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asya Upanis.ad

With Commentaries, Introduction, and Indices

ISBN 0-9703421-2-8

http://www.dvaita.org
kernel version 1.81, January 21, MMII

c 2000, Shrisha Rao

This edition, along with all its prefatory material and indices, is copyrighted
under Title XVII, United States Code, and similar laws in other countries.
Permission is hereby given to make single copies for individual, non-profit uses
in “private study, scholarship, and research” as allowed under the law, provided
that such reproduction be done of this entire publication, especially including this
notice. All other uses, as well as storage or archival of this material in any
publicly accessible medium, are expressly forbidden unless prior written consent
is obtained.
 Table of Contents

Foreword i

Preface ii

Acknowledgements viii

7KH,àzYzV\D8SDQLáDG ix

References xx
xxii
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 Foreword

The Īśāvāsya Upanis.ad belongs to the Vājasaneyi Sam. hitā of the Śukla Yajurveda, and forms its
last chapter. The Upanis.ad extols the all-pervasiveness and all-controlling nature of the Supreme
Being. The very word ı̄śāvāsyam (verse 1) conveys both these meanings, and the next phrase yatk-
inca jagatyām jagat clarifies that nothing is excluded from the scope of His pervasiveness and con-
trol. All of us are dependent on the Prakr.ti, and the Prakr.ti itself is dependent on God, who is the
only independent being. The unique nature of God — that He pervades everywhere — is explained
by the use of phrases such as “He is near and also very far” (yaddūre yadvantike); “He is within
and without” (tadantarasya sarvasya tadu sarvasya bāhyatah.); “He moves and yet does not move”
(taddhāvato’nyānatyeti tis..that) &c.

The Upanis.ad spells out that not only are the right knowledge about God and the world and the soul’s
relation to them necessary, but that this right knowledge must be accompanied by clear rejection and
negation of wrong knowledge (verses 9-14). Thus, total clarity in understanding is emphasized.

The Upanis.ad contains a beautiful prayer at the end (verse 15, et seq.) appealing to God to reveal His
nature to us.

Ācārya Madhva gives a unique explanation for the word aham . (verse 17) used as the inner controller
of oneself; asmin also refers to God in a special sense. Thus, the phrase so’hamasmi should not be in-
terpreted to mean identity with the Supreme Being but to indicate the immanence of God everywhere
including in the devotee reciting the Upanis.ad.

Though attempts have been made to explain this Upanis.ad to support concepts of identity between
the soul and the Supreme Being, it should be seen that with the (alleged) exception of one phrase, the
entire Upanis.ad is clearly dualistic, Theistic, and consists of an ardent prayer of the devotee to the
Supreme Being. Both the reality of the world in the absolute sense, and the leading of an active life
in performance of prescribed duties (described as nis . kāma karma in the Bhagavad Gı̄tā) only with
the intention of pleasing the Supreme Being and accepting His dispensation without question, are
proclaimed in this Upanis.ad.

D. Prahladacharya
Vice Chancellor
Rās.t.rı̄ya Sam
. skr.ta Vidyāpı̄t.ha, Tirupati
August 17, 2000
Śrı̄ Rāghavendra Swāmı̄ Ārādhanā

i
 Preface

The present publication of the Īśāvāsya along with its commentary by Ācārya Madhva (1238-1317
CE) and subcommentaries by others in his lineage, will, it is hoped, serve to highlight and make avail-
able an important resource useful in the study of this Upanis . ad. For as the late H.H. Śrı̄ Vidyāmānya
Tı̄rtha of Palimar Mat.ha noted [DNS82], this Upanis.ad contains a depth of meaning not obvious from
its short length:

Īśāvāsyopanis.at pañcanimis.aireva samagrāpi pat.hitumarhā, athāpi

sarvavedārthagarbhitā, brahmān.d.agarbhita-Śrı̄ Kr.s.n.avadanamiva
āścaryajananı̄, bahugambhı̄rā ca

As with many of Madhva’s works, there is the problem of lack of availability and awareness regarding
his commentary upon this text, and as with our release of an online version of the Mahābhārata-
Tātparya-Nirn.aya of Madhva this past February, this effort should help with these problems — in his
āśı̄rvacana given at the time, the late Swāmijı̄ had expressed the wish that all works of Madhva and
other leading scholars in his lineage should be so published. The present editio cum notis variorum is
part of a continuing effort to fulfill this command.

Along with the Upanis.ad are given Śrı̄ Madhva’s Bhās.ya, the T.ı̄kā thereon by Śrı̄ Jayatı̄rtha (career
1364-1387 CE), and the Prakāśikā thereon by Śrı̄ Vādirāja Tı̄rtha (1480-1600 CE). The Khan . d.ārtha
of Śrı̄ Rāghavendra Tı̄rtha (1595-1671 CE), which is an independent gloss taking its lead from the
earlier works, is given separately as well. These may be said to be the most important works produced
by the Mādhva tradition in explanation of the Īśāvāsya. Details about the lives and works of all these
scholars may be learned from ‘The History of the Dvaita School of Vedanta’ by B.N.K. Sharma
[BNK81].

Where necessary, we have also given quotes from sub-commentaries by other authors in the tra-
dition, as footnotes, in explanation of specific points. In a small number of instances, footnotes
given in Govindacharya’s edition [BG69] are also given to record his reasoning in respect of cer-
tain variant readings. Since the Bhās.ya of Śrı̄ Śan.karācārya is frequently referred to and criticized
by Madhva’s commentators, we have included the same as an appendix, for ease of reference in
study. (The Viśis..tādvaita interpretation of this Upanis.ad, presumably deriving from the commentary
of Kūranārāyan.a, is also criticized, but that commentary has not been available to us.)

As for the commentaries themselves, we may note that the Bhās.ya of Madhva is quite terse, and
does not overtly bother itself with refutation of contrary explanations. That task is entirely left to his
commentators. The Bhās.ya is also not given to returning to verses or phrases previously explained to

ii
make second attempts, as may be observed in case of the commentaries of other traditions. However,
these very qualities can make the depth of the commentary extremely difficult for an ordinary person
to comprehend. It is unfortunately too often the case that Madhva’s works are read without their
commentaries, and highly improper conclusions are reached about them as a consequence. It is here
that we owe a great deal of thanks to the other stalwarts who have explained Madhva’s positions in a
manner that we can appreciate more easily. The .Tı̄kā, the Prakāśikā, and the Khan.d.ārtha each fills
a distinct and important niche, and all of them collectively aid in the proper understanding of the
Bhās.ya. 0

The T.ı̄kā often uses illustrative examples whose simplicity conceals a universe of depth: for instance,
in connection with the second mantra, it is said that one must perform one’s duties “just as one
quenches thirst” (tr.s.n.āvicchedavat). This simple illustration covers a lot more ground than may be
idly supposed:

• one must perform one’s duties regularly, as often as possible, just as one quenches
thirst regularly, not just once in a while;
• one must continue with one’s duties at the next available opportunity, even when
one’s schedule is interrupted (as it will be at some time or another), just as one does
not stop attending to one’s bodily needs when a schedule for the same is upset;
• one must not procrastinate or delay one’s duties, just as one does not procrastinate
in the matter of the need to quench thirst, even in the face of competing needs and
difficulties;
• one must exercise sound judgement in the manner in which one performs duties,
just as one is obliged to do so in the matter of quenching thirst, taking care to avoid
harm to oneself;
• one must perform one’s duties to one’s limit of ability, just as one quenches thirst
to one’s limit, not just in tiny sips

— and so on. The Prakāśikā also shows how each word in the invocatory verses of the .Tı̄kā summa-
rizes epithets and phrases of the Upanis.ad itself. Therefore, no one should have the least doubt that
Śrı̄ Jayatı̄rtha’s work is of stellar quality, and that a proper and thorough understanding of the same
would be the work of a lifetime for a very great scholar, not just a casual endeavor for a layman. Even
so, one is obliged, even in spite of lack of sufficient skill, to try to improve one’s understanding as
best as one possibly can, as the tr.s.n.āvicchedavat example of the .Tı̄kā itself requires.
0
It should be noted that there are more Mādhva works on the Īśāvāsya than are to be seen here: see the collection of
Shanbhag [DNS82], which we have used as one of our sources (others being [BG69] and [DP97]). We have just included
the ones that are most important, to keep the total task feasible considering our limitations of time and other resources.

iii
The Prakāśikā, though nominally a subcommentary, extends the scope of the discussion beyond that
found in the T. ı̄kā in more than one instance, and shows that Śrı̄ Vādirāja is able to reason indepen-
dently and reach bold conclusions without having to necessarily resort to the support of the .Tı̄kā.
Of particular note is the Prakāśikā’s detailed explication of yo’sāvasau purus.ah. so’hamasmi, where
among other things the point is made, “A destitute supplicant does not ever say, ‘I am verily the same
as you,’ to a great king” (na hi yācako daridrah. yācyamānamahārājam. prati ‘tvamevāhamasmi’ iti
kvacid brūte). Likewise, the seer of the Upanis.ad, seeking the Lord’s succor due to highly adverse
circumstances, would not have couched his entreaties to his Deity in terms of identity (as indeed he
undoubtedly has not, in other verses). Such interpretation is thus barred by the context (and also by
grammar0 as well as other considerations).

Both the T.ı̄kā and the Prakāśikā take issue with Śan.kara’s interpretations in many instances, and the
Prakāśikā in particular condemns Śan.kara’s handling of the Upanis.ad as “akin to a monkey’s (rude
and unappreciative) handling of a necklace of precious gems” (markat . o svakaragata ratnamālāyā iva)
and “only indicative of his own (perverse) nature” (svasvarūpapradarshanaparameva). However, it
is not to be supposed that the Prakāśikā can only claim calumny for its singular achievement: it may
indeed be observed that the errors in the interpretations criticized are beyond dispute, and cannot be
wished away by pious outrage. The ‘History of the Dvaita School’ [BNK81] (p. 255) points out,
“The Advaitin’s idea of Devatā-jñāna, introduced into Īśa 11, is alien to the spirit of the Upanis.ads,
which are mainly devoted to the science of the Ātman,” and also says that there is no sanction in the
rules of grammar for “the arbitrary way in which Śam . kara explains away verse 14, after prefixing
a negative particle before sambhūti and turning it into asambhūti” — a feat which begets sarcastic
praise in the T. ı̄kā for its “unprecedented skill in grammar” (apūrva vyākaran.a kauśalam). The same
book [BNK81] also points out elsewhere (p. 158, fn. 2) that Schrader [FOS33], after a critical study,
dismisses Śan.kara’s interpretation as “forced.”

It would also not be out of place to observe that the late F. Max Müller [FMM64], though operating in
perfect ignorance of the Mādhva criticisms of the Advaitic interpretations of theĪśāvāsya, has come
up with very similar ones on his own steam:

“The verses 9-14 are again full of difficulty, not so much in themselves as in their relation
to the general system of thought which prevails in the Upanishads, and forms the foun-
dation of the Vedānta philosophy . . . Śan.kara explains avidyā, not-knowledge, by good
0
Very briefly, the “identity texts” have to be taken, under Advaitic interpretation, to signify not that there is identity be-
tween the living individual and the Supreme at the present time, but that such identity will be seen to exist when the illusion
of the world of plurality is sublated. However, this interpretation is opposed to the ‘lat. pratyaya,’ given the grammatical
aphorism vartamāne lat. of Pān.inı̄ which would require that only identity under present conditions be the purport of verse
17 and also other texts such as aham . brahmāsmi. As such a purport cannot be entertained, the status of identity texts qua
identity texts is inadmissible.

iv
 works, particularly sacrifice, performed with a hope of reward; vidyā, or knowledge, by
a knowledge of the gods, but not, as yet, of the highest Brahman. The former is generally
supposed to lead the sacrificer to the pitr. loka, the world of the fathers, from whence he
returns to a series of new births; the latter to the devaloka, the world of the gods, from
whence he may either proceed to Brahman, or enter upon a new round of existences.
The question then arises, how in our passage the former could be said to lead to blind
darkness, the latter to still greater darkness . . . This antithesis between vidyā and avidyā
seems to me to be so firmly established that I cannot bring myself to surrender it here.
Though this Upanishad has its own very peculiar character, yet its object is, after all, to
impart a knowledge of the Highest Self, and not to inculcate merely a difference between
faith in the ordinary gods and good works. It was distinctly said before (verse 3) that
those who have destroyed their self, i.e., who perform works only, and have not arrived
at a knowledge of the true Self, go to the worlds of the Asuras, which are covered with
blind darkness. If then the same blind darkness is said in verse 9 to be the lot of those
who worship not-knowledge, this can only mean those who have not discovered the true
Self, but are satisfied with the performance of good works. And if those who perform
good works are opposed to others who delight in true knowledge, that knowledge can be
of the true Self only.
“The difficulty therefore which has perplexed Śan.kara is this, how, while the orthodox
believer is said to enter into blind darkness, the true disciple, who has acquired a knowl-
edge of the true Self, could be said to enter into still greater darkness.”

Therefore, it would be as well to note that the criticisms found in the .Tı̄kā and Prakāśikā have their
basis in this, the arriving at by Śan.kara of absurd and self-defeating conclusions that confound and
discomfit neutral scholars as well. We may thus take it that unbiased scholars, those having not the
least interest in Madhva’s theology per se, will nonetheless be pleased to note that his interpretations
of the Īśāvāsya are completely self-consistent, lead to no absurdities, and thus offer much scope
for neutral scholarship. The late Max Müller would doubtless have found the ready and cogent
interpretations of the Khan . d.ārtha much better than the sources he was forced to work with.
The first English translation of Madhva’s commentary on this Upanis.ad was by the late S.C. Vasu
[SCV11] way back in 1911. Vasu was apparently not formally schooled in the Mādhva traditional
works (based on the trend of his own writings; one is not aware of any source of biographical data),
but his groundbreaking efforts at translating Madhva’s Upanis . ad commentaries are highly laudable. It
is unfortunate that his works have been so little noticed and are out of print. Although Vasu’s propen-
sity for drawing parallels between Madhva’s opinions and Judeo-Christian theologies is distracting
and of doubtful value overall (Sharma [BNK81], p. 159 however cites one instance, that of verse 17,

v
approvingly), it is without doubt that his product is very valuable to serious scholars. For instance,
Vasu observes with regard to verse 8, “Śrı̄ Madhva has explained this verse, not in his own words, lest
some one may (sic) question his authority, but by quoting Varāha Purān . a where this verse has been
fully and exhaustively explained.” No Mādhva could claim that this does not correctly capture the
spirit of Madhva’s preference for quotation (often baffling to outsiders) rather than his own unsup-
ported word (as is standard with Śan.kara and others in many cases) in his commentaries and original
works. Similarly, we learn from Vasu under verse 4, “There is no such root as .Rs.a jñāne in the Dhātu-
Pāt.ha, but in the Mahā Bhās.ya it is said there is such a root.” One does wish that Vasu had been more
careful to highlight the fact that his “notes” and “NBs” are often translations of subcommentaries
upon Madhva’s words rather than his own original ideas, but this is a minor grievance only.
A more recent work claiming to be a translation is by Sonde [NDS90]. This however is more of a
free-wheeling presentation of ideas, many of which are but very poorly correlated with the actual texts
of the commentary and subcommentaries thereon. Many traditional authorities from the Bhagavad
Gı̄tā and the Upanis.ads not referred to by the commentators are also introduced at the whim of the
“translator.” A presentation in English that is faithful to the letter and spirit of Madhva is the one
by Pandurangi [KTP85]. It does not translate the Bhās.ya, much less the further commentaries upon
it, word for word, but gives a broad presentation of the major ideas, with some citations from the
actual texts to arouse the curiosity and deeper interest of discerning readers. Shanbhag [DNS82]
includes a fairly detailed foreword to his publication of the available Mādhva commentaries, giving
other comparative views and a summary of Madhva’s interpretation.
Among newer, non-traditional interpreters and translators of the Īśāvāsya, the work of Aurobindo
Ghosh [AG21] probably comes the closest to Madhva’s understanding, though there are many signif-
icant differences. (Aurobindo however cuts himself off from Śan.kara’s interpretations, starting at the
very first word of the first verse.) The work of Prabhupada [P74] claims to be “authorized” (which he
has elsewhere, in his translation of the Bhagavad Gı̄tā, claimed as meaning that his “purports” reflect
a learning come from a “disciplic succession” including Madhva), but in the event his explanations
bear little resemblance to Madhva’s, and have very little to do with any manner of rigor or accuracy
of exposition either, even setting aside the theological differences. Surely, the illustration of “a mon-
key handling a necklace” applies as much in his case as well, and the claim that his opinions are
“authorized” is just phony baloney.
We have included a list of authorities cited by Madhva and all the other included commentators also,
including Śan.kara, in expounding the Īśāvāsya, as an appendix. As with our earlier effort, exact ci-
tations from authority are marked off by double quote-marks, while paraphrases or rhetorical phrases
are marked off by single quote-marks. We would much appreciate any information concerning mis-
prints, etc., in the text. If readers are interested in helping with future works of this type, we would
warmly welcome such participation also.

vi
The latest version of this material is always available on the web at http://www.dvaita.net,
and the persons who maintain it may be reached by electronic mail at dvaita@dvaita.org as
well.

vii
Acknowledgements

As with our previous effort with the Mahābhārata-Tātparya-Nirn . aya, credit for proof-reading, edit-
ing, and such, must go to Meera Tadipatri and to Keshava Tadipatri (the latter also provided a brief
translation of the Īśāvāsya at very abbreviated notice). As the present work also largely follows the
same pattern, several of the individuals responsible there are also, by extension, to be thanked for the
present work. Specifically, our grateful thanks are due to the late H.H. Śrı̄ Śrı̄ 108 Vidyāmānya Tı̄rtha
Swāmijı̄ of Palimār Mat.ha who, by his kind words, motivated us to further continue our efforts. It is
only to be hoped that we can live up to his expectation.

Gautham Nadig and N.A.P.S. Rao helped provide [DP97], one of our sources. Vidwān D. Prahladacharya
very kindly agreed to give a foreword to our efforts as a measure of encouragement. Anand Ravipati
helped prepare the indices.

My thanks are due to all these people, and to any others whom I may have neglected to mention.

Shrisha Rao
August 17, 2000, Śrı̄ Rāghavendra Swāmı̄ Ārādhanā

viii
 The Īśāvāsya Upanis.ad

Om . pūrn.amadah. pūrn.amidam . pūrn.āt pūrn.amudacyate |

pūrn.asya pūrn.amādāya pūrn.amevāvaśis.yate 

. śāntih. śāntih. śāntih. 

Om

The R.s.i of this Upanis.ad is Svāyambhuva Manu. The Lord Hari (Vis. nu), known as Yajña for
being the Lord of all sacrifices, is the Devatā. The Lord incarnated as the son of Ākūtı̄, the
daughter of Manu himself. Manu, when faced with the danger of some demons who were
intent upon devouring him, praised the Lord with these verses, and overcame his dire straits
thereby. These circumstances are narrated in the Bh āgavata Purān.a also.
The meters such as anus..tubh may be known in their respective places by counting the sylla-
bles.
There is the ancient stern warning against commencement of Vedic study or sacrifice without
knowing the seer, the Deity, and the meter(s) correctly. Hence these facts should first be
attended.
The tenets to be stated later will only be taken to heart by the qualified, not by others; for this reason,
to create the qualification for study, and to satisfy the curiosity of the student for the subject of study,
the first mantra obtains as follows —

Om. Īśāvāsyamidam
. sarvam . jagat |
. yatkiñca jagatyām
tena tyaktena bhuñjı̄thā mā gr.dhah. kasyasvid dhanam  1 

idam . sarvam
. = all this (this entire universe); Iśāvāsyam
. = Īśasya āvāsyam
. = Īśasya
āvāsayogyam. = pervaded by Īśa, the Lord Hari; yat kiñcha = also whatsoever, and whatever there
may be; jagatyām. = prakr.tyām. = in the primordial nature; jagat = the world; tena = by Him (the Lord
Hari); tyaktena = dattena vittena = wealth granted, allotted, given; bhuñjı̄thā = bhogam . kuryāh. = do
experience, enjoy; mā gr.dhah. = mā kān.ks.ethāh. = do not crave for, do not seek; kasyasvid = any one
else’s; dhanam = wealth.
This entire universe is pervaded by the Lord Hari. It also is dependent upon primordial
nature, which in turn is also pervaded by Him. He alone is thus independent. For this
reason, enjoy whatever is given to you by Him, and do not seek wealth from any other
source (since Hari alone is independent, do not worship others such as kings in hopes of
wealth).

ix
N.B. Compare this verse with Bhāgavata Purān.a VIII.1.10 (Ātmāvāsyamidam
. sarvam
. ), where the
same meaning is conveyed clearly.

With the first principle of morality for a seeker of knowledge being stated as acceptance of the Lord’s
disposition, it is now stated that one must always, continually, perform one’s required duties in life,
just as one is always engaged in satisfaction of needs such as thirst. Thus, there is no reason to give up
action simply on the basis that acceptance of the Lord’s disposition and freedom from greed means
that one need not act either —

. samāh. |
kurvanneveha karmān.i jijı̄vis.ecchatam
. tvayi nānyatheto’sti na karma lipyate nare  2 
evam

kurvan = doing; eva = only, even; iha = here, in this world, while a human being; karmān.i = (pre-
scribed) actions, duties, works; jijı̄vis.et = jı̄vitum
. icchet = shall you desire to live; śatam. samāh. =
śatam
. vars.ān.i = a hundred years, a full life; evam . = thus, in this way; tvayi = for you, in you; na =
not; anyathā = otherwise, different; itah . = from this; asti = is; karma = pāpam. = sin; lipyate = stains,
taints; nare = in the man.

One must desire to live even a hundred years by doing prescribed karma only. Thus is it right
for you, not otherwise; [if this is done, then] sin will not bind the human.

As it is the case that a person sins even inadvertently, all the time, it is not correct to think that simple
inaction will cause one to be free of taint. The only way in which that would happen, and one would
qualify for study and the understanding of the sacred subjects, is by the performance of required
action for as long as one lives. One must be satisfied with whatever the Lord sees fit to give one, as
the first verse states, but must always perform one’s duties, as the second states, without desire for
reward beyond His judgement.

However, not all will accept the Lord’s decree. Thus, for the person who has obtained (or is in
the process of obtaining) the required qualifications, in order to produce interest in the Paramātmā,
those with incorrect understanding (that which does not follow the principles laid down thus far) are
criticized —

asuryā nāma te lokā andhena tamasā’vr.tāh. |

. ste pretyābhigacchanti ye ke cātmahano janāh.  3 
tām

asuryā = of great misery, or belonging to asura-s (demons); nāma = niścitametat = thus is certain; te
= they, those; lokā = worlds; andhena tamasā = nibid.āndhakāren.a = of relentless, blinding darkness;
āvr.tāh. = covered with, enveloped by; tān = (to) them; pretya = upon death; abhigacchanti = fall

x
into, are trapped into; ye ke = those who; ātmahanah. = yathāvad ātmajñānamajñātvā vaiparı̄tyena
jānantah. = having failed to know the (Parama-) Ātmā correctly, persist in false knowledge only; janāh.
= persons.

The worlds of eternal misery, covered with unremitting darkness, indeed, do they fall into
without recourse, they who, having failed to realize the truth about the Lord (in spite of
opportunity), persist in false knowledge.

The question now becomes, what is this truth about the Īśa that should be realized? The next verse
therefore states the character of the Lord —

anejadekam . manaso javı̄yo nainaddevā āpnuvanpūrvamars. at |

taddhāvato’nyānatyeti tis..thattasminnapo mātariśvā dadhāti  4 

anejat = not trembling, free of all fear; ekam . = one, alone, the primary; manasah . = (than) the mind;
javı̄yah. = swifter than; na = not; enat = it, this one; devāh. = the deities headed by Brahmā; āpnuvat
= sākalyena vyajānan = comprehend or know fully; pūrvam . = from before, since beginningless time;
ars.at = knowing (freely and from His own nature); tad = that [Brahman]; dhāvatah. = those running,
moving fast; anyān = others; atyeti = surpasses, overtakes; tis . .that = rests, exists, remains; tasmin = in
Him, in that Hari; apah. = karmān.i = actions; Mātariśvā = Mukhya Prān.a; dadhāti = samarpayati =
dedicates, offers.

(The Supreme is) completely free of fear, for being the primary Being; He is swifter than the
mind, and cannot be fully comprehended (even) by the deities (headed by Brahm ā), while
He knows all by His own nature, from beginningless time; though unchanging, staying as-
is, He effortlessly overtakes all, no matter how they may run; to that Lord, Mukhya Pr ān.a
dedicates all the actions performed by all creatures.

tadejati tannaijati taddūre tadvantike |

tadantarasya sarvasya tadu sarvasya bāhyatah.  5 

tad = tasmāt = from him; ejati = bibheti = tremble (in awe or stupefaction); tat = He, Himself; na =
(does) not; dūre = far off; tadu = tadeva = He alone; antike = near, close by; antah
. = within, inside
of; asya = of this; sarvasya = of all; bāhyatah. = outside of.

He causes all to tremble or quake in fear of Him, but He Himself fears none (for being inde-
pendent); He is very far off (He exists even at infinite distances), and He is also very close
by (because He is omnipresent); He is within everyone and everything, and also outside
everyone and everything (His presence is all-pervasive).

xi
It has been said that Hari is all-pervasive, the controller of all, and all-powerful. Now, the use of
knowing this is clarified —

yastu sarvān.i bhūtānyātmanyevānupaśyati |

sarvabhūtes. u cātmānam . tato na vijugupsate  6 

yah. = (he) who; tu = but, indeed; sarvān.i = all; bhūtāni = beings, creatures, objects, ātmani = in the
Supreme Being; eva = only; anupaśyati = excellently beholds, clearly understands; sarva bhūtes.u =
in all beings; ca = and; ātmānam
. = the Lord, the Ruler of the innermost self; tatah . = thus, therefore,
by reason of; na = (does) not; vijugupsate = wish to hide or seek concealment.
One who sees all animate and inanimate nature in the Supreme (for He exists outside them
and is their support), and also sees the Supreme in all of them (for He exists in them, and is
their controller from within), by this reason, he becomes free of fear and does not ever need
to seek concealment.
One who perceives Śrı̄ Hari as being the sole independent entity and the motivator of all, has no fear
of anyone, since he knows that all power belongs to the Lord only, not to any other. Verse 5 has
already expressed the idea that the Supreme is omnipresent; the repetition of the same notion here is
for the purpose of explaining the significance of such omnipresence (why it is important to understand
it).
The same notion is further clarified —

yasminsarvān. i bhūtānyātmaivābhūdvijānatah. |
tatra ko mohah. kah. śoka ekatvamanupaśyatah . 7

yasmin = in whom; sarvān.i = all; bhūtāni = beings [exist], the word tis..thanti being implied here; ātmā
= the Supreme Being; eva = only; abhūt = present, exists within; vijānatah. = who understands this
very well (the prefix vi signifying viśes.en.a, “specially” is added to jānatah., “who knows,” the purport
being that the Lord is understood as special as compared with the individual, or that He is very well
understood); tatra = in that person; kah . = what; mohah. = delusion; śokah. = sorrow; ekatvam . = identity
(of the Lord existing in any one being and Him existing in all others); anupaśyatah . = perceives well.
For one who clearly understands that all beings exist in the Supreme, and that He exists
within all of them (as their controller), and who thus sees the unity of the Lord as existing
(without change) everywhere, what could possibly cause delusion, or sorrow?
Nothing at all, thus is intended.
At this, one would ask, ‘How can it be said that there is lack of delusion, &c. merely upon knowing
the Lord?’ To answer this, it is said —

xii
 sa paryagācchukramakāyamavran. amasnāviram . śuddhamapāpaviddham |
kavirmanı̄s.ı̄ paribhūh. svayambhūryāthātathyato’rthān vyadadhācchāśvatı̄bhyah.
samābhyah.  8 

sa = he (the qualified seeker who understands as previously indicated); paryagāt = (having) attained;
śukram. = śokarahitam . = free from sorrow; akāyam . = liñgaśarı̄ravarjitam
. = lacking a subtle body;
avran.am . = complete, not suffering from limitations of time, space or capacity; asnāviram . = lack-
ing a physical body (literally: lacking sinews, lacking muscles; lacking a body of the kind that in-
cludes sinews and other physical features); śuddham . = being the source of all purity, the purifier;
apāpaviddham . = untouched by sin; kavih . = one knowing all, omniscient; manı̄s.ı̄ = one who controls
the minds of all; paribhūh. = omnipresent and the controller of all, “the best there is”; svayambhūh. =
self-sustaining, lacking any dependence on any other; yāthātathyatatah. = having the quality of yathā
tathā or “as is,” i.e., “in reality,” “truly and properly,” as distinguished from “deceitfully,” “in a dream
or illusion,” &c.; arthān = entities, objects; vyadadhāt = created, ordained; śāśvatı̄bhyah. = eternally,
since time immemorial; samābhyah. = years, ages.

He (the one who knows as previously described) attains the Lord who is completely free of
sorrow, lacking the subtle body (of transmigration and rebirth), and the gross body (that is
the cause of physical suffering), indeed is Himself the source of all purity anywhere, lacking
any manner of contact with sin. That omniscient, self-sustaining Lord, the controller of all
minds, has eternally created all entities (in an infinitude of cycles of Creation) in reality.

Therefore, by knowing the Supreme as described, the qualified seeker shakes off the bondage to the
subtle body and the dense body which are the causes of suffering, and hence attains freedom from
delusion and sorrow. The first half of this mantra describes negative qualities, or the Lord’s lack of
a physical body &c. The question then arises how such an entity can be capable of action, since all
action is seen to be only by beings that are endowed with physical bodies. The second half of the
verse then clarifies that the actions of the Lord such as Creation are entirely true and have been so
from time immemorial, thus none need explain away Creation as a myth or illusion. The Lord’s form
is characterized by His self-same qualities such as omniscience, hence it is not that He has no form,
but only that He does not have one of the same deficient sort as creatures in the world do.

N.B. This verse is often quoted by Ācārya Madhva as an authority in support of the reality of Creation.

It has been previously stated (verse 7) that exact knowledge of the Paramātmā is the means to
liberation (mukti); that such knowledge must be accompanied by criticism of (rejection of) incor-
rect/illusory doctrines, and cannot be by itself, thus is clarified in the following three verses —

xiii
 andham . tamah. praviśanti ye’vidyāmupāsate |
. ratāh.  9 
tato bhūya iva te tamo ya u vidyāyām

andham . tamah. = relentless, blinding darkness; praviśanti = enter into, obtain; ye = those who;
avidyām. = with incorrect understanding, having failed to grasp correctly; upāsate = worship, meditate
upon; tatah. = and then, than that; bhūyah. = greater; iva = undoubtedly; te = they, those who; tamah .
= darkness; ya = who; u = but; vidyāyām. = proper knowledge; ratāh
. = engaged in, devoted to.

Those who worship [Vis. n.u or others] with false understanding enter dense, unrelenting dark-
ness; a greater darkness than that go they, who are merely devoted to the correct under-
standing (but do not care to criticize incorrect understanding).

We may say, therefore, that “a great responsibility rests with him who knows; he is bound to teach
others, [else] his lot is even worse than those of the ignorant.” [SCV11]

Not only is it the case that one must condemn false knowledge in order to avoid the greater suffering
that would ensue if one did not, but one must also do so because the two things, correct understanding
and condemnation of incorrect understanding, each have their own separate result that one should
seek, thus the next verse —

anyadevāhurvidyayā’nyadāhuravidyayā |
. ye nastadvicacaks.ire  10 
iti śuśruma dhı̄rān.ām

anyat = the other, different; eva = only; āhuh. = they (the learned) say; vidyayā = by correct un-
derstanding; avidyayā = by criticism of false understanding; iti = thus; śuśrumah
. = we have heard;
dhı̄rān.ām
. = dhı̄matām
. = persons of sound understanding; ye = who; nah
. = us; tad = that; vicacaks.ire
= vyācacaks.ire = explained, taught.

We heard from the wise and judicious, who explained to us that the result of having the right
knowledge is different from the result of condemning the wrong knowledge.

Therefore, both (practice of correct understanding and criticism of false understanding) are needed.

The difference claimed here is now explained —

vidyām
. cāvidyām
. ca yastadvedobhayam . saha |
avidyayā mr.tyum. tı̄rtvā vidyayā’mr.tamaśnute  11 

vidyām
. = exact knowledge of Vis.n.u; avidyā = criticism of false knowledge; ca = and (in conjunction
with); yah. = who; tad = that; veda = knows; ubhayam . = both; saha = together, at the same time;

xiv
avidyayā = by means of criticism of false knowledge; mr.tyum . = death (and other undesirables such
as suffering and ignorance); tı̄rtvā = having overcome, crossed over; vidyayā = by means of correct
knowledge; amr.tam . = moks.a characterized by enjoyment; aśnute = obtains.
One who knows the correct knowledge, and also criticizes false knowledge, for him, by crit-
icism of false knowledge (which causes suffering), he overcomes suffering, and by practice
of correct knowledge (which causes enjoyment), he obtains mukti.
It has been said that false knowledge causes suffering, and that correct knowledge gives mukti. How
is this so? This is clarified —

andham . tamah. praviśanti ye’sambhūtimupāsate |

. ratāh.  12 
tato bhūya iva te tamo ya u sambhūtyām

andham. tamah. = relentless, blinding darkness; praviśanti = enter into, obtain; ye = those who;
asambhūtim. = ‘sr.s..tikartā na’ = “not Creator,” having failed to grasp Vis.n.u as the Creator; upāsate =
worship, meditate upon; tatah . = and then, than that; bhūyah. = greater; iva = undoubtedly; te = they,
those who; tamah. = darkness; ya = who; u = but; sambhūtyām . = as Creator only; ratāh. = engaged in,
devoted to.
Those who worship [Vis. n.u] with the understanding that He is not the Creator, enter dense,
unrelenting darkness; to a greater darkness than that go they, who merely think of Him as
the Creator alone [but not as the Sustainer or Destroyer].
It has been said earlier that the Lord is the Sustainer, hence that also should be understood.
Not only is it the case that one must know the Lord as being the Creator as well as the Destroyer so
that the suffering that would ensue if one of these were not known could be avoided, one must also do
so because the two things, knowing Him as Creator and as Destroyer, each have their own separate
result that one should seek, thus the next verse —

anyadevāhuh. sambhavādanyadāhurasambhavāt |
. ye nastadvicacaks.ire  13 
iti śuśruma dhı̄rān.ām

anyat = the other, different; eva = only; āhuh. = they (the learned) say; sambhavāt = by correct
understanding as Creator; asambhavāt = by correct understanding as Destroyer; iti = thus; śuśrumah
.
= we have heard; dhı̄rān.ām
. = dhı̄matām. = persons of sound understanding; ye = who; nah
. = us; tad
= that; vicacaks.ire = vyācacaks.ire = explained, taught.
We have heard from the wise, who explained to us that the result of having knowledge of
Him as Creator is different from the result of knowing Him as the Destroyer.
What is this difference? The next verse clarifies —

xv
 sambhūtim . ca vināśam. ca yastadvedobhayam . saha |
. tı̄rtvā sambhūtyā’mr.tamaśnute  14 
vināśena mr.tyum

sambhūtim. = knowledge of Vis.n.u as Creator; vināśam

. = knowledge of Him as Destroyer; ca = and (in
conjunction with); yah. = who; tad = that; veda = knows; ubhayam . = both; saha = together, at the same
time; vināśena = by means of knowing Him as Destroyer; mr.tyum . = death (and other undesirables
such as suffering and ignorance); tı̄rtvā = having overcome, crossed over; sambhūtyā = by means of
knowing Him as Creator; amr.tam . = moks.a characterized by enjoyment; aśnute = obtains.
One who knows Vis.n.u as Creator, and also as the Destroyer, for him, by knowledge of Him
as Destroyer, he overcomes suffering, and by knowing Him as Creator, he obtains mukti.
For a seeker who obtains qualification for spiritual study in accordance with the first two verses, the
further verses have clarified the nature of the Supreme, and then it is stated that realization of what
has been stated is the cause of liberation. To show that such realization does not occur merely upon
listening to, &c. of the tenets stated, but that it occurs only by the Lord’s own grace, for which it is
necessary to pray so that He may cause realization, the next verses proceed —

hiran.mayena pātren.a satyasyāpihitam. mukham |

. pūs.annapāvr.n.u satyadharmāya dr.s..taye  15 
tat tvam

hiran.mayena = by the golden, effulgent; pātren.a = by the orb, disk; satyasya = of the Lord, who is of
complete and real auspicious qualities; apihitam . = concealed; mukham. = face (and other parts also);
tat = that; tvam. = you; pūs.an = Complete One; apāvr.n.u = unveil, disclose; satyadharmāya = to the
devotee, i.e., to me; dr.s..taye = in order to see.
The effulgent form of the Lord, who is present (even) in the solar orb and is of complete
auspicious qualities, is concealed from my vision; O Complete One, I pray to thee that thou
mayest disclose thine form (which I otherwise would never be able to see) to me, thy devotee.

pūs.annekars.e yama sūrya prājāpatya vyūha raśmı̄n |

samūha tejah. yat te rūpam
. kalyān.atamam. tat te paśyāmi  16 

pūs.an = Complete one; ekars.e = Supreme Knowable, also present in the sage Ekars.i; yama = Con-
troller of all, also present in the deity Yama (god of death); sūrya = a goal or objective for (even) the
deities, also present in Sūrya (god of the sun); prājāpatya = as being specially obtained by Prajāpati
or Brahmā; vyūha = extend; raśmı̄n = the knowledge of my true nature; tejah . = extrinsic knowledge;
yat = what, that which; te = your; rūpam . = form; kalyān.atamam. = of exceedingly auspicious nature;
tat = that; paśyāmi = I see.

xvi
O Pūs.an the Omniscient, Ekars.i the Supreme Knowable, Yama the controller of all, Sūrya the
effulgent and a destination for even the deities, Pr ājāpatya a special destination for Brahm ā;
extend the knowledge that is of my true nature, and also knowledge extrinsic to me, so that
I may perceive that most auspicious form of yours.

That it is necessary to know the Supreme as being resident in Mukhya-Vāyu, the chief among all
jı̄va-s, thus also is indicated —

yo’sāvasau purus.ah. so’hamasmi  17 

yah. = He who; asau = in (the deity of) Life (asau is the locative singular of asu meaning “life”); asau
= exists; purus.ah. = the complete person; sah. = he; aham. = aheyam . = unfit for rejection, impossible
to avoid; asmi = essence, being.

That Perfect Being, who exists in all symbols including Mukhya Pr ān.a, the god of Life, and
who cannot be avoided (by anyone ever), is the very essence of being (for myself and for
everyone else).

N.B. It is not possible to explain this line as expressing identity of the individual with the Supreme,
as the word asmi uses the lat. pratyaya and would need to express identity in the present tense, per
the rule of Pān.inı̄, vartamāne lat. (As.t.ādhyāyı̄ 3.2.123), a sense that is not proposed even by the
non-dualists.

At this, the question arises: how may it be said that Vis.n.u of perfect form is the essence of all beings,
when beings themselves undergo destruction such as by cremation? Surely, then, their resident would
also be destroyed by their destruction? This objection is answered as follows —

vāyuranilamamr.tamathedam . śarı̄ram  18 
. bhasmāntam

vāyuh. = Prān.a, the god of Life; anilam

. = ah. brahmaiva nilam . nilayanam. yasya, sah. = “he whose sup-
port is ‘a’, i.e., Brahman, alone”; amr.tam . = free of death; atha = now, then; idam
. = this; bhasmāntam
= ending in fire, subject to (destruction such as) cremation; śarı̄ram = body.

Although this body is subject to destruction by fire (or similarly), even so, (even) the deity of
Life whose support is Brahman alone, does not himself suffer destruction at any time.

The point being made is that when even the deity of Life does not suffer destruction because of being
supported by Brahman, what remains to be said in respect of the latter? It is surely obvious that the
latter does not have any destruction Himself.

xvii
N.B. The word vāyu is oft mistranslated as “wind.” Philology tells us that such a meaning is not
appropriate, since vāyu is a cognate of Latin vita meaning “life.” Hence, Vāyu is “the god of Life,”
not “the wind god” as commonly supposed.
Then, the One signified by the pran
. ava is prayed to —

Om . smara |
. krato smara kr.tam
Om . smara  19 
. krato smara kr.tam

Om. = the pran.ava, signifying Hari; krato = Hari, who art of the form of knowledge; smara = be of a
disposition to bless; kr.tam
. = good deeds I have done; smara = be of a disposition to show favor upon.
O Hari, who art of the form of knowledge, be thou of a disposition to bless me, thy devotee;
note thou any good things I may have done (and have compassion for things I have done
wrong), and show favor upon me. O Hari, who art of the form of knowledge, be thou of a
disposition to bless me, thy devotee; note thou any good things I may have done (and have
compassion for things I have done wrong), and show favor upon me.
N.B. In order to show that this attitude must be a constant refrain in the mind of the devotee, the line
is repeated.
It has previously been shown that along with śravan . a, etc., in order to obtain realization of what
one has obtained a gross understanding of, prayer is also necessary. It is now shown that even after
realization is achieved, worship of the Lord is necessary in order to attain liberation. With this intent
in mind, the Supreme as present in Agni is worshipped —

agne naya supathā rāye asmān viśvāni deva vayunāni vidvān |

yuyodhyasmajjuhurān. ameno bhūyis..thām. te nama uktim. vidhema  20 

agne = añgam. deham . , gun.abhūtam. jagad vā, nayati prerayati = O Agni (the Controller of the body,
and indeed of the whole universe); naya = guide, lead; supathā = by the auspicious path; rāye = to
the wealth (of liberation); asmān = us; viśvāni = complete, adequate; deva = O Deity; vayunāni =
thoughts, pieces of knowledge; vidvān = know; yuyodhi = remove, separate; asmat = our; juhurān.am .
= degrading, sinful; enah . = sin, evil deed; bhūyis..thām
. = fullest, to the utmost, endowed with knowl-
edge and devotion; te = unto you; nama = praise, salutations; uktim . = utter; vidhema = we do.
O Lord, as ‘Agni’, you are verily the controller of the body, and even of the whole universe;
lead us by the highest path to the wealth of liberation; you fully know all that we know, all
the efforts we have made; remove from us the effects of past sinful acts that are causing
bondage, thus we pray unto you with our fullest knowledge and devotion.
N.B. This verse is also found as R
. g Veda I.189-1.

xviii
 Om . pūrn.amadah. pūrn.amidam . pūrn.āt pūrn.amudacyate |
pūrn.asya pūrn.amādāya pūrn.amevāvaśis.yate 

. śāntih. śāntih. śāntih. 

Om

(Keshava Tadipatri & Shrisha Rao.)

xix
References

[AG21] Isha Upanishad. Transl. by Sri Aurobindo (Ghosh). Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry.
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[BG69] Sarva-Mūla-Granthāh. With the oldest and authentic version of Śrı̄ Hr.s.ı̄keśa Tı̄rtha, one of
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BL1286.292 .M34 A2 1969 v.1

[BNK81] History of the Dvaita School of Vedanta and its Literature

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[DNS82] Īśāvāsyopanis.adbhās.yat.ı̄kāmālikā: A Glossary of All Commentaries of Madhva and His

Followers on the Īśāvāsyopanis.ad. Edited with Introduction by D.N. Shanbhag, Karnatak Uni-
versity, Dharwad, 1982.

[DP97] Upanis.adbhās.yam of Śrı̄ Madhwācārya with the Tı̄kā of Śrı̄ Jayatı̄rtha and the Tippan.ı̄
of Śrī Vādirājatı̄rtha thereon and also with the Khan
. d.ārtha of Śrı̄ Rāghavendratı̄rtha on the
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[FOS33] A Critical Study of the Īśa Upanis.ad, Schrader, F.O., Indian Antiquary, 1933, pp. 206-7.

[KTP85] Īśāvāsya, Tal.avakāra, Kāt.hakopanis.adah.: Ishavasya, Talavakara, Kathaka upan-

ishads: with English translation and notes according to Śrı̄ Madhvācārya’s bhās.ya and
Śrı̄ Rāghavendratı̄rtha’s khan.d.ārtha. K.T. Pandurangi, Ed. Chirtanur, Tirupathi : Sriman
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[NDS90] The Commentary of Sri Madhva on Isha and Kena Upanishad: Sanskrit Text
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[P74] Śrı̄ Īśopanis.ad: With Introduction, Translation, and Authorized Purports by A.C. Bhak-
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xx
[SCV11] The Sacred Books of the Hindus: volume 1: Īśa, Kena, Kat.ha, Praśna, Mun.d.aka,
and Mān.d.ūka Upanis.ads. Includes Anandatı̄rtha’s comm. on each of the six Upanishads, as
translated by Śrı̄sa Chandra Vasu, Rai Bahadur, 1861-1918. Edited by Major B.D. Basu, I.M.S.,
retd. Allahabad, 1911. Re-printed by the A.M.S. Press, New York, 1974. BL 1120.A3V37
1911a.

xxi
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vA.. IfAvA-yopEnqAyVFkA\ EckFq;, jytFTm;En,

upEnqd;g;ZvyA EtpA dvtAyA, s vA!p\ m!"mAcrEt |

\ ym^" iEt . \ ym^" iEt vdtA, -vAyMB;vmno, dOEh/

1
 aAktFsn;, ynAmA hErd vt
Et sEctm^ . mn;nA -vd$m/ {-t-y
{v
-t;t(vAt^ . \yB;jm^" iEt \tE-m'po mAtErA dDAEt"
i(y-yATkTnm^ . \ap^"pdoplE"tsvyAEdkmZA\
sklAEZk$c $Ah
 t;tyA \AZ" pd vAQy n vAy;nA
hrAvEpt(v-yo(vAt^ . \an c $AyAm^" iEt DAto, k$
\ km)ynyEt c $yEt" iEt &y;(p*yA k$c $Ah t;Eh
AZ, . \V;aoE gEtv+^yo," iEt DAto,, `mAtEr svmAtEr hrO
svkmZAmpZ!pA gEty-mA(s Eh mAtErA' . \kEvmnFqF"
i(y/osv(vAprpyAykEvfNdATkTn\ \Am^" iEt .
AsMbDF Eh A, . `kq Z aA smtAt^ jAnAEt' iEt A, .
y,A \mAtErA" i(y/omAtpdATscnAy idm^ .
\ pZm;nFrm^" i(yEp ` mAtErA gEtrvgEty-y'

iEt &y;(p*yA Es+mAtErpdATscnm^ . mAtErn,

pjk(vo^yA mAtErnA p>y(vo^yA hr  , pZ
r(vmEp
t/{v sEctm^ . \mnog;Zm^" i(yn n pd n \an jd  km^"
i(yAd  , aTkTnm^ . \s;Andm^" iEt \tto n Evj;g;=st"
i(y-yATkTnm^ . tto Bgv/An n -vkFytyA B;vn-y
Ag^ At(vAt^ . aA(mAn\ Evf q
Z -vym^ \g;p r"Z ",
iEt DAtogo0;\ n
QCtFEt -vopAskAy AndAn-yATt u(vAt^ .
\ ahEnfm^" iEt c \ k ; v'
vh kmAEZ" i(y-y PEltATkTnm^ .
Bgv(yAdrAt^ sklvAR^mnsd  vtAyA rmAyA aEp upsjntyA -mrZAy
p;nr=yAfFvAd!p\ m!"mAcrEt \Fmd^" iEt . aElrEp
p;psOrB\ drt aAG}Ay tdEtkmAyAEt . Bgv1ocnAlF t;
Fm;KsOdyAHysOrBloBAt^ Et"ZmAyAEt, iEt BAv, .

j.VF.  kA)vF\ m/opEnqd\1 yTAvd^ &yAkEryn^

BgvAnAcAy, EckFEqtAEv2pErsmA3yAEdyojn  t(EtpA dvtA-t;EtntF
Tm\ Enb4AEt | \En(y" iEt . `svyB;j
iEt svyBo(vAt^, ynA5' i(yT, . `yTo\ s;K!p-y
Bo(vAd^' iEt .

`apZs;KA, s;KAT\ BogAn^ B;6t , Ek\ tTA hErrEp?' n

(yAh |
\ pZAndAy" iEt . ` BogA-t; lFlyA', iEt BAv, . pZAnd(v\
hr
 , k;t,? i(yt aAh | \jg+A/" iEt . td;\
am-kD
1
 IfAvA-yAEdm/An^ yAHyAy, \iEt m/opEnqd\ &yAhrtm^"
BA.p;. 8.1.17) i(y;(vAt^ m/opEnqdEm(y;m^ . m/(v
(  s(y;pEnqdEm(yT, .
| gYktkA BAyVFkAEV=pZF

2
\ ko 7vAyAd^" (t
{.u. 2.7) i(yAEd . DAt(v\ c aEn(yAnA\
ev, n t; En(yAnA\, anAD yAEtfy(vAd^, iEt nA_f:nFyEmEt BAv n
aAh | \En(yAEn(y" iEt . \En(y\ En(yA(mnA yt,"
i(yAd , . afrFr-y n jg+At(v\, frFEr(v  mrZ\ -yAd^?
i(yt aAh | \Anmty  En(yAy" iEt . `mEtm*vAt^ jgd^
DAt(voppE, . t-yA; mt AnA A(mk(vn En(y(voppE,' iEt .
v#yt  c{t(sv\ \yATAtLyto_TAn^ &ydDAt^" (I.u. 8),
\ vAy;rEnlmmtm^" (I.u. 17), \ y  !p\ kSyAZtmm^"
(I.u. 16), \ s pygAQC ; m^" (I.u. 8), \tE-m'po mAtErA
dDAEt" (I.u. 4) i(yAEd . dvtAZAmAntr\ g;zZAm, kt&y\
iEt EfyAn^ g}AhEyt;\ g;z(vnAEp hEr\ ZmEt, \y-mAd^" iEt .

vA.. \EckFEqtAEv2pErsmA3yAEd" i(y/ \t\ hAs;rA

@(vA Evd@vs;," (CA.u. 1.2.7) iEt ;(y;vAy;!ppZ-y
Ev2ABAvpErsmA3yo, -vt, Es+(vAt^ Bgv(sAdAHyPl-y
sMBAEvtEv2@v\s-y EfyEfyAEdq; cyAHyPl-y
c scnAy \aAEd" pdm^ . a/ nMy(voppAdkEn(yAEn(yjgd^
DAt(vAEdg;ZAnA\ v-t;g(yA -t;Et!p(vn m!"(vAU \-t;EtntF"
i(y;m^ . evmy/A=y7m^ . \svyBo(vA nA5"
i(ynn `yjn\ y' iEt BAv&y;(pEnA/AEB tA, Ekt;
` i>yt iEt y' iEt km&y;(pEr  v sEctA . kt;\, akt;\,
ayTA kt;\ smT-y hr  En(ynAfk(vfEr=yE-t, i(yto
\ En(y\ En(yA(mnA yt" i(y;m^ . \ AnA A(mk(vn"
iEt vdtA `mn,pErZAm!pAn-y E/"ZAv-TAEy(v _Ep
krcrZA A(mkAn-y Evl"Z(vAt^ En(y(vm v sMBAEvtm^',
iEt sEctm^ . \yATAtLyto_TAn^ &ydDAd^" i(yn n
En(yAEn(yjg+At(vm;\ BvEt . yTA yTA tFyt , tTA
tTA Ev mAn\ Eh yTAtTm^ | t-y BAv; yATAtLym^ .
ev\ c bh;kAl-TAEyE"(yA TAn^ s$^vA -TApyEt i(yEp
Es+m^ . n t; sE$mA/kTnEmdm^, ato jg+At(vmEp
u\ BvEt .

\vAy;rEnlmmtm^" i(y/ \amt"pd  n En(y(v\

um^ . \y !p\ kSyAZtmm^" i(yn n AnmEt(v\
u\ BvEt . \akAymv}Zm^" i(yAEdnA v}ZAEdyo`yAkt
kAyrAEh(ym;^vA \y !p\ kSyAZtmm^" iEt p;n, kSyAZtm(v\
vdtF AnA AE(mkAmv mEtmEB
{tFEt mtAnA A(mk(v\ kT\

3
 n Es
^yt^? \s pygAQC;m^" i(y/ \f;"pdo
fokrAEh(yoppAdnAy p
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, kT\ nAEBtm^?
ap
ZAndAnA\ jFvAnA\ foksAvdfnAt^ . \tE-mpo
mAtErA dDAEt" i(y t(svyBo (vATktyA p
vm
v
&yAHyAtm^ .

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dzdAEdd
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An-P Et, sdA t-m { hry g;rv nm, 

-vAyMB;vo mn;rt
{ m/
{ BgvtmAk Ets n;\ ynAmAn\ EvZ;\
t;Av |
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IfAvA-yAEdEBm/ { -t;AvAvEhtA(mnA .
r"oEBzg {,
} sMA, KAEdt;\ moEct-tdA .
-to/\ ;(v{ v y
 n tAn^ h(vA_v@ytA\ gtAn^ .
AdAE BgvA\-t  qAmv@y(v\ hr, B;, .
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 , B;, 

| iEt b}AX . BAgvt cAymT evo, (cAymv aT u,) .

j.VF.  `b}AdFnAmAAnm;(pt
 E y-t; svdA Evt',
iEt s
cEyt;\ \E yo_Ep" iEt pTg^ g}hZm^ . cfNdo_vDArZ  .
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^yt  . \An-P
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aEvEdtAqQCdod { vtb}AZ
n m/Z yjEt yAjyEt
a@yApyEt vA -TAZ;\ vQCEt gt  vApt  vAmFyt" iEt
;t
dvtAEdAnvt ev EvA PltFEt Ayt  . t/ b}AZpdoplE"tATAn\
&yAHyAnAd  v BEv!yEt . CdoAn\ t; a"rgZnyA s;krm v .
"Eqd  vt
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b;
O kt(vAd t
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(ytr\ EvhAy y-y -t;tO
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tFs
n;m^" iEt .
\Bgvtm^" iEt p
jATm^ . `k;t etdvgMyt?', i(yt aAh,
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{v tdshmAn{,
r"oEB, KAEdt;\ sMAo y n t
<yo moEct', i(yT, . tAn^ rA"sAn^

4
 i(y@yAhAr Z p;E'(oppE), . av@y(v  kArZmAh | \AdAE
"
iEt . `nn;, bADn  kT\ t
qA\ fE ,?' i(yt aAh, \t {," iEt .
\ayqA\ t
{v@y(vm^" iEt t
qAmyvD  sAmLyEm(yT, .
tTAfNdo vrsm;*y  . `yt ev\ hEr, EfvvrmEp aEtAtvAn^,
ato hr ry, ko nAm B;, smT,? Ekt; hErr  v', i(yT, .

a/ mAZAtrmAh | \BAgvt  c" iEt . `IfAvA-yAEdm/AZA\

yo_To v#yt aym v BAgvt_$mAdO u , . t/ c mn;, -totA,
ynAmA Ev!Z;, -t;(y, iEt -p$\ tFyt
2 . t(smAHyAnAd/AEp tyorv
"Eqd vtA(v\ Ayt', iEt BAv, . ann upEnqdo aEDkAEr, Evqy,
yojn, aEBsMbDo_Ep dEfto BvEt . mvAdFnAmEDkAErZA\ ynA,o
Ev!ZoEvqy-y mo"-y DAn-y r"oEnrsn-yADAn-y c
yojn-y s
Ect(vAt^ . `ato, y; m td;pEnqdo &yAHyAn\,
ghnAT(vA*' | iEt .

vA..- \b}AdFnAmAAnm;(pt" i(y/ `aAlocn 

svEvqykAnvto b}Z,, kTmAAnm^?' | iEt
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vAhto En(y-y mnovE)!pAn-yAEn(y(v n p
vp
vAn
u(pE)kAl  u)ro)rAn-yAA(vAv0yMBAvA* . b}AEdq;
BvEdEt EyA@yAhAr,, l#MyA\ t; -p$FBvEdEt EyA@yAhAr iEt
BAvnA_h \yTAyo`ym^" iEt . \aEvEdtAqQCd" i(y/
\aAq"pd n "EqsMbD, kLyt  . \b}AZpdoplE"tATAnm^"
i(y/ b}AZpd\ Eh s\EhtAyA$FkAvAckm^ . VFkA c `aTAno(pAdnAy
(yto
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i(y/ BAvDAno End f, . -TAZ;\ -TAZ;(vEm(yT, . \gt"pd
n
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2
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mAdO" a
m-yA@yAy  . \a/" iEt \-vAyMB;vo mn;r^
et
{ m
/
{ r^" i(y; AT
. nn; BAgvt  \aA(mAvA-yEmd\ sv
m^"
(BA.p;. 8.1.10) i(yAEdnA IfAvA-yAEdm/AT
kTn  _Ep -vAyMB;vo
mn; y\ t;
v  (yT
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 tt^? `t/ mAZAtrm^' i(yt
aAh | \t/ c" iEt . \Evr , kAmBog  q; ft!pApEt,
B;, . t=ymAn-tmA GorEmdmvAh BArt" (BA.p;. 8.1.7)
iEt mno-tot(vm^ . \aAHyA-y  BgvAn^ yo yQkAr k;!h"
(BA.p;. 8.1.6) i(yAEdnA y-y -t;(y(v\ -p
\ tFyt iEt @y  ym^
| Fmd;pyAcAy
Efy FFEnvAsAcAy
kt\ &yAHyAnm^

5
 (a
A. 3.1.85) iEt vcnAt^, `mFyt  vA Em}yt
 vA', i(yT, .
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AgnAgtr"sAEmdAnFmAgmn  ht;scnAy \-to/\ ;(v
{v
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tddnATmAgtAnA\ anAEdv {ErZA\ r"sA\ hnn\ n -to/vZsAp "\,
iEt BAv, . Efv nAyqA\ rA"s{, v@y(vvr  d sv
qA\
vDo_Ep -yAd  v . n c svvDo d!yt  . \ato_yvD 
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a/ mno "Eq(v  y#-y dvtA(v  c mAZ\ smAHyA!pEm(yT, %

: IfAvA-yEmd^ sv\ yE(k jg(yA\ jgt^ .

n (y
t
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n, \ (y

n" d
n, \ B; FTA," .

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v yt^ .
t n
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(b}AX
)  1

j.VF.  upEd
mEp t&v\ aEDkAErZ ev Eh 'dy  avEt(t ,

nAy-y, iEt t&v\ Evv";zpEnqdEDkArEs)^yT\ EvEQC*t+Z(v\
tAvdA n m/ Z soppEk\ EvD  . t/ \IfAvA-y"pd\ d;gmAT(vAd^
&yAHyAEt | \If-y" iEt . an n `aAvAsmhtF(yAvA-y\
If-yA_vA-y\ IfAvA-ym^' i(y;\ BvEt . \jg(yAm^" i(y tt^ \pET&yAm^"
(f\.BA. 1) i(yyTAtFEtEnrAsAy &yAc
 | \jg(yAm^" iEt .
\tn" iEt prAmf-y Evqyo n tFyt  (y-y c BogsADn(vmy;mto
d;gmAT\ ttFypd\ &yAHyAEt \t
n" iEt . smAs  upsjnFBt-yAEp
If-y b;)^yA Evv knAy\ prAmf, iEt BAv, . pvADotA(pyprAmf-Ay\,
iEt #At&ym^ .

6
tt-Ay\ m/AT, | `yE(k/ jgEdd\ t(sv\ v&yT\ aA(mAn\
If-yA_vAsmhEt' iEt tAvt^ \td  vAn;AEvfd^" (t
{.u. 2.6.1) iEt
;EtEs)m^ . t n #Ayt -vyEmd\ vAvf\, prm rADFn\,
iEt . Ek\ c jg(yA\ ktAEvd\ svmAEt\, i(y tt^ \aAkAf ev
tdot\ c ot\ c" (b.u. 3.8.7) iEt ;EtEs)m^ . kEt-
prmrADFnA, \etE-mn^ KSv"r  gA`yAkAf aot- ot-"
(b.u. 3.8.11) i(yAEd;t
, . tto_Ep svm-vt/\, prm rADFn\,
iEt Ev#Ayt  . yt evmFr ev -vt/-t n kArZ  n \t
n" Ifn,
\(y n" dn Ev n | `ydQCyA lND n' iEt yAvt^, \B;3FTA," Bog\
k;yA, . yt- IfAdyd-vt/\ t n t-y dAn  sAmLyABAvAt^ \k-yE-vt^"
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m/AT-TApnAy -mEtsmAHyAmAh \-vt" iEt . -vt,

v&yf(vAd 
vd\ jgt^ vy \IfAvA-ym^" . ayTA,
t* -yAt^? at IfAvA-y(vAt^ -vt, v&yfmFfADFnm^ .
Ek\ c y-mAEdd\ kEtg\ y-mA4 Ev+Z;, ktFr-tto_Ep .
y-mAd vm;kAr Z tdDFn-v!p(vAt^ sv\ Ev\ tdFym
v,
at-t5 n{v \B;3FTA," . at,, `prmrAdy\ n
yAct BvAn^' | i(yT, % 1%

vA..% yEp t n
fAvA-yEm(y/o  n \Ifn" iEt prAmfo
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yEp \t(s
^vA td  vAn;AEvfd^" (t
{.u. 2.6.1) iEt ;tO
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iEt BAv, . a&yAktAkAf-y k(yA(mk(vAt^ kEt-vAEmk(vAt^
\aAkAf ev tdot\ ot\ c" (b.u. 3.8.7) iEt ;tO
\aAkAf"pd  n kEtr voQyt, iEt BAv, . \nAy\
yAcy d^" iEt BA+y
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iEt B}mEnvArZAy, \-vAETko EZj^" iEt BAv no\ |
\n yAc t BvAn^" iEt .

ayTA En&ylFkv{rA`yABAvs7At^ . \mA gD, k-yE-v)nm^"

iEt ml;EtEvroDA4 % 1%

7
 k;v

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| iEt nArdFy
 2

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yj^ \EjjFEvq t^", jFEvt;EmQC
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#AnAEDkArF s BvEt', iEt yAvt^ . it, kmkrZAt^ . ayTA
\km n El=yt" iEt nAE-t . Bgv(pjAmk ; vt\ pApAEn bADt
ev . tt-AsO #An  nAEDE9yt, af;)Ec(vAt^ . at,, kmAEZ
kAyAEZ | iEt .

apr &yAc"t  | #AEnn, svkm(yAg, pvm/ Z EvEht, .

yTA \IfA" IEf/A prm r
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n k-yAEp . `ato EmLyAEvqy  b;E)\ mA kAqF,', iEt . `y-t;
nrmA/o_Sp#-t\ Et kmAnn m/Z uQyt ' | iEt .

tdn;pp*m^ | `a#v>#AEnno_Ep Bgvt^ pjA(mk-vkmAkrZ

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ps:Av
n

8
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n aAh, \a#-y" iEt .
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k+ZopA-(ykrZEnEmpAp n' iEt fq, . yto <Aso Bv d^, ato
mo"Qy;Et!pl prEht_Ep #AEnEn kmlp, -yAd
 v . `yt evm;Byol
po_to
8A<yAmEp sA k+ZopAE-t, kAy {v' | i(yT, .

as7t\ c t-y fAQCA(vkTnm^ . n Eh tt^ kmAkrZ  ht;,?

tTA sEt, a#-yAEp t(s7  n urm/EvroDAt^ . IfAvA-y(v
#Anopl"Zp" _Ep as7Etr  v . n Eh `jgd^ IfAvA-ym^ iEt
jAntA, km n kAym^', iEt Enymo_E-t? `a8 { t#Anmn
n
uplE"tm^' iEt c t^? n, EvroDAt^ . En Eh aAQCAA_QCAdkyor^
aBdo d
pv, . svmpFfAvA-ym7Fk;vtA_v!y\ \jgtF"pd-y
svopl"Z(vm7Fkt&ym^ . tto vr\ kEtvAck(vg}hZm v,
svATlABAt^ . n c t(p"  a-yopyogo_E-t . \B;3FTA" i(y-y
pAlnATtAyAmA(mn pdEvroD, . DnEmLyA(v\ c (y"AEdEvz)m^
| iEt % 2%

vA..% \n Ag;rAEZ kmAEZ pApAEn bADt" i(y-y

`EnrtrBgv(pjAyA aEp sklpApAyE-!p(vAd ^ ' iEt BAv, .
\n Eh jgdFfAvA-yEmEt jAntA" i(y/ rA/O tmsA_E=
EhmAyA c jgt aAQCA(v\ jAntA_Ep s@yAvdnAEdkmkrZ
dfnAd^, iEt BAv, . \a8 { t#Anmnnopl#yt" i(ytdEp
n ktopyoEg . a8 { t#AnvtA mAyAvAEdnA aAcAy
Z{v jpAEdkmZA\
E9ymAZ(vAt^ . a7Fk(y dqZAtrmAh | \n Eh" iEt .
\n c t(p" _-yopyogo_E-t" i(y-y IfAQCA-vgAT\
t
{rEp y#Ad  , E9ymAZ(vAEdEt BAv, . \B;jo_nvn" (a
A. 1.3.36)
i(yvnAT  aA(mn pdEnq
DAEdEt BAv
nAh \aA(mn
pdEvroD" iEt .

Ek\ c `IfA IEf/A aAQCA\ jgd^' iEt c n mAyAvAEdnA v;\

f?t , `Iro mAyyA aEvmAnm v jg5fyEt' iEt Eh tmtm^ .
kTmyTA d!y(v n EmLyA(v\ vd  t^? aEp c r"sA rsAt@
aAQCAEdtjgt, vrAh!EpZA BgvtA aAQCAdkjlAd;)(y
kAEft(vA4 kTmFfAQCA(vm^? \tm v BAtmn;BAEt
svm^" (
.u. 6.14, m;.u. 2.2.11) iEt c t(p", . ato_Ep
n
fAQCA(vm^ .

9
Ek\ c |

\ydAEd(ygt\ t
jo jg:Asyt_EKlm^ .
y4dUmEs y4A`nO t jo EvE) mAmkm^" %
(B.gF. 15.12)

| iEt gFtAyA\ jgdFf

n k+Z
n{vo(vAt^, kTmFfAQCA\
jgt^? ato \yE(kE/d^" ett^ .

(y;t \td&ymAh Eh" (b}.s. 3.2.23), \ydd !ymg

U }AVm^"
(m;.u. 1.1.6), \ad!y(vAEdg;Zko Dmo
 ," (b}.s. 1.2.21),
\mAyAyvEnkAQC*mEhW  b}YZ nm,"
i(yAEd;Et-mEt<y,, -vmt  b}Y
{v aAQCAm^ . b}YZo
jgdAropAED(An(vA7FkArA4 -vE9yyA b}Y {v aAQCAm^ .
ev\ c IfAQCA(v n (yAg
 b}YZ ev (yAgs7,, n t;
kmZ, . ato_Ep -vA#AnEvjEMBtm vd\ &yAHyAnm^ .

aEp c jgdFfAQCA\ c t^ km k;t, (yA>ym^? `kmZo_Ep

jgdt,pAEt(vAd^' iEt c t^ tEh mo"sADnmnovE!p
apro"#An-yAEp tt evop #y(v\ -yAt^? Ek\ c idUvA\vAEd!ptyA
mhA#AEnEB, pA]Xv {rv mhtA y^ n rAjsyAm
DAEdkmZA\
kt(vA(kT\ #AEnnA km (yA>ym^? Ek\ c mhA#AEnn\ pAT\
Et \km]y
vAEDkAr-t  mA Plq; kdAcn" (B.gF. 2.47)
iEt Env!pkm]y v #AEnn evAEDkAr-yo(vAt^ . an n{v
`_Ect^ kmZA\ (yA>y(voE, kAMykmZAm v' iEt sEctm^ |

\Enyt-y t; s*^yAs, kmZo noppt

 .
mohAt^ t-y pEr(yAg, tAms, pErkFEtt," %

(B.gF.18.7) iEt s@yAvdnAEdkmZAm(yA>y(v-y {v BgvtA

kTnA4 . \pAly TA" i(y/ pAlnEvqytyA km c
n pr
 Z v;\ f?m^ . IfAQCAskljgtAm; p"Z
 sEt
aA(m
{v V;vErt, ev c -vA(mAnm v (v\ pAly
TA i(y;\ -yAt^?
t4 ktkmBAvEvroDAE*(y-yA(mn, pASy(vAyogA4
ay;m^ . ato, `mkV, -vkrgtr^mAlAyA iv upEnqdAmpkt {v
pro, n &yAktA' iEt y;m;(p!yAm, % 2%

10
 as;yA nAm t  lokA aD
 n tmsA__vtA, .
tA ^ -t
 (yAEBgQCEt y
 k cA(mhno jnA,  3
s;; rmZEvz(vAd^, as;rAZA\ A=y(vA \ as;yA
," .
\ n c (Kl; ) rm (yho asd ; pAsnyA__(mhn," (BA.p;. 10.94.24)
3

i(y;(vAt^ .

\mhAd;,K
{kh t;(vAt^ A=y(vAds;{r-tTA .
as;yA
nAm t
 lokA-tAn^ yAE t Evm;KA hrO" 

| iEt vAmn
 .

\ y
 k c" i(yn n Enym u, .
\ Enym n tmo yAE t sv

_Ep Evm;KA hrO (hr
 ,)" iEt c  3

j.VF.  ev\ AAEDkAr\ Et prmA(mtvb;B;(sAjnnAy \as;yA"

iEt m/
Z aprmA(mEvdA\ EndA Eyt
. t/ \as;yA" i(y-y vZEvpyy

Z
`as;yA, sykAfhFnA' iEt ayTAtFEtEnrAsAy aTmAh |
\s;; rmZ" iEt . `s;; rmZ\ s;K\ s;y\, tEzmhAd;,K(vAds;yA',
i(yT, . `as;rAZA\ A=y(vAd^' i(yn

n skls;KrAEh(ym;pl#yt
.
`k;to_y\ \as;y"pdAT?' i(yt aAh, \n c" iEt . etm
v
m/\ mlFk(y v

_E-mn^ vA
\as;y"pdATvZn\
\n c rmEt" (BA.p;. 10.94.24) iEt Eyt
. t/ \c"fNd
n
mhAd;,Kmn;BvtF(y
qo_T, sm;Fyt
. mhAd;,Ks;KABAvprtA a-y
pd-yo &yAHyAn ev sMBvEt, nAyTA, iEt BAv, . `aA(mno En(y(v
n
hnnAsMBvAt^ t/ anTkTnmy; m^', i(y
tdEp an
n pEr"tm^,
\asd;pAsnyA aA(mhn" iEt &yAHyAt(vAt^ . `EvprFt\ BAvytA Eh
t#ATA(My\ Etr-ktm^' iEt t-y gO$yA vyA aA(mht(vm^ . -p%\
cA/ mAZmAh | \mhAd;,K" iEt . \Evm;KA hrO" iEt smAHyyA a/
`aA(mfNdo hErpr' iEt co \ BvEt .

tTA c | `En(yf;b;m; -v!pmA(mAn\ jFv\ y

EvprFt\ Etp#t

3
\nc rm
(yho" iEt . pAW, . yEp BAgvttA(pyVFkAEdsMmt,
pAWo_ym

vEt BAEt . v
s; ;(vAy c nKESv(y v pAW, sADFyAn^ BvEt .
sdfA"r\ Eh nk; Vkm^ . | b goEv
dAcAy,
(BAgvttA(pyEnZy k
t\ &yAHyAn\ p
. 37 d&ym^)

11
 t

aA(mhn' iEt ap&yAHyAnm
v . \t
lokA" iEt tQCNd, EsEotk, .
`y

t
EsA, tAn^ yAE
t', i(yT, . `y

aA(mhn-t

kcn tAn^ lokAn^
aEBgQCE
t
kcn n' iEt a
yTAtFEtEnrAsAy aAh | \y

k c" iEt .
`y


k cA(mhn,, t
sv

_Ep i(y

v\ Enymprm



vd\, n t; ukAr
Z EvBAgprm^',
i(yT, . k;t,? i(yt aAh | \Enym
n" iEt . `Enym
n

(y-y{v
EvvrZ\ sv
_Ep', iEt . a
DytFEt \a
Dm^" . `aEtEnEbXA
DkArAvtA',
i(yT, . \
(y" m(vA . ev\ udAtvcnEvroDAd
v `
dvAEdfrFrAEZ
as;yA lokA' iEt &yAHyAnmy;m
v | iEt  3

vA.. ;EtgFtA Eh kAEt^ ;Et\ mlFk(y vtt

. \n c rmE
t"
iEt c ;EtgFtAvAm^ . at, \ev {tm
v m
/\ mlFk(y" i(y;m^ .
\y


k c aA(mhn-t
sv

_Ep" i(y/ `y, ko_Ep b}AZo_E-mn^ g}Am

nAE-t' i(y;
, Enym
n b}AZABAv-y Es(vAd^ iEt BAv, . \

dvAEdfrFrAEZ"
i(y-y -TAn
`ad

vAEdfrFrAEZ' iEt
yAym^ . tTA c `ad
vAEdfrFrAEZ'
i(y-y s;ryo`yA lokA,
dhA, s;yA, . `t
n Bv
tF(ys;yA, ad
vAEdd

hA,
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tEpfAcAEdfrFrAEZ', iEt yAvt^ . \aAEd"pd
n tAmsyo
y
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. \asy"pdfEl<yo_Ep aym
vAT, . sEt c {v\
s;rAZAm=ys;r(vmEB
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(f\. BA. 3) iEt prBA$y\ -v-v!pdfnprm
v, iEt avg
t&ym^  3

an

jd

k\ mnso jvFyo n
{ n

vA aA;vpv mq t^ .
tAvto_yAn(y

Et EtE-mpo mAtErA dDAEt  4
\ an

jEBy(vAt^ td

k\ ADAyt-tTA .
sMyg^ At;mf (vAdgMy\ tt^ s;{rrEp .
-vy\ t; svAn;gmAt^ (svAngmt^) pvm
v -vBAvt, .
aEc(yfEt {v svg(vA tt^ prm^ .
dvto_(y
Et sEtt^ tE-mn^ kmAyDAmzt^ .
mAz(y
v yt
A svA tA\ hry

_py

t^" 

| iEt b
}AX

. \ q An

"  4

j.VF.  ev\ Env&kmZA, Evf;Afy-y {EhkAm;E$mkAf
qEvqy

<yo
&yAv&-y I'rt(vb;B;(sAvt,, `ko_sAvA(mA, yE"prFtopAsn\
as;ylokAE)sADn\ -yAd^?' i(yp

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f, E+yt
,
\ an

jd^" i(yAEdnA . t/A\ m
/m
yTAtFEtEnrAsAy -m(y {v &yAc,

|

12
 \ an
jd^" iEt . t(prmA(m-v!p\ EnBy(vAd
v \an
jd^" akMpmAnm^ .
n t; EnE$+y(vAt^ . ADA
yt ev c {k\, n t; E"tFyv-t;rEht(vAt^ .
\ tTA"fNdo Evf
qZsm;/y
. \mnso"_Ep \jvFyo"
vgv&rm^ .
mno Eh
vgv(EssMy`0At;mf(vAd
v \n
{n1
vA aA2;vAn^" iEt
t(s;{rrEp agMym;Qyt
, n t; svTA agocr(vAt^ . \pvmqd^" i(y-y
&yAHyAn\ \-vy\ t; svAn^" iEt . \agmd^" &yjAnAt^ . \pvm
v"
i(yn;vAd
n \-vBAvt" iEt EvvrZ\ aEc
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t(pr\ b} sE
t4t^ d5vto_
yAn^ a(y
Et uQyt
. n t; a
y-y kESpt(vAt^ .
\ ap" i(y-y &yAHyAn\ \ kmAEZ" iEt . aAsm
tAt^ pAlyE
t, iEt
kmA6yAp, | `sv {, E+ymAZAEn kmAEZ tE-m7EptvAn^' i(yT, .
` a
ykmAEZ kT\ mAtEr'A apy
d^?' i(yt aAh | \mAzEt" iEt .
` yt, svA c
,A mzt^
rZyo(p7(vAt^ mAztF, at, tA\ hry
hrO
apy
Ed(y;m^' i(yT, . \aqd^" i(y
tt^ \agmd^" iEt &yAHyAtm^ .
t
mlBt\ DAt;s/mEp pWEt, \8q 0An" iEt4 . \an
jd^" i(yAd
,
EnE$+y(vATkSpn
\mnso jvFy" i(yAEdEvroD3 . n c
sopAEDkEnzpAEDk(v
n &yv-TA, m;HyATsMBv
am;HyATAyogAt^ .
-vDAn
b}EZ
vdA
tAnA\ tA(pyAd/ -v!pkTnmA/
Z vApErsmAE),  4

vA.. \agm"^yjAnAd^" i(y/ `g(yTAnA\ 0AnAT(vAd^'

iEt BAv, . \aEc
(yfEt" iEt vdtA BA$ykAr
Z `a/ {v
E-Tt-y an
t!pg}hZfEs:AvA/ ek
n !p
Z Et4t !pA
tr
Z
d5vto_(y

Et' iEt g(y
tr\ sEctm^ | \ap i(y-y &yAHyAn\
kmAEZ iEt" . \kmAEZ" i(y/ svkmZAm
t
k$ZApZb;^yA
apA\ dFymAn(vAt^ EfKAg}hZ

n EfEKnAmAkqvd^ \ap^"pd
n
svkmZAm;pl"ZAm^, iEt BAv, . \etAdf\ b}opAsFt"
i(yAEd0A/p
E"tE+yAnEBDAnAt^, \-vDAn
b}EZ" i(y;m^ .
aAgm-y -vy\ mAZ(vAd^ \aEp"fNd, . DAt;s /pWn
4
 gm  A nAT (v\
n Ay t? \sMyg^At;mf(vAd^" iEt p v vAAT pyA locnyA
t>AnsMBv  _Ep `EtpEgOrvsAd^' iEt BAykto BAv, -P;V(vA
vEZ t, iEt bo@ym^ . yEp kAEfkAyA\ \qFgtO" iEt DAt;\ pEW(vA, \IEdvAd v
Eh  i(yAdO aFEdto EnAyAm^" iEt EnAyA aEnV^(vm;m^ . DAt;pAW  _Ep
\qFgtO" iEt IEdv  n g(yT k ev DAt;, pW^yt  , n t; \q An" iEt .
tTAEp g(yT -y qt  A nAT (vm;An;bD(v\ c aEB  (y BAy
 \q An"
iEt DAt;, pEWt iEt d&ym^ . yd^ vA sv BAykt^yogAn;sAr  Z \q An"
i(yEp DAt;rE-t, iEt At&ym^ . | !FmdG;nATtFT EvrEctA
IfAvA-yBAyVFkAEvvEt, .

13
 `sA
AEdmtF gO,', `pT;b;odrAkAro GV,' i(yAdO lOEkkvA
,
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} " (t {.u. 2.1.1) iEt OtvA
 c,
-v!pmA/En!pZ nAEp vApyvsAndfnAd^, iEt BAv,  4

td

jEt t
{ jEt t
r tEtk

.
tdtr-y sv
-y td; sv
-y bAt,  5
\ td

jEt", tt (ev) ej(yyt^ .
tt^ -vy\ n

jEt .

\ tto EbB

Et svo_Ep n EbB
Et hEr, -vym^ .
svg(vAt^ (drg(vAt^) s d
r c bA
_t smFpg," 

| iEt tvs\EhtAyAm^  5

j.VF.  urm/  \td jEt" i(y-y \td^ b} ct" iEt t;

&yAHyAn\ AypAWEvzm^ . at,, \tEB Et" i(yyTAtFEt, -yAt^?
tE rAsAy aAh | \td^" iEt . \td^" i(y&yym^ . p!MyT 
c
dm"FE#yt  . t$ jn-y Ek\ kt? t/A_h | \ayd^" iEt .
` nn; Ekm@yAhAr
 Z `td^ b} EbB
Et' i(y
vAT, Ek\ n -yAd^?'
i(yt, \t {jEt" i(y;rvAEvroDAt^ . `fAN'A Eh an;pp rATF
blvEt', iEt BAv n td^ &yAHyAEt | \tt^ -vym^", iEt .

\ t {jEt" i(y
tE E(#y(vATmEp &yAHyAt;\ f)Em(yto m/AT

smAHyAmAh | \tt" iEt . `d*r smFpt+ bA$ _t+' iEt yo>ym^  5

vA.. \AypAWEvzm^" i(y-y \td  jEt", \t jEt" i(yAEd

AypAWEvzEm(yT, . \fAN'A Eh an;pp ," i(y/ `td^b}
ejEt clEt' iEt yTA;t vAATkTn  \t jEt" i(y;rvAEvroD,
-yAt^? kMpn!p {jn-y EnBy b} .ysMBvAt^ yTAE-TtvAyojnAyA\
aT evAn;pp , . EB vAtAyA\ t; \t-mAd  jEt" iEt
b} EnEmk { jn!pAT-y an;pp/yBAvAt^ n aTAn;ppE, .
Ekt; `EkmjEt?' i(yAkAR^"AyA\ \ayd^" iEt pdA@yAhArABAv 
vAyojnAn;ppE!pA fAN' vAn;ppEErEt BAv, . \d*r bA$ _t,
smFpg" iEt yTAE-TtvAyojnAyA, pOnz)^y nAsMBvAt^ `d*r
smFpt+, bA$ _t+, iEt EB #m Z yojnA kAyA', iEt BAvno)m^
| \d* r smFpt+" iEt  5

14
 y-t; svA
EZ BtAyA(my
vAn;pyEt .
sv
Bt

q; cA(mAn\ tto n Evj;g;=st

 6
\ svg\ prmA(mAn\ sv\ c prmA(mEn .
y, py

t^ s ByABAvAA_(mAn\ go;EmQCEt" 

| iEt sOkrAyZ;Et,  6

j.VF.  \t1*r t2Etk" i(yAdO prm 3r-y svB*tAytyA

svB*tgt(vm;)m^ . t>
AnPl\ \y-t; svAEZ" iEt
m/ZoQyt  . \t/ jFv-y svB*tA(mk(vm;Qyt" iEt
ap&yAHyAnEnrAsAy m/\ ;(yA &yAc  | \svgm^" iEt .
\ svg\ prmA(mAnm^" iEt \ svB*t
q; c aA(mAnm^" i(y-yAT, .
\ sv\ c prmA(mEn" iEt p*vAD-y . \ ByABAvAd^ " iEt
\ tto n Evj;g;=st" i(ytd^ &yAHyAn-y \nA(mAn\ go5;\
iQCEt" i(y-y uppAdnm^ . aB dATtAyA\ s5Myn;ppE+  6

vA.. \svB*tAEn aA(mEn aA(m(v

n aEBp7yEt" iEt
ap&yAHyAnkt; rEBAy iEt BAv
nAh | \jFv-y svB*tA(mk(vm^"
iEt . id\ copl"Zm^ . `svB*tAEn aA(mEn -vE-mn^ jFv' iEt
yTA;tATkTnAfA aEp ekE-mn^ jFv  svjFvAnAmBAv
n
pr-yAn;pp {v .

a-mAk\ t; Ev3!p
 BgvEt svjFvAnAmAEt(vAt^ n kA_=yn;ppE, |

\b} AZmFf\ kmlAsn-T\

8qF\+ svAn;rgA\+ Ed&yAn^ .
p7yAEm dvA\-tv dv dh
svA\-tTA B*tEvf
qs9An^"  (B.gF. 11.15)

| iEt Eh -mEt,  6

15
 yE-msvA
EZ BtAyA(m
{ vABEjAnt, .
t/ ko moh, k, fok ek(vmn;pyt,  7
\ yE-mn^" prmA(mEn svBtAEn s prmA(m
{ v t/
svBt

vBt^ . ev\ svBt

v

k(v

n prmA(mAn\
\ EvjAnt," \ ko moh," ?

\ yE-mn^ svAEZ BtAEn s aA(mA svBtg, .

ev\ sv/ yo EvZ;\ py

t^ t-y EvjAnt, .
ko moh, ko_TvA fok, s EvZ;\ pygAt, (pygAdt,)" 

| iEt Ep=plAdfAKAyAm^ .

pvoAn;vAd

n fokmohABAvo EvjAnt A/oQyt

. a<yAs
svgt(v-y tA(pyotnAT,  7

j.VF.  etm/ATEvvrZATo, \yE-mn^ svAEZ" i(yy\ m/ iEt

v#yEt . t/ \yE-mn^" \aA(mEn" jFv  \svB*tAEn" s \aA(m{v"
y-y \EvjAnt," tAEn \s\v" (f\.BA. 7) i(yA'yTAtFEt
EnrAsAy m/\ &yAHyAEt | \yE-mn^" iEt . `svB*tAEn Et<Et'
iEt fq, . \t/" i(yn;vAd  n \svB*t
q;" iEt &yAHyAnm^ .
\ aB*d
^ " anAEdto vtt
 . \EvjAnt" i(y-y avyEs^yT\,
\ evm^" iEt a@yAhAr, k  t, . `ev\ svADArtyA svB*tq; prmA(mAn\
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\ an;p7yt" iEt 2yorEp &yAHyAn\ | \ EvjAnt" iEt .

`aTAtr
 sMBvEt, k;to_y\ m/AT,?' i(yt, `;(ytr
 Z &yAHyAnAd^'
iEt BAvnAh | \yE-mn^" iEt . `EvjAnt ek(v\ c', iEt f q, .

`nn; prm
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iEt . `yto
AnF Ev(Z;\ pygAt^ sMyk^ A=o(y
v, at, fokA'BAv,
t-y y;),', i(yT, .

an n \s pygAd^" i(y;rm/ATtA(pym=y;)\ BvEt .

\ ek(vm^" i(y-y pOnz) ^ y\ c, ayTA . an;vAd-y { vyLyAt^ .

16
 `n
v
v\ m
/&yAHyAn _Ep p;nzE, -yAt^, \y-t; svAEZ B tAEn"
(I.u. 6), \aA(m
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i(ynn u(vAt^, \svB t
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c \aA(m {vAB d^" i(yn
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svgt(vdfnPlm;m^ . a/ t; `Evf qto jAnt i(y v\ Pl An
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\ ek(vmn;pyt" i(yAED\ c d&ym^ . \tAvt" (I.u. 4) i(y-y

svgt(v-y \t r" (I.u. 5) i(yAEdnA p;nzQymAn(vAt^, p;nzEdoq,,
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i(yT, . \svgt(v-y" i(y;pl"Zm^ . \an jt^" (I.u. 4),
\ t% {jEt" (I.u. 5) i(yBy(v-yAEp d&ym^ & 7&

vA..& `b})gmn-y EnE"t(vAd^ agAEd(ytFt(voE,' iEt

BAvnAh | \sMyg^ A*oEt" iEt . \e+yt^ c (t;) EnE"t\ yt^
td^ (-yAd^) atFt(v n B,yt " iEt -m-Et,5 . \aA(m {vAB d^" iEt
p vAD
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i(yk(v-y {v kTnAt^ pOnz^ym^ . n c BA+y  v#ymAZrF(yA
pr ZApFd\ pOnz^ym<yAsATEmEt pErht;\ fm^ . svB tAnAm
t 
b}),y kFBAv\ vdtA_Ep pr Z
{kE-mn^ jFv  svB t{\ nA FE0yt  .
uByorEp EB%d  hA$vEQC%(v n bAEDt\ c . ev\ c bAEDt _T
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` yE-mn^ svAEZ B tAEn s aA(m {v svB t q; aB t^' i(yTA#yZAt^
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iEt sATkm^ | iEt BAv, & 7&
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vA d;AnA\ mohnAy c"  iEt nArdFy
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| iEt BAgvttA(py EnZ y  (3.3.25)

17
 s py
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s s(y\ jgd tAdE(ym v vAht, .
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Enymn
{ v ssj
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s>AnAndfFqo_sO s>AnAndbAh;k, .
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| iEt vArAh
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j.VF. !
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n \s pygAd^" iEt
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p;rAZvA n &yAHyAEt | \f;m^" iEt . `f;c\ fok\ rhEt (yjEt,
iEt f;m^' i(yT, . \En(ypZt" iEt `En(y(vpZ(vA<yAm^' i(yT, .
\v}Z sZn" i(yt, -toko v}Z, kAl nA-tok\ En(y\ g;Z
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6
f;mkAym^' iEt .pAW, . AcFnpAW
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At^ kEv,"
iEt v#ymAZEvfq{ kAvyotnAyA/ p;\Elyog, iEt &yAHy ym^
| b  goEvdAcAy
,

18
Eh Es%m^ . yto Eh b}& \f;%m^", t-mAd^ \apApEv%m^" .
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t-y fokABAvo y;, | iEt BAv, .

`yEd afrFro Ev
Z;,, n tEh t-y jg(sjnAEd uppt
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s+^yAdO frFrAvy&yEtr  kAn;EvDAndfnAt^ . n c vAQym^ f;EkAyAEmv
rjt\ prmA(mEn jgdAroEptm v, ato n frFrAp "A, iEt . bADABAv n
t(s(y(vEn'yAt^ . n c ad  h(v-y jg(s+^yAd  ' kAlB dn
&yv-TA . jg(s+^yAEdvAh-y anAnttyA Emt(vAt^ . at,,
s(yAnAntkAlFnjgd;(p,yAEdkArZ-y Ev
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`evMBto_frFro_Ep s p;zqom, s(y\ vAhto En(ymEp jg(ssj,', iEt
sMbD, . \etAdg^" iEt `s(y(vAEdnA Emtm^' i(yT, . \ssj"
i(y;pl"Zm^ . `vAhto En(y(v _Ep pvorAZA\ jgtA\ {vEcy\ sMBvEt,
tn^ nAE-t', iEt -v!pkTnm^ \anAEd" iEt . `Enym n vAh { kkArt,' iEt
vAEhZAm kkAr(v\ aEB{Et . tdn n \fAtF<y, smA<y," iEt
sMyT  &yAHyAt\ BvEt . `anAnts\v(sr  q; yATALyn,vtmAnAn^
aEp', i(yT, . afrFr-y jg(s+^yAEdEnvAhATmAh, \sAv
Ad^"
iEt . \evA. v
{vAEh" iEtvt^, \kEvEr(y v" kEvEr(y v\ pErBvEt .
`sv\ vfFkroEt' iEt \pErB,", svto vr, . `-vym v prmnp #y
BvEt' iEt \-vyMB,", sdA anyA/y, . \c"fNdO Evf qZsm;0yATO .

`nn; frFrADFn(vAt^ sjnAd

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?' i(yt aAh |
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AnAA(mkfFqAEdmAn^ BvEt .
yt evMBt-t-mA>jg(ssjA' iEt yojnA . s>
AnAA(mkEvg}hv(v\
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AEdmAhA(Mym;m^ | iEt BAv, .

apr  t; \yo_ymtFt{, m/{z aA(mA s -v n !p

Z Ek\l"Zk?"
(f\.BA. 8) i(yp
"AyAmy\ m/Em(y;^vA, \s pygAd^" i(ytdEp
aA(mEvqy\ &yAk;vt
, `s aA(mA pygAt^ &yAo_Bd^' iEt . tt^ t;
ast^, \f;m^" i(yAd , E2tFyAt-y avyABAvs!At^ . n c {tt^
TmAtm \aA(mAn" ev Evf qZ\ | El!&y(yyAt^ EvpErZAm-t;,
`agEtkA gEt,' . `-vym v sv\ BvEt, iEt -vyMB,' iEt c
\mnFqF pErB," i(ynn Evz%m^ . n c ev\EvDmA(mno En
k+\
!p\ tqAm^ | iEt 3 83

19
 vA.
. \-toko v}Z" i(y/ -toko_SptA . \EkE
mA/\ tn;-tok
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fR^, . \y  !p\ kSyAZtmm^" i(y;pEr kSyAZ!p-y v#ymAZ(vAt^ .
\ akAymv }Zm^" i(y/AEp
Aktd;Bgd  h-y
{v Enq
D, . at ev
v}ZAEdyo`yd hABAvscnAy \av}ZmAEvrm^" i(y;m^ . t-y hr ,
fokrEht(v n t\
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tEtm^" i(y;m^ . \Enym n
vAh { k
kArt" itF(y/
vAh-y {k(vAt^
t/{k
kAroE, &yTA -yAt^? at ev \
vAEhZAm^" i(y;m^ . \kEvEr(y v
fN!t" i(y; `nAmA
tr\ nAE-t' iEt B}m, -yAt^? at \ev"fNdAT\
sd"A
tmAh | \evA# v
{v" iEt . \evA# v
{vA#`nAi"7 i(y;pEnq$Aq;
\ evAEh", \ iEt"fNd-y ` ev\ Eh' i(yT u, iEt BAv, .

nn; \kEv"pd
`  n Bgvt, sAv%kTn _Ep tAEkksv%&rvt^ dhABAv
kT\ sE",? k;MBkrZ kOfl%Anvto_Ep k;MBAkAr-y h-tQC d

k;MBkt(v adfnAd^' | iEt . hr  rEp alOEkkd  hs'Av\
mAZn
dYyEt | \s>%AnAn
dfFq" iEt . \n c {v\EvDm^" i(y/ tqA\
-vym v sv\ -vy\ BvEt, iEt vAEdnAmv\EvD\ \f;)mkAymv}ZmAEvrm^"
i(yAEdno\ En*k"!p\ aE-t . mn;*ypf;p#yAEd!p q; foksEht(vAt^
skAy(vAt^ sv}Z(vAt^ AEvrEvEf"(vAt^ pApEv+(vA, . tTA c \-vyMB;"
pd n svjFvA(mk(v\ vdtA\ kT\ n pvorEvroD? | iEt BAv,  8

7
\evA

v
{ vA
`nA3i . evA
v
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v
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ZA3u . evA

v
{ vAEh
pqn^ . evA
v
{ vAEh dvA, . evA Eh fo vfF Eh fo vfA an; | \evA
v{ vA
Eh" i(y`yAEdd vtAs\vAd!p  ZomTmEtfy  nAvDAryEt . a<yAso Eh tA(pyAT, .
ev\ Eh evm vhF(yT, . \EvEnEt  t; s\vAd  EvBAgo r ev c" iEt fNdEnZy  .
at, \a`nAi" i(yAEd . evm  v Eh f, vfAnn; yTAvf\ -vt/o vtt, i(yT," .
| iEt kmEnZy  . aEDk\ t; tFkAyA\ bo@ym^ .
\evA
_3_3_3_3_v . evA
`n  . evAhFd . evA Eh pqn^ . evA Eh dvA,
: evA Eh dvA," | iEt sAmv d kOT;mfAKAyAm^ (650) c smAHyA!;Et, .

20
 a
D\ tm, EvfE
t y
 _EvAm;pAst  .
tto B
y iv t ^
 tmo y u EvAyA rtA, 9
a
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ydAh;rEvyA .
iEt f;;m DFrAZA\ y n-tEccE"r
 10
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yTopAskA y
 t; tmo_
D\ yA
(ys\fym^ .
tto_EDkEmv &y
\ yAE
t t  qAmEn
dkA, .
t-mAd^ yTA-v!p\ t; nArAyZmnAmym^ .
ayTAT-y En
dA\ c ...  9 10

j.VF.  \a
D
tm,
EvfE
t" i(yAEdm
/An^ a
tF(y
yTA
tFEtEnrAsAy
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{v &yAc" | \a
yTopAskA" iEt . `yTAvt^ prmA(m%An\ mo"sADnm^'
i(y;m^ . n kvl\ tt^ . Ek\ nAm? a
yTA%AnEn
dAsm;Ectm 
v(y
tdT
EtpAdk\
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yTA%An
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dn-y tto_EDkAnTsADn(vmA! n m
/ ZoQyt
 . t-yATo \a
yTA"
iEt . `upAskA Ev*Zo,' iEt f q, . sv/ %AnfNd-y upAsnApy
t(vAt^
&yAEm1oE, . t/ \aEv!A"pd\ EvqEyvAck\ Evqy-y a
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l"km^, i(yEB
(y `aEv!Am;pAst i(y td^ a
yTopAskA' iEt &yAHyAtm^ .
tto a
yTA%AEn
A=yAmso_EDkEmv . \iv"aTmAh, \&ym^" iEt .
\ u"fNdo_vDArZAT, . \ Ev!AyAm^" i(yn
n sMb+^yt . tn Ev!AyA\
yTAT%An ev rtA, . n t; a
yTA%AnEn
dA\ k;vE
t, i(y qo_To l<yt  .
at u\ | \t qAmEn
dkA" iEt . `tt, Ekm^?' i(yto vE, \t-mAd^" iEt .
y-mAd^ EmLyA%An tdEn
dA<yA\ tm
AE, . `En
dA\ c Ev!Ad^' iEt f q, .
\ ayTAT-y En
dAm^" iEt ayTAT%An-y En
!(vm^ | i(yT,  9

vA.
. tmEs an;BymAnd;,KAEtfy-y tto_EDkEm(yn n

{v
A
,
p;n, \iv"fNdo &yT iv BAEt, at-tdTmAh BA*ykAr, |
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v fyE
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sE$!AmjAn4t ev d;Ev!AEn
dnmEp ajAnn^ Bgvto jFv-v!p(vm;^vA
d;,KBo(v\ a%At(v\ ml-v!p
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sE$!A\ jAn4t ev d;Ev!AEn
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kvlEv!Am vopA-s
 . ev\ c Bgvd^$*y;p"k(vA>%A(vA
ktb}5h(yAvv BgvdprADo_EDk iEt doqAED\ GoqEy(vA

21
 tmomAg t\ j/;tAXn-tjn-tAXn-Ej7AQCdn-dhdAhAEdnA
bh;trd;,KAEdk\ d8v nyE
t . t\ t; n tTA nyE
t . tmEs
tto_EDkd;,KAn;Bv-y \By,"pd n
{v
A, iEt BAv,  9

j.VF.  Ek\ Evp"  anT
Arv sMy`%AnAsMyg^%AnEn

dnyo,
kt&ytA? n Et b}m, | `Ek
t; mo"Pl-yA\ft uBysA@y(vAdEp' iEt

EtpAdko \a
yd  vAh;Ev!yA" iEt E$tFym
/, . tTA Eh |
\ Ev!yA" yTAT%An n \a
yd  v" mo"{kl"Z\ Pl\
A=ymAh;, v+A, .
\ aEv!yA", ` a
yTA%AnEn
dyA c', iEt yAvt^ . a
yd  v PlmAh;ErEt
\ DFrAZA\" DFmtA\ v+vcnsMmEty;\ vcn\ \ f;1;m" .

`y
 DFrA, no_-m<y\ mo"sADn\ EvccE"r  &yAccE"r
 , t-mAd^ upp4,
sm;,y,' | iEt  10

vA.
. \aEv!yA a
yTA%AnEn
dyA" i(y/ aEv!yA
mo" {kd
 f
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rsMBvAt^ aEv!AEn
dn-y
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\ aEv!yA m(y;\ tF(vA" iEt mo"
{kd  f!pPl-y v#ymAZ(vA,
\ En
dyA" iEt pdm@yA:(y &yAHy ym^, iEt BAv, .
lOEkkD {y-y a
yojk(vAt^, \EDyA\ rtA iEt DFrA" iEt BAvnom^ |
\ DFmtAm^" iEt . t
_Ep DFrA, kSpnAf^yA nov
t iEt BAv nom^
\ v+vcnsMmEty;m^" iEt  10

EvA\ cAEvA\ c y-t  doBy^ sh .

aEvyA m(y;\ tF(vA EvyA_mtm;t
 11
\... y
 Evd;, s h (t
 Eh) s>jnA, .
t En
dyA_yTAT-y d;,KAAnAEd!EpZ, .

d;,KAAnAEds
tFZA, s;KAnAEd!EpZ, .
yTAT-y pErAnAt^ s;KAnAEd!ptAm^ .
yAE
t ...  11

j.VF.  a-y {vAT-y EvvrZATo \Ev!A\ c" iEt ttFyo

m
/, . t-y d\ &yAHyAn\ | \y  Evd;," iEt . \yTA-v!p\ t;"
i(yA!;Av8yA_
vy, . t n `\Ev!A"pd\ I&ryATA(My-y,
\ aEv!A"pd\ c a
yTA%AnEn
!(v-y, upl"Zm^' i(y;\ BvEt .

\ s h" i(y
kp;zqATh t;(v
n, i(yT, . `d;,KA%AnAEd!EpZo
ayTAT-y', iEt, t>%An-y (yT, . `ayTAT%AnEn
dyA

22
m
(y;pdoEdtd;,KAEdtrZ\ BvEt, yTATAn
n c
s;KAnAEd!ptAl"ZAm
tAE, BvEt', i(y td;ppAdnAy
`d; ,KAAnAEd!EpZo_yTAT-y s;KAnAEd!EpZo yTAT-y'
iEt Evf qZopAdAn\ k
tm^ . tTA c ;Et, | \t\ yTA yTopAst

td v BvEt" (ftpT b}A. 10.5.2.20) iEt  11

vA.. EmkAnyo, y;gpd;(pyBAvAt^ shfNdATmAh

| \ ekp;zqATtA" iEt  11

a
D\ tm, EvfE
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tto By iv t
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hr
, .
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nAFk;vEt t
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 12 13

j.VF.  `ayTAAnm v anTsADn\, yTATAnm v mo"sADnm^',

i(ytEvrZATm^, \aD\ tm, EvfEt" i(y;rm//ym^ .
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i(yT,' . \asMBEt\" jg(s
rktAr\, i(y-y tA(py\ \s
E " iEt .
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t
n sMB(yA\ \u" jg("
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i(yE-m%T  rtA i(y
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v\
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vA*f q, . `s
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\ svg;ZA(mkm^" i(y;'m^ . etd=y;pl"Zm^, ups\hAr
 aEDk-yAEp
v#ymAZ(vAt^  12

Ek\ Evp"
`  bADks,AvAd {
vt>At&ym^?' n Et b}m, | `Ekt;
mo"opyoEg(vAdEp', iEt EtpAdEyt;\ \ayd vAh;, sMBvAd^" iEt EtFyo
m/, . t/ `sMBvAt^ s
E kt
(vAnAt^, asMBvAt^

23
sMBvEvprFts\hArkt
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vA.. `n Evt sMBEty-mAd^' iEt &y;(pEmEB(yAh

| \ jg(s
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bh;m
yAZA\ En!=ymAZ(vAd^ aAED*EmEt BAv,  12 13

sMBEt\ c EvnAf\ c y-t  doBy^ sh .

EvnAfn m(y;\ tF(vA sMB(yA_mtm;t
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vd s\EtAnAd^ dhbDAd^ Evm;Qyt
.
s;KAnAEdkt(vAn\ t^yEmAv}j t^ .
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n m;AnAmEp hr , sAMy\ EvZorEBtAm^ .
{ v Ecty
n t^ t-mAd^ b}Ad
, sAMym v vA .
mAn;qAEdEvErAt\ tArtMy\ Evm;Egm^ .
tto EvZo, pro(kq\ sMyg^ A(vA Evm;Qyt " 

| iEt kOm
  14 1

j.VF.  t-y
{v EvvrZAT, \sMBEt\ c" iEt t
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t-yATo \yo  vd" iEt . pvvdAv
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` t(k
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\ s;KAnAd ^ " iEt pvvd^ y;E'scnATm^ . m/ATm;ps\hrEt, \sv" iEt .
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v#ymAZ n avy, . `Ev$ZorEB%tA\ m;'AnAm^' i(yn;vtt  . b}3Ad ,
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an;kqZAT, . \mAn;qAEd" i(y/ \jAnFyAd^" i(yn;vtt  . tto
m;'Am;'gZA-mAd^ iEt prAm
\ ht;\ dfyEt | \sMyg^" iEt .

kEcd^ \aEvA"pd\ kmvAck\ m(vA, `ek { kEndyA mo" AnkmZo,

sm;4y-y EtpAdkmAm//ym^' iEt myt  . ay t; \EvA"pd\
dvtAAn-y vAck\ m(vA, `-vgAdO t-y kmZA sm;4y\ EtpAdytFdm^'
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u(pyn;(pEm(pr(v n (u(pyn;ppEm(pr(v n) Ehr5ygBk
EtvAck(v\
g
hF(vA, td;pAsnyo, s(ylokAEdAO sm;4y-y EtpAdkm^, iEt Etp%A, .

24
td
 tdp&yAHyAnm^, p;rAZvA*
n{v ayTA &yAHyAt(vAt^ .

\ nAy, pTA" (7 .u. 3.8, t

{.aA. 3.12.17) i(yAEd;EtEvz2: sm;4yp", .
`
kvlkEmZo_Ep aEDk, kvlAEnn, s\sAr' iEt c \kAmkAr Z c{k"
(b
}.s. 3.4.15) i(yAEdEvz2m^ . aA(mAnEn;AyA ev a/ upmAEdEB,
EnZFt(vAd^, dvtAAnkmZo, sm;4y: n krZAn;g;Z, . \k;v% v" (I.u. 2)
iEt m/-yAEp Env
kmEvqytyA &yAHyAt(vAt^ . \sMBEt\ c EvnAf\ c"
i(y/, `k;to_y\ EvnAf aApAEtt,?' iEt Ec(ym^ . `EvnAfDmk(vAd^,
EvnAfo Ehr5ygB' (f\.BA. 14) iEt c % | \sMBEt"pd n
pOnz'^yAt^ . a&yAk
to'^yBAvA4 . `akArlop n sMBEtr&yAk
tm^,
i(ypv\ &yAkrZkOflm^' i(yA-tAm^  14

vA.. \aAdO yo>ym^" i(y/ `t-mAE$Zo, i(yTkTnAy

t/AEp t-mAEd(y-yAv<yk(vAt^ ups\hAr(vApkpd-yA/AdfnAt^
aAdAvEp yo>ym^' , iEt BAv, . \a&yAk
to'^yBAvAt^" i(y/
Ag^ \asMBEt"pd n, `n Evt sMBEt, y-yA' iEt
\ asMBEt"pd
 n k
Etm;'^vA idAnF\ t(-TAn y;' \EvnAf"pd
n
Ehr5ygBo'O k
EtvAckpdABAvAd^, iEt BAv, . \akArlop n"
i(y/ \sMBEt"pd akAr" p\ k
(vA k
EtmEBDAy, p;n,
t=op sEt \sMBEt"pdmA/m;vErtm^, iEt &yAHyAn-y
Es2&yAkrZ  an;fAsnABAvAd^ \apv\ &yAkrZkOflm^"
i(y;'m^ .

yEp EnzE'mA/  vZnAfAEdkm;'\, tTA_Ep -vApE"tlOEkkyog

q;
vZnAfAd
 , kTn
 `GV'pdmGVvAck\ `pV'pd\ apVvAck\
`e
*'pd\ cAn{*vAck\ -yAd^, iEt sv&yvhAr
 q; s>rs),
| iEt BAv,  14

Ehrmy n pA/
 Z s(y-yAEpEht\ m;Km^ .
tt^ (v\ pqpAvZ; s(yDmAy dy
 15
\ pA/\ Ehr"my\ s#ym"Xl\ sm;dAtm^ .
EvZo, s(y-y t {
nv svdA_EpEht\ m;Km^ .
t$; p#Z(vt, p#qA EvZ;dfyEt -vym^ .
s(yDmAy BAy ...  15

j.VF.  ev\ AAEDkAr\ Ef$y\ Et prmA(m-v!p\ En!=y `t(sA"A(kAro

25
 mo"sADnm^' iEt atFtg}T nom^8 . s c IrsA"A(kAro n
vZAEdmA/ Z
BvEt . nAEp mo", sA"A(kArmA/ Z . Ekt; Bgvt^ sAdAd 
v(yto_n;Et

vZAEdk  nAEp sA"A(kArAT\ AsA"A(kAr
 ZAEp c mo"AT\, yTA Bgv(ATn\
kAy\ . t(kArdfnATo \Ehrmy n pA/Z" i(yA;ro g}T, .

` t/ sg;Zb}AyTm
kEqBEtfNdAEBD
ymAEd(y\ Et mAgyAcnmn n
Eyt" i(yAyTAtFEtEnrAsAy td^ &yAHyAn!pA\ -mEt\ tAvd;dAhrEt |
\ pA/m^" iEt . \ s(y-y" i(yn \ EvZo," iEt &yAHyAtm^ . \ m;Km^"

iEt sm-tEvg}hopl"Zm^ . yEp m/  \apAvZ;" iEt ATnm^ . a/ t;

\ dfyEt" iEt -v!pkTnm^ . tTAEp `m/tA(pymA/oEErym^' iEt
n doq, . \p;q p; O" (748.1259, 1631) i(yt, pZ(v
n \pqA"
i(y;m^ . \s(yDmAy" i(yn \BAy" iEt &yAHyAnm^ * 15*

vA..* \dfyEt iEt -v!pkTnm^" i(y/ ATnATkloVo_BAvAt^

-v!ps+FtnmA/Em(y;m^ . idm=y;pl"Zm^ . \apAvZ;" iEt pd-y
PEltkTn\ c(yEp d- &ym^ * 15*

p
q
 kq
 ym s
y AjAp(y &y
h rmFn^ .
sm
h t j, yt^ t
 !p\ kSyAZtm\ tt^ t
 pyAEm  16
\...
DAnAn!pt, .
EvZ;rk Eq 
yo ymo EnymnAEr, .
sy
, s sErgMy(vAt^
AjAp(y,
jApt, .
EvfqZ{ v gMy(vAt^ ...  16

j.VF.  \ek"fNd-y DAnvAck(vAt^, \.q /An" i(yt0

DAn/An!p(vt \ekEq," i(y;m^ . ADAy\ c /An-y svEvqy(vAEdnA
/At&ym^ . `EnymnAt^ sv-y' iEt f q, . \sy, s sErgMy(vAd^" i(yn
n
\ sEr"fNdoppd-y \ y
 !pm^" idEm(y;\ BvEt . `jApt ,
EhrygB-yAy\ AjAp(y' i(yEBsDAy sMbDo dEft, | \jApt ,
gMy(vAd^" iEt . tEh \sym^" i(yn
n gtAT(vm^, i(yt um^ |
\ Evfq
Z{v" iEt . etn \jApt rp(ym^" (f\.BA. 16) iEt &yAHyAn\
Enr-t\ BvEt * 16*

vA..* \ svEvqy(vAEdnA" i(y/ `EnrvEDksvEvqy(v

n', i(yT, .
8
\atFtg}T nom^" iEt \y-t; svAEZ B tAEn aA(my
 vAn;pyEt"
i(yAtFtg}T
 n i(yT, | FrG;nATtFTEvrEctA EvvEt,

26
 \sErfNdoppd-y" i(y/ Enz(vAEdkArlop, . ayTA `sEry,'
iEt -yAd^? iEt /
ym^ * 16*

yo_sAvsO p;zq, so_hmE-m  17

\... ah\ cAsAvh
 yt, .
aE-m En(yAE-ttAmAnAt^ sv
jFv  q; s\E-Tt, .
-vy\ t; sv
jFv
 <yo &yEtEr, pro hEr, .
s t;A
n!p(vAdE`nr
Z  tt," 

| iEt b
}AX
 .

` s(y\ b
} dy
 DAryEt', iEt s(yDmA
.
\ eko_sOfNd,
AZ
 E-Tt" iEt  17

j.VF.  \ah yt,", ah  y(vt, . `n hFyt, iEt ahm^' i(yT, .

\En(yAE-ttAmAnAd ^ " iEt En(ys2vn Emt(vAEd(yT, . an
n \as B;Ev",
\ mAR
^ mAn" i(ytyoErd\ !pm^, i(y;\ BvEt . \ahmE-m"fNdo(v _Ep
n jFv{3\ hr
 rAf+nFyEm(yAh | \-vy\ t;" iEt . svjFv <yo
&yEtEro_Ep ah  y(vAEdyogn{v \ahmE-m"fNdA<yAm;Qyt i(yT, .

et
n | \nAh\ (vA\ B(yvAc  Ek\ nAm yo_sAvAEd(y  p;zq, so_hmE-m"
(f\. BA. 17) i(yp&yAHyAn\ i(y;\ BvEt . \ ahmE-m" fNdAEBD y(v

hr
 m EtEnymo_Ep aE-t, i(yAh | \svjFv q;" iEt . `upAsk q;'
i(yT, . upl"Z\ c {tt^ . \pqA"_EdfNd { rEp aAEd(yAtgt evoQyt .
aEDkAEryo`ytAB dn Kl; nAnAtFk q; BgvdApro#ym/ ALyt  .

t;mEtmnFq
(yEBDAnAt^ \s t;/An!p(vAd^" i(y;m^ .
` a7\ frFrmDAn\ jg8A nyEt, iEt aE`n,' i(yT, . ev\
p;rAZvA3n tA(pyto &yAHyAtAn^ m/An^ idAnF\ -vvA3
n Evfdyn^
\ s(yDm"pd\ kT\ B-y vAckm^? i(yt, tE9vE | \s(ym^" iEt .
` B uQyt' iEt f q, . a/ \s(y\ b} DAryEt, iEt s(yDmA"
i(y; kTmnADAr\ b}Ay\ DAryEt?' | iEt f+A -yAt^, tE9v2yT\
` :dy DAryEt' i(y;m^ . :dy
 b}DArZ\ c aAdrn {rtyop
t\
y;^yAnAEdkm v . `t< B-y {v sMBvEt', iEt BAv, .

s(y-y c \yTABt-y Dm-y an;AtA" (f\. BA. 15) iEt &yAHyAn



27
\ s(y-yAEpEhtm^" iEt ktpEr(yAgo doq, * 17*

tt0AymT, |

`EhrmyEmv Ehrmy\ >yoEtmym^', `EpbEt rsAn^ /Ayt

 c jgd^',
iEt pA/m^ . tn \Ehrmy n pA/
Z" symXl
n . \s(y-y" s>;ZpZ-y
aAEd(ymXlAtgt-y tv \m;Km^", \EpEhtm^" aE-t . h pqn^,
t8p;, (v\ \s(yDmAy" (vE8qy@yAnAEdmt m@\ \d y" | mm
(vCfnEs;^yTm^, iEt yAvt^ . \apAvZ;" apgtAvrZ\ k;z * K\. 15*

h \pqn^, ekq
 ym sy AjAp(y" mdFyAn^ \rGmFn^" \&yh" .
t
j0 \smh" | -v!p\ bA@\ c mdFy/An\ Ev-tAry, iEt
yAvt^ . tTA c, \y  !p\ kSyAZtm\, t" sAdAdh\ \pGyAEm",
iEt . aAEd(yrGMyAdFnA\ apgmnAEdnA tdtgtb}tF(ysMBvAt^,
aAEd(yrGMyAEdEvqy\ &yAHyAn\ n y;m^ * K\. 16*

\ yo_sAvsO p;zq" i(y/ E8r^ \asO" iEt EkmTm^? i(yt aAh |

\ ek" iEt . asO fNdo_sAEvEt fNd, . `iEt vE' iEt f q, .
` ys;, AZ, tE-mn^' i(yT, -yAt^, tEh
 a-yAvyo nAE-t .
EyAp"(vAt^ aEDkrZ-y (yt, EyA@yAhAr ZAvy\ dfyEt | E-Tt" iEt .
` asAvsO iEt vF=sATtyA Ek\ n &yAHyAyt?' iEt c 9 | ev\
&yAHyAn, AZAHytFkAtr-yAEp uElABAt^ . ek  nAEp fNd
 n vF=sAEs;
,
(vF=sA alABAt^) . tTA c `yo_sO Es;o_sO AZ  E-Tt, p;zq,
s ev ah  y(vEn(ysAmAnA<yAmhmE-mfNdAEBD y, t\ c pGyAEm'
iEt vA3AT, . aT vA, pqAEdfNd { , upl"ZyA AZAn ktFk-T(v\
EvZozm^, t/ B df+AyAEmdmAh . `svtFk  q; E-Tt,,
ek ev', i(yT, * K\. 17*

vA..* \so_hm-mF(yp&yAHyAnm^" i(y/ evmB dprtyA

&yAHyAn jFvb}Zor { 3mkE-mn^ ALyATkBAvAyogAd^
y;EEvz;m^ . idAnF\ &yAvhAErkB do_E-t m;E ekA ,
uByoppEErEt t; \aE-m" iEt lVA Evz@yt , t-y
vtmAn{3EtpAdk(vAt^, \vtmAn  lV^" (a A. 3.2.123) .
etn \ah\ b}AE-m" (b.u. 1.4.10), \t2vmEs" (CA.u. 6.8.7, 6.9.4,
6.10.3, 6.11.3, 6.12.3, 6.13.3, 6.14.3, 6.15.3, 6.16.3) i(yAdAvEp
an;ppEdEftA . Ek\ c jFv-y -vd  hpAt
 sEt, y, AsEnyAmko vAy;,,
aEnl\ `akArAHy, prmA(mA Enl\ Enlyn\ aADAro y-y tdEnlm^

28
t-y vAyo, -v!p\ amtm^', iEt vAyormt(vm;^vA \tdADArtyA
aEnlm^" i(y/ akArpd  no-y tdADAr-y hr , s;trAmmt(v cATt
um^ . aT `mrZAntr\ id\ mm frFr\ B-mAt\ BvEt', iEt
-vy\ mt(vo
 0 kT\ mtAmtyo, e
3\ -yAt^?

Ag^ b}Zo \akAymv}Zm^" iEt, \f;;mpApEv;m^", iEt c

Aktd hop
tAf;;pApEv;jFv<yo {
vl"yo 0 kTmB d,?
\ y
 !p\ kSyAZtmm^" iEt \kSyAZtm"pd  n Bgvto jFv q;
asMBAEvt/AnAEdg;ZBErtAEtfoBnEd&yd  hkTnA< kTmB d,?
\ t;Avto_yAn(y Et Ett^" iEt Bgvt, svgt(v-y
antmEtg}hZAHyAEc(yf^yA ekm(yA E-Tt , bh;mEtEB0 pErto
DAv(skljFvA(yynAHyEvEc/sAmLy-y c kTnAt^ . aZ;<yo_smT <y0
jFv<yo mhAsmT-y svgt-y hr  , kTmBdo Bvt^? n Eh
k;XElnAmDFro_nt, X;X;Bo BvEt . nAEp GVo ggn\ BvEt .
aEp c t-mAd^ `ayd  jEt t9
jEt' i(y;pm ev
ByAByAHyEvz;DmkTnA< kTm ktA -yAt^?

n Eh BvEt BFzhErZEff;, YAEp ByrEhto hy", . t-mAd^

upEnqdEBmAEnnF skljgto mAtA m7[d  vtA l#mF,
\ yo n, EptA" (.`v d 10.82.30) i(yAEd
;(y;skljgE(pt;,
-vkEmt;, \fMBo, EptAmho b}EptA fADFr"
i(yAEdnA t(p;/pO/dAs(vAEdnob}AEdjFvsm;dAy {3\ kT\ b}yAt^?
Ekt; ev pvormjAnn^ EvprFt\ c jAnn^ k;vA v blFvdo vA
gdBo vA A vA kEpvA i(y tAdfEmLyA/AnAd^ d;yoEnq; ptt,
-v-y{v hFnjFv {3\ vd t^ . tTA c
;Et, | \t ih
&yAG}o vA Es\ho vA vko vA vrAho vA yd^ BvEt tdA BvEt"
(CA.u. 6.9.3, 6.10.2) . k-tEh \yo_sAvsO p;zq, so_hmE-m"
iEt vA3AT | iEt c t^, s(ym^ .

b}m, t-yATm^, sAvDAn

n
ytAm^ . uEvDyA an kEvz;DEmZo,
e3AyogAdAdO (vCDnBo(v noo yo_sO p;zq,, tdntr\
(vE8qykpjA!pEnkAmkmkt(v noo yo_sO p;zq,, tdn;
syE-TtBgvdpro"/An\ ATymAno yo_sO p;zq,, at  \a`n ny"
iEt mo"\ ATymAno yo_sO p;zq, \so_hm^" etd;pEnqdEDkArF jFv
evAE-m . (vCDnBo(vAt^ (vCfnkAm;k(vAt^ (v,
prmp;mTmo"mTymAn(vA<, n t; upEnq(EtpAd  vtA (vm
vAE-m .
dAtEtghF/o, p>ypjkyo, EfyAcAyyo, d-  dGyyo, moQymockyo,

29
aEDkAErEvqyyo0 B dAvGy sMBvAt^ i(yn;pmpdmEh\ {v jFvb}Zo,
a(ytB dAHyATEs;
 , EtvAEdno m;Km;d-Zm
v | iEt . n Eh yAcko
dErd-, yAQymAnmhArAj\ Et `(vmvAhmE-m' iEt YEcd^ b}t
?
t-mAt^, t(krZAn;kl(vAt^ a-mdFyAT ev  "AvE], aAdrZFy,, n t;
krZEvz;, prkFyo_T,, iEt sto &ymAy;mtA .

Ek\ c | \vAy;rEnlmmtm^" iEt vA3f q

 vAyo, -tymAn(vAt^,
yo_sAvsO vAyO p;zq, vAy;:Ed E-Tto nArAyZ i(yT, . so_h\
zd-AEdvds;rv DABAvAt^ zd-AEdd{
v, vA DA/A vA tn vAy;nA vA kdA_Ep
ah  y(vAdEv-mymAZ(vAEdEt yAvt^ . \ahm^" i(y;QymAn\ pr\ b},
\nAmAEn svAEZ ymAEvfEt" (BA^v y
;Et,) iEt c
;t , . tTA [y_Ep
aEvl;/Anv(v n aE-t(voplE"tsklg;ZvyA t n{v vAy;nA sdA
Emt(vAd^ \aE-m" iEt pd  nAEp uQymAn\ pr\ b} . at ev
` yo EvZ;, t-y akArvAQy-y prmA(mn, vAy;, Enl\ Enlyn\

sE9DAnpA/FBt\ !pm^' . aT jFvmrZAntrmEp \amt"

mEtrEhtm^ . `En(yAmt
Fhr  , sE9DAnAt^ jFvAnA\
mrZAv-TAyAmEp aA b}ly\ mEtrEhtm^' iEt BAv, . id\ jFvAnA\
frFr\ mrZ  sEt vAr\ vAr\ d@mAn\ \B-mAtm^" B-m
B-mFBAv, at  avsAn  y-y, tTom^, \anAvEd EhnA\
dhpAt  t-mA8Ay;dvd
 vo EvEf ," iEt BArt  .
ev\ c, dEhnA\ dhpAt
_Ep mrZABAv n svjFvom(vAt^
En(yApro"/AEn(v n hr  rEtEy(vAt^ kSyAdFnA\ vDEvD;r(v n kdA_Ep
hrO { vm;HyABAvA< vAy;tFkm v vAgAEdskltFk  <yo_Ep
aEDktm\ (aEDk\ at) ek.yAEdpdvAQy | h hr  , tE-mn^
vAyO EymAZhEr@yAnAd  , kSyAs;rktEv_ABAvAt^, t/ {v
(vAm;pA-y \y  !p\ kSyAZtm\, t  pGyAEm" iEt p vZAvy, .
at ev CdogAnAm;pEnqdEp |

\y evAy\ m;HyAZ-tm;>FTm;pAsA`Er
 t\ hAs;rA .(vA
Evd@vs;," (CA.u. 1.2.7)

| iEt EnrtrAyopAE-t\ vAyAvAh .

ev\ c upEnqdEBmAEnnF rmA hn;mdvtAr  -vopkArk\, -v>yp;/\

m;HyAZ\ mAnytF hEr\ -tOEt, i(y
kvA3tyA mnohrATAHyAmtlAB 
k, "AvAn^ EvqsMpA9
 rEt\ k;yAt^? k0 "AvAn;pEnqt^
EtpAd vtA-t;Et-tAv
 \EndAEm c EpbAEm c" iEt yAy n

30
 tmOpEnqd\ mhAp;zq\ nFctmm n jFv
n{kFBt\ vd t^? t-mA
prk t
y\ &yAHyA EktpEnqdA\ (yAHy
{vEt y;m;(pyAm, .
id\ c -votvopoln\ \dfATA, svv dq;" iEt En!pyto,
mm Ed E-T(vA mAmn;Edn\  ryt, \ayEmh s;mEt\ vAy;dvo
Evd@yAd^" (hErvAy;-t;Et 5) iEt myA -tymAn-y pvn-y g;rorv
aEBsEDEr(yn;sD ym^ .

\yTABt-y Dm-yAn;A/" i(y/opEnqd;pm \tn (y

 n" iEt
AEnn, sklkm(yAgm;^vA idAnF\ yTAE-TtDm-y an;A/  iEt kTn
-vvcnEvroD-c (yEp d&ym^ . \aAEd(yrMyAEdEvqy\ &yAHyAnm^"
i(y
td;dy
_-tsmy  c tv mt , EtbDk(vAEBmtrEmrEhtm Xl 
b}"dfns#Adn;ppm^ . sOr\ t j, \sykoEVtFkAfm^"
iEt -m t
, antsykAf<yo_Ep aEDkBgv(kAf\, sytjoEBBto
dFp, -vAEBBAvksOr\ tj iv kT\ Evz%^yAt^ . n Eh BvEt
tr"o, m gFfv, EtbDk,, Ekt; `-vA&y(vf^y {v BgvAn^
t/ n tFyt , 'vZAEdnA s, sn^ tFyt' i(y v v&ym^ .

t-mAt^ prodFErt&yAHyA ap&yAHyA ev . \ek  nAEp fNd n vF=sAEs%

 ,"
i(y/ `yo DmvAnsO vE)mAn^' i(y;(v
_Ep vF=sAPl&yAE*Es% , .
at ev ';Et, | \b}A"Zo n ht&y" i(y vAh, n t;
`yo yo b}A"Zo_sAvsO n ht&y' i(yAh . nAnA tFk  q;
-vdfn\ ATymAn-y upAsk-y + 17+

 d\ B-mAt^ frFrm^ 18
vAy;rEnlmmtmT
yE-mn^ AZ
 9 (yE-mym^) E-Tt, so_=ym t, . Ekm; pr, ?

a,, b}
{v Enlyn\ vAyo, so_Enlm^ .

\ aEtroEhtEvAnAd^ vAy;r=ym t, -m t, .
m;HyAm t, -vy\ rAm, prmA(mA snAtn," 

| iEt rAms\EhtAyAm^ .
9

AcFnpAW
Tmt(pd  n BgvAn^ . EtFy  n
AZ uQyt . yE-mn^
so_pFEt .
AZ BgvAn^ E-Tt iEt BgvAn  v
AZ-y EnlynmA y
iEt cAT
to_EvEfm^ . yA a-y EnlynEmEt Evg}h  Z
Tm&yAHyA .
a, Enlyn\ y-y  Et cATA
trm;Edt\ BvEt| b goEvdAcAy
,

31
 j.VF.  \vAy;rEnlmm tm^" i(y t/A0\ mEr1yto vAy;,
AZo_@yA(mpErQCd\ Eh(vA aEDd{ vmA(mAn\ aEnlmm t\ p2tAm^ .
`aT
d\ frFrm`nO h;t\ B-mAt\ ByAd^' iEt kEc/^yAc"t
, tdst^ .
avyMBAEvyT ATnAn;pyogAt^ . krZAdEp upp4 blFy-(vAt^ . ato,
El#&y(yyn EvBE&y(yy n (EvBE&y(yAs n) vA smAnAEDkrZAEn
etAEn pdAEn .

`nn;tEh k tAs#tAEn -y;,? \vAy;rEnlm^" iEt p;nzE, -yAd^?' i(yt

aAh | \yE-mn^" iEt . yE-mn^ vAyO ay\ prm 5r, . `so_Ep vAy;rEp
am t, Ekm; pro_m t iEt v&ym^' iEt f
q, .

nn; aE-mn^ vA0, \vAy;rm tm^" i(yvoQyt

, n t; `yE-mn^ vAyO ay\
E-Tt,' iEt, tt^ k;t, {km;(y\ l<yt
? n Eh vAyorm t(vmA/ Z
I5rAm t(vEsE%, | iEt c t^? m{vm^ . a-yAT-y \aEnl"pd  n u(vAt^ .
t(kTEm(yt, tA(pyto &yAHyAt\ tEddAnF\ EnvE, \a, b}" {v" iEt .
Enl\ Enlyn\, aA'y, . yTA ';t-y an;vAdo_y\, i(yto \aEnlm^" i(y;m^ .
ann p;nzErEp pErtA BvEt .

nn; `yE-my\ E-Tt,' i(yn

n vAy;rF5rA'y i(y;m^ . an n Envcn
n
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32
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10
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33
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34
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35
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37
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38
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39
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40
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tA aEv$A\so jnA \aA(mhn" uQyt  . t n 5A(mhnndoq Z
s\srEt t   3

y-yA__(mno hnnAdEv$A\s, s\srEt tE$pyy Z Ev$A\so jnA

m;Qyt  t nA__(mhn, . t(kFd
fmA(mt7vEm(y;Qyt ,
\an jd^" iEt . \an jd^", n ejt^ . \ej
kMpn " .
`kMpn\ cln\ -vAv-TA!Qy;Et-t$Ejt\ svd { k!pm^',
i(yT, . t8 {k\ svB&t
q; . \mns," s9SpAEdl"ZAd^
\jvFyo" jvv,rm^ . `kT\ Evzm;Qyt , D};v\
En+lEmd\ mnso jvFy, iEt c?' | n {q doq,,
EnzpA@y;pAEDm7v nopp, , . t/ EnzpAEDk  n -vn !p ZoQyt,
\an jd km^" iEt . mnso_t,krZ-y s9SpEvkSpl"Z-y
upAD rn;vtnAEdh dh-T-y mnso b}:lokAEdd&rgmn\ s9Sp n
"ZmA/A;vtF(yto mnso jEv(v\ lok  !Esm^ . `tE-mn^,
mnEs b}:lokAdFd<;t\ gQCEt sEt !Tm\ !A" ivA__(mc {ty
avBAso g
5t , ato mnso jvFy' i(yAh | \n {n=
 vA" .
otnA=  vA+";rAdFnFEd<yAyt(!k
tmA(mt7v\ nA__>;v
!A"vt, . t <yo mno jvFyo, mno&yApAr&yvEht(vAt^ aABAsmA/mEp
aA(mno n {v dvAnA\ EvqyFBvEt . y-mA>jvnAmnso_Ep p&vmqt^
p&vmv gtm^ . &yomvd^ &yAEp(vAt^ . `sv&yAEp tdA(mt7v\
svs\sArDmvEjt\ -v n EnzpAEDk  n -v!pZAEvE*ym v
sd;pAEDk
tA, svA, s\sArEvE*yA an;BvtFvAEvv EknA\ m&YAnAmn
kEmv
c !Etd  h\ !(yvBAst', i(y tdAh | \tAvto" .
d<;t\ gQCto_yAnA(mEvl"ZAmnovAEgEd<y!B
tFn(y (ytF(y gQCtFv .
ivAT -vym v dfyEt | \Etd^" iEt . -vymEvE*ym v
sEd(yT, . \tE-mn^" aA(mt7v  sEt En(yc {ty-vBAv , \mAtErA"
| `mAtytEr"  yEt gQCtFEt mAtErA' vAy;, sv!AZB
E(*yA(mko

49
ydA3yAEZ kAykrZjAtAEn yE-motAEn !otAEn c y(s&/s\k\ sv-y
jgto EvDArEyt
, s mAtErA . \ap," kmAEZ !AEZnA\ c @Al"ZAEn .
a`yAEd(ypjyAdFnA\ >vlndhn!kAfAEBvqZAEdl"ZAEn \dDAEt"
EvBjtF(yT, . DArytFEt vA . \BFqA_-mA$At, pvt "
(t
{.u. 2.8) i(yAEd3;Et<y, . svA Eh kAykArZAEdEvE*yA
En(yc{tyA(m-v!p  svA-pdB&t
 s(y
v BvtF(yT,  4

n m/AZA\ jAEmtA_-tFEt p&vm/om=yT p;nrAh \td  jEt" iEt .

tdA(mt7v\ y(!k
t\ td jEt clEt td  v c \n{jEt" -vto
n
{v clEt -vto_clm v s8ltFv (yT, . EkG \t=&r"
vqkoEVft {r=yEvd;qAm!A=y(vA=&r iv, tt^ \u" aEtk
iEt QCd, . \t$Etk  " smFp
_(ytmv Evd;qAmA(m(vA
kvl\ d&r_Etk
 c, tdtr<ytr  \a-y sv-y", \y
aA(mA svAtr" iEt 3;t , . \a-y sv-y" jgto nAm!pE*yA(mk-y
\td;" aEp \sv-y" a-y \bA5t," &yApk(vAd^,
aAkAfvErEtfys&#m(vAdt, . \!AnGn ev" iEt c
fAsnAErtr\ c  5

\y-t;" -TAvrAtAEn \aA(my vAn;p2yEt" `aA(m&yEtErAEn n p2yEt'

i(yT, . \svB&t q;" c t
)v
v \cA__(mAn\" t qAmEp
B&tAnA\ -vmA(mAnmA(m(v n, yTA_-y dh-y kAykArZsKAt-yA__(mAh\
sv!(yysAE"B&t+ tEytA \kvlo Eng; Z," (
.u. 6.11) an
n{v
-v!p ZA&yAdFnA\ -TAvrAtAnAmhm vA__(mEt svB&t
q; cA__(mAn\
EnEvfq\ y-(vn;p2yEt s tt-t-mAd  v dfnA \Evj;g;=st
" Evj;g;=sA\
G
ZA\ n kroEt . !A"-y {vAn;vAdo_ym^ . svA Eh G
ZA__(mno_yd^
d;@\ p2yto Bv(yA(mAnm vA(ytEvf;\ Enrtr\ p2yto n
G
ZAEnEm,mTAtrm-tFEt !A"m v \tto n Evj;g;=st" iEt  6

immvATmyo_Ep m/ aAh | \yE-msvAEZ B&tAEn" .

yE-mkAl yToA(mEn vA tAyv B&tAEn \svAEZ" prmATA(mdfnAd^
\aA(m
{vAB&d^" aA(m
{v s\v
,, prmATv-t; \EvjAnt-t/"
tE-mkAl t/A__(mEn vA \ko moh, k, fok,"? fok+ moh+
kAmkmbFjmjAnto BvEt, n (vA(m {k(v\ Evf;\ ggnopm\ p2yt, .
\ko moh, k, fok" iEt fokmohyorEvAkAyyorA" p
ZAsMBv!dfnAt^,
skArZ-y s\sr-y a(ytm voQC
d, !dEfto BvEt  7

`yo_ymtFt
{m/
{z aA(mA s -v
n !p
Z Ek\l"Zk?' i(yAh

50
ay\ m/, | \s pygAt^" . s yTo aA(mA \pygAt^"
pEr smtAdgAtvAnAkAfvd^ &yApF(yT, . f;*\ f;\ >yoEt)md^
dFE"mAEn(yT, . \akAym^", `afrFro El[frFrvEjt' i(yT, .
\av}Zm^" a"tm^ . \a\AEvrm^" \AvA, EfrA yE-m Evt
i(y\AEvrm^ . av}Zm\AEvrEm(yA<yA\ -T&lfrFr!Etq D, . \f;m^"
EnmlmEvAmlrEhtEmEt kArZfrFr!Etq D, . \apApEvm^"
DmADmAEdpApvEjtm^ . \f;*m^" i(yAdFEn vcA\Es p;\El[(vn
pErZyAEn \s pygAd^" i(y;p*My \kEvmnFqF" i(yAEdnA p;\El[(vn
ups\hArAt^ . \kEv," *AtdfF, svd
k^ . \nAyo_to_E-t d<@A"
i(yAEd3;t, . \mnFqF" mns IEqtA sv Ir i(yT, .
\pErB&," svqA\ py;pEr BvtFEt pErB&, . \-vyMB&,"
-vymv BvtFEt . y qAm;pEr BvEt y+opEr BvEt s sv, -vymv
BvtFEt -vyMB&, . s En(ym; Iro \yATAtLyt,"
sv(vATAtTA BAvo yATAtLy\ t-mATAB&tkmPlsADnto
aTAkt&ypdATAn^, \&ydDAd^" EvEhtvAn^, yTAn;!p\
&yBjd^, i(yT, . \fAtF<yo" En(yA<y, smA<y,
s\v(srAHy<y, !jApEt<y, i(yT,  8

a/A_ n m/Z sv {qZApEr(yAg

n AnEnoA !Tmo

vdAT, . \IfAvA-yEmd\ svm^", \mA g
D, k-yE-vd^
Dnm^" iEt . aAnA\ EjjFEvq&ZA\ AnEnA_sMBv ,
\k;v
vh kmAEZ EjjFEvqd^" iEt kmEnoA E$tFyo

vdAT, . anyo+ EnyoEvBAgo m/!dEftyob
hdAryk  _Ep
!dEft,, \so_kAmyt jAyA m  -yAd^" (b
.u. 1.4.17) i(yAEdnA
a-y kAEmn, kmAZFEt \mn evA-yA_(mA vA`jAyA" (b
.u. 1.4.17)
i(yAEdvcnAd^ a(v\ kAEm(v\ c kmEn-y EnE+tmvgMyt  .
tTA c t(Pl\ s"Asg-t )vA(mBAvnA__(m-v!pAv-TAnm^ .
jAyA qZA/y s\yAs n cA__(mEvdA\ kmEnA!AEtk&Sy n
aA(m-v!pEn { v dEftA | \Ek\ !jyA kEr)yAmo y qA\
no_ymA(mA_y\ lok" (b
.u. 4.4.22) i(yAEdnA . y  t; AnEnA,
s\yAEsn-t<yo \as;yA nAm t" i(yAEdnA_Ev$EdA$Ar  ZA__(mno
yATA(My\ \s pygAd^" i(ytdt{m/
{zpEd@m^ . `t 
5/AEDk
tA n kAEmn', iEt . tTA c  tAtrAZA\ m/opEnqEd
\a(yA3Em<y, prm\ pEv/\ !ovAc sMyg
EqsKj;@m^"
(
.u. 6.21) i(yAEd EvB>yom^ . y  t; kEmZ, kmEnA,
km k;vt ev EjjFEvqv-t <y idm;Qyt | \aD\ tm"
i(yAEd . `kT\ p;nr vmvgMyt  n t; svqAm^?' iEt

51
uQyt, akAEmn, sA@ysADnB dopmdn \yE-msvAEZ B&tAEn
aA(m{vAB&E$jAnt,, t/ ko moh, k, fok ek(vmn;p2yt" iEt
ydA(m{k(vEvAn\ t knEc(kmZA AnAtr  Z vA 5m&Y,
sm;E8cFqEt . ih t; sm;E8cFqyA_Ev$dAEdEndA E*yt  .
t/ c y-y y n sm;8y, sMBvEt yAyt,, fA-/to vA,
tEdhoQyt . y= { v\ Ev,\ dvtAEvqy\ An\ kmsMbED(v
nopy-t\,
n prmA(mAnm^ . \EvyA dvlok" (b
.u. 1.5.16) iEt p
T?Pl3vZAt^ .
tyoAnkmZoErh {{kkAn;AnEndA sm;E8cFqyA n EndApr {{
v{kk-y
p
Tk^Pl3vZAt^ . \EvyA tdArohEt", \EvyA dvlok",
\n t/ dE"ZA yAEt", \kmZA Ept
lok" (b
.u. 1.5.16) iEt . n Eh
fA-/EvEht\ EkEGd^ akt&ytAEmyAt^ . t/AD\ tmo_dfnA(mk\ tm,
!EvfEt . \k" y _EvA\ EvAyA ayA_EvA tA\ km (yT, . kmZo
EvAEvroED(vAt^ . tAmEvAmE`nho/AEdl"ZAm v kvlAm;pA-t t(prA,
sto_n;EttF(yEB!Ay, . tt-t-mAdDA(mkA,mso \B&y
iv" bh;trm  v \t
" tm, !EvfEt . \k" km Eh(vA
\y" \u" y t; EvAyAm v dvtAAn ev rtA aEBrtA,  9

t/AvAtrPlB d\ EvAkmZo, sm;8ykArZmAh, ayTA

PlvdPlvto, sEEhtyor[AE[t {v -yAEd(yT, . \ayd  v"
i(yAEd . ay(p
Tg v EvyA E*yt  PlEm(yAh;vdEt, \EvyA
dvloko", \EvyA tdArohEt" iEt 3;t , . \aydAh;rEvyA"
kmZA E*yt, \kmZA Ept
lok" iEt 3;t, . i(y v\ \f;3;m"
3;tvto vy\ \DFrAZA\" DFmtA\ vcnm^ . y aAcAyA no_-m<y\
t(km c An\ c \EvccE"r  " &yAHyAtvt-tqAmymAgm,
pArMpyAgt, i(yT,  10

yt evmto \EvA\ cAEvA\ c" dvtAAn\ km c(yT,,

\y-td^" etd^ \uBy\ sh" ek
 n p;zq
ZAn;y\ \
vd"
t-y
{v sm;8ykAErZ ev {kp;zqATsMbD, *m Z -yAEd(y;Qyt

| \aEvyA" kmZA_E`nho/AEdnA \m
(y;m^" -vABAEvk\
km An\ c m
(y;fNdvAQym;By\ \tF(vA" aEt*My \EvyA"
dvtAAnn \am
tm^" dvtA(mBAv\ \a_;t " !A>oEt .
tE am
tm;Qyt , y=
 vtA(mgmnm^  11

aD;nA &yAk
tA&yAk
topAsnyo, sm;E8cFqyA !(yk\ EndoQyt

| \aD\ tm, !EvfEt y _sMB&Etm^" sMBvn\ sMB&Et,
sA y-y kAy-y sA sMB&Et-t-yA ayA \asMB&Et," !k
Et,

52
kArZmEvA_&yAk
tAHyA tAmsMB&Etm&yAk
tAHyA\ !k
Et\ kArZmEvA\
kAmkmbFjB&tAmdfnAE(mkA\ \upAst
" y
 t
 tdn;!pm vAD\
tmo_dfnA(mk\ !EvfEt . \tt," t-mAdEp \B&yo"
bh;trEmv \tm," !EvfEt \y u sMB&(yAm^" kAyb}:EZ
EhrygBAHy
 \rtA,"  12

aD;noByozpAsnyo, sm;8ykArZmvyvPlB dmAh | \ayd  v"

iEt . ayd  v p
Tg
vA__h;, Pl\ \sMBvAt^" sMB&t
,
kAyb}:opAsnAdEZmA {yl"Z\ &yAHyAtvt, i(yT, . tTA
c, \aydAh;rsMBvAd^" asMB&t r&yAk
tAd&yAk
topAsnAd;\,
\aD\ tm, !EvfEt" iEt !k
Etly iEt c pOrAEZk { zQyt
 .
i(y
v\ \f;3;m DFrAZA\" vcn\ \y n-tE$ccE"r"
&yAk
tA&yAk
topAsnPl\ &yAHyAtvt i(yT,  13

yt evmt, sm;8y, sMB&(ysMB&(y;pAsnyoy; ev {kp;zqAT(vA8,

i(yAh | \sMB&Et\ c EvnAf\ c y-t$  doBy\ sh" .
\EvnAf
n" EvnAfo Dmo y-y kAy-y s t n DEmZA_B
dnoQyt
\EvnAf" iEt . t n td;pAsn
n an {ymDmkAmAEddoqjAt\
c \m
(y;\ tF(vA" EhrygBopAsnn 5EZmAEd!AE", Plm^ .
t
nAn{yAEdm
(y;mtF(y \asMB&(yA" a&yAk
topAsnyA_m
t\
!k
Etlyl"Zm_;t  . \sMB&Et\ c EvnAf\ c" i(y/
avZlopn End fo d<@&y,, !k
EtlyPl3;(yn;roDAt^  14

mAn;qd
{ vEv,sA@y\ Pl\ fA-/l"Z\ !k
EtlyAtm^ . etAvtF
s\sArgEt, . at, pr\ p&vo\ \aA(m {vAB&E$jAnt" iEt svA(mBAv
ev sv {qZAs\yAsAnEnAPlm^ . ev\ E$!kAr, !v
E,-
Env
E,l"Zo  vdATo_/ !kAEft, . t/ !v
E,l"Z-y  vdAT-y
EvED!Etq Dl"Z-y k
(\-y !kAfn , !v`yAt\ b}A:Zm=y;m^ .
Env
E,l"Z-y  vdAT-y !kAfn _t U@v\ b
hdArykm;py;\,
t/ Enq kAEd2mfAnAt\ km k;vE>jjFEvqo EvyA shAprb}:EvqyyA,
td;\ \EvA\ cAEvA\ c y-t$ doBy\ sh, aEvyA m
(y;\
tF(vA EvyA_m
tm_;t" iEt t/ kn mAg ZAm
t(vm_;t,
i(y;Qyt | \t,(s(ymsO s aAEd(yo y eq etE-mmXl 
p;zqo y+Ay\ dE"Z _"p;zq" (b
.u. 5.5.2) etd;By\
s(y\ b}:opAsFno yTokmk
8 y, so_tkAl  !A" sEt
aA(mAnmA(mn, !AE"$Ar\ yAct , \Ehrmyn pA/  Z" .
EhrmyEmv Ehrmy\ >yoEtmyEm(y tt^ . t n pA/ZvAEpDAnB&tn

53
\s(y-y" evA_Ed(ymXl-T-y b }:Zo \aEpEhtm^" aAQCAEdt\ \m;Km^" $Ar\
\t7vm^" 
h \p&qpAv
Z;" apsAry \s(yDmAy" tv
s(y-yopAsnA(s(y\ Dmo y-y mm so_h\ s(yDmA t-m
{ m5m^ .
aTvA, yTAB&t-y Dm-yAn;A/
 \d
@y
" tv s(yA(mn uplNDy  15

\p&qn^" iEt | h p&qn^, jgt, poqZA(p&qA rEv-tT{k

ev {qEt gQCtF(y kEq, . h \ekq" tTA sv-y
s\ymnAm, . h \ym", tTA r2mFnA\ !AZAnA\ rsAnA\ c
-vFkrZA(s&y, . h \s&y" !jAptrp(y\ !AjAp(y, . h \!AjAp(y"
\&y&h" Evgmy r2mF-vAn^ . \sm&h" ekF k;z, ups\hAr t  \t
j,"
tApk\ >yoEt, . \y, " tv \!p\ kSyAZtmm^" a(ytfoBn\,
\t," tvA__(mn, !sAdAt^ \p2yAEm"  16

EkGAh\ n t; (vA\ B
(yvAc, \yo_sAvAEd(y" mXl-To &yA|(yvyv,
\p;zq," p;zqkAr(vAt^ p&Z\ vA_n
n !AZb;^yA(mnA jg(sm-tEmEt
p;zq, p;Er fynA$A p;zq, \so_hmE-m" BvAEm  17

\vAy;," iEt aT dAnF\ mm mEr)yto vAy;, !AZo_@yA(mpErQC

d\
Eh(vA_EDd{ vtA(mAn\ svA(mk\, \aEnlm^", \am
tm^",
`s&/A(mAn\ !EtptAm^' iEt vA1f q, . El[\ cd\
Ankms\-k
tm;(*AmE(vEt d<@&ym^ . mAgyAcnsAmLyAt^ .
aTd\ frFrmgO h;t\ \B-mAtm^" B&yAt^  18

\:"iEt yTopAsn\ :!tFkA(mk(vA(s(yA(mkm`yA(mkb }:BdnoQyt

 .
h \*to" s9SpA(mk, \-mr" ymm -mt&y\ t-y kAlo_y\
!(y;pE-Tto_t, -mr{ tAvt\ kAl\ BAEvt\ \k
tm^" a`n
 -mr ymyA
bASy!B
(yn;Et\ km t8 -mr . \*to -mr k
t\ -mr"
iEt p;nvcnmAdrATm^  19

p;nry
n m/Z mAg\ yAct
 | \a`n  ny" iEt . h \a`n"
\ny" gmy \s;pTA" foBn n mAg Z . \s;pTA" iEt
EvfqZ\ dE"ZmAgEnv
7yTm^ . EnvZo_h\ dE"Z
n mAgZ
gtAgtl"Z nAto yAc (vA\ p;n, p;ngmnAgmnvEjt
n foBnn pTA
\ny" . \rAy " DnAy kmPlBogAy (yT, . \a-mAn^"
yTo DmPlEvEf@An^, \EvAEn" svAEZ h dv
vy;nAEn kmAEZ !AEn vA \Ev$An^" jAnn^ . Ek\ c \y;yoED
Evyojy" EvnAfyA-md-m,o j;h;rAZ\ k;EVl\ vGnA(mkm n, pApm^ .

54
tto vy\ Evf;A, st i@\ !A=-yAm, i(yT, . Ekt; vyEmdAnF\ t  n
f~;m pErcyA\ kt;\ \B&EyAm^" bh;trA\ \t
" \nmuEm^" nm-kArvcn\
pErcr
 m, i(yT,  20

\aEvyA m
(y;\ tF(vA EvyA_m
tm_;t", \EvnAf
n m
(y;\
tF(vA_sMB&(yA_m
tm_;t" iEt 3;(vA kEct^ s\fy\ k;vEt .
at-tErAkrZAT\ sR^"pto EvcArZA\ kEr)yAm, . t/ tAvE(k\
EnEm,, s\fy? i(y;Qyt  . \EvA"fNd n m;HyA prmA(mEv
{v
k-mA g
5t_m
t(v\ c .

nn&AyA, prmA(mEvAyA, kmZ+ EvroDA(sm;8yAn;ppE,, .

s(ym^ . EvroD-t; nAvgMyt , EvroDAEvroDyo, fA-/!mAZk(vAt^ .
yTA_EvAn;An\ EvopAsn\ c fA-/!mAZk\, tTA tE$roDAEvroDAvEp .
yTA c \n Eh\-yA(svA B&tAEn" iEt fA-/Advgt\ p;n,
fA-/
Z{v bA@yt
 | \a@vr  pf;\ Eh\-yAd^" iEt . ev\
EvAEvyorEp -yAd^, EvAkmZo+ sm;8y, .

n | \d&rm t EvprFt
 Evq&cF aEvA yA c EvA" (k.u. 1.2.4) iEt
3;t
, ht;-v!pPlEvroDAt^ . \EvA\ cAEvA\ c" iEt
vcnAdEvroD, iEt c , EvA_EvAEvroDAEvroDyoEvkSpAsMBvAt^ .
sm;8yEvDAnAdEvroD ev Et c, smsMBvAn;pp,, . *m Z{kA3y
-yAtA\ EvAEv iEt c
, Evo(p,AEvAyA 5-t(vA,dA3y _EvAn;pp,
, .
n 5E`nz)Z, !kAf+ Et EvAno(p,O yE-mA3y  td;(p\ tE-m
v
aA3y fFto_E`nr!kAfo  v(yEvAyA u(pE,nAEp s\fyo_An\ vA .
\yE-msvAEZ B&tAEn aA(m{vAB&E$jAnt,, t/ ko moh, k, fok
ek(vmn;p2yt" iEt fokmohAsMBv3;t , . aEvA_sMBvAt^
td;pAdAnAy kmZo_Ep an;ppE,mvocAm . \am
tm_;t" i(yAp E"kmm
t\,
\EvA"fNd  n prmA(mEvAg}hZ \Ehrmy
n" i(yAEdnA $ArmAgAEdyAcn\
an;(p\ -yAt^? t-mAd^, upAsnyA sm;8yo, n prmA(mEvAn n, iEt
yTA-mAEB&yAHyAt ev m/AT, i(y;prMyt 

iEt 3FgoEvdBgv(pAdEf)y 3Ff9rBgvt, k

tO

vAjsn
Eys\EhtopEnq;A)y\ sMp&Zm^

55

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VF. FjytFT m;EnEvrEctA VFkA
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m;.u. m;XAko(aATv Zo)pEnqt^
b .u. b hdArykopEnqt^
b}.s. b}s/AEZ
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59