

A v V- = 0, if vo is at V+sat, then no
o

positive of Vi can change the state
VRef -VEE of the output.
output.
To switch vo to V-sat , V+ must be pulled below ground,
ground, (which is the potential of V- ) and
it would be possible only if vi goes below –(R1/R2)V+sat. This corresponds to the Threshold
Low (VTL) of the circuit.
Similarlyy when Vo is at V-sat , to cause a change
g in the state of the output
p Vi must be more
positive than –(R1/ R2)V-sat. This corresponds to the Threshold High (VTH ) of the circuit.
(VTH – VTL) is then the Hysteresis width.
This non-
non-invertingg Schmitt Trigger
gg circuit is not much used unless it is followed byy other
circuits to perform some specific functions, for example:

Non-Inverting
Non-
Schmitt Trigger Integrator
Triangular Wave Generator From Aloke K. Dutta
 ESc201, Lecture 26: Operational
Amplifier
p - Other Applications
pp vi ~
A special case of non-
non-inverting amplifier, also
called Voltage Follower with infinite R1 and
zero R2. Hence Av =1. 1.
Provides excellent impedance-
impedance-level transformation while maintaining signal voltage level.
Ideal voltage buffer does not require any input current and can drive any desired load
resistance
es s ce w without
ou loss
oss oof ssignal
g voltage.
voltage
vo ge. U
ge. Unity-
Unity
y-ggain bu
buffer
e iss used in mayy sensor
se so and
dddata
acquisition systems.
systems.
Log Amplifier or Temperature Sensor: I =I = I (e D T -1) ; V = k BT
V /V
i D S T
D
D
v q
vi -v /V i +1 = e-vO /VT
 = IS (e O T -1)
+V
+VCC R IS R
CC
vi
VS
vi vi
RR vo
VO which gives vO  VT  ln(1  )  VT  ln( )
v RI S RI S

vO =R -VT ×ln(( i ) But Ii=IS for i-=0, where the diode

-V
-V
CC
EE
R
RI saturation current IS is a function of
Antilog Amplifier D
i temperature also.
D
+V
+V CC
CC
viVS v /V v /V
vo
VO vO = -RIS (e i T -1)  -RIS ×e i T
-V-V EE
CC
 Rf
R2 ESc201, Lecture 26:  
26:  Operational  Amplifier
Operational  Amplifier

VS2 R1 Example of summer/

summer/subtractor
subtractor

VS1 R3 VO vo  10vs  4vs  5vs  2vs

1 2 3 4
R P = R3 R 4 R5
VS3 R4 R5 Choose : R f =10K
VSS4
Th b
Then by S
Superposition:
iti
R R Rf R Rf R
vo = -( f )vs -( f )vs +(1+ )× P vs +(1+ )× P vs
R1 1 R 2 2 R1 R 2 R 3 3 R1 R 2 R 4 4
RP RP R4
 R1 =1K  R 2 = 2.5K  = 0.33  = 0.133  = 2.5
R3 R4 R3
Now choose : R 3 =1K  R 4 = 2.5K  R P = 0.33K  R 5 = 0.625K
0 625K b 1
The ratios can be so chosen Combinational Logic b2
that one gets an Analog to b3
di i l converter (ADC) Or
digital O v 0-7
simply a flash (fastest) ADC in + - + - + - + - + - + - + - (8 steps)
using a comparator is:
VREF
1 5R
1.5R R R R R R R 0.5R
Requires 2n-1 comparators and reference voltages for n-
n-bit conversion.
Other types are Counting ADC, D-S, Successive Approximation, Single-Ramp, Dual-Ramp, etc.
 ESc201, Lecture 25 25:  
:  Operational  Amplifier
Operational  Amplifier
Digital to Analog Converters : (DAC)
v 
o
V (b 2-1+b 2-2 +...+b 2-n )
REF 1 2 n

R-2R Ladder

LSB MSB
Inverted R
R--2R Ladder
LSB
MSB

MSB LSB