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Fotografia na okładce: Getty Images/CORBIS/David Pu’u
Fotografie: Archiwum s. 225; BE&W [ALAMY: Alvey & Towers Picture Library s. 7 (pociąg), blickwinkel s. 126 (nartnik), blickwinkel/Hecker s. 154 (żuk), BSIP RM/AJ
PHOTO s. 244 (EEG), BSIP SA s. 244 (badanie dopplerowskie), Jeff Gilbert s. 75, Jeff Rotman s. 165 (krewetka), Jochen Tack s. 27 (bursztyn), Phil Degginger
s. 165 (robaczek świętojański), sciencephotos s. 39 (generator Van de Graaffa), Steven May s. 29 (tramwaj), STOCKFOLIO s. 141 (wybuch atomowy);
HERITAGEIMAGES: Ann Ronan Picture s. 41 (B. Franklin), English Heritage s. 207 (muszla koncertowa), Oxford Science Archive s. 93 (H.C. Oersted), 138 (J.
Maxwell); IMAGEBROKER RM/Jaime Abecasis s. 67 (A. Volta); PHOTONONSTOP SDP/Daniele Schneider s. 72 (osiołek); Photos12.com s. 21, 67 (L. Galvani);
SCIENCE SOURCE: Charles D. Winters s. 35 (halit), Richard T. Nowicz s. 35 (węgorz), Science Source s. 73 (G. Ohm); TIPS IMAGES/Angelo Cavalli s. 59; UNIVERSAL
IMAGES GROUP/Universal History Archive\UIG s. 141 (rentgen dłoni)]; Marcin Braun s. 234 (owad); Anna Budzyńska s. 12 (dłoń), 16 (doświadczenie), 17, 19, 20
(doświadczenie), 22, 24 (doświadczenie), 25 (doświadczenie), 26, 27 (doświadczenie), 29 (bateria), 30, 33, 36, 38, 40 (świetlówki i doświadczenie), 43 (doświad-
czenie), 44 (wodospad), 55, 57, 70, 72 (doświadczenie), 76, 77 (doświadczenie), 80, 86 (bezpiecznik domowy), 87, 88 (magnes), 89, 92, 93 (doświadczenie), 94
(doświadczenie), 96, 97 (doświadczenie), 99, 106, 108 (doświadczenie), 113 (doświadczenie), 116, 118, 122 (doświadczenie), 130, 137, 142, 144, 146 (doświad-
czenie), 147 (doświadczenie), 148, 151, 152 (doświadczenie), 154 (doświadczenie), 166, 169 (doświadczenie), 170, 171, 174 (doświadczenie), 176 (pryzmat),
177, 178 (5 soczewek), 179, 182 (doświadczenie), 183, 185 (doświadczenie), 194 (kamera obskura), 198 (doświadczenie), 199 (doświadczenie), 200, 203, 207
(doświadczenie), 208, 211 (doświadczenie), 212, 215 (doświadczenie), 217 (doświadczenie), 219 (doświadczenie i pryzmat), 220, 222 (doświadczenie), 234
(mikroskop), 256 (polaryzatory), 257 (wyświetlacz LCD), 260, 264, 265; EAST NEWS (Science Photo Library/CNU s. 221/a, UIG Art and History/Universal History
Archive/Universal Images Group s. 205); FORUM [IMAGE ASSET MANAGEMENT Ltd s. 242 (M.Skłodowska-Curie), Forum/TopFoto/Fortran s. 42 (ognie św. Elma)];
GETTY IMAGES [The Image Bank/Zia Soleil s. 107, age fotostock/Marevision s. 37, Chip HIRES/Gamma-Rapho s. 124 (trzęsienie ziemi), Corbis/Fuse s. 244 (EKG),
Dorling Kindersley/Clive Streeter s. 206 (grzejnik), Science Source/Merlin Tuttle s. 133 (nietoperz), Science Source/Mark Burnett s. 16 (dziewczyna), Tetra Images/
Hill Street Studios s. 134–135 (chłopiec z trąbką), PANTHERMEDIA [CHIRON s. 178 (aparat fotograficzny), Lebus s. 174 (basen), Peter Wienerroither s. 215 (obser-
wator nieba), Stephan.Klapszus s. 251 (CD)]; SHUTTERSTOCK: Prawa autorskie [aaltair s. 194–195 (sowa), Abhindia s. 172 (chryzantema), AEPhotographic s. 194
(foka), Aerodim s. 11 (grzejnik elektryczny), Aertman s. 77 (oporniki), ajt s. 58, Alaettin YILDIRIM s. 114, Albo s. 24 (kserokopiarka), AlessandroZocc s. 195 (sala-
mandra), Alexander Kolomietz s. 216 (luneta), Alexey Boldyn s. 194 (smartfon), Alin Brotea s. 164, alysta s. 252/B, Amber McNamara s. 117, Amy Johansson s. 219
(tęcza), Andrei Nekrassov s. 54 (woltomierz), Andriano s. 186 (kwitnąca gałązka, lupa), Angela Royle s. 211 (lustrzana kula), Anita Colic s. 235, Anke van Wyk
s. 132, Anton Balazh s. 236 (garnki), Anton Gvozdikov s. 49 (kaloryfer), Anton_Ivanov s. 160 (Titanic), Artesia Wells s. 176 (fatamorgana – droga), Artography s. 81,
Asparuh s. 51 (telewizor), Babyboom s. 9 (spadochroniarz), Barone Firenze s. 253 (film 3D), Bo Valentino s. 193 (oko, rozszerzona źrenica), borzywoj s. 41 (pioruno-
chron), Brandy McKnight s. 125, bright s. 213, cameilia s. 194 (królik), camilla$$ s. 134 (dziewczynka z fletem), Carlos E.Santa Maria s. 246 (biegaczka), ch123
s. 120 (zegar mechaniczny), Chepko Danil Vitalevich s. 93 i 95 (dysk komputerowy), ChiccoDodiFC s. 13 (licznik energii), Claudio Divizia s. 252/C, Claudiu Mihai
Badea s. 82, criben s. 139, Corepics VOF s. 143 (szklarnia), Crok Photography s. 246 (skuter wodny), Dabarti CGI s. 9 (ciężarówka), David Hyde s. 47 (pralka), David
Tadevosian s. 245, Debbie Oetgen s. 195 (żaba), Denis Tablet s. 85 (bezpieczniki), djem s. 50 (mp3), dmitriyd s. 50 (dioda), Ed Berlen s. 169 (kobieta z książką),
Ekaterina Naymushina s. 47 (lampa), Elnur s. 198 (czerwone okulary), Ethan Daniels s. 133 (wieloryb), FiledIMAGE s. 13 (balon), FloridaStock s. 189, Garsya s. 25
(burza), Gordana Sermek s. 97 (autodrom w lunaparku), Graham Bloomfield s. 136, greatpapa s. 50 (latarka), Grin Maria s. 206 (antena satelitarna), Hobby studio
s. 231, Hugh Lansdown s. 131, Ihar Linnik s. 194 (łąka), ILYA GENKIN s. 138 (teleskopy), Inessa.S s. 11 (ognisko), iodrakon s. 39 (wyładowanie elektryczne), Iraidka
s. 134 (fortepian), Izaak s. 34 (trolejbus), Jacek Chabraszewski s. 108 (huśtawka), James BO Insogna s. 53, James Doss s. 140, Jaywarren79 s. 253 (taśma filmo-
wa), jocic s. 254 (telewizor), Johann Helgason s. 104, Jostein Hauge s. 73 (oporniki), Judy Crawford s. 120 (zegar atomowy), Karen Grigoryan s. 172 (choinka),
Katrina Leigh s. 134 (mechanizm młoteczkowy), keko64 s. 74, kotya21 s. 221/b, krigo s. 20 (bocianie gniazdo), Ksander s. 48, Kuznetsov Alexey s. 11 (samochód),
Leonid Shcheglov s. 239 (produkcja lodów), Levent Konuk s. 242 (lekarze rtg), Lianem s. 124 (fale morskie), Lighthunter s. 71, lightpoet s. 165 (laser), Lillian Tveit
s. 13 (koparka), liveostockimages s. 195 (wyrak), loskutnikov s. 176 (fatamorgana – pustynia), Lotus_studio s. 153 (kieliszek), LuckyImages s. 257 (kino 3D), mag-
gee s. 40 (lampa LED), Marcin-linfernum s. 163, marlee s. 83, Mattia Terrando s. 39 (żarówka), Mayskyphoto s. 224, Michael Rahel s. 217 (Księżyc), michael shee-
han s. 122 (fale morskie), Mihai Dancaescu s. 195 (lemur), Mike Flippo s. 135 (bębenek), Mila Atkovska s. 222 (dyskoteka), Mile Atanasov s. 85 (zasilacz), Miroslaw
Dziadkowiec s. 51 (czajnik), Mny-Jhee s. 54 (układ scalony), muzsy s. 247, My Portfolio s. 173, Nejron Photo s. 167, Nerthuz s. 51 (tramwaj), New SIGHT
Photography s. 14 (statek), nikkytok s. 60, Nola Rin s. 15, nyasha s. 252/A, paintings s. 243 (mózg), Pakhnyushchy s. 185 (kropla), paul prescott s. 44 (lampy na
lotnisku), Paul Reid s. 86 (bezpiecznik samochodowy), Paul S. Wolf s. 160 (humbak), PaulPaladin s. 51 (świetlówka), Petinov Sergey Mihilovich s. 206 (reflektor),
Petrenko Andriy s. 63, 100, 155, 226, Petronilo G. Dangoy Jr. s. 88 (pociąg), Philip Lange s. 110 (silnik), 120 (zegarek elektroniczny), Photohunter s. 193 (kot), Pixel
4 Images s. 254 (projektor), plamens art. s. 129, Planner s. 50 (zegarek elektroniczny), Radoslaw Maciejewski s. 47 i 51 (lokomotywa), Rafa Irusta s. 240,
Ragnarock s. 252/D, Rich Carem s. 68, risteski goce s. 249, Robert Kneschke s. 236 (kobieta), Roger.083 s. 214, Rolaks s. 56, Rui Manuel Teles Gomes s. 90,
Sabphoto s. 169 (chłopiec z książką), samoshkin s. 237, Sara Robinson s. 216 (mikroskop), Sashkin s.13 (korona), sasimoto s. 194 (kwiat), Scenic Shutterbug
s. 259, science photo s. 113 (oscyloskop), Serg64 s. 230, Sherri R. Camp s. 257 (gogle), sil63 s. 47 (latarka), skaljac s. 14 (spychacz), sonya etchison s. 152
(huśtawka), Stanislav Sporny s. 198 (czarne okulary), stephane106 s. 34 (kombinerki), Stephen Mcsweeny s. 243 (USG), Steve Photography s. 49 (elektrownia),
Steven Coling s. 12 (garnek), StockPhotosArt s. 143 (grzejnik), Subbotina Anna s. 11 (herbata), Sven Hoppe s. 192, Svetlana Danilova s. 182 (szklana kula), Taiga
s. 248, Tatiana Popowa s. 45, 195 (aparat fotograficzny), Teerayut Somprasong s. 11 (elektrownia), Terrance Emmerson s. 7 (samoloty), Thomas Barrat s. 204 (lus-
trzana kula), tobkatrina s. 153 (chłopiec z trąbką), Tom Denham s. 256 (pszczoła), Tomasz Wozniak s. 152 (most), Tongra Jantaduang s. 110 (struny gitary), Tyler
Olson s. 94 (tomografia), USTIN s. 133 (obraz USG), Vaclav Volrab s. 199 (drzewa), Valentin Valkov s. 239 (maszynka do lodów), valzan s. 11 (dzwonek), vesilvio
s. 127, Victoria Shapiro s. 193 (zwężona źrenica), Ville heikkinen s. 10 (most), Vlad61 s. 218, Vladimir Sazonov s. 251 (płyta analogowa), Vladimir Wrangel s. 62,
VladKol s. 83 (znak), White Smoke s. 255, windmoon s. 9 (karateka), xavier gallego morell s. 135 (dziewczynka z gitarą), Yauhen s. 10 (samochód), Zoommer s. 47
(telefon)] wykorzystano zgodnie z licencją z Shutterstock, Inc; THINKSTOCK/Getty Image [iStockphoto s. 145, 147 (fale w basenie), 149, 242 (pulsoksymetr);
Stocktrek Image s. 146 (strażacy)].
Wydawnictwo Nowa Era oświadcza, że podjęło starania mające na celu dotarcie do właścicieli i dysponentów praw autorskich wszystkich zamieszczonych utworów.
Wydawnictwo Nowa Era, przytaczając w celach dydaktycznych utwory lub fragmenty, postępuje zgodnie z art. 29 ustawy o prawie autorskim. Jednocześnie Nowa
Era oświadcza, że jest jedynym podmiotem właściwym do kontaktu autorów tych utworów lub innych podmiotów uprawnionych w przypadkach, w których twórcy
przysługuje prawo do wynagrodzenia.
Imię i nazwisko Klasa Rok szkolny Podpis
1.
2.
3.
Elektrostatyka i prąd elektryczny
E E – energia elektryczna
Napięcie elektryczne U= q q – ładunek elektryczny
q – ładunek elektryczny
Natężenie prądu q
elektrycznego
I= t t – czas, w którym ładunek q
przepłynął
U – napięcie elektryczne
Praca prądu
W = U$q q – ładunek elektryczny
elektrycznego I – natężenie prądu elektrycznego
W = U$I$t t – czas przepływu prądu
Elektryczność i magnetyzm
U U – napięcie elektryczne,
Opór elektryczny R= I I – natężenie prądu elektrycznego
Drgania i fale
Częstotliwość w ruchu 1
drgającym
f=T T – okres w ruchu drgającym
m m – długość fali
Prędkość fali v=T
T – okres w ruchu drgającym
Optyka
1
Zdolność skupiająca Z= f f – ogniskowa
a – kąt padania
Prawo odbicia a=b b – kąt odbicia
www.nowaera.pl fizyka@nowaera.pl