DATE: OCTOBER 25, 2016

RE: PROGRESS REPORT 01

TO: MYKA ANGELA M. RUFO
FROM: SHEILA A. ABACAN

PAINT CHEMISTRY
WHAT IS PAINT
1 | DEFINITION
A scientific blend of BINDERS, PIGMENTS, and ADDITIVES, proportionately dissolved in
SOLVENT or THINNERS, which when applied onto a surface forms a continuous film to protect and
beautify the surface

2 | FUNCTIONS
PRIMARY (a) Protection OTHER (c) Identification
(b) Beautification (d) Safety
(e) Good Housekeeping

3 | CLASSIFICATIONS
(a) LATEX – water-based; for concrete and stone

(b) ENAMEL – solvent-based; for wood and metal

4 | COMPONENTS
(a) Binder (b) Pigments (c) Additives (d) Solvent
 PAINT CHEMISTRY
ABACAN, Sheila A.

COMPOSITION OF LATEX PAINTS

1 | BINDER
- Binds all the raw material together
- Forms the film of the paint
- Provides adhesion to the surface being coated
- Determines paint’s DURABILITY, ADHESION, COLOR RETENTION, GLOSS, and RESISTANCE
- Comes as EMULSION for water-based paints (alkyd resin for solvent-based)

Advantage of Acrylic Emulsions

- Extremely weatherproof
- Greater water resistance
- Better stain protection
- Better adhesion
- Greater resistance to cracking and blistering

2 | PIGMENTS
- Powdery substances which provide the paint with its COLOR and HIDING properties

A | PRIMARY PIGMENTS
TiO2

- Provides exceptional whiteness with its high scattering power and low
absorption
- Is relatively expensive
- Overcrowding and loss of hiding is prevented with use of appropriate
extenders

B | EXTENDERS
Clays, Silica/Silicates, Calcium Carbonate, Talc

- Provide bulk at relatively low cost

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 PAINT CHEMISTRY
ABACAN, Sheila A.

- Add much less hiding than TiO2

Opaque Polymer

- Enhances the utility of TiO2 by irreversibly increasing the refractive index

difference within the paint upon drying, thus, increasing opacity

3 | ADDITIVES
- Are used in small amounts and charged in a specific order to improve various properties of the
paint or fix its deficiencies
- Are dubbed as PROBLEM SOLVERS
- 0.01 – 1% loading in total paint weight

A | WETTING AGENT
- Lowers the surface tension of the liquid to achieve good wetting through the
transition of air-solid interface into liquid-solid interface

B | DISPERSANT
- Prevents FLOCCULATION, SEDIMENTATION and PHASE SEPARATION

C | DEFOAMER
- Prevents and/or eliminates foam formation brought about by AGITATION,
PUMPING, and FOAMY NATURE OF RAW MATERIALS

Overcharging of defoamer results to FISH-EYE.

D | PRESERVATIVE
- Prevents microbial growth and paint spoilage
- May be biocide or fungicide

IN-CAN PRESERVATIVE or BIOCIDE

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 PAINT CHEMISTRY
ABACAN, Sheila A.

- Prevents bacterial contamination during storage

FILM PRESERVATIVE or FUNGICIDE

- Prevents growth of fungi, molds, and yeast on dried
film

Indications of Paint Spoilage

- Black discoloration
- Low pH
- Low viscosity
- Bad odor
- Visible growth of microorganisms

E | pH CORRECTOR
- Maintains pH of 8 – 9.5 in order to:
 Prevent neutralization shock and flocculation during processing
 Prevent bacterial growth

Non-uniform pH can result to FLOCCULATION.

F | CO-SOLVENT
- Serves as an ANTI-FREEZE that protects paint from extremely low
temperature, especially for exported paints
- Helps in the flow and leveling of the paint and avoidance of lap marks

G | COALESCING AGENT
- Acts as plasticizer and enhances FILM FORMATION

An overcharge of coalescing agent results to TACKY paint; while an

undercharge can result to CRACKING.

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 PAINT CHEMISTRY
ABACAN, Sheila A.

H | THICKENER or RHELOGY MODIFIER

- Provides viscosity for the paint
- Aids in the EASE OF APPLICATION, FLOW AND LEVELING, and
SPATTERING RESISTANCE of the paint.
- Acts as anti-settling agent to avoid settling of pigment particles

Low viscosity results to SAGGING. High viscosity results to

DIFFICULT APPLICATION.

TYPES OF THICKENER
i | NON-ASSOCIATIVE
HEC (Hydroxyethyl Cellulose); ASE (Alkali Soluble Emulsion)

- Controls viscosity
- Are typically high-molecular weight, water-soluble
polymers

ii | ASSOCIATIVE
HASE (Hydrophobically Modified ASE); HEUR (Hydrophobically Modified
Ethylene Oxide-Based Urethane); HMEC (Hydrophobically Modifies HEC)

- Controls both viscosity and rheology

- Provides greater spatter resistance

4 | SOLVENT
- Serves as the medium/vehicle for paint production
- Evaporates as the paint dries and leaves a solid film
- Comes as PROCESSED WATER for water-based paints (kerosene for solvent-based)

PROCESSED WATER

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 PAINT CHEMISTRY
ABACAN, Sheila A.

- Water from deep well treated with a 0.05% DB 20 solution to prevent the
growth of bacteria or bacterial contamination.
- DB 20 solution consists of 20% DB100, 20% process water and 60% DEG

KEY CONCEPTS
1 | DISPERSION PROCESS
Also called as DEAGGLOMERATION, DISPERSION is the process in which pigment
AGGLOMERATES are broken down into PRIMARY PIGMENTS and distributed throughout the medium.

STEPS
1. WETTING – Displacement of solid-air to liquid-solid interface with the
use of an appropriate solvent
2. GRINDING – Breaking down of agglomerates to primary particles by
application of mechanical force
3. STABILIZATION – Adhesion of dispersant to the pigments thus
keeping them sufficiently apart
4. PREVENTION OF RE-ASSOCITAION (FLOCCULATION)

TYPES OF STABILIZATION
1. ELECTROSTATIC STABILIZATION
Anionic dispersant is adsorbed unto the pigment surface. This
makes each pigment negatively charged, thus, they repel each
other and stabilization is achieved. It is used on latex paints.
2. STERIC STABILIZATON
The binder which contains a head with high pigment affinity and
a tail which is resin-compatible chain prevents flocculation of
pigments through steric hindrance. The head is adsorbed on the
pigment surface while the tail protrudes into the surrounding

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 PAINT CHEMISTRY
ABACAN, Sheila A.

resin solution providing approximately 200nm clearance. It is

applicable on enamel paints.

2 | OPACITY IN PAINTS
TiO2 is the main opacity component. Extenders don’t inherently give opacity. The distance between
particles is very important. The difference between component refractive index delivers opacity.

REFRACTIVE INDEX
Refractive index is a quantification of how light propagates to a medium. In a system
in which opacity is desired (like in paint), a higher difference in refractive index of
components is favorable because it allows for light to be bent in greater extent and the
pigments can be distinguished through the medium.

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