You are on page 1of 31

:URFãDZ

Edytor
-y]HI%LDáHN

5HGDNFMD
0DáJRU]DWD0HáJLHZVND

.RUHNWD
$QQD=LHOLĔVND

3URMHNWRNáDGNL
:RMFLHFK7URMDQRZVNL

6NáDGLáDPDQLH
6HUD¿Q

&RS\ULJKW‹E\:\GDZQLFWZR:HNWRU\
$OOULJKWVUHVHUYHG

ISBN: 978-83-65842-44-2

:<'$:1,&7:2Ä:(.725<´
XO$WUDPHQWRZD
%LHODQ\:URFáDZVNLH
.RELHU]\FH

ZZZ:\GDZQLFWZR:HNWRU\SO

'\VWU\EXFMD
WHOHPDLOLQIR#:\GDZQLFWZR:HNWRU\SO
6SLVWUHĤFL
:VWčS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  

5R]G]LDã,
1DMSURVWV]HZ\MDĞQLHQLHZV]\VWNLHJR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3DVWXFK\LVWDGR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6WDUDLQRZDZáDG]D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5]ąG]HQLHĞZLDGRPRĞFLą . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3LĊüPLWyZNWyUHQLHSR]ZDODMą]UR]XPLHüĞZLDWD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1RZRF]HVQD,QNZL]\FMD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3LĊü]DáRĪHĔNWyUHWU]HEDSU]\MąüMHĪOLFKFHVLĊ]UR]XPLHüĞZLDW . . . . . . 26
1DMZDĪQLHMV]D]DVDGD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
&]áRZLHNZROQ\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

5R]G]LDã,,
5]ąG]HQLH]DSRPRFąVWUDFKX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
&]WHU\QDMZDĪQLHMV]HVWUDV]DNL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
*UXQWRZDQLHĞZLDGRPRĞFL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
Medialna zaraza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
:LUXV\]H:VFKRGX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3DQLNDQDSRNáDG]LH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3U]HELHJ2SHUDFML3DQGHPLD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3U]\JRWRZDQLHGRQRZHMRSHUDFML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2SHUDFMD3DQGHPLDVFHQDULXV]PDQLSXODFML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
:RMQDSV\FKRORJLF]QD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6 6SLVWUHĤFL

5R]G]LDã,,,
0LWRORJLD]DUD]\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
:LUXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
=DUDĨOLZRĞü . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
'\VWDQVNZDUDQWDQQDLPDVHF]NL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
2¿DU\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
7HVW\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
6]F]HSLRQNL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
/RFNGRZQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5R]G]LDã,9
5DFKXQHN]\VNyZLVWUDW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
3RV]HU]HQLH]DNUHVXZáDG]\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
.XPXODFMDZáDVQRVFL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
2GĞZLDWDDQDORJRZHJRGRF\IURZHJR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5HZROXFMDQDU\QNXSUDF\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
.RQLHFWUDG\F\MQHMHGXNDFML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
/LNZLGDFMDJRWyZNLLZV]HFKZáDG]DEDQNyZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
:áDG]DQDG]GURZLHPLĪ\FLHP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5R]SDGRVRERZRĞFL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

5R]G]LDã9
'RNąGWR]PLHU]D" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
:LUXVMDNRIDáV]\ZDÀDJD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
(OLWDZáDG]\±SV\FKRSDFL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
=áRZV]DFLHGREUD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
ĝZLDW]DFKRGQLQDNUDZĊG]L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
:LHONLVNRNLZLHONLUHVHW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
3ODQ\EXGRZDQLDXWRSLL-DNF]\WDüR¿FMDOQHGRNXPHQW\ . . . . . . . . . . . 155
1RZ\ZVSDQLDá\ĞZLDWMDNRJOREDOQ\NRáFKR] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
1RZDSROLW\NDHNRQRPLF]QD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
1RZDSROLW\NDVSRáHF]QD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
7RWDOLWDUQDJOREDOQDDXWRNUDFMD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

5R]G]LDã9,
:ROQRĞüRGVWUDFKX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
3U]\V]áRĞüMHVWQLHSHZQD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
ĝPLHUüMHVWSHZQD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
1DLZQRĞüE\ZD]DEyMF]D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
0RĪHV]E\üZROQ\MHĞOLSRNRQDV]VWUDFK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
1LH]DPLHU]RQHVNXWNL]DPLHU]RQ\FKG]LDáDĔ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

=DNRęF]HQLH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
:VWčS

PDUFDURNXĝZLDWRZD2UJDQL]DFMD=GURZLDRJáRVLáDĞZLDWR-
ZąSDQGHPLĊNRURQDZLUXVDRNUHĞODQHJRNU\SWRQLPHP&29,':H-
GáXJHNVSHUWyZyZZ\MąWNRZRQLHEH]SLHF]Q\QRZ\ZLUXVFHFKXMąF\VLĊ
GXĪą]DUDĨOLZRĞFLąLZ\ZRáXMąF\FLĊĪNąFKRUREĊSURZDG]ąFąGRĞPLHUFL
RSDQRZDáMXĪFDá\ĞZLDW=EOLĪDáDVLĊNDWDVWURID3U]HGOXGĨPLUR]WRF]R-
QRGUDPDW\F]QHSURJQR]\ZLUXVZNUyWNLPF]DVLHPRĪH]DELüPLOLR-
QyZOXG]LQDĞZLHFLHZW\PZVDP\FK6WDQDFK=MHGQRF]RQ\FKEĊGąWR
GZDPLOLRQ\1LHPDOHNyZQLHPDV]F]HSLRQHNQLHPDMDNVLĊEURQLü
-HG\Q\P UDWXQNLHP MDN SU]HNRQ\ZDQR MHVW ]DVWRVRZDQLH UHVWU\NF\M-
Q\FKRJUDQLF]HĔLFDáNRZLWD]PLDQDGRW\FKF]DVRZHJRWU\EXĪ\FLD=D-
PNQLĊWR V]NRá\ XF]HOQLH XU]ĊG\ UHVWDXUDFMH L FHQWUD KDQGORZH Z\áą-
F]RQRFDáHJDáĊ]LHSU]HP\VáXOXG]LRPQDND]DQRSR]RVWDüZGRPDFKQLH
SU]HPLHV]F]DüVLĊ]DZLHV]RQRNXUVRZDQLHSRFLąJyZLXQLHUXFKRPLRQR
FDá\WUDQVSRUWORWQLF]\.ROHMQHSDĔVWZD]DP\NDá\JUDQLFHDRJDUQLĊFL
SDQLF]Q\P VWUDFKHP OXG]LH ĞOHG]LOL SRGDZDQH QLHXVWDQQLH GDQH RR¿D-
UDFK]DUD]\
3RSHZQ\PF]DVLHRND]DáRVLĊMHGQDNĪHMHG\Q\PZLGRF]Q\PVNXW-
NLHPRJáRV]RQHMSDQGHPLLVąRZHUHVWU\NFMHSRGMĊWHSU]H]U]ąG\(IHNWyZ
G]LDáDQLDVWUDV]OLZHJRZLUXVDQLNWZáDĞFLZLHQLHZLG]LDá=DFKRURZDQLD
E\á\U]DGNLHDMHĞOLMXĪWRSU]\SRPLQDá\FLĊĪNąJU\SĊ]DĞĞPLHUWHOQRĞü
GRW\F]\áDJáyZQLHOXG]LZSRGHV]á\PZLHNXLGRWNQLĊW\FKLQQ\PLFKR-
UREDPL &R ZLĊFHM NLHG\ ]DF]ĊWR VSUDZG]Dü VWDW\VWNL RND]DáR VLĊ ĪH
ZRNUHVLHRJáRV]RQHMSDQGHPLLXPLHUDáRPQLHMOXG]LQLĪZXELHJá\FKOD-
WDFKDRVRE\RNUHĞODQHMDNR]DNDĪRQHVWUDV]OLZ\PZLUXVHPZSU]HZD-
ĪDMąFHMPLHU]HQLHPLDá\ĪDGQ\FKREMDZyZ
:WHMV\WXDFMLSRMDZLá\VLĊS\WDQLDLZąWSOLZRĞFL2FRQDSUDZGĊWX
FKRG]L"&]\UDFMĊPDMąFLNWyU]\GRPDJDMąVLĊUHVWU\NF\MQ\FKG]LDáDĔ
8 Opracja Pandemia

QLF]\PZVWDQLHZRMHQQ\PF]\WHĪFLNWyU]\WZLHUG]ąĪHG]LDáDQLDWH
QLH PDMą ĪDGQHJR UDFMRQDOQHJR X]DVDGQLHQLD %\ü PRĪH UyZQLHĪ WRELH
]GDU]\áR]DVWDQDZLDüVLĊQDGW\PNWRPDUDFMĊ"&RZáDĞFLZLHVLĊG]LHMH"
-HĞOL WDN WR NVLąĪND WD MHVW GOD FLHELH 2G UD]X ]D]QDF]DP ĪH QLH
GRW\F]\RQDDQLZLUXVyZDQLFKRUyEDQLLFKOHF]HQLDEąGĨ]DSRELHJDQLD
LP7RNVLąĪNDRW\PZMDNLVSRVyEZáDG]DPRĪHSURJUDPRZDüOXG]Ną
ĞZLDGRPRĞüPDMąFGRG\VSR]\FMLPHGLDLNRQWUROXMąFĞZLDWQDXNL'R-
W\F]\RQDWHFKQLNPDQLSXODFMLVWHURZDQLDHPRFMDPLLVSRVREyZUHDOL]R-
ZDQLDVWDUHM]DVDG\ÄG]LHOLU]ąGĨ´5R]SRF]ĊWDZURNX2SHUDFMD
3DQGHPLD MHVW WHJR QDMOHSV]\P SU]\NáDGHP SLHUZV]\P UHDOL]RZDQ\P
ZVNDOLJOREDOQHM
$E\MHGQDNRSLVDüĞURGNLXĪ\WHZWHMRSHUDFMLLZ\MDĞQLüMHMVXNFHV
PXV]ĊQDMSLHUZXND]DüSRGVWDZRZHPLW\NWyUHSR]ZDODMąG]LĞSURJUD-
PRZDüP\ĞOHQLHOXG]L=DFKRGX:LDUDZWHPLW\±SU]\MPRZDQHEH]-
UHÀHNV\MQLHLF]ĊVWRQLHĞZLDGRPLH±VSUDZLDĪHREHFQLHZSURZDG]DQH
]PLDQ\ Z RJyOH Vą PRĪOLZH .ZHVWLĊ WĊ RPDZLDP Z 5R]G]LDOH , SR-
ND]XMąF Z MDNL VSRVyE SRGZDĪDMąF R¿FMDOQą PLWRORJLĊ PRĪQD UR]SR-
F]ąüSURFHVXZDOQLDQLDVZRMHMĞZLDGRPRĞFL5R]G]LDá,,SRĞZLĊFRQ\MHVW
PHWRGRP]DNWyU\FKSRPRFąZáDG]DU]ąG]LF]\OLSRSU]H]VLDQLHSDQLNL
LZ]EXG]DQLHOĊNXRPDZLDPWDPWHĪVFHQDULXV]HSDQGHPLL]URNX
 RUD]  : 5R]G]LDOH ,,, SU]HGVWDZLDP SRGVWDZRZH V\PEROH
PLWRORJLL NWyUą Z\WZRU]RQR QD XĪ\WHN 2SHUDFML 3DQGHPLD  RUD]
LFKZSá\ZQDOXG]NLHP\ĞOHQLHLHPRFMH5R]G]LDá,9WRELODQV]\VNyZ
LVWUDWNWyUHJRGRNRQDQLHMHVWQLH]EĊGQHDE\RGSRZLHG]LHüQDS\WDQLH
VWDZLDQHZ5R]G]LDOH9MDNLMHVWFHOWHJRZV]\VWNLHJRLNWR]DW\PVWRL"
:UR]G]LDOHW\PSU]HGVWDZLDPNLONDKLSRWH]NWyUHSR]ZDODMąOHSLHM]UR-
]XPLHüRFRQDSUDZGĊWXFKRG]L2VWDWQL9,5R]G]LDáSRĞZLĊFRQ\MHVW
VSRVRERP G]LĊNL NWyU\P PRĪHV] SU]HWUZDü WĊ ZRMQĊ SV\FKRORJLF]Qą
LRFKURQLüVZRMąĞZLDGRPRĞüSU]HGDWDNLHP
'ZD L Syá W\VLąFD ODW WHPX JUHFNL ¿OR]RI 3ODWRQ QDSLVDá Ä/XG]LH
SU]HZDĪQLHVąW\ONRPDULRQHWNDPLLU]DGNRNLHG\GRW\NDMąSUDZG\´-HG-
QDN MDN ZLHP\ VNąGLQąG SUDZGD Z\]ZDOD D V]XNDQLH MHM VSUDZLD ĪH
F]áRZLHNRG]\VNXMHZROQRĞü3UDZG]LZDZROQRĞü]DĞSROHJDQDXZRO-
QLHQLXVLĊRGVWUDFKX

:U]HVLHĔURNX
5R]G]LDã,

1DMSURVWV]HZ\MDĤQLHQLH
ZV]\VWNLHJR

&KFąF ]UR]XPLHü SRGVWDZRZ\ PHFKDQL]P NV]WDáWXMąF\ Ī\FLH VSR-


áHF]QH ĞZLDW SROLW\NL JRVSRGDUNL L NXOWXU\ QLH WU]HED SU]HG]LHUDü VLĊ
SU]H]JUXEHWRP\RSUDFRZDĔ]VRFMRORJLLHNRQRPLLSROLWRORJLLSV\FKR-
ORJLLF]\SUDZD0HFKDQL]PyZMHVWEDUG]RSURVW\L]QDQ\E\áOXG]LRP
RGW\VLąFOHFL

3DVWXFK\LVWDGR
/XG]LPRĪHP\NODV\¿NRZDüQDUyĪQHVSRVRE\DOHEH]Z]JOĊGXQD
]DVWRVRZDQHNU\WHULD]DZV]HPRĪQDLFKSRG]LHOLüQDGZLHSRGVWDZRZH
JUXS\U]ąG]ąF\FKLU]ąG]RQ\FK7\FKSLHUZV]\FK]DZV]HMHVWPQLHMFL
GUXG]\VWDQRZLą]GHF\GRZDQąZLĊNV]RĞü2SLHUZV]\FKPRĪHP\SRZLH-
G]LHüĪHVą]Z\NOHFZDQLVSU\WQLDOERSU]HELHJOLRGUXJLFKĪHVąF]ĊVWR
QDLZQLEąGĨXOHJOL=GDU]DVLĊWHĪĪHSLHUZVLSRSURVWXPDMąV]F]ĊĞFLH
GUXG]\]DĞSHFKD
&KFąFRGZRáDüVLĊGRSURVWHJRREUD]XQD]ZLMP\W\FKSLHUZV]\FK
SDVWXFKDPL W\FK GUXJLFK ]DĞ VWDGHP 3DVWXFK WUDNWXMH VWDGR MDNR JUR-
PDGĊ EH]P\ĞOQ\FK LVWRW NWyUH KRGXMH GOD VZRMHM NRU]\ĞFL Z ]DOHĪQR-
ĞFLRGSRWU]HEVWU]\JąFMHGRMąFEąGĨSURZDG]ąFQDXEyM6WDGR]NROHL
WUDNWXMH SDVWXFKD MDNR SU]HZRGQLND L RSLHNXQD NWyU\ GDMH MHĞü FKURQL
10 Opracja Pandemia

SU]HG]PLHQQąSRJRGąDOHUyZQLHĪZ\PLHU]DUD]\LSĊG]L]PLHMVFDQD
PLHMVFH1LHZ\NOXF]DWRDQLV\PSDWLL]MDNąSDVWXFKPRĪHREFKRG]Lü
VLĊ]HVWDGHPDQLSRF]XFLDRGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFLQLHZ\NOXF]DWRUyZQLHĪ
PRĪOLZRĞFLEXQWX]HVWURQ\QLHNWyU\FKF]áRQNyZVWDGD7HZ\MąWNLGR-
VNRQDOHZSLVXMąVLĊZRJyOQ\PHFKDQL]PZáDG]\
-HĞOLVSRMU]\P\QDKLVWRULĊOXG]NRĞFLGRVWU]HĪHP\ĪHOXG]NLHUHOD-
FMH]DZV]HXNáDGDá\VLĊZWHQZáDĞQLHVSRVyE)DUDRQRZLHLQLHZROQLF\
NUyORZLHLSRGGDQLSROLW\F\LRE\ZDWHOH±WRW\ONRLQQHQD]Z\SURVWHM
RSR]\FMLSDVWXFKyZLVWDGD=DZV]HNWRĞNLPĞU]ąG]LL]DZV]HNWRĞMHVW
U]ąG]RQ\SU]H]NRJRĞ
'ODF]HJR WDN VLĊ G]LHMH" 2GSRZLHGĨ MHVW SURVWD 3UDJQLHQLH F]\
ZUĊF] ĪąG]D ZáDG]\ MHVW SRGVWDZRZą QDPLĊWQRĞFLą NLHUXMąFą OXG]NLP
ĞZLDWHP0RĪQDMąUHDOL]RZDüQDZLHOHUyĪQ\FKVSRVREyZLSU]HQLNDRQD
ZV]\VWNLHVIHU\QDV]HJRĪ\FLD±RGUHODFMLURG]LQQ\FKSU]H]REV]DUHGX-
NDFMLSUDF\JRVSRGDUNLUR]U\ZNLLRF]\ZLĞFLHSROLW\NL=DVDGDZHGOH
NWyUHMG]LDáDMąOXG]LHF]ĊVWRQLH]GDMąFVRELH]QLHMVSUDZ\MHVWSURVWD
LP ZLĊFHM PDP ZáDG]\ QDG LQQ\PL W\P PQLHM RQL PDMą ZáDG]\ QDGH
PQą-HĞOLQLHEĊGĊU]ąG]Lá±EĊGĊU]ąG]RQ\-HĞOLQLHXGDPLVLĊRGJU\ZDü
UROLSDVWXFKDVWRF]ĊVLĊGRSR]LRPXEH]LPLHQQHJRF]áRQNDVWDGD
2SUyF]GąĪHQLDGRZáDG]\OXG]LHNLHUXMąVLĊSUDJQLHQLHP]\VNyZ
6DPD ZáDG]D MHVW ]UHV]Wą ]\VNLHP L ]DSHZQLD ]\VNL =\VN WR QLH W\ONR
SLHQLąG]H]áRWRLGREUDPDWHULDOQH=\VNPRĪHPLHüUyZQLHĪFKDUDNWHU
HPRFMRQDOQ\LXF]XFLRZ\=\VNLHPMHVWQDSU]\NáDGSRF]XFLHZ\ĪV]RĞFL
VDW\VIDNFMDF]HUSDQD]Z\JUDQHMDOER]GRNRQDQHM]HPVW\
-DNGRFKRG]LGRWHJRSRG]LDáX"'ODF]HJRMHGQLVąXZáDG]\DGUX-
G]\MHMSRGOHJDMą"3U]\F]\QMHVWZLHOHDOHVNXSP\VLĊQDQDMSURVWV]\FK
3DVWXFKDPL]RVWDMą]Z\NOHFLNWyU]\FHFKXMąVLĊGXĪ\PVSU\WHPLMHV]-
F]HZLĊNV]ąEH]Z]JOĊGQRĞFLąFLNWyU]\SRWUD¿ąZ\NRU]\VW\ZDüLQQ\FK
WUDNWXMąFLFKMHG\QLHMDNRĞURGNLGRUHDOL]DFMLFHOX$MHG\Q\PFHOHPMHVW
XWU]\PDQLHLSRV]HU]DQLHZáDG]\RUD]F]HUSDQLH]QLHMNRU]\ĞFL]DUyZQR
PDWHULDOQ\FKMDNLGXFKRZ\FKWDNLFKMDNFKRüE\SRF]XFLHZ\ĪV]RĞFL
.LHG\UD]]GREĊGąZáDG]Ċ]HZV]\VWNLFKVLáLZV]HONLPLVSRVREDPLGąĪą
GRMHM]DFKRZDQLDSU]HND]XMąFMąNROHMQ\PSRNROHQLRP2F]\ZLĞFLHQLH
]DZV]HVLĊWRXGDMHLZF]RUDMV]\SDVWXFKG]LĞPRĪHE\üSĊG]RQ\]HVWD-
GHPSU]H]WHJRNWRJR]DVWąSLá7HSHUVRQDOQH]PLDQ\QLHPDMąMHGQDN
1DMSURVWV]HZ\MDĤQLHQLHZV]\VWNLHJR 11

ZLĊNV]HJR]QDF]HQLDERVDPDUHODFMDLVDPPHFKDQL]PSR]RVWDMąQLH-
]PLHQQH]MHGQHMVWURQ\VąU]ąG]ąF\]GUXJLHMU]ąG]HQL
6WDGHPDZLĊFU]ąG]RQ\PLVWDMąVLĊFLNWyU]\QLHPDMąGRĞüVSU\WX
RGZDJLLEH]Z]JOĊGQRĞFLDF]ĊVWRSRSURVWXPDMąSHFKD,FKSRGVWDZR-
Z\PFHOHPMHVWPDNV\PDOQHZ\NRU]\VWDQLHSR]RVWDZLRQHJRGRLFKG\V-
SR]\FML SDVWZLVND JáyZQ\P ]DĞ LQVW\QNWHP SRVáXV]HĔVWZR L Z\NRQ\-
ZDQLHSROHFHĔ/LF]ąĪHG]LĊNLWHPX]DVáXĪąQDáDVNĊSDVWXFKyZNWyU]\
SRWUDNWXMąLFKáDJRGQLHMEąGĨQDZHWU]XFąMDNLHĞUHV]WNL]HVWRáX=GDU]D-
MąVLĊRF]\ZLĞFLHRVREQLNLNUQąEUQHEXQWXMąFHVLĊSU]HFLZNRUHJXáRP
=GDU]D VLĊ WHĪ ĪH QD IROZDUNX GR ZáDG]\ GRMGą ]ZLHU]ĊWD 7R MHGQDN
QLF]HJRQLH]PLHQLDU]ąG]LVLĊ]DZV]HZWDNLVDPVSRVyE
ħUyGáDWHJRIXQGDPHQWDOQHJRSRG]LDáXV]XNDüPRĪQDWHĪZOXG]NLHM
SV\FKLFH L FKDUDNWHU]H =D]Z\F]DM F]áRZLHNRZL Z\VWDUF]\ SRVLDGDQLH
ZáDG]\QDGVREąVDP\PQDGVZRMąZáDVQRĞFLąĪ\FLHPL]GURZLHP7D
ZáDG]D QDG VREą QD]\ZD VLĊ ZROQRĞFLą 6ą MHGQDN WDF\ NWyU\P WR QLH
Z\VWDUF]D,FKSUDJQLHQLHPMHVWZáDG]DDQGLQQ\PLWR]DĞZ\PDJDRGH-
EUDQLDLPZROQRĞFLLXF]\QLHQLD]QLFKQLHZROQLNyZ6WąGWHĪRGZLHF]Q\
NRQÀLNWMHGQLSUDJQąE\üZROQLLQQLFKFąXF]\QLü]QLFKQLHZROQLNyZ
&]\ PRĪQD Z\PNQąü VLĊ WHPX SRZV]HFKQHPX PHFKDQL]PRZL"
0RĪQDDOHRW\PSRZLHPSyĨQLHM1DUD]LHFKFĊW\ONRSRGNUHĞOLüF]\-
WHOQLNX ĪH SLV]ąF Z SURVW\FK VáRZDFK R W\P SRGVWDZRZ\P PHFKDQL-
]PLHQLHFKFĊFLĊDQLVWUDV]\üDQLZSĊG]LüZVWDQSU]\JQĊELDQLDLUH-
]\JQDFML 3R SURVWX WDND MHVW U]HF]\ZLVWRĞü ĞZLDWHP ¿]\F]Q\P U]ąG]L
SUDZR SRZV]HFKQHJR FLąĪHQLD D ĞZLDWHP VSRáHF]Q\P UHODFMH ZáDG]\
:LHG]DRW\PMHVW]DĞSLHUZV]\PNURNLHPGRZROQRĞFL

6WDUDLQRZDZãDG]D
'ODSDVWXFKyZQDMZDĪQLHMV]HMHVWWRDE\VWDGRE\áRXOHJáH5]ąG]H-
QLPDMąZ\NRQ\ZDüSROHFHQLDQLH]DVWDQDZLDMąFVLĊQDGLFKVHQVHPLFH-
OHP-HĞOLSDVWXFKSRZLHĪHQDOHĪ\EXGRZDüSLUDPLG\DNZHGXNW\OXE
ĞZLąW\QLHNRSDüNDQDá\LZ]QRVLüPXU\SáDFLüSRGDWNLĞSLHZDüSLHĞQL
NáDQLDüVLĊQLVNRDOERFKRG]LüZF]DSHF]NDFK]G]ZRQHF]NDPL±VWDGR
PDVLĊVáXFKDü3RVáXV]HĔVWZRPRĪHR]QDF]DüQDJURGĊDSU]\QDMPQLHM
EUDNNDU\QLHSRVáXV]HĔVWZR]DĞVSRW\NDVLĊ]VDQNFMDPL
12 Opracja Pandemia

6WDUDZáDG]DG]LDáDáDZWDNLZáDĞQLHVSRVyE-HMSRGVWDZRZD]DVDGD
EU]PLDáDÄQLHZDĪQHFRP\ĞOLV]PDV]E\üSRVáXV]Q\´7UDG\F\MQLZáDG-
F\W\UDQLGHVSRFLLVDWUDSRZLHSU]HMPRZDOLOXG]NLHPLHQLH]PXV]DOLGR
SUDF\LGDQLQDOHZPDá\PVWRSQLXLQWHUHVRZDOLVLĊW\PFRP\ĞOąLFK
QLHZROQLF\OXESRGGDQL
1RZD ZáDG]D WDND ] MDNą PDP\ G]LĞ GR F]\QLHQLD FKFH F]HJRĞ
ZLĊFHM1LHW\ONRFKFH]DJDUQąüPDWHULDOQHGREUDDOHUyZQLHĪSUDJQLH
SRVLąĞü XP\Vá\ U]ąG]RQ\FK -HM ]DVDGD EU]PL ÄVSUDZLP\ ĪH EĊG]LHV]
P\ĞODáWDNMDNFLNDĪHP\DZWHG\EĊG]LHV]]ZáDVQHMZROLZ\NRQ\ZDá
QDV]HSROHFHQLD´
'ODWHJRJáyZQ\PFHOHPQRZHMZáDG]\MHVWU]ąG]HQLHĞZLDGRPRĞFLą
3DVWXFK\GąĪąGRWHJRDE\VWDGRSU]\MĊáRZ\NUHRZDQ\SU]H]QLFKREUD]
ĞZLDWD±WDNLREUD]G]LĊNLNWyUHPXáDWZLHMEĊG]LHQLPU]ąG]Lü'ODWHJR
SDVWZLVNDQLHWU]HEDMXĪRJUDG]DüQLHWU]HEDWHĪVWRVRZDüEUXWDOQHMVLá\
VWDGRZLHU]\ĪHMHVWZROQHZLHU]\WHĪĪHSDVWXFK\G]LDáDMąGODMHJRGR-
EUD:VNUDMQ\PSU]\SDGNX±D]WDNLPG]LĞPDP\GRF]\QLHQLD±VWDGR
MHVWSU]HNRQDQHĪHVDPRVRELHZ\ELHUDSDVWXFKyZ

5]ĈG]HQLHĤZLDGRPRĤFLĈ
,VWQLHMHZLHOHVSRVREyZU]ąG]HQLDĞZLDGRPRĞFLąNWyUHZRVWDWQLP
VWXOHFLXGRSURZDG]RQRGRSHUIHNFML1LHW\ONRUHNODPDLSROLW\F]QDSUR-
SDJDQGD DOH UyZQLHĪ HGXNDFMD ZV]\VWNLFK V]F]HEOL UR]U\ZND L V]WXND
VáXĪą QDU]XFDQLX VWDGX RNUHĞORQHJR REUD]X ĞZLDWD NWyU\ Z\NUHRZDQ\
]RVWDáSU]H]SDVWXFKyZ']LDáDVLĊQLHW\ONRQDĞZLDGRPRĞüDOHUyZQLHĪ
QDSRGĞZLDGRPRĞüZGUXNRZXMąFOXG]LRPQLF]\PJĊVLRPZ]RUFHP\-
ĞOHQLDLSRVWĊSRZDQLD6W\PXOXMHVLĊLFKLZDUXQNXMHWDNĪH]DSRPRFą
SURVW\FKERGĨFyZG]LDáDMąF\FKQDQDMEDUG]LHMSRGVWDZRZHHPRFMHLLQ-
VW\QNW\2WRNLONDSU]\NáDGRZ\FKVSRVREyZZMDNLSDVWXFK\LQGRNWU\-
QXMąVWDGR
‡ %RPEDUGRZDQLHLQIRUPDFMDPL:VSyáF]HVQ\F]áRZLHNVWDOHSRGGD-
Q\ MHVW VW\PXODFML LQIRUPDFMDPL '\VWU\EXWRU\ LQIRUPDFML ]QDMGXMą VLĊ
ZV]ĊG]LHLWRZDU]\V]ąF]áRZLHNRZLSU]H]FDá\F]DV:LDGRPRĞFLSá\Qą
GRQDV]WUDG\F\MQ\FKQRĞQLNyZDZLĊFJD]HWUDGLDLWHOHZL]MLRUD]UR]-
ZLHV]DQ\FKZV]ĊG]LHUHNODPDOHWDNĪH]QRZ\FKĨUyGHáDZLĊF,QWHUQH-
1DMSURVWV]HZ\MDĤQLHQLHZV]\VWNLHJR 13

WXNWyUHJRVLHüRSODWDĞZLDWG]LĊNLNRPSXWHURPODSWRSRPNRPyUNRP
L ZV]HONLHJR URG]DMX XU]ąG]HQLRP ZFLąĪ Z\U]XFDMąF\P ] VLHELH LQIRU-
PDFMH ']LVLHMV]\ F]áRZLHN RWU]\PXMH QLHXVWDQQLH QDGPLDU ERGĨFyZ
NWyUHRVáDELDMąMHJRĞZLDGRPRĞüLF]\QLąJRLVWRWąQLH]PLHUQLHáDWZąGR
VWHURZDQLD
‡ 8]DOHĪQLHQLH =JRGQLH ] GH¿QLFMą F]áRZLHN X]DOHĪQLRQ\ WR WDNL
NWyU\RGF]XZDVWDáąSRWU]HEĊZ\NRQ\ZDQLDSHZQHMF]\QQRĞFLPLPRĪH
RQD PX V]NRG]L 0RĪQD X]DOHĪQLü VLĊ RG VXEVWDQFML QS DONRKROX F]\
QDUNRW\NyZDOHWHĪRGF]\QQRĞFLQSKD]DUGXF]\VHNVX']LVLDMF]\PĞ
SRZV]HFKQ\PMHVWX]DOHĪQLHQLHRGG\VWU\EXWRUyZLQIRUPDFMLWDNLFKMDN
WHOHZL]RU\NRPSXWHU\F]\WHOHIRQ\NRPyUNRZHD]DUD]HPX]DOHĪQLHQLH
RGGRVWDUF]DQ\FKSU]H]QLHWUHĞFL,QIRUPDFMHVąMDNQDUNRW\NDOXG]LH
QLHSRWUD¿ąEH]WHJRQDUNRW\NXĪ\ü7HQNWRNRQWUROXMHVWUXPLHQLHLQIRU-
PDFMLW\PVDP\PNRQWUROXMHOXG]L
‡ 6WUDFK5]ąG]HQLHSRSU]H]VWUDFKRG]DZV]HE\áRMHGQ\P]SRGVWD-
ZRZ\FK PHFKDQL]PyZ NRQWUROL : ]DPLHU]FKá\FK F]DVDFK VWUDV]RQR
NDWDVWURIDPL]V\áDQ\PLSU]H]ERJyZSRWRSDPLLWU]ĊVLHQLDPL]LHPLGLD-
EáDPLLGHPRQDPL.VLĊJLUHOLJLMQHLĞZLHFNLHSHáQHVąZL]MLNDUMDNLH
VSRWNDMąOXG]NLHVWDGRMHĞOLQLHEĊG]LHSRVáXV]QHSHZQ\PUHJXáRP1LH-
ZDĪQHĪHĪDGQD]W\FKNDWDVWURIQLHQDGHV]áD±ZDĪQHMHVWĪH]DOĊNQLRQH
VWDGRZ\NRQ\ZDáRSROHFHQLD1LHLQDF]HMMHVWG]LĞD]PLHQLáDVLĊMHG\QLH
PHWDIRU\ND NDWDVWURI %LEOLMQ\ SRWRS ]RVWDá ]DVWąSLRQ\ SU]H] JOREDOQH
RFLHSOHQLHSURZDG]ąFHGRSRGQLHVLHQLDSR]LRPXRFHDQyZ3ODJLHJLSVNLH
]DVWąSLRQR HSLGHPLDPL ZLUXVyZ L EDNWHULL: PLHMVFX GHPRQyZ L GLD-
EáyZPDP\GHPRQLF]QHSRVWDFLHMDN+LWOHU6DGGDP+XVDMQF]\2VDPD
ELQ/DGHQ'RGDWNRZRU]ąG]HQLHSU]H]VWUDFKVWDMHVLĊG]LĞáDWZLHMV]H
G]LĊNL QLHXVWDQQHPX ERPEDUGRZDQLX LQIRUPDFMDPL SURZDG]ąFHPX GR
X]DOHĪQLHQLD '\VWU\EXWRU\ LQIRUPDFML Z ]DOHĪQRĞFL RG SRWU]HE VLHMą
VWUDFKV]HU]ąSDQLNĊDOERZ\V\áDMąXVSRNDMDMąFHV\JQDá\3DVWXFK\VWUD-
V]ąVWDGRGRNáDGQLHWDNMDNURG]LFHVZRMHPDáHG]LHFLMHĞOLQLHEĊG]LHFLH
JU]HF]QLWRVSRWNDZDVNDUD,VWDGRVWDMHVLĊJU]HF]QH
‡ 3U]HNLHURZDQLH XZDJL MHVW NODV\F]Q\P VSRVREHP GH]LQIRUPDFML
RUD]NDQDOL]RZDQLDQLH]DGRZROHQLDLIUXVWUDFML=MHGQHMVWURQ\±Z\ZR-
áXMąFNRQÀLNW\±G]LHOLVLĊVWDGRQDPDáHVNáyFRQHJUXS\XQLHPRĪOLZLD-
14 Opracja Pandemia

MąFSRGMĊFLHVNXWHF]QHJRVNRRUG\QRZDQHJRG]LDáDQLD]GUXJLHMNUHXMH
VLĊ V]WXF]QH SUREOHP\ NWyUH RGZUDFDMą XZDJĊ RG IDNW\F]Q\FK SUREOH-
PyZ VSUDZLDMąF ĪH HQHUJLD F]áRQNyZ VWDGD VNXSLD VLĊ QD NZHVWLDFK
PDáRLVWRWQ\FKSRGF]DVJG\UHDOQHWUXGQRĞFLSR]RVWDMąQLHUR]ZLą]DQH
‡ .RQÀLNW\3DVWXFKyZMHVWQLHZLHOXVWDGR]DĞMHVWOLF]QH=DZV]HLVW-
QLHMHJURĨEDĪHVWDGRPRJáRE\VLĊ]MHGQRF]\üLZ\PNQąüVSRGNRQWUROL
GODWHJR WU]HED NRU]\VWDü ] PHWRG\ ÄG]LHO L U]ąGĨ´ 3DVWXFK\ QDU]XFDMą
VWDGXWDNLREUD]ĞZLDWDNWyU\SURZDG]LGRSRZVWDQLDZHZQĊWU]Q\FKSR-
G]LDáyZLNRQÀLNWyZ1DMZDĪQLHMV]D]DVDGDEU]PLVSURZRNXMP\XOXG]L
NáyWQLH R PDáR LVWRWQH NZHVWLH G]LĊNL WHPX QLH ]ZUyFą VLĊ SU]HFLZNR
QDP'ODWHJRVWUXPLHĔLQIRUPDFMLNV]WDáWRZDQ\MHVWZWDNLVSRVyEDE\
QDSXV]F]DüMHGQ\FKOXG]LQDGUXJLFK1LHFKEORQG\QLZDOF]ą]EUXQHWD-
PL]ZROHQQLF\]XS\SRPLGRURZHM]IDQDW\NDPLURVRáXZ\]QDZF\ĞZLąW
%RĪHJR1DURG]HQLD]HVWURQQLNDPLĝZLąW:LHONLHM1RF\'RSyNLVWDGR
ZDOF]\]HVREąRQLHLVWRWQHNZHVWLHSDVWXFK\PRJąPLHüSHZQRĞüĪH
QLH]DMPLHVLĊQLF]\PZDĪQ\PLQLH]ZUyFLVLĊSU]HFLZNRQLP
‡ 6]WXF]QH SUREOHP\ ± WZRU]HQLH V]WXF]Q\FK SUREOHPyZ MHVW SU]HGH
ZV]\VWNLP VSRVREHP RGZUDFDQLD XZDJL RG SUREOHPyZ UHDOQ\FK QD
SHZQR ]HWNQąáHĞ VLĊ ] WHUPLQHP ÄWHPDW ]DVWĊSF]\´  L VáXĪ\ NDQDOL]DFML
QLH]DGRZROHQLD]GHF\]MLSDVWXFKyZ']LDáDWXWHQVDPPHFKDQL]P]D
SRPRFą NWyUHJR Z\WUDZQH QLDQLH XVSRNDMDMą UR]KLVWHU\]RZDQH G]LHFL
.LHG\ G]LHFNR SáDF]H L NU]\F]\ QLHVSRG]LHZDQLH SRGDMą PX V]NODQNĊ
ZRG\8ZDJDG]LHFND]RVWDMHRGZUyFRQDZ\SLMDRQRá\NSá\QXLRGUD]X
]DSRPLQD]MDNLHJRSRZRGXSáDNDáR7HQVSRVyEGRVNRQDOHG]LDáDUyZ-
QLHĪ QD VWDGR .LHG\ LVWQLHMH JURĨED ĪH VWDGR RGNU\MH SUDZG]LZH FHOH
SDVWXFKyZNLHG\JUR]LLPXWUDWD]DXIDQLDDOEREXQWQDW\FKPLDVWSRGNáD-
GDMąOXG]LRPSRGQRVWHPDW]DVWĊSF]\0RĪHWRE\üWDEORLGRZD]EURGQLD
PDWNLQDQRZRURGNXPRĪHWRE\üZ\EXFKZXONDQXQDGUXJLHMSyáNXOL
GREU]HVSUDZG]DVLĊWHĪSRQRZQHUR]QLHFHQLHMHGQHJR]WUZDá\FKNRQ-
ÀLNWyZ PLĊG]\ OXGĨPL UHOLJLMQHJR LGHRORJLF]QHJR EąGĨ NXOWXURZHJR
6]NODQNDZRG\SRGDQDZNU\W\F]Q\PPRPHQFLH]DZV]HG]LDáDDNLHG\
VWDGRRFKáRQLHQLHSDPLĊWDMXĪZF]\PWNZLáSUREOHP
7R ]DOHGZLH NLOND SRGVWDZRZ\FK VSRVREyZ ]DU]ąG]DQLD VWDGHP
NWyUHZ\NRU]\VWXMHG]LĞNDĪG\KRGRZFD2F]\ZLĞFLHMHGQ\P]QDMZDĪ-
1DMSURVWV]HZ\MDĤQLHQLHZV]\VWNLHJR 15

QLHMV]\FK]DGDĔMHVWZGUXNRZDQLHF]áRQNRPVWDGDWDNLHJRREUD]XĞZLDWD
Z NWyU\P Vą RQL ZROQL D PDQLSXODFMH L ]DU]ąG]DQLH ĞZLDGRPRĞFLą VWR-
VRZDQHVąSU]H]LQQ\FKÄ]á\FK´ZáDGFyZZÄ]á\FK´V\VWHPDFKZSDĔ-
VWZDFK RNUHĞODQ\FK MDNR ÄWRWDOLWDUQH´ DOER ÄIDV]\VWRZVNLH´ , QDZHW WR
VáXĪ\Z\PXV]DQLXSRVáXV]HĔVWZDJG\ĪPyZLVLĊVWDGXĪHMHĞOLQLHEĊG]LH
G]LDáDü ZHGOH QDU]XFDQ\FK LP UHJXá LFK SDVWZLVNR EĊG]LH ]DJURĪRQH ±
ÄIDV]\]PHP´ÄWHUURU\]PHP´DOERÄWRWDOLWDU\]PHP´

3LčþPLWyZNWyUHQLHSR]ZDODMĈ]UR]XPLHþĤZLDWD
2EUD]ĞZLDWDMDNLPG\VSRQXMHG]LĞSU]HFLĊWQ\F]áRZLHNMHVWXWNDQą
] PLWyZ RSRZLHĞFLą HPLWRZDQą QLHXVWDQQLH SU]H] ZV]\VWNLH PRĪOLZH
G\VWU\EXWRU\LQIRUPDFML2SRZLHĞüWD]DJQLHĪGĪDVLĊJáĊERNRZĞZLDGR-
PRĞFLLSRGĞZLDGRPRĞFLVWDMąFVLĊURG]DMHPÄRF]\ZLVWHMRF]\ZLVWRĞFL´
ZNWyUąQLHVSRVyEZąWSLü:V]HONLHSUyE\SRGZDĪHQLDMHMVSRW\NDMąVLĊ
]DXWRPDW\F]Q\PVSU]HFLZHPDQDZHWDJUHVMąLOĊNLHP1LHQDOHĪ\VLĊ
WHPX G]LZLü JG\Ī WDND UHDNFMD VWDQRZL F]ĊĞü ZGUXNRZDQHJR OXG]LRP
SURJUDPX-HĞOLF]áRZLHNRZLSUyEXMHVLĊRGHEUDüZL]MĊĞZLDWDGRNWyUHM
SU]\Z\NáLNWyUąXZDĪD]DRF]\ZLVWRĞüUHDJXMHMDNQDUNRPDQNWyUHPX
NWRĞFKFH]DEUDüMHJRQDUNRW\N
2WRSLĊüJáyZQ\FKPLWyZNWyUHVWDQRZLąSRGVWDZĊREUD]XĞZLDWD
MDNLZGUXNRZXMHVLĊGRJáyZVWDGRP]DPLHV]NXMąF\PG]LĞ=DFKyG&KRü
VąWRW\ONRPLW\F]\ZUĊF]EDMNLSRGZDĪHQLHNWyUHJRNROZLHN]QLFKZ\-
ZRáXMHXSU]HFLĊWQHJRF]áRZLHNDFRĞZURG]DMXUHDNFMLDOHUJLF]QHMNWyUHM
WRZDU]\V]\QLHSRNyMRUD]ZVSRPQLDQDMXĪDJUHVMD%\üPRĪHF]\WHOQL-
NXVDP]DREVHUZXMHV]XVLHELHWDNąUHDNFMĊLMDNLĞJáRVZJáRZLHSRZLH
FLÄWRE]GXU\QLHVáXFKDMWHJRRGáyĪWĊNVLąĪNĊ´7DNDUHDNFMDWRGRZyG
MDNVSUDZQLHG]LDáDPHFKDQL]PLQGRNWU\QDFML-HJRFHOHPMHVWERZLHP
GRSURZDG]HQLHGRV\WXDFMLZNWyUHMSRGZDĪHQLHVWZRU]RQ\FKSU]H]SD-
VWXFKyZ PLWyZ EĊG]LHV] WUDNWRZDá QLF]\P SHUVRQDOQą QDSDĞü L EURQLá
LFKWDNMDNEURQLVLĊQDMEDUG]LHMIXQGDPHQWDOQ\FKSUDZGZLDU\DWDNXMąF
NDĪGHJRNWRRĞPLHOLVLĊP\ĞOHüLQDF]HMQLĪSRZV]HFKQLHSU]\MĊWR
3DPLĊWDMMHGQDNĪHWRW\ONRX]DOHĪQLHQLH$RGNDĪGHJRX]DOHĪQLH-
QLDPRĪQDVLĊXZROQLü&]\WDMZLĊFLP\ĞODQLHVáXFKDMFXG]HJRJáRVX
ZVZRMHMJáRZLH
16 Opracja Pandemia

0LWSLHUZV]\GHPRNUDFMDMDNRZãDG]DOXGX

1DMOHSV]ąIRUPąU]ąGyZMHVWGHPRNUDFMDNWyUDXPRĪOLZLDU]ąG]R-
Q\P Z\ELHUDQLH U]ąG]ąF\FK L NRQWURORZDQLH LFK ]DSHZQLDMąF ]DUD]HP
ZROQRĞüSROLW\F]QąZROQRĞüVáRZDLSUDZDPQLHMV]RĞFL7DQDMOHSV]DIRU-
PDU]ąGyZSDQXMHG]LĞZQLHPDOZV]\VWNLFKSDĔVWZDFK=DFKRGX:V]\VW-
NLHLQQHV\VWHP\WR]GH¿QLFMLV\VWHP\QLHGHPRNUDW\F]QHWH]DĞVą]áH
SRQLHZDĪQLHSR]ZDODMąFU]ąG]RQ\PZ\ELHUDüLNRQWURORZDüU]ąG]ąF\FK
QLH]DSHZQLDMąWHĪLVWRWQ\FKZROQRĞFLLSUDZ.

7DNEU]PLSRGVWDZRZDEDMNDRSRZLDGDQDG]LĞQD=DFKRG]LHZGUX-
NRZ\ZDQDZXP\Vá\VWDGDRGG]LHFLĔVWZDGRVWDURĞFL&KRüFRG]LHQQH
GRĞZLDGF]HQLHGRZRG]LĪHMHVWWRW\ONREDMNDOXG]LHZFLąĪZQLąZLHU]ą
DZREHFRSRQHQWyZ]DFKRZXMąVLĊDJUHV\ZQLH7DEDMNDMHVWE\üPRĪH
SLĊNQDLE\áRE\PLáRJG\E\E\áDSUDZG]LZDDOHMHM]DGDQLHSROHJDMHG\-
QLHQDW\PDE\WU]\PDüVWDGRZU\]DFK3UDZGDMHVW]XSHáQLHLQQDLWDN
SURVWDMDNSRG]LDáĞZLDWDQDSDVWXFKyZLVWDGR
'HPRNUDFMDMHVWIDNW\F]QLHQDMOHSV]\PXVWURMHPDOHQDMOHSV]\PGR
WHJR DE\ XWU]\PDü VWDGR Z QLHĞZLDGRPRĞFL FR GR U]HF]\ZLVW\FK PH-
FKDQL]PyZG]LDáDQLDZáDG]\6\VWHPGHPRNUDW\F]Q\Z\WZDU]DIDVDGĊ
NWyUąMHVWWHDWUSROLW\F]Q\REHMPXMąF\SDUWLHZ\ERU\Z\ERUFyZLW\P
SRGREQH UHNZL]\W\ : V\VWHPLH GHPRNUDW\F]Q\P VWDGR VSURZDG]RQH
GRUROLSXEOLF]QRĞFLFDáNRZLFLHVNXSLRQHMHVWQDW\PIDVDGRZ\PWHDWU]H
LQDRGJU\ZDMąF\FKVZRMHUROHDNWRUDFKSROLW\NDFK0RĪOLZRĞüZ\ERUX
REVDG\ELHU]H]DPRĪOLZRĞüZSá\ZXQDU]ąG\LNRQWUROLU]ąG]ąF\FK$OH
WR]áXG]HQLH3UDZG]LZHU]ąG]HQLHGRNRQXMHVLĊ]DIDVDGąLQLHSRGOHJD
RQRĪDGQHMNRQWUROL±WRWDP]QDMGXMąVLĊVFHQDU]\ĞFLUHĪ\VHU]\LSURGX-
FHQFLDWDNĪHVXÀHU]\LVSHFMDOLĞFLRGHIHNWyZVSHFMDOQ\FK7RWDPSR-
GHMPXMHVLĊZV]\VWNLHGHF\]MHUyZQLHĪGRW\F]ąFHWHJRMDNLFKDNWRUyZ
Z\VWDZLVLĊGRSXEOLF]QHJRFDVWLQJX±ERMHĞOLQDZHWVWDGRZ\ELHUDVR-
ELHDNWRUyZWRMHG\QLH]SXOLMXĪZF]HĞQLHMZVND]DQHMSU]H]SDVWXFKyZ
VNU\W\FK]DIDVDGą
=DVWDQyZ VLĊ SU]H] FKZLOĊ 3RP\ĞO R RVWDWQLFK WU]\G]LHVWX ODWDFK
U]ąGyZZWZRLPNUDMX&]\QLHPDV]ZUDĪHQLDĪHQDVFHQLHSROLW\F]-
QHMREHFQLVąZFLąĪFLVDPLOXG]LH"&]\QLHSU]HFKRG]ąRQLVZRERGQLH
]MHGQHMSDUWLLGRGUXJLHMWDNMDNDNWRU]\JUDMąF\ZUyĪQ\FK¿OPDFK"&]\
1DMSURVWV]HZ\MDĤQLHQLHZV]\VWNLHJR 

SDUWLLSROLW\F]Q\FKREHFQ\FKQDVFHQLHQLHZ\PLHQLDVLĊWDNMDNVHULDOL
NWyUHVWUDFLá\RJOąGDOQRĞü"&]\GUDPDWSROLW\F]Q\QDNWyU\PVNXSLDVLĊ
VWDGR QLH MHVW GRVNRQDOH UHĪ\VHURZDQ\ SRSU]H] VWHURZDQLH HPRFMDPL"
$]DUD]HPF]\]QDV]MDNLFKĞZDĪQ\FKSROLW\NyZNWyU]\SRQLHĞOLRGSR-
ZLHG]LDOQRĞü NDUQą ]D ]DU]XFDQH LP SU]H] LQQ\FK SROLW\NyZ SU]HVWĊS-
VWZD"&]\MDF\ĞSUH]\GHQFLSUHPLHU]\EąGĨPLQLVWURZLHVLHG]ąZZLĊ-
]LHQLDFK"$PRĪHWH]DU]XW\E\á\WDNąVDPą¿NFMąMDN]DU]XW\VWDZLDQH
VRELHSU]H]DNWRUyZZ¿OPLH"
3RGVXPRZXMąFPLWRGHPRNUDFMLJáRVLĪHVWDGRZ\ELHUDLNRQWUROX-
MHSDVWXFKyZG]LĊNLF]HPX]DSHZQLDVRELHZROQRĞüLUR]PDLWHSUDZD7R
EDMND'HPRNUDFMDSROHJDQDW\PĪHSDVWXFK\PDMąFZáDG]ĊLNRQWUROĊ
QDGSDVWZLVNLHPVWDGHPLVWUXPLHQLHPLQIRUPDFMLZGUXNRZXMąF]áRQ-
NRPVWDGDSU]HNRQDQLHRW\PĪHSRVLDGDRQRZ\EyULNRQWUROĊ']LĊNL
WHPXRGGDODMąU\]\NREXQWXEH]NRQLHF]QRĞFLXFLHNDQLDVLĊGRSU]HPRF\
3RVáXV]HĔVWZR]DSHZQLDQHMHVWEH]XĪ\FLDEUXWDOQHMVLá\SRSU]H]G]LDáD-
QLHQDĞZLDGRPRĞüLSRGĞZLDGRPRĞü
2F]\ZLĞFLHPRĪHV]VLĊ]HPQąQLH]JRG]Lü1LFQDWRQLHSRUDG]Ċ
-HĞOLMHGQDNVąG]LV]ĪHMDNRRE\ZDWHOPDV]ZSá\ZQDU]ąG]ąF\FKZWZR-
LPNUDMXG]LĊNLF]HPXPDV]]DSHZQLRQHSRGVWDZRZHSUDZDLZROQRĞFL
WRQDMOHSLHMRGáyĪWĊNVLąĪNĊJG\ĪNROHMQHVWURQ\PRJąZ\ZRáDüXFLHELH
MHV]F]HZLĊNV]\G\VNRPIRUWLQLHSRNyM

0LWGUXJLZROQHPHGLD

: V\VWHPLH GHPRNUDW\F]Q\P PHGLD VáXĪą SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP UR]SR-


ZV]HFKQLDQLX LQIRUPDFML 'HPRNUDFMD ]DSHZQLD SOXUDOL]P PHGLDOQ\
RUD]ZROQRĞüZ\SRZLHG]L,QIRUPDFMHSRGDZDQHZPHGLDFKSR]ZDODMą
QDP]GRE\üZLHG]ĊRĞZLHFLHDVDPHPHGLDPRJąXFKRG]Lü]DDXWRU\WHW
Z G]LHG]LQLH ZLHG]\ R ĞZLHFLH ]ZáDV]F]D MHĞOL LFK LQIRUPDFMH ZVSLHUD
DXWRU\WHWQDXNL

2WR NROHMQD EDMND NWyUą F]áRZLHN =DFKRGX NDUPLRQ\ MHVW RG QDM-
PáRGV]\FK ODW $E\ XSUDZLDü VNXWHF]Qą SURSDJDQGĊ L LQGRNWU\QDFMĊ
SDVWXFK\ PXV]ą SU]HNRQDü VWDGR QLH W\ONR GR NRU]\VWDQLD ] G\VWU\EX-
WRUyZLQIRUPDFMLOHF]UyZQLHĪGRZLDU\ZSUDZG]LZRĞüW\FKLQIRUPD-
FML0XV]ąZLĊFZ]EXG]LüZVWDG]LHV]DFXQHNGRDXWRU\WHWXMDNLPGOD
18 Opracja Pandemia

MHJRF]áRQNyZPDMąE\üPHGLD DZLĊFSUDVDUDGLRWHOHZL]MD,QWHUQHW 
RUD]ZVSLHUDMąF\FKMHNOLNLQDXNRZFyZSUH]HQWRZDQ\FKMDNRHNVSHUWyZ
ZUyĪQ\FKG]LHG]LQDFK3RGREQLHMDNZSRSU]HGQLPZ\SDGNXSUDZGD
MHVW]XSHáQLHLQQD
:V\VWHPLHGHPRNUDW\F]Q\PSRGREQLHMDNZNDĪG\PLQQ\PPHGLD
VąSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPQDU]ĊG]LHPVSUDZRZDQLDZáDG]\NRQWUROLLQDG]RUX
,FKIXQNFMDMDNRĨUyGHáLQIRUPDFMLMHVWFDáNRZLFLHWHPXSRGSRU]ąGNRZD-
QD,QIRUPDFMDMHVWEURQLąDZLHG]DLNRQWURODQDGZLHG]ąGDMąZáDG]Ċ
±RW\PZLDGRPRRG]DPLHU]FKá\FKF]DVyZ0HGLDQLHSRND]XMąĞZLDWD
WDNLHJR MDNLP MHVW ± PHGLD NUHXMą WDNL MHJR REUD] MDNL MHVW SRWU]HEQ\
ZáDG]\0RJąSU]\W\PNRU]\VWDü]HZVSDUFLDQLHNWyU\FKQDXN]ZáDV]-
F]DQDXNVSRáHF]Q\FK$QLPDUNVL]PDQLQHROLEHUDOL]PDQLSV\FKRDQD-
OL]DDQLEHKDZLRU\]PSRGREQLHMDNZLĊNV]RĞüR¿FMDOQLHX]QDQ\FKWHRULL
VRFMRORJLF]Q\FKSV\FKRORJLF]Q\FKF]\SROLWRORJLF]Q\FKQLHPyZLMDN
VLĊU]HF]\PDMą3RSDUWHQDXNRZ\PDXWRU\WHWHPWHRULHVáXĪąGRWHJRDE\
ZGUXNRZ\ZDü VWDGX WDNL REUD] ĞZLDWD G]LĊNL NWyUHPX PRĪQD ]GRE\ü
EąGĨXWU]\PDüLSRV]HU]\üZáDG]ĊQDVWDGHP1LHPDZW\PQLFG]LZQH-
JR']LZQHPRĪHE\üMHG\QLHWRĪHQDU]ĊG]LDLQGRNWU\QDFMLLSURSDJDQ-
G\MDNLPLVąPHGLDRUD]F]ĊĞüQDXNXFKRG]ą]DDXWRU\WHW\ZG]LHG]LQLH
ZLHG]\
=UHV]WąVDPVLĊQDGW\P]DVWDQyZ-HĞOLĪ\áHĞZ35/WRZLHV]GR-
VNRQDOHĪHFDá\V\VWHPPHGLDOQ\±SUDVDUDGLRWHOHZL]MDDWDNĪHQDXND
V]WXNDFDáDNXOWXUD±PRĪHE\üSRGSRU]ąGNRZDQ\MHGQHMZáDG]\UR]-
SRZV]HFKQLDMąFIDáV]\Z\REUD]ĞZLDWDLFHQ]XUXMąFU]HWHOQHLQIRUPDFMH
6NRUR E\áR WR PRĪOLZH NLHG\Ğ W\P EDUG]LHM MHVW PRĪOLZH WHUD] NLHG\
ERPEDUGRZDQLHLQIRUPDFMDPLLX]DOHĪQLHQLHRGQLFKPDGXĪRZLĊNV]\
]DVLĊJLMHVWJáĊEV]H3U]\MU]\MVLĊZVSyáF]HVQ\PSURJUDPRPLQIRUPD-
F\MQ\PZNDĪGHMGXĪHMWHOHZL]ML1LF]\PQLHUyĪQLąVLĊRQHRGUHNODP
QDGDZDQ\FKSU]HGZLDGRPRĞFLDPLLSRQLFK:V]\VWNRWRPD]D]DGDQLH
Z\ZRáDüSHZQHUHDNFMHXZLG]yZZGUXNRZDüLPSHZQHSRJOąG\Z\-
URELüZQLFKQDZ\NLLRGUXFK\FKRüE\WDNLHĪHJG\XVá\V]ąQD]ZLVNR
ÄELQ/DGHQ´DXWRPDW\F]QLHSRP\ĞOąÄ]á\´DMDNXVá\V]ąKDVáRÄ21=´
DXWRPDW\F]QLHSRP\ĞOąÄGREURF]\ĔF\´
-HĞOL MHGQDN ZLHU]\V] ĪH PHGLD SU]HND]XMą U]HWHOQH L EH]VWURQQH
LQIRUPDFMHMHĞOLMHVWHĞSU]HNRQDQ\ĪHRQHRUD]REHFQLZQLFKHNVSHUFL
1DMSURVWV]HZ\MDĤQLHQLHZV]\VWNLHJR 19

PRJąE\üWUDNWRZDQLMDNRDXWRU\WHW\RGáyĪWĊNVLąĪNĊLLGĨSRRJOąGDü
WHOHZL]MĊ1LHPRĪQDFLSRPyF

0LWWU]HFLZROQ\U\QHN

: NUDMDFK GHPRNUDW\F]Q\FK SDQXMH ZROQRĞü ]DUyZQR SROLW\F]QD


MDNLHNRQRPLF]QD2]QDF]DWRĪHRVWDWXVLHF]áRZLHNDGHF\GXMHMHJRSUD-
FD]GROQRĞFLLXG]LDáZZROQRU\QNRZHMNRQNXUHQFML5yZQLHĪZZ\PLD-
U]HJOREDOQ\PG]LDáDV\VWHPU\QNRZ\LNDĪG\MHĞOLRGSRZLHGQLRFLĊĪNR
SUDFXMHMHĞOLPDWDOHQW\LV]F]ĊĞFLHPRĪHRGQLHĞüVXNFHV

2WRPLWSU]\MPRZDQ\]DUyZQRSU]H]W]ZSUDZLFĊMDNLW]ZOHZLFĊ
3UDZLFDWZLHUG]LĪHZROQ\U\QHNMHVWGRVNRQDá\PPHFKDQL]PHPJZD-
UDQWXMąF\PZROQRĞüLQDOHĪ\JRFKURQLüOHZLFD]DĞXZDĪDĪHWRIDWDOQ\
PHFKDQL]PSURZDG]ąF\GRQLHUyZQRĞFLDZLĊFQDOHĪ\]QLPZDOF]\ü
:U]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLMHGQDNV\VWHPZROQRU\QNRZ\RNWyU\PPyZLąRELH
VWURQ\MHVWWDNąVDPąXWRSLMQąEDMHF]NąMDNV\VWHPNRPXQLVW\F]Q\EĊ-
GąF\MHJRSU]HFLZLHĔVWZHP
3RGREQLHMDNPLWRGHPRNUDFMLZ\ERU]HLNRQWUROLZáDG]\PLWRZRO-
Q\PU\QNXLUyZQRĞFLV]DQVMHVWURG]DMHPIDVDG\F]\WHDWUDOQHMGHNRUDFML
NWyUDSU]HVáRQLüPDU]HF]\ZLVWHPHFKDQL]P\6ZRERGQDNRQNXUHQFMDWR
WDNDVDPDEDMNDMDNVZRERGQ\Z\EyUNDQG\GDWyZGRU]ąG]HQLD3RGRE-
QLHMDNZSROLW\FHWDNWHĪZJRVSRGDUFHF]\NXOWXU]HQDMZDĪQLHMV]H]D-
VDG\G]LDáDQLDGHF\GHQFLLGHF\]MHVNU\ZDMąVLĊ]DIDVDGą$]DVDG\WH
VąEDUG]RSURVWHVáDELQLHPDMąV]DQVZVWDUFLX]VLOQ\PLPDOL]GXĪ\PL
DFHOHPNDĪGHMEUDQĪ\MHVW]GRE\FLHPRQRSROXLHOLPLQRZDQLHNRQNXUHQ-
FMLZV]HONLPLĞURGNDPLUyZQLHĪSROLW\F]Q\PL:UH]XOWDFLHQLHZ\JU\-
ZDOHSV]\DOHVSU\WQLHMV]\LEDUG]LHMEH]Z]JOĊGQ\RUD]OHSLHMXVWDZLRQ\
WHQNWRPDSRVZRMHMVWURQLHSROLW\NĊPHGLDLPDPRĪOLZRĞüZSá\ZDQLD
QDWUHĞüSUDZD
1DMZDĪQLHMV]H MHVW MHGQDN WR ĪH Z FHQWUXP ZVSyáF]HVQHJR ĞZLDWD
JRVSRGDUF]HJR]QDMGXMHVLĊPDFKLQD¿QDQVRZDNWyUDG]LDáDSRSU]H]NUH-
RZDQLHSXVWHJRSLHQLąG]D$WHQNWRPDNRQWUROĊQDGNUHRZDQLHPSLH-
QLąG]D L WZRU]HQLHP ZDOXW\ WHQ PD ZáDG]Ċ QDG SR]RVWDá\PL VIHUDPL ±
ZV]\VWNRERZLHP]DOHĪ\RGSLHQLąG]D1LHLVWQLHMHZLĊFLQLHPRĪHLVWQLHü
FRĞWDNLHJRMDNZROQ\U\QHNSRQLHZDĪHPLVMDSLHQLąG]DSRGOHJDNRQWUR-
20 Opracja Pandemia

OLDNRQWUROĊWĊPRĪHPLHü]DUyZQRSDĔVWZRMDNLSU\ZDWQHLQVW\WXFMH
F]\QDZHWNRQNUHWQLOXG]LH
7DNMDNLVWQLHMąNRQWURORZDQHÄZROQHZ\ERU\´WDNWHĪLVWQLHMHNRQ-
WURORZDQ\ÄZROQ\U\QHN´:U]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLZV]\VWNLHZROQRĞFLNWyUH
Z\PLHQLDVLĊMDNRU]HNRPHSUDZDF]áRZLHNDVąNRQWURORZDQHLUHJOD-
PHQWRZDQH 1LH PD Z W\P QLF G]LZQHJR JG\Ī MHVW WR ]JRGQH ] MHGQą
]SRGVWDZRZ\FK]DVDGZáDG]\MHĞOLNWRĞ]GREĊG]LHZáDG]ĊWR]ZáDVQHM
ZROLMHMQLHRGGDOHF]EĊG]LHGąĪ\áGRMHMXWUZDODQLDLSRV]HU]DQLD
2F]\ZLĞFLHPRĪHV]QLH]JRG]LüVLĊ]HPQą0RĪHV]ZLHU]\üZWRĪH
ZJRVSRGDUFHSDQXMHZROQDNRQNXUHQFMDLMHĞOLNWRĞZ\JU\ZDWRGODWHJR
ĪHG]LĊNLWDOHQWRPLSUDF\VWZRU]\áFRĞFR]DVSRNRLáRQDWXUDOQHOXG]NLH
SRWU]HE\%\üPRĪHF]DVHPWDNMHVWLRF]\ZLĞFLHQLNWQLNRPXQLHEURQL
DE\Z\MąWNLWUDNWRZDüMDNRUHJXáĊ

0LWF]ZDUW\RELHNW\ZQRĤþQDXNL

1DXNDMHVWEH]LQWHUHVRZQ\PGąĪHQLHPGRRELHNW\ZQHMSUDZG\NWy-
UH SU]\F]\QLD VLĊ GR SRVWĊSX WHFKQLF]QHJR L PRUDOQHJR 1DXNRZF\ Vą
RVREDPL RGSRZLHG]LDOQ\PL QLH]DOHĪQ\PL L JRGQ\PL ]DXIDQLD 2SLQLH
QDXNRZFyZ SRZLQQ\ E\ü WUDNWRZDQH MDNR QDMEDUG]LHM ZLDU\JRGQH ]H
ZV]\VWNLFK JG\Ī GRW\F]ą IDNWyZ L Vą QLH]DOHĪQH RG SRJOąGyZ SROLW\F]-
Q\FK F]\ UHOLJLMQ\FK -HĞOL ZLĊF NWRĞ SRGZDĪD RSLQLH QDXNRZFyZ GDMH
W\PVDP\GRZyGVZRMHJR]DFRIDQLDREVNXUDQW\]PXLZLDU\ZSU]HVąG\

2WR MHGHQ ] QDMWUZDOV]\FK PLWyZ QRZRF]HVQRĞFL 0LW WHQ EĊGąF\


G]LHG]LFWZHP RĞZLHFHQLD NWyUHPX KRáGRZDá ]DUyZQR PDUNVLVWRZVNL
NRPXQL]PMDNLKLWOHURZVNLQD]L]PPDG]LĞJRUOLZ\FKZ\]QDZFyZZH
ZV]\VWNLFKNUĊJDFKVSRáHF]Q\FK:LDUDZQLHRP\OQRĞüQDXNLMHVWREHF-
QLH UyZQLH VLOQD MDN QLHJG\Ğ ZLDUD Z QLHRP\OQRĞü SDSLHĪD$XWRU\WHW
QDXNLSU]HZ\ĪV]DZV]\VWNLHDXWRU\WHW\QLHW\ONRSROLW\F]QHDOHUyZQLHĪ
GXFKRZHNWyUHSDGDMąSU]HGQLPQDNRODQD.LHG\W\ONRRNDĪHVLĊĪHFRĞ
]RVWDáRÄQDXNRZRXGRZRGQLRQH´PLONQąZV]HONLHG\VNXVMHLSROHPLF]QH
JáRV\JG\ĪQLNWQLHFKFH]RVWDü]DOLF]RQ\ZSRF]HWOXG]LFLHPQ\FK]D-
FRIDQ\FKZLHU]ąF\FKSU]HVąG\ZLJXVáD
6ĊNZW\PĪHZáDĞQLHZLDUDZQLHRP\OQRĞüQLH]DOHĪQRĞüLRELHN-
W\ZQRĞü QDXNL MHVW G]LĞ JáyZQ\P SU]HVąGHP SU]HMDZHP ]DFRIDQLD
1DMSURVWV]HZ\MDĤQLHQLHZV]\VWNLHJR 21

FLHPQRW\LEUDNXUR]VąGNX%\üPRĪHLGHDOQDQDXNDSRZLQQDE\üÄEH]-
LQWHUHVRZQ\P GąĪHQLHP GR RELHNW\ZQHM SUDZG\´ DOH VDPL QDXNRZF\
]SHZQRĞFLąU]DGNRRVLąJDMąWHQLGHDá1DXNRZF\WDNVDPRMDNG]LHQQL-
NDU]HDUW\ĞFLF]\GXFKRZQLVąOXGĨPLDVNRURVąOXGĨPLWRLRQLNLHUXMą
VLĊSRGVWDZRZ\PLQVW\QNWHPMDNLPMHVWU]ąG]DZáDG]\2GNąG]UR]X-
PLHOLĪHQDXND]DVWąSLáDOXG]LRPUHOLJLĊDRQLVDPLVWDOLVLĊNDSáDQDPL
QRZHJRNXOWXNRU]\VWDMą]WHJRNLHG\W\ONRPRJą1DGXĪ\ZDMąFVZHJR
DXWRU\WHWXQLF]\PSDSLHĪHRJáDV]DMąNROHMQHGRJPDW\NWyUHQLHPDMąQLF
ZVSyOQHJRDQL]RELHNW\ZQRĞFLąDQL]QLH]DOHĪQRĞFLą
1DXNDSRGREQLHMDNPHGLDVWDQRZLG]LĞHOHPHQWV\VWHPXG\VWU\-
EXWRUyZLQIRUPDFML6\VWHPWHQ]DĞNRQWURORZDQ\MHVWSU]H]SDVWXFKyZ
DZLĊFW\FKNWyU]\PDMąZáDG]Ċ7RRQLRVWDWHF]QLHGHF\GXMąMDNLHWUHĞFL
QDOHĪ\ZELMDüOXG]LRPGRJáyZRQLWHĪGHF\GXMąNWRGRVWDQLHSLHQLąG]H
QDSURZDG]HQLHEDGDĔF]\WHĪ]DLFKZ\QLNL
1DXNRZF\ WDN VDPR MDN OXG]LH PHGLyZ G]LHQQLNDU]H HNVSHUFL
DWDNĪHDUW\ĞFLLSLVDU]HPXV]ą]F]HJRĞĪ\üL]DFRĞSURZDG]LüVZRMH
EDGDQLD3RGREQLHMDNZV]\VF\LQQLVąZLĊFOXGĨPLGRZ\QDMĊFLDNWyU]\
URELąWR]DFRLPVLĊSáDFL$SáDFLVLĊLPG]LĞ]DWRDE\±NRU]\VWDMąF]H
VZRMHJRDXWRU\WHWX±SU]HGVWDZLDOLVWDGXWĊF]\LQQąRSLQLĊMDNRRELHN-
W\ZQąSUDZGĊ7U]\PDQLQDVP\F]\SU]H]SDVWXFKyZQDXNRZF\SHáQLą
ZLĊFG]LĞWDNąVDPąIXQNFMĊMDNPHGLDZGUXNRZXMąOXG]LRPGRĞZLDGR-
PRĞFLRNUHĞORQHLGHHZDUWRĞFLLZ]RU\]DFKRZDĔ
%\üPRĪHWUXGQRFLZWRXZLHU]\üLVąG]LV]ĪHW\ONRZV\VWHPDFK
WRWDOLWDUQ\FKQDXNDMHVWQDXVáXJDFKZáDG]\2WyĪPXVLV]VRELHXĞZLDGR-
PLüĪHV\VWHPWRWDOLWDUQ\WRWDNLNWyU\SUDJQLHNRQWURORZDüNDĪG\DVSHNW
Ī\FLDOXG]LDOERSRSU]H]SU]HPRFDOERSRSU]H]LQGRNWU\QDFMĊ$VNRUR
WDNWRĪ\MHV]ZWDNLPZáDĞQLHV\VWHPLHDQDXNDVWDáDVLĊG]LĞQDU]ĊG]LHP
NRQWUROL -HĞOL ZáDG]D FKFH ĪHE\ VWDGR ZLHU]\áR Z JOREDOQH RFLHSOHQLH
]DWUXGQLDQDXNRZFyZNWyU]\PDMąWHJRGRZLHĞüMHĞOL]HFKFHĪHE\ZLH-
U]\áR Z JOREDOQH RFKáRG]HQLH MDN WR E\áR Z ODWDFK VLHGHPG]LHVLąW\FK
]DWUXGQLDLQQ\FK7DNMDNZV\VWHPLHNRPXQLVW\F]Q\PQDXNRZF\RSáD-
FDQLSU]H]ZáDG]ĊGRZRG]LOLZ\ĪV]RĞFLFHQWUDOQHJRSODQRZDQLDLNROHN-
W\ZL]PXSáRG]ąFWRP\E]GXURZDOFHNODVWDNWHĪG]LĞLFKNROHG]\]D
SLHQLąG]HEĊGąGRZRG]LüĪHÄ.RSHUQLNE\áDNRELHWą´GRVWDUF]DMąFWHRUH-
W\F]QHJRX]DVDGQLHQLDGRZROQ\PQRQVHQVRP
22 Opracja Pandemia

1LHZ\NOXF]DWRIDNWXĪH]GDU]DMąVLĊLG]LĞU]HWHOQLGąĪąF\GRSUDZ-
G\QDXNRZF\NWyU\FK]FDáąRGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFLąPRĪQDQD]ZDüXF]RQ\-
mi-HGQDNVąRQLZPQLHMV]RĞFLLPRĪHV]E\üSHZLHQĪHQLHXVá\V]\V]LFK
JáRVXZPHGLDFKJáyZQHJRQXUWX,FKG]LDáDOQRĞüMHVWJURĨQDGODV\VWHPX
LQLNWLFKQLJG\QLHVą]DSURVLGRĪDGQHJRSURJUDPX

0LWSLĈW\VXZHUHQQHSDęVWZDQDURGRZH

1DMZDĪQLHMV]\PL JUDF]DPL QD DUHQLH PLĊG]\QDURGRZHM Vą VXZH-


UHQQHSDĔVWZDQDURGRZHNWyU\FKU]ąG\VąJáyZQąLQVWDQFMąGHF\GXMą-
Fą R NV]WDáFLH ĞZLDWD 2UJDQL]DFMH PLĊG]\QDURGRZH VáXĪą ]DĞ SRPRFą
LVWU]HJąSU]HVWU]HJDQLDSUDZDQDSR]LRPLHJOREDOQ\P

7HQPLWPQLHMLQWHQV\ZQLHNROSRUWRZDQ\E\üPRĪHPLDáMDNLĞ]ZLą-
]HN]IDNWDPLMHV]F]HVWRODWWHPXDQDZHWZSRáRZLH;;ZLHNX']LĞ
MHGQDNVWDáVLĊEDĞQLąSU]HV]áRĞFLZNWyUąZLDUDQLHSR]ZDOD]UR]XPLHü
QDWXU\RWDF]DMąFHJRQDVĞZLDWDD]ZáDV]F]DSROLW\F]Q\FKLHNRQRPLF]-
Q\FKPHFKDQL]PyZNWyUHQLPU]ąG]ą
3DĔVWZD QDURGRZH WDNLH MDN 86$ &KLQ\ 1LHPF\ %UD]\OLD F]\
)UDQFMDQLHZąWSOLZLHVąLVWRWQ\PL¿JXUDPLQDJHRSROLW\F]QHMV]DFKRZ-
QLF\.DĪGH]QLFKG\VSRQXMHDUPLą¿QDQVDPLDJHQWXUąUR]ZLQLĊWąJR-
VSRGDUNą L ZáDVQą NXOWXUą 0DMą RQH VZRMH JOREDOQH FHOH L SUyEXMą MH
UHDOL]RZDüF]DVHP]SRZRG]HQLHP&]\MHGQDNVąZSHáQLQLH]DOHĪQH
ZVZRMHMSROLW\FHQLHW\ONR]HZQĊWU]QHMDOHUyZQLHĪZHZQĊWU]QHM"&]\
SR]DQLPLQLHPDLQQ\FKVLáNWyUHQDOHĪ\EUDüSRGXZDJĊ±VLáRSRUyZ-
Q\ZDOQ\POXEQDZHWZLĊNV]\PZSá\ZLHQDNV]WDáWĞZLDWD"
=KLVWRULLZLHP\ĪHQLHJG\ĞWDNąVLáąE\á.RĞFLyáNDWROLFNL:GáX-
JLHMHSRFHĞUHGQLRZLHF]DE\áVLáą]QDF]QLHZLĊNV]ąQLĪZV]\VWNLHSDĔ-
VWZDQDURGRZH=DFKRGX.UyORZLHSRMDZLDOLVLĊLJLQĊOLG\QDVWLHUR]-
ZLMDá\ VLĊ L Z\PLHUDá\ ]LHPLH SU]HFKRG]Lá\ ] UąN GR UąN DOH .RĞFLyá
L MHJR ZáDG]D WUZDá\ QLH]PLHQQLH SU]H] GREU\FK NLOND VWXOHFL .LHG\
UHIRUPDFMDSRáRĪ\áDNUHVWHMGRPLQDFMLRND]DáRVLĊĪH.RĞFLRá\SURWH-
VWDQFNLHUyZQLHĪVąLVWRWQąVLáą]NWyUąOLF]ąVLĊZáDGF\SDĔVWZ(SRND
UHZROXFMLSU]HP\VáRZHMLNRORQLDOL]PX]URG]LáDLQVW\WXFMHPLĊG]\QDUR-
GRZHZURG]DMX.RPSDQLL:VFKRGQLRLQG\MVNLFKNWyUHG]LDáDá\QDUyZ-
QL]SDĔVWZDPLQDURGRZ\PLF]HJRSU]\NáDGHPMHVW:RMQD2SLXPRZD
1DMSURVWV]HZ\MDĤQLHQLHZV]\VWNLHJR 23

Z&KLQDFK0QLHMZLĊFHMZW\PRNUHVLHSRZVWDá\WHĪJLJDQW\F]QHGRP\
EDQNRZHNWyUH¿QDQVRZDá\SDĔVWZDQDURGRZHX]DOHĪQLDMąFMHRGVZR-
LFKSLHQLĊG]\3RZRMQDFKĞZLDWRZ\FK;;ZLHNXRERNPLĊG]\QDURGR-
Z\FK LQVW\WXFML ¿QDQVRZ\FK NRUSRUDFML SU]HP\VáRZ\FK L KDQGORZ\FK
XURVá\ Z VLáĊ LQVW\WXFMH JOREDOQH Z URG]DMX 21= L MHJR SU]\EXGyZHN
NWyUHFRUD]VLOQLHMLQJHURZDá\ZSROLW\NĊZHZQĊWU]QąSDĔVWZ
2EHFQLH QD JHRSROLW\F]QHM V]DFKRZQLF\ ZDOF]\ ] VREą ZLHOH UyĪ-
Q\FK ¿JXU 1LHNWyUH SDĔVWZD QDURGRZH MDN ZVSRPQLDQH 86$ &KLQ\
F]\1LHPF\ZFLąĪSR]RVWDMąVLOQHMHGQDNPXV]ąOLF]\üVLĊ]UyZQLHVLO-
Q\PLJUDF]DPLLQQHJRURG]DMXNWyU]\G\VSRQXMąJLJDQW\F]Q\PLEXGĪH-
WDPLLZSá\ZDPLZ¿QDQVDFKRUD]JRVSRGDUFH6ąWRPLĊG]\QDURGRZH
NRUSRUDFMHMDN$PD]RQ0LFURVRIWF]\$SSOHZLHONLHEDQNLZURG]D-
MX *ROGPDQ 6DFKV F]\ /HKPDQ %URWKHUV IXQGDFMH WDNLH MDN )XQGDFMD
5RFNHIHOOHUD )XQGDFMD *DWHVyZ F]\ )XQGDFMD 2SHQ 6RFLHW\ 6RURVD
DWDNĪHRUJDQL]DFMH¿QDQVRZHWDNLHMDN0LĊG]\QDURGRZ\)XQGXV]:D-
OXWRZ\%DQNĝZLDWRZ\RUD]LFKLGHRORJLF]QHSU]\EXGyZNLZURG]DMX
ĝZLDWRZHJR)RUXP(NRQRPLF]QHJR1DZHWPRFDUVWZDPXV]ąXZ]JOĊG-
QLDüLFKLQWHUHV\]DĞSU]HFLĊWQHSDĔVWZDQDURGRZHQLHVąZVWDQLHLPVLĊ
VSU]HFLZLü JG\Ī VZRLPL G]LDáDQLDPL PRJą RQH VSDUDOLĪRZDü PQLHMV]H
JRVSRGDUNL 'R WHJR GRFKRG]ą JOREDOQH PRORFK\ Z URG]DMX 21= F]\
:+2 NWyUH PQLHM OXE EDUG]LHM VNXWHF]QLH QDU]XFDMą SDĔVWZRP VZRMH
G\UHNW\Z\ : UH]XOWDFLH ZLĊNV]RĞü SDĔVWZ GHPRNUDW\F]Q\FK QLH MHVW
G]LĞVXZHUHQQDDRLFKSROLW\FHZHZQĊWU]QHMZGXĪHMPLHU]HGHF\GXMą
LQVW\WXFMHJOREDOQH
3RP\ĞOF]\WHOQLNXRW\PVDP&]\NWyUHNROZLHNSDĔVWZRQDURGRZH
PRĪH VDPRG]LHOQLH SRGDü GH¿QLFMĊ FKRURE\" 1LH SRQLHZDĪ R W\P FR
MHVWFKRUREąDFRQLąQLHMHVWGHF\GXMH:+2.WRXG]LHODSRĪ\F]NLXSD-
GDMąFHMJRVSRGDUFH"=Z\NOHQLHVąWRMXĪLQQHSDĔVWZDDOH0):L%DQN
ĝZLDWRZ\.WR¿QDQVXMHUHZROXFMHLEXQW\ZVáDE\FKNUDMDFK"1LHW\ONR
PRFDUVWZD OHF] UyZQLHĪ ZLHONLH IXQGDFMH .WR G\VSRQXMH QDMZLĊNV]ą
VLáą¿QDQVRZą"0LĊG]\QDURGRZHEDQNLNWyUHSRGREQLHMDNSLHQLąG]H
QLHPDMąQDURGRZRĞFL7RVDPRGRW\F]\ZLHONLFKNRUSRUDFML&KRüLFK
WZyUF\L]DU]ąGF\PDMąQDURGRZRĞüVDPHNRUSRUDFMHGDZQRMXĪVLĊXVD-
PRG]LHOQLá\LJG\E\LFKPDFLHU]\VWHSDĔVWZRSU]HVWDáRLVWQLHüRQHQDGDO
EĊGąEH]SUREOHPXG]LDáDü
24 Opracja Pandemia

1RZRF]HVQD,QNZL]\FMD
2SLVDQHPLW\WRSLĊüJáyZQ\FK3UDZG:LDU\1RZRF]HVQHJR&]áR-
ZLHND7RRQHSRGWU]\PXMąMHJRREUD]ĞZLDWDWáXPDF]ąPXVHQV]GDU]HĔ
LRNUHĞODMąFHOHĪ\FLRZH%H]QLFKQLHW\OHE\áE\EH]UDGQ\LOHPyJáRE\
]DF]ąüP\ĞOHüVDPRG]LHOQLHDSU]\QDMPQLHMLQDF]HMQLĪFKFąSDVWXFK\D
WRE\áRE\]QDF]QLHJRUV]H]SXQNWXZLG]HQLDZáDG]\'ODWHJRWHĪQDVWUDĪ\
W\FK 3UDZG :LDU\ VWRL 1RZRF]HVQD ,QNZL]\FMD : SU]HFLZLHĔVWZLH GR
GDZQHMLQNZL]\FMLQLHMHVWWRMDNDĞRGUĊEQDLQVW\WXFMDOHF]V\VWHPSURFH-
GXUV]\ENLHJRUHDJRZDQLD3URFHGXU\WHZPRQWRZDQHVąZQDV]ĞZLDWQD
UyĪQ\FKSR]LRPDFK=QDMGXMHP\MHSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPZG\VWU\EXWRUDFK
LQIRUPDFMLZLQVW\WXFMDFKHGXNDF\MQ\FKLQDXNRZ\FKZĞZLHFLHSROLW\NL
LNXOWXU\*áyZQą]DVDGĊQRZRF]HVQHMLQNZL]\FMLPRĪQDXMąüWDN

.WR QLH ZLHU]\ Z SU]HGVWDZLRQH WX PLW\ NWR VąG]L ĪH GHPRNUDFMD
LZROQ\U\QHNVąMHG\QLHIDVDGDPL]DNWyU\PLSRGHMPRZDQHVąLVWRWQH
GHF\]MHDPHGLDLQDXNDVąQDU]ĊG]LHPZáDG]\VáXĪąF\PLQGRNWU\QDFML
LXSRZV]HFKQLDQLXZ\NUHRZDQHJRSU]H]QLąREUD]XĞZLDWDQLHZąWSOLZLH
MHVWV]DOHĔFHP6DPRZąWSLHQLHZWHQREUD]LDQDOL]RZDQLHJRMHVWMXĪ
GRZRGHPREáĊGX,QQHZ\MDĞQLHQLDĞZLDWDQLĪWHNWyUH]DZLHUDR¿FMDOQ\
SU]HND]UR]SRZV]HFKQLDQ\SU]H]PHGLDQDOHĪ\X]QDü]DXURMHQLDLRNUH-
ĞOLüMDNRÄWHRULHVSLVNRZH´

3U]HPRF L NáDPVWZR WR GZD QDMZDĪQLHMV]H VSRVRE\ ]GRE\ZDQLD


L XWU]\P\ZDQLD ZáDG]\ -HĞOL UH]\JQXMH VLĊ ] SLHUZV]HJR QDOHĪ\ XGR-
VNRQDOLü GUXJLH 'ODWHJR G]LĞ NLHG\ SDVWXFK\ U]DGNR XFLHNDMą VLĊ GR
RWZDUWHMSU]HPRF\PXV]ąNRU]\VWDü]UR]EXGRZDQHJRV\VWHPXRV]XVWZD
REHMPXMąFHJR]Z\NáHIDáV]HSyáSUDZG\LSU]HPLOF]HQLD-HG\QLHZWHQ
VSRVyE PRĪQD XWU]\PDü NDUQH VWDGR Z JUDQLFDFK SDVWZLVND 3DVWXFK\
ZGUXNRZXMąVWDGXVZyMREUD]ĞZLDWDRSDUW\QDPLWDFKGHPRNUDW\F]QHM
NRQWUROLZáDG]\DXWRU\WHWXQLH]DOHĪQ\FKPHGLyZZROQHJRU\QNXRELHN-
W\ZQHMQDXNLLSURVWHMSROLW\NLPLĊG]\QDURGRZHMVWDGR]DĞZSDWU]RQH
ZWHQVSyMQ\LNU]HSLąF\REUD]ĞZLDWDSDVLHVLĊZHZVND]DQ\PPLHMVFX
-HĞOL MHGQDN MDNLĞ F]áRQHN VWDGD EąGĨ JUXSD GRVWU]HĪH ]D IDVDGą
NáDPVWZD SUDZG]LZH PHFKDQL]P\ MHĞOL FKRüE\ ]DF]QLH ]DGDZDü QLH-
1DMSURVWV]HZ\MDĤQLHQLHZV]\VWNLHJR 25

Z\JRGQHS\WDQLDQSRWRNWRF]HUSLH]\VNL]KRGRZOL]RVWDMHXUXFKR-
PLRQ\PHFKDQL]PQHXWUDOL]XMąF\1LHPDOHSV]HJRVSRVREXQD]GH]DZX-
RZDQLHNRJRĞQLĪQD]ZDQLHJRZDULDWHP1LHPDVNXWHF]QLHMV]HMGURJL
QD RĞPLHV]HQLH F]\LFKĞ SRJOąGyZ QLĪ X]QDQLH LFK ]D XURMHQLD FKRUHJR
XP\VáX:DULDWyZQLNWQLHVáXFKD±ZDULDWyZVLĊL]ROXMHLOHF]\FKRüE\
SU]\PXVRZR
:WHQVSRVyESRVWĊSXMąWHĪSDVWXFK\]DU]ąG]DMąFHGHPRNUDW\F]Q\P
SDVWZLVNLHP*G\ZĞUyGVWDGDSRMDZLDMąVLĊRVREQLNLZąWSLąFHZR¿FMDO-
Q\ REUD] ĞZLDWD JG\ SRMDZLDMą VLĊ QLHZ\JRGQH S\WDQLD L DOWHUQDW\ZQH
REUD]\XUXFKRPLRQ\]RVWDMHSURFHVGH]DZXRZDQLDRVyELLFKSRJOąGyZ
-HVWWRPHFKDQL]PGREU]H]QDQ\]HVSRUyZUHOLJLMQ\FK.WRQLHSU]\MPX-
MHR¿FMDOQ\FKSUDZGZLDU\NWRZąWSLDOERS\WDDXWRPDW\F]QLH]RVWDMH
QDSLĊWQRZDQ\MDNRKHUHW\N$]KHUHW\NLHPVLĊQLHUR]PDZLD±KHUHW\ND
VLĊSDOL
']LVLDM WHUPLQ ÄKHUH]MD´ ]RVWDá ]DVWąSLRQ\ SU]H] RNUHĞOHQLH ÄWHR-
ULDVSLVNRZD´.WRQLHZLHU]\ZSUDZG\ZLDU\NWyUHUR]SRZV]HFKQLD-
Mą JáyZQH PHGLD MHVW DXWRPDW\F]QLH RNUHĞODQ\ MDNR ÄZ\]QDZFD WHRULL
VSLVNRZ\FK´ LQDF]HM PyZLąF ± KHUHW\N : WHQ VSRVyE ]D MHGQ\P ]D-
PDFKHPRĞPLHV]DVLĊRVREĊF]\QLąFMąQLHZLDU\JRGQąRUD]RGELHUDVLĊ
ZDUWRĞüSRJOąGRPXND]XMąFMHMDNRE]GXU\'ODSR]RVWDá\FKF]áRQNyZ
VWDGDMHVWWRMDVQ\V\JQDáĪHQLHZDUWRSRĞZLĊFDüXZDJLDQLWHMRVRELH
DQLW\PSRJOąGRP=DELHJWHQF]ĊVWRSRZWDU]DQ\SURZDG]LGRZ\WZR-
U]HQLDVLĊSURVWHJRRGUXFKXNLHG\VWDGRVá\V]\KDVáRÄWHRULDVSLVNRZD´
DXWRPDW\F]QLH]DW\NDXV]\LXFLHND
%\üPRĪHF]\WHOQLNXVDPVSRWNDáHĞVLĊ]WDNąV\WXDFMą.LHG\OX-
G]LHVá\V]ąRSLQLHMDZQLHVSU]HF]QH]LFKJáĊERNąZLDUąD]DUD]HPRSDUWH
QDGRĞZLDGF]HQLXLUR]XPRZDQLXQLHFKFą]QLPLG\VNXWRZDüDQLW\P
EDUG]LHMLFKDQDOL]RZDü*G\LFKREUD]ĞZLDWDMHVWSRGZDĪDQ\F]XMąVLĊ
]DJURĪHQLLUHDJXMąDJUHVMąDLFKJáyZQąEURQLąMHVWRNU]\NÄWRZDULDW´
ÄWR KHUH]MD´ ÄWR WHRULD VSLVNRZD´ 7DNLH SRVWĊSRZDQLH ]DSHZQLD LP
NRPIRUWSV\FKLF]Q\]ZDOQLDMąF]RERZLą]NX]DVWDQDZLDQLDVLĊQDGQLH-
Z\JRGQ\PLSRJOąGDPLVNRURJáRV]RQHVąSU]H]ZDULDWyZ±ERSU]HFLHĪ
W\ONRZDULDWPRĪHNZHVWLRQRZDüR¿FMDOQ\REUD]ĞZLDWD
=DVWDQyZ VLĊ MHGQDN F]\ QLH WDN ZáDĞQLH ]DFKRZ\ZDOL VLĊ NLHG\Ğ
SU]HFLZQLF\SRJOąGXRNXOLVWRĞFL=LHPL"Ä7\ONRZDULDWPRĪHJáRVLüFRĞ
26 Opracja Pandemia

WDNLHJR´ WZLHUG]LOL Ä3U]HFLHĪ OXG]LH SR GUXJLHM VWURQLH NXOL QLH W\ONR
FKRG]LOLE\ JáRZDPL Z Gyá DOH SRVSDGDOLE\´ Ä7R QLHPRĪOLZH´ ± RWR
JáyZQ\DUJXPHQWZ\FLąJDQ\]DZV]HJG\SURSRQXMHVLĊLQQHZ\MDĞQLH-
QLD ĞZLDWD QLĪ R¿FMDOQ\ REUD] Ä7R QLHPRĪOLZH ĪHE\ ZV]\VWNLH PHGLD
NáDPDá\´ Ä7R QLHPRĪOLZH ĪHE\ U]ąG]Lá NWRĞ LQQ\ QLĪ GHPRNUDW\F]QLH
Z\EUDQLSROLW\F\´Ä7RQLHPRĪOLZHĪHE\NWRĞPDQLSXORZDáU\QNLHPQD
SR]LRPLHJOREDOQ\P´1DSHZQRVá\V]DáHĞF]\WHOQLNXWDNLHJáRV\-HĞOL
SU]\MU]\V] VLĊ LP GREU]H ]UR]XPLHV] ĪH Z LVWRFLH Vą WR MHG\QLH UyĪQH
VSRVRE\Z\SRZLHG]HQLDSURVWHMLZJUXQFLHU]HF]\UR]SDF]OLZHMGHNODUD-
FMLÄQLHPRJĊXZLHU]\ü´
-HĞOL F]XMHV] VLĊ SRGREQLH MHĞOL RSLQLH NWyUH Z\SRZLDGDP EXG]ą
ZWRELHDXWRPDW\F]Q\VSU]HFLZLZ\ZRáXMąG\VNRPIRUWE\üPRĪHSRZL-
QLHQHĞSU]HVWDüF]\WDüWĊNVLąĪNĊ8WUDWDZLDU\ZR¿FMDOQ\REUD]PRĪH
E\ü EROHVQD L QLH NDĪG\ MHVW Z VWDQLH ]QLHĞü UR]F]DURZDQLH NLHG\ RG-
NU\MHMDNJáĊERNRVLĊJDMąLMDNUR]OHJáHVąRV]XVWZD=DVWDQyZVLĊZLĊF
F]\FKFHV]F]\WDüGDOHMJG\ĪE\üPRĪHOHSLHMGRáąF]\üGRVWDGDLVNXEDü
WUDZĊQLH]DGDMąFVRELHWUXGQ\FKS\WDĔ

3Lčþ]DãRİHęNWyUHWU]HEDSU]\MĈþ
MHĤOLFKFHVLč]UR]XPLHþĤZLDW
:\PLHQLáHPSLĊüQDMZDĪQLHMV]\FKPLWyZNWyUHVNáDGDMąVLĊQDRE-
UD] ĞZLDWD GRVWDUF]DQ\ G]LĞ VWDGX SU]H] SDVWXFKyZ ]D SRĞUHGQLFWZHP
PHGLyZ D WDNĪH W]Z DXWRU\WHWyZ ]H ĞZLDWD QDXNL L NXOWXU\7HQ REUD]
ĞZLDWD V\VWHPDW\F]QLH ZGUXNRZ\ZDQ\ MXĪ RG G]LHFLĔVWZD SR]ZDOD
SDVWXFKRPU]ąG]LüZ]DVDG]LHEH]XFLHNDQLDVLĊGRSU]HPRF\1LF]\P
Z ]DPNQLĊW\P SDĔVWZLH WRWDOLWDUQ\P OXG]LH RG PDáHJR WUHVRZDQL Vą
ZSRVáXV]HĔVWZLHDZLDUDZR¿FMDOQ\REUD]LOĊNSU]HGZV]\VWNLPFR
JRSRGZDĪDZ\UDELDQHVąZIRUPLHSURVW\FKQDZ\NyZWDNLFKVDP\FK
MDNLHZ\UDELDVLĊX]ZLHU]ąWF\UNRZ\FK
'RSyNLWZRMąĞZLDGRPRĞFLąU]ąG]LWHQREUD]LWHPLW\QLHPRĪHV]
]UR]XPLHüU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL3R]RVWDQLHV]QDSR]LRPLHSU]HFLĊWQHJRF]áRQ-
NDVWDGDNWyU\ZRJyOHQLHZLG]LĪHMHJRĪ\FLHSUDFDFHOHLPDU]HQLD
VąSRGSRU]ąGNRZDQHLQWHUHVRPSDVWXFKyZNWyU]\VDPLRNUHĞODMą]DNUHV
MHJRZROQRĞFL
1DMSURVWV]HZ\MDĤQLHQLHZV]\VWNLHJR 

-HĞOL MHGQDN FKFHV] VSUyERZDü ]DMU]Hü ]D IDVDGĊ PXVLV] ]QDOHĨü


ZVRELHRGZDJĊLVLáĊDE\]ZąWSLüZR¿FMDOQ\REUD]L]DNZHVWLRQRZDü
VNáDGDMąFHVLĊQDĔPLW\1LHMHVWNRQLHF]QHDE\ĞRGUD]XSU]\MPRZDáLFK
SU]HFLZLHĔVWZR1DWRSU]\MG]LHF]DV1DUD]LHZ\VWDUF]\DE\ĞSU]\Mąá
ĪHPLW\WHPRJąE\üIDáV]\ZHDLFKSU]HFLZLHĔVWZRPRĪHE\üSUDZG]L-
ZH3RWUDNWXMWRMDNRKLSRWH]ĊURERF]ą
6SUyEXMZLĊFSU]\MąüQDSRF]ąWNXSLĊü]DáRĪHĔNZHVWLRQXMąF\FKR¿-
FMDOQHPLW\DQDVWĊSQLH±Z\FKRG]ąFRGQLFK±VSUyEXMHP\UD]HPZ\MD-
ĞQLüWĊG]LZQąV\WXDFMĊZNWyUHM]QDOHĨOLĞP\VLĊP\LQLHPDOFDá\ĞZLDW

=DãRİHQLHSLHUZV]H

:GHPRNUDFML]D]Z\F]DMQLHU]ąG]ąFLNWyU]\XND]\ZDQLVąMDNRR¿-
FMDOQDZáDG]D7DRVWDWQLDWR]D]Z\F]DMW\ONRDNWRU]\SROLW\F]QHJRVHULD-
OX1DZHWMHĞOLPRĪHV]PLHüZSá\ZQDREVDGĊQLHPDV]ĪDGQHJRZSá\ZX
QDVFHQDULXV]LUHĪ\VHULĊ6FHQDU]\ĞFLUHĪ\VHU]\DSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPSUR-
GXFHQFLDZLĊFFLNWyU]\¿QDQVXMąWHQVHULDOXNU\ZDMąVLĊ]DIDVDGą
GHF\GXMąFQSRW\PNWRVWDQLHGRÄZROQ\FKZ\ERUyZ´2QLWHĪGHF\GXMą
R ]DNUHVLH ZROQRĞFL VWDGD MHJR SUDZDFK RUD] LQIRUPDFMDFK MDNLH GRĔ
GRFLHUDMą=WHJRSXQNWXZLG]HQLDGHPRNUDFMDMHVWQDMOHSV]\PV\VWHPHP
WZRU]HQLDLOX]MLZROQRĞFLLVSUDZF]RĞFLSR]ZDODMąFXNU\üUHDOQąZáDG]Ċ
]DWZDU]DPLDNWRUyZLVWDW\VWyZ

=DãRİHQLHGUXJLH

0HGLDVąQDU]ĊG]LHPZáDG]\.RQWURODQDGG\VWU\EXWRUDPLLWUHĞFLą
LQIRUPDFMLSR]ZDODZSHáQLNRQWURORZDüVWDGR1LH]QDF]\WRRF]\ZLĞFLH
ĪHPHGLDQLHPRJąSRGDZDüSUDZG]LZ\FKLQIRUPDFML-HGQDNNDĪGDLQ-
IRUPDFMDQDZHWSUDZG]LZDVáXĪ\GRZSá\ZDQLDQDRGELRUFyZLXZLD-
U\JRGQLDQLD LQIRUPDFML QLHSUDZG]LZ\FK ,QIRUPDFMH NWyUH RWU]\PXMHV]
] G\VWU\EXWRUyZ JáyZQHJR QXUWX WDNLFK MDN SUDVD WHOHZL]MD F]\ GXĪH
SRUWDOH LQWHUQHWRZH ]RVWDá\ VWDUDQQLH GREUDQH XIRUPRZDQH D F]ĊVWR
VSUHSDURZDQH:V]\VWNRWRZFHOXZ\ZRáDQLDXFLHELHRNUHĞORQ\FKQD-
Z\NyZ]DFKRZDĔLZGUXNRZDQLDFLRNUHĞORQ\FKSRJOąGyZ'RSyNLEĊ-
G]LHV]ZLHU]\áZDXWRU\WHWPHGLyZGRSyW\EĊG]LHV]SR]ZDODáWUDNWRZDü
VLĊMDN]ZLHU]ĊKRGRZODQH7RVDPRGRW\F]\LQIRUPDFMLNROSRUWRZDQ\FK
LSUHSDURZDQ\FKSU]H]SRMDZLDMąF\FKVLĊZPHGLDFKHNVSHUWyZLUR]PD-
28 Opracja Pandemia

LWHDXWRU\WHW\3RGREQLHMDNUHNODPDPDMąQDFHOXMHG\QLH]PXV]HQLHFLĊ
GRSHZQHJRVSRVREXP\ĞOHQLDL]DFKRZDQLD

=DãRİHQLHWU]HFLH

:ROQ\U\QHNWDNMDNZROQHZ\ERU\SRGOHJDNRQWUROLVFHQDU]\VWyZ
UHĪ\VHUyZ L SURGXFHQWyZ 6ZRERGQD NRQNXUHQFMD LVWQLHMH QDMZ\ĪHM QD
QDMQLĪV]\P SR]LRPLH QS QD WDUJRZLVNX MHGQDN QD Z\ĪV]\P SR]LRPLH
ZáDG]ĊZJRVSRGDUFHPDMąFLNWyU]\PDMąPRQRSROZKDQGOXLSU]HP\-
ĞOH ']LDáDMąF ZVSyOQLH ] ZáDG]ą EĊGą HOLPLQRZDü PDá\FK L ĞUHGQLFK
SU]HFLZQLNyZ *áyZQ\ PRQRSRO PDMą ]DĞ FL NWyU]\ GHF\GXMą R HPLVML
ZDOXW\DZLĊFPRQRSROLĞFL¿QDQVRZL7RFRGRW\F]\JRVSRGDUNLGRW\F]\
UyZQLHĪLQQ\FKVIHUĪ\FLDQSNXOWXU\LV]WXNL1LHOLF]\VLĊWDOHQWSUDFD
LMDNRĞüG]LHáD:\JU\ZDWHQNWRPD]DVREąPRQRSROLVWyZLNLPSRVáX-
Ī\ü VLĊ FKFH ZáDG]D GR UHDOL]DFML VZRLFK FHOyZ 'ODWHJR SU]HP\Vá UR]-
U\ZNRZ\RUD]W]ZSURGXNFMĊNXOWXUDOQąF]\OLOLWHUDWXUĊLV]WXNĊQDOHĪ\
X]QDüSRGREQLHMDNPHGLD]DQDU]ĊG]LDVSUDZRZDQLDZáDG]\

=DãRİHQLHF]ZDUWH

:LHG]D GDMH ZáDG]Ċ GODWHJR QDXND SRGREQLH MDN VIHUD PHGLDO-


QDMHVWQDU]ĊG]LHPZáDG]\3RQLHZDĪQDXND]DMĊáDG]LĞPLHMVFHUHOLJLL
D ZLDUD Z MHM QLHRP\OQRĞü MHVW UyZQLH VLOQD MDN GDZQD ZLDUD Z QLH-
RP\OQRĞüSDSLHĪDSU]HMĊFLHNRQWUROLQDGQDXNąMHVWNOXF]RZH]SXQNWX
ZLG]HQLDNRQWUROLXP\VáyZ 2SLQLHQDXNRZFyZPRJąE\üZ\UD]HPLFK
GąĪHQLDGRSR]QDQLDRELHNW\ZQHMSUDZG\DOHUyZQLHGREU]HPRJąE\ü
Z\JáDV]DQHQD]DPyZLHQLHZáDG]\'ODWHJROHSLHMSRGFKRG]LüVFHSW\F]-
QLHGRWZLHUG]HĔSUH]HQWRZDQ\FKMDNRÄQDXNRZRXGRZRGQLRQH´]ZáDV]-
F]DZPHGLDFKJáyZQHJRQXUWX=SHZQRĞFLą]DĞPRĪQD]JyU\RGU]XFLü
ZLĊNV]RĞüWZLHUG]HĔW]ZQDXNVSRáHF]Q\FKNWyU\FKFHOHPMHVWG]LĞQLH-
PDOZ\áąF]QLHLQGRNWU\QDFMD]JRGQD]OLQLąZáDG]\NWyUDMH¿QDQVXMH

=DãRİHQLHSLĈWH

(SRNDSDĔVWZQDURGRZ\FKGRELHJDNRĔFD1DZHWMHĞOLQLHNWyUH]QLFK
ZFLąĪVąZDĪQ\PLJUDF]DPLQDJOREDOQHMDUHQLHPXV]ąOLF]\üVLĊ]LQQ\PL
SRWĊĪQ\PL¿JXUDPLWDNLPLMDNZLHONLHNRUSRUDFMHIXQGDFMHLRUJDQL]DFMH
1DMSURVWV]HZ\MDĤQLHQLHZV]\VWNLHJR 29

PLĊG]\QDURGRZH:UH]XOWDFLHSDĔVWZDQDURGRZHQLHVąMXĪG]LĞVXZHUHQ-
QHZVZRMHMSROLW\FHZHZQĊWU]QHM&RUD]F]ĊĞFLHMFLQRZLJOREDOQLJUDF]H
VWDMąVLĊSURGXFHQWDPLUHĪ\VHUDPLLVFHQDU]\VWDPLGHF\GXMąF\PLRW\P
NWRLMDNU]ąG]LGHPRNUDW\F]Q\PLSDĔVWZDPL

'RW\FKSLĊFLX]DáRĪHĔQDOHĪ\GRGDüUHJXáĊUDG]HQLDVRELH]1RZR-
F]HVQą,QNZL]\FMą

7DNMDNĪDGQDUHVWDXUDFMDQLHSR]ZDODNOLHQWRP]DJOąGDüGRNXFKQL
WDNWHĪĪDGQDZáDG]DQLHSR]ZDODDE\SDWU]RQRMHMQDUĊFH1DU]XFDMąF
VWDGXG]LĊNLPHGLRPVZyMREUD]ĞZLDWD]EXGRZDQ\PLQ]LOX]MLZRO-
Q\FK Z\ERUyZ L LOX]ML ZROQHJR U\QNX MHGQRF]HĞQLH VWDUD VLĊ ]QLV]F]\ü
NDĪGHJRNWRREUD]WHQSRGZDĪD1LHW\ONRNDĪGDQLH]JRGQD]QLPWHRULD
F]\RSLQLDOHF]UyZQLHĪQLHZ\JRGQHS\WDQLDSLĊWQRZDQHVąQDW\FKPLDVW
MDNRÄWHRULDVSLVNRZD´LFKDXWRU]\]DĞVW\JPDW\]RZDQLMDNRQLH]DVáX-
JXMąF\QDXZDJĊJáXSF\QLHUR]XPLHMąF\ĞZLDWDZDULDFLPDQLDF\DOER
MDNRZLFKU]\FLHOHLOXG]LH]áHMZROL-HĞOLVá\V]\V]ZLĊFĪHMDNDĞRSLQLD
RNUHĞODQDMHVWMDNRÄWHRULDVSLVNRZD´PRĪHV]PLHüSHZQRĞüĪHMHVWWR
RSLQLDQLHZ\JRGQDGODZáDG]\

1DMZDİQLHMV]D]DVDGD
=DáRĪHQLD WH SR]ZDODMą Z]Ląü Z QDZLDV L ]QHXWUDOL]RZDü REUD]
ĞZLDWDNWyU\VWDGXSUyEXMąZGUXNRZDüSDVWXFK\,FKSU]\MĊFLHZ\PD-
JDZV]DNĪHSRVáXJLZDQLDVLĊRJyOQąUHJXáąNWyUDSRZLQQD]QDOHĨüVLĊ
X SRGVWDZ WZRMHM DQDOL]\ U]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL .UyWNR PyZLąF MHĞOL FKFHV]
]UR]XPLHüOXG]NLHSRVWĊSRZDQLHPXVLV]]DZV]HNLHURZDüVLĊSURVWą]D-
VDGąRJyOQąNWyUDEU]PL
*áyZQąPRW\ZDFMąOXG]NLHJRG]LDáDQLDMHVWZáDG]DLOXE]\VN/XG]LH
URELąWRFRURELąZFHOX]GRE\FLDZáDG]\EąGĨ]\VNyZ1DZHWMHĞOLZJUĊ
ZFKRG]ąLQQHPRW\ZDFMHWDMHVWSRGVWDZRZD-HĞOLMDNLHĞOXG]NLHG]LDáD-
QLHXND]\ZDQHMHVWMDNREH]LQWHUHVRZQH]DáyĪĪHIDNW\F]QLHRQRUyZQLHĪ
PDQDFHOX]GRE\FLHZáDG]\EąGĨ]\VNX,SDPLĊWDMPRW\ZDFMDWDNDMHVW
FDáNRZLFLHQDWXUDOQDGODOXG]LDMHĞOLNWRĞSU]HNRQXMHFLĊĪHOXG]LHMDNR
JDWXQHNVąEąGĨPRJąE\üLQQLURELWRGODZáDG]\DOERGOD]\VNX.
30 Opracja Pandemia

&]ãRZLHNZROQ\
&]\ZWDNLHMV\WXDFMLPRĪOLZDMHVWZROQRĞü"&]\SU]HNRQDQLHRW\P
ĪHG]LDáDP]ZROQHMZROLQLHEĊG]LHLOX]MąZ\ZRá\ZDQąZHPQLHSU]H]
SDVWXFKyZ"0RĪHWDNE\üDOHQLHPXVL:ROQRĞüMHVWPRĪOLZDMHGQDN
Z\PDJDZ\VLáNX
3UDZG]LZDZROQRĞüQLHSROHJDQDW\PĪHF]áRZLHNURELWRFRFKFH
: G]LVLHMV]\FK F]DVDFK G]LĊNL QRZRF]HVQ\P WHFKQLNRP LQGRNWU\QDFML
PRĪQD ZGUXNRZDü F]áRZLHNRZL MHJR SUDJQLHQLD 2GXU]RQ\ UHNODPD-
PL L ZLDGRPRĞFLDPL F]áRZLHN EĊG]LH SRĪąGDá WHJR F]HJR FKFą VSU]H-
GDZF\LSROLW\F\3UDZG]LZDZROQRĞüSROHJDQDW\PDE\Z\]ZROLüVLĊ
RG ]HZQĊWU]Q\FK ZSá\ZyZ : IDFKRZ\P MĊ]\NX F]áRZLHN XOHJDMąF\
WDNLPZSá\ZRPRNUHĞODQ\MHVWMDNR]HZQąWU]VWHURZQ\-HĞOLFKFHV]E\ü
ZROQ\PXVLV]E\üZHZQąWU]VWHURZQ\,QDF]HMPyZLąF]DPLDVWSRGGD-
ZDü VLĊ ZáDG]\ LQQ\FK PXVLV] PLHü ZáDG]Ċ QDG VDP\P VREą %ĊGąF
SDQHPVLHELHQLHEĊG]LHV]VáXĪ\áLQQ\P
=DVDGDZROQRĞFLMHVWZLĊFEDUG]RSURVWD7UXGQLHMMHGQDNMą]UHDOL]R-
ZDü]ZáDV]F]DG]LĞ6WDUDZáDG]DG]LDáDMąFD]DSRPRFąVLá\E\áDáDWZD
GR]ORNDOL]RZDQLDDMHMG]LDáDQLDE\á\MDZQH1DZHWSRGGDMąFVLĊSU]\-
PXVRZL F]áRZLHN PyJá Z VZRMHM ĞZLDGRPRĞFL SR]RVWDü ZROQ\ SRQLH-
ZDĪZLHG]LDáĪHURELFRĞJG\ĪPXVLLQLHXOHJDá]áXG]HQLXĪHWHJRFKFH
1RZDZáDG]DNWyUDFKFHSRVLąĞüOXG]NąĞZLDGRPRĞüMHVWWUXGQLHMV]DGR
]ORNDOL]RZDQLD D MHM G]LDáDQLD Vą XNU\WH:\UD¿QRZDQH WHFKQLNL PDQL-
SXODFMLZSá\ZDMąQDSRGĞZLDGRPRĞüDERPEDUGRZDQLHPHGLDOQHLX]D-
OHĪQLHQLHRGG\VWU\EXWRUyZLQIRUPDFMLVSUDZLDMąĪHF]áRZLHNQDZHWQLH
ZLHNLHG\MHJRĞZLDGRPRĞü]RVWDQLHFDáNRZLFLHSRGGDQDZáDG]\LQQ\FK
:VNUDMQ\PSU]\SDGNXSU]\SRPLQDWRRSĊWDQLHF]áRZLHNVWDMHVLĊZSHá-
QLPDULRQHWNąZUĊNDFKVLáNWyU\FKQLHGRVWU]HJDLNWyU\FKQLHNRQWUROXMH
'ODWHJRG]LĞSLHUZV]\PNURNLHPNXZROQRĞFLMHVW]UR]XPLHQLHPH-
FKDQL]PyZ ZáDG]\ .WR FKFH E\ü ZROQ\ PXVL SR]QDü VSRVRE\ ]QLH-
ZDODQLD 1DMOHSLHM UR]SRF]ąü RG VLHELH =DVWDQyZ VLĊ F]\WHOQLNX VNąG
]DF]HUSQąáHĞ VZyM REUD] ĞZLDWD" 'ODF]HJR XZDĪDV] SHZQH NZHVWLH ]D
RF]\ZLVWH"6NąGSRFKRG]ąWZRMHSUDZG\ZLDU\NWyU\FKQDUXV]HQLHZ\-
ZRáXMHQLHSRNyMLURG]LDJUHVMĊ".WRFLMHSRGVXQąá"=DVWDQyZVLĊQDG
G\VWU\EXWRUDPLLQIRUPDFML]NWyU\FKNRU]\VWDV]&]\X]QDMHV]MHDXWR-
1DMSURVWV]HZ\MDĤQLHQLHZV]\VWNLHJR 31

PDW\F]QLH]DDXWRU\WHW"&]\XPLHV]VLĊEH]QLFKRE\ü"&]\SRWUD¿áE\Ğ
FKRüE\QDSUyEĊVLáąZROL]ZąWSLüZLFKSU]HND]"
3UDZGDZ\]ZDOD±WRQLHW\ONRSXVW\VORJDQ3UDZGDU]HF]\ZLĞFLH
SURZDG]LGRZROQRĞFL'ODWHJRLVWQLHMąF\V\VWHPRSDUW\MHVWQDJOREDO-
Q\PLZLHORZDUVWZRZ\PNáDPVWZLH7RQDMGRVNRQDOV]\VSRVyEVSUDZR-
ZDQLDZáDG]\LHJ]HNZRZDQLDSRVáXV]HĔVWZDGRVNRQDOV]\QLĪSU]HPRF
.LHG\FLĊELMąZLHV]RW\P.LHG\FLĊRNáDPXMą±]Z\NOHQLFQLHSRGHM-
U]HZDV].LHG\ELMąFLĊV\VWHPDW\F]QLH]DF]\QDV]VLĊEXQWRZDü.LHG\
FLĊV\VWHPDW\F]QLHRNáDPXMąZLHU]\V]FRUD]EDUG]LHM6LáąPRJą]QLV]-
F]\üWZRMHFLDáRDOHQLHPXV]ąRGHEUDüFLZROQRĞFLNWyUDMHVWZWZRMHM
ĞZLDGRPRĞFL=DSRPRFąNáDPVWZDSU]HMPXMąWZRMąĞZLDGRPRĞüRGELH-
UDMąFLZROQRĞüDSRWHPSU]HMPXMąFLDáR
-HGQą]Z\]ZDODMąF\FKSUDZGMHVWWDĪHPRĪHV]E\üVDPGODVLHELH
DXWRU\WHWHP&]áRZLHNZ\SRVDĪRQ\MHVWZ]GURZ\UR]VąGHNNWyU\SR-
]ZDODPXLQWXLF\MQLHRGUyĪQLDüSUDZGĊRGIDáV]XGREURRG]áDSLĊNQR
RGEU]\GRW\VSUDZLHGOLZRĞüRGáDMGDFWZD3RWUD¿áWRF]\QLüQDGáXJR
]DQLP ĞZLDW UHDOQ\ ]RVWDá ]DVWąSLRQ\ PHGLDOQ\P REUD]HP WZRU]RQ\P
SU]H]ZáDG]Ċ-HĞOLG]LĞPD]W\PWUXGQRĞFLWRZáDĞQLHGODWHJRĪHMHJR
ĞZLDGRPRĞü]DQLHF]\V]F]RQDMHVWLQIRUPDF\MQ\PĞPLHFLHP]PDQLSXOR-
ZDQDLX]DOHĪQLRQDRG]HZQĊWU]Q\FKDXWRU\WHWyZ
-HĞOLWR]UR]XPLHV]ZyZF]DVUyZQLHĪWĊNVLąĪNĊNWyUąF]\WDV]SR-
WUDNWXMHV]NU\W\F]QLHLQLHEĊG]LHV]áDWZRSU]\MPRZDá]DZDUW\FKZQLHM
RSLQLL 1LH FKRG]L R WR DE\Ğ XZLHU]\á ZH ZV]\VWNR FR SLV]Ċ &KRG]L
RWRDE\ĞP\ĞODá±P\ĞODáVDPRG]LHOQLH

You might also like