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Design and Fabrication of Spring Making in Manual Rolling
Design and Fabrication of Spring Making in Manual Rolling
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 SPRING
1.2 HISTORY
1.3 TYPES
Springs can be classified depending on how the load force is applied to them:
2
Tension or extension springs are designed to become longer under
load. Their turns (loops) are normally touching in the unloaded position,
and they have a hook, eye or some other means of attachment at each
end.
Compression springs are designed to become shorter when loaded.
Their turns (loops) are not touching in the unloaded position, and they
need no attachment points.
Hollow tubing springs can be either extension springs or
compression springs. Hollow tubing is filled with oil and the means of
changing hydrostatic pressure inside the tubing such as a membrane or
miniature piston etc. to harden or relax the spring, much like it happens
with water pressure inside a garden hose. Alternatively tubing's cross-
section is chosen of a shape that it changes its area when tubing is
subjected to torsional deformation – change of the cross-section area
translates into change of tubing's inside volume and the flow of oil in/out
of the spring that can be controlled by valve thereby controlling stiffness.
There are many other designs of springs of hollow tubing which can
change stiffness with any desired frequency, change stiffness by a
multiple or move like a linear actuator in addition to its spring qualities.
Volute spring – a compression coil spring in the form of a cone so that
under compression the coils are not forced against each other, thus
permitting longer travel.
Hairspring or balance spring – a delicate spiral spring used
in watches, galvanometers, and places where electricity must be carried to
partially rotating devices such as steering wheels without hindering the
rotation.
Leaf spring – a flat spring used in vehicle suspensions,
electrical switches, and bows.
3
V-spring – used in antique firearm mechanisms such as
the wheellock, flintlock and percussion cap locks. Also door-lock spring, as
used in antique door latch mechanisms.[8]
4
Torsion spring – any spring designed to be twisted rather than
compressed or extended.[11] Used in torsion bar vehicle suspension systems.
Wave spring – any of many wave shaped springs, washers, and
expanders, including linear springs—all of which are generally made with
flat wire or discs that are marcelled according to industrial terms, usually by
die-stamping, into a wavy regular pattern resulting in curvilinear lobes.
5
CHAPTER – II
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
• Abdul Rahim Abu Talib, Aidy Ali, G. Goudah, Nur Azida Che Lah, A.F.
Golestaneh, in this study, finite element models were developed to optimize
the material and geometry of the composite elliptical spring based on the
spring rate, log life and shear stress parameters. The influence of the
ellipticity ratio on the performance of woven roving–wrapped composite
elliptical springs was investigated both experimentally and numerically. The
study demonstrated that composite elliptical springs can be used for light and
heavy trucks with substantial weight reduction.
• Heikki martikka ilkka pöllänen, the aim of this paper is to present results
of using fundamental machine element design principles into re-designing
optimally heavy duty springs used in terrain machinery and in industry.
6
Background for this study is observation that conventionally designed helical
springs did not have the expected long fatigue life time promised by
standards.
7
CHAPTER - III
3.1 OJECTIVE
8
3.2 METHODOLOGY
THREADED ROD
WINDING MACHINE
3.2.1 THREADED ROD
9
In spring working industry a wide range of power and hand operated
machines are used. As the industry is a large and growing industry different
types of machines are used for different operations. Our project the spring
rolling machine is very simple in operation by using gear arrangement which
is coupled with motor.
CHAPTER – IV
WORKING DONE
4.1 PARTS
1. BASE
2. THREAD ROD
3. NUT
4. SPRING MATERIAL
10
4.1.1 BASE
The base of the machine withstands the total weight of the body.
Generally the base is made of Mild Steel Grade EN8. These are hammered,
rolled, and machined to get the required shape.
4.1.1.1 Raw Materials
India is endowed with abundant Iron ore resources, the basic input for
steel making. Of late, large scale exports of iron ore have raised concerns about
future availability of iron ore resources to meet the fast rising domestic steel
demand. Large quantities of iron ore fines are exported due to mismatch
between domestic production and consumption and also lack of adequate
sintering and pelletisation facilities for steel making. Steel industry confronts
the problem of depletion of high grade ore deposits and lack of domestic
technological capabilities to process low grade iron ores. In the larger national
interest of conservation of natural resources and environment, efforts are being
made to preserve and utilize the precious Iron ore fines for domestic production
of steel and at the same time the Ministry has taken measures to discourage
export by imposing higher tariffs and special levies etc. The domestic
availability of Coking coal, a critical raw material required by steel industry is
limited and therefore the Indian Steel industry has to depend heavily on
imported coking coal to meet its needs. Currently, domestic steel makers meet
70% of their coking coal requirement through imports. The quantum of imports
may go up significantly in the 12th plan as steel production in a large number of
new projects is likely to be through the BF-BOF route. To ensure raw material
security and minimize the impact of volatility in coal prices, it is desirable to
acquire overseas coking coal assets. International Coal Ventures Limited
(ICVL), a Joint Venture company promoted by SAIL in 2008-09 and consisting
of RINL, NMDC, CIL and NTPC to achieve the above objective has not made
much progress so far but it is imperative to make this venture more effective. 17
11
In view of the limited availability of coking coal in the global market and the
fact that its supply is controlled by a few large companies, it will be extremely
important to increase the domestic production of coking coal and upgrade its
quality to meet the requirements of steel making. Technologies which require
less of coking coal and lower grades of it will need to be encouraged. Non-
coking coal used for production of sponge iron is also increasingly becoming
scarce in the country. With the demand for non-coking coal from priority
sectors like power, Fertilizers etc going up further, its availability for steel
making is likely to be limited during the 12th plan. While sponge iron producers
may opt for import of coal, the economic viability of this sector may be under
pressure due to higher prices of imported coal. Moreover, the gas based DRI
units face restricted supply of CNG, largely due to priority allocation of gas to
power and fertilizer sectors. Supply of CNG to this sector is a major concern for
its growth and these units may have to depend more on imported source of fuel
supply. Many existing and new producers propose to create additional capacity
manifold under gas based route in Twelfth plan period.
4.1.1.2 Infrastructure
Development and growth of Infrastructure sector is critical for rapid
growth of domestic steel industry in the country. Steel industry is a major user
of infrastructural facilities especially of Railways, roads, power, and ports.
Besides, the competitiveness of domestic steel industry depends heavily on the
expansion and provision of efficient infrastructural facilities. As per the
working group projections, the steel production in the country will nearly
double within the next five years. This requires rapid growth of railways, roads,
ports and power facilities. The existing infrastructural facilities are not
adequate. The domestic steel industry meets 70% of its coking coal requirement
from imported sources and if the same trend is maintained, nearly 50 million
tonnes of coking coal will have to be imported by 2016-17. There is urgent need
for expansion of port capacity to handle the raw materials and finished goods of
12
steel sector. The steel plants which are likely to come on stream in Twelfth plan
period will need to transport 85 to 90 million tonnes of iron ore from the mines
and also deliver 45 to 50 million tonnes of finished steel from steel plants to
distribution centres. Therefore, there is immediate need for substantial up
gradation of infrastructural facilities to meet the increasing steel requirements of
the steel industry. Investments to the tune of US $ 1 Trillion are proposed in the
infrastructure sector in the 12th plan. An investment of this scale and size is
likely to generate higher domestic demand for steel and at the same time help
build necessary infrastructure required for the steel industry. Large investments
of this nature suffer from gestation lags, constraints in mobilization of financial
resources, land acquisition issues and hurdles in obtaining statutory clearances
in case of mega infrastructural projects. These need to be sorted out since the
development of infrastructure sector has strong forward and backward linkages
and contributes significantly to overall growth and development of the
economy.
Leadscrews
Leadscrews are threaded rods used to lead a component on, for example
the X-axis assembly on the Z-axis. For most RepRaps a common (straight!)
threaded rod is sufficient, but for higher precision and reduced wobble you
might want to use real leadscrews.There are two main thread profiles for
leadscrews, both of which are trapezoidal: Trapezoidal and Acme. The important
but subtle difference is the angle of the thread flank. Be sure to get matching
nuts.
PRELOADING
13
backlash. However, it will also make the rod harder to turn. More information
and pictures in the article
4.2.1Applications
1. Fastening:
2. Fasteners such as wood screws, machine screws, nuts, and bolts.
3. Connecting threaded pipes and hoses to each other and to caps and fixtures.
14
4. Gear reduction via worm drives
4.2.2 Gender
4.2.3 Handedness
The helix of a thread can twist in two possible directions, which is known
as handedness. Most threads are oriented so that the threaded item, when seen
from a point of view on the axis through the center of the helix, moves away
from the viewer when it is turned in a clockwise direction, and moves towards the
viewer when it is turned counterclockwise. This is known as a right-handed
(RH) thread, because it follows the right hand grip rule. Threads oriented in the
opposite direction are known as left-handed (LH).
4.2.4 Form
Most triangular thread forms are based on an isosceles triangle. These are
usually called V-threads or vee-threads because of the shape of the letter V. For
60° V-threads, the isosceles triangle is, more specifically, equilateral. For buttress
threads, the triangle is scalene.
The theoretical triangle is usually truncated to varying degrees (that is, the
tip of the triangle is cut short). A V-thread in which there is no truncation (or a
15
minuscule amount considered negligible) is called a sharp V-thread. Truncation
occurs (and is codified in standards) for practical reasons—the thread-cutting or
thread-forming tool cannot practically have a perfectly sharp point, and
truncation is desirable anyway, because otherwise:
In ball screws, the male-female pairs have bearing balls in between. Roller screws
use conventional thread forms and threaded rollers instead of balls.
4.2.5 Angle
Coarse threads are those with larger pitch (fewer threads per axial
distance), and fine threads are those with smaller pitch (more threads per axial
distance). Coarse threads have a larger threadform relative to screw diameter,
where fine threads have a smaller threadform relative to screw diameter. This
16
distinction is analogous to that between coarse teeth and fine teeth on a saw or
file, or between coarse grit and fine grit on sandpaper.
The common V-thread standards (ISO 261 and Unified Thread Standard)
include a coarse pitch and a fine pitch for each major diameter. For example, 1⁄2-
13 belongs to the UNC series (Unified National Coarse) and 1⁄2-20 belongs to
the UNF series (Unified National Fine). Similarly, ISO261 M10 (10mm (398
thou) nominal outer diameter) has a coarse thread version at 1.25mm pitch (49
thou) and a fine thread version at 1 mm (39 thou) pitch.
The term coarse here does not mean lower quality, nor does the term fine
imply higher quality. The terms when used in reference to screw thread pitch
have nothing to do with the tolerances used (degree of precision) or the amount
of craftsmanship, quality, or cost. They simply refer to the size of the threads
relative to the screw diameter.
Coarse threads are more resistant to stripping and cross threading because
they have greater flank engagement. Coarse threads install much faster as they
require fewer turns per unit length. Finer threads are stronger as they have a
larger stress area for the same diameter thread. Fine threads are less likely to
vibrate loose as they have a smaller helix angle and allow finer adjustment.
Finer threads develop greater preload with less tightening torque.[5]
4.2.7 Diameters
17
There are three characteristic diameters of threads: major diameter, minor
diameter, and pitch diameter: Industry standards specify minimum (min.) and
maximum (max.) limits for each of these, for all recognized thread sizes. The
minimum limits for external (or bolt, in ISO terminology), and the maximum
limits for internal (nut), thread sizes are there to ensure that threads do not strip
at the tensile strength limits for the parent material. The minimum limits for
internal, and maximum limits for external, threads are there to ensure that the
threads fit together.
The major diameter of external threads is normally smaller than the major
diameter of the internal threads, if the threads are designed to fit together. But
this requirement alone does not guarantee that a bolt and a nut of the same pitch
would fit together: the same requirement must separately be made for the minor
and pitch diameters of the threads. Besides providing for a clearance between
the crest of the bolt threads and the root of the nut threads, one must also ensure
that the clearances are not so excessive as to cause the fasteners to fail.
18
4.2.9 Minor diameter
The basic profile of all UTS threads is the same as that of all ISO metric
screw threads. Only the commonly used values for Dmaj and P differ between the
two standards.
The minor diameter is the lower extreme diameter of the thread. Major
diameter minus minor diameter, divided by two, equals the height of the thread.
The minor diameter of a nut is its inside diameter. The minor diameter of a bolt
can be measured with go/no-go gauges or, directly, with an optical comparator.
As shown in the figure at right, threads of equal pitch and angle that have
matching minor diameters, with differing major and pitch diameters, may
appear to fit snugly, but only do so radially; threads that have only major
diameters matching (not shown) could also be visualized as not allowing radial
movement. The reduced material condition, due to the unused spaces between
the threads, must be minimized so as not to overly weaken the fasteners.
19
4.2.10 Pitch diameter
20
clearances. This is the case when the flanks of the threads come into intimate
contact with one another, before the roots and crests do, if at all.
A dedicated type of micrometer, called a thread mic or pitch mic, which has
a V-anvil and a conical spindle tip, contacts the thread flanks for a direct
reading.
A general-purpose micrometer (flat anvil and spindle) is used over a set
of three wires that rest on the thread flanks, and a known constant is
subtracted from the reading. (The wires are truly gauge pins, being
ground to precise size, although "wires" is their common name.) This
method is called the 3-wire method. Sometimes grease is used to hold the
21
4.2.11 Classes of fit
The way in which male and female fit together, including play and friction, is
classified (categorized) in thread standards. Achieving a certain class of fit
requires the ability to work within tolerance ranges for dimension (size) and
surface finish. Defining and achieving classes of fit are important for
Thread limit or pitch diameter limit is a standard used for classifying the
tolerance of the thread pitch diameter for taps. For imperial, H or L limits are
used which designate how many units of 5 ten thousandths of an inch over or
undersized the pitch diameter is from its basic value, respectively. Thus a tap
designated with an H limit of 3, denoted H3, would have a pitch diameter 5 ten
thousandths × 3 = 1.5 thousandths of an inch larger than base pitch diameter and
would thus result in cutting an internal thread with a looser fit than say an H2
tap. Metric uses D or DU limits which is the same system as imperial, but uses
D or DU designators for over and undersized respectively, and goes by units of
0.013 mm (0.51 mils).[6] Generally taps come in the range of H1 to H5 and
rarely L1.
The pitch diameter of a thread is measured where the radial cross section
of a single thread equals 0.5 × pitch example: 16 pitch thread = 1/16 in =
0.0625 in the pitch actual pitch diameter of the thread is measured at the radial
cross section measures 0.03125 in.
22
4.2.13 Standardization and interchangeability
Screw threads are almost never made perfectly sharp (no truncation at the
crest or root), but instead are truncated, yielding a final thread depth that can be
expressed as a fraction of the pitch value. The UTS and ISO standards codify
the amount of truncation, including tolerance ranges.
A perfectly sharp 60° V-thread will have a depth of thread ("height" from
root to crest) equal to 0.866 of the pitch. This fact is intrinsic to the geometry of
an equilateral triangle — a direct result of the basic trigonometric functions. It is
independent of measurement units (inch vs mm). However, UTS and ISO
threads are not sharp threads. The major and minor diameters delimit
truncations on either side of the sharp V.
The nominal diameter of Metric (e.g. M8) and Unified (e.g. 5/16")
threads is the theoretical major diameter of the male thread, which is truncated
(diametrically) by 0.866/4 of the pitch from the dimension over the tips of the
"fundamental" (sharp cornered) triangles. The resulting flats on the crests of the
male thread are theoretically one eighth of the pitch wide (expressed with the
notation 1⁄8p or 0.125p), although the actual geometry definition has more
variables than that. A full (100%) UTS or ISO thread has a height of around
0.65p.
23
Threads can be (and often are) truncated a bit more, yielding thread
depths of 60% to 75% of the 0.65p value. For example, a 75% thread sacrifices
only a small amount of strength in exchange for a significant reduction in the
force required to cut the thread. The result is that tap and die wear is reduced, the
likelihood of breakage is lessened and higher cutting speeds can often be
employed.
4.2.15 Taper
The threaded pipes used in some plumbing installations for the delivery of
fluids under pressure have a threaded section that is slightly conical. Examples are
the NPT and BSP series. The seal provided by a threaded pipe joint is created
when a tapered externally threaded end is tightened into an end with internal
threads. Normally a good seal requires the application of a separate sealant into
the joint, such as thread seal tape, or a liquid or paste pipe sealant such as pipe
dope, however some threaded pipe joints do not require a separate sealant.
24
4.2.16 Standardization
25
4.2.17 ISO standard threads
The most common threads in use are the ISO metric screw threads (M) for
most purposes and BSP threads (R, G) for pipes.
New York and London, McGraw-Hill, pp. 16–22. USS, metric, Whitworth, and
BA standards are discussed. The SAE series was not mentioned—at the time this
edition of the Handbook was being compiled, they were either still in
development or just newly introduced.
26
The first historically important intra-company standardization of screw
threads began with Henry Maudslay around 1800, when the modern screw-cutting
lathe made interchangeable V-thread machine screws a practical commodity.[11]
During the next 40 years, standardization continued to occur on the intra- and
inter-company levels.[12] No doubt many mechanics of the era participated in this
zeitgeist; Joseph Clement was one of those whom history has noted. In 1841,
Joseph Whitworth created a design that, through its adoption by many British
railroad companies, became a national standard for the United Kingdom called
British Standard Whitworth. During the 1840s through 1860s, this standard was
often used in the United States and Canada as well, in addition to myriad intra-
and inter-company standards. In April 1864, William Sellers presented a paper to
the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, proposing a new standard to replace the US'
poorly standardized screw thread practice. Sellers simplified the Whitworth
design by adopting a thread profile of 60° and a flattened tip (in contrast to
Whitworth's 55° angle and rounded tip).[13][14] The 60° angle was already in
common use in America,[15] but Sellers's system promised to make it and all
other details of threadform consistent.
27
During this era, in continental Europe, the British and American
threadforms were well known, but also various metric thread standards were
evolving, which usually employed 60° profiles. Some of these evolved into
national or quasi-national standards. They were mostly unified in 1898 by the
International Congress for the standardization of screw threads at Zurich, which
defined the new international metric thread standards as having the same profile
as the Sellers thread, but with metric sizes. Efforts were made in the early 20th
century to convince the governments of the U.S., UK, and Canada to adopt
these international thread standards and the metric system in general, but they
were defeated with arguments that the capital cost of the necessary retooling
would drive some firms from profit to loss and hamper the economy. (The
mixed use of dueling inch and metric standards has since cost much, much
more, but the bearing of these costs has been more distributed across national
and global economies rather than being borne up front by particular
governments or corporations, which helps explain the lobbying efforts.)
Sometime between 1912 and 1916, the Society of Automobile Engineers (SAE)
created an "SAE series" of screw thread sizes reflecting parentage from earlier
USS and ASME standards.
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, engineers found that
ensuring the reliable interchangeability of screw threads was a multi-faceted and
challenging task that was not as simple as just standardizing the major diameter
and pitch for a certain thread. It was during this era that more complicated
analyses made clear the importance of variables such as pitch diameter and
surface finish.
Classes of fit were standardized, and new ways of generating and inspecting
28
screw threads were developed (such as production thread-grinding machines and
optical comparators). Therefore, in theory, one might expect that by the start of
World War II, the problem of screw thread interchangeability would have
already been completely solved.
minority standards. A good example is the automotive industry; U.S. auto parts
factories long ago developed the ability to conform to the ISO standards, and
today very few parts for new cars retain inch-based sizes, regardless of being
made in the U.S.
Even today, over a half century since the UTS superseded the USS and
SAE series, companies still sell hardware with designations such as "USS" and
"SAE" to convey that it is of inch sizes as opposed to metric. Most of this
hardware is in fact made to the UTS, but the labeling and cataloging
terminology is not always precise.
4.3 NUT
Square nuts, as well as bolt heads, were the first shape made and used to
be the most common largely because they were much easier to manufacture,
especially by hand. While rare today[when?] due to the reasons stated below for the
preference of hexagonal nuts, they are occasionally used in some situations
when a maximum amount of torque and grip is needed for a given size: the
30
greater length of each side allows a spanner to be applied with a larger surface
area and more leverage at the nut.
The most common shape today is hexagonal, for similar reasons as the bolt
head: six sides give a good granularity of angles for a tool to approach from
(good in tight spots), but more (and smaller) corners would be vulnerable to
being rounded off. It takes only one sixth of a rotation to obtain the next side of
the hexagon and grip is optimal. However, polygons with more than six sides do
not give the requisite grip and polygons with fewer than six sides take more
time to be given a complete rotation. Other specialized shapes exist for certain
needs, such as wingnuts for finger adjustment and captive nuts (e.g. cage nuts) for
inaccessible areas.
This section will tell you about the different kinds of material that
springs are made out of. It will also tell you where to get your wire -- make
sure you read the Safety section so you know how to handle it safely once
you've got it.
Springs are usually made from alloys of steel. The most common
spring steels are music wire, oil tempered wire, chrome silicon, chrome
vanadium, and 302 and 17-7 stainless. Other materials can also be formed
into springs, depending on the characteristics needed. Some of the more
31
common of these exotic metals include beryllium copper, phosphor
bronze, Inconel, Monel, and titanium. The following table summarizes the
more important properties of each material:
1. Music Wire
2. Oil Tempered Wire (OT)
3. Chrome silicon
4. Chrome vanadium
5. Stainless Steel
6. Copper
4.4.2 General Safety
Springs under load want to return to their original shape. The same goes
for spring wire. Spring wire will try to straighten itself out if given the chance:
don't let your body get in its way.
Small wire (diameter less than about .025") will not hurt you if it hits
you. On the other hand, small wire is nothing more than an edge, waiting for
something to cut. Don't use your hand to try to stop wire that's moving,
especially if it's moving under power (like being pulled by a lathe). Instead,
wait till it stops moving. Gloves are an excellent idea, too.
Medium wire (diameter from about .025" - .312") is too wide to act as
an edge, and usually not massive enough to break bones, but it can raise quite a
knot if you get in its way. Again, always keep track of where the ends of the
wire are, and if they start to move, get out of the way.
32
4.4.5 Heavy wire
Stainless steel is a lot softer than other types of wire. When cut, the
end of the wire is like a knife edge. Always keep track of where the end of
the wire is, and keep your hands away from it while it's moving.
The two most dangerous times are when you're breaking open a coil of
wire and when you're actually winding a spring.
Once you have your wire, you'll need to take it out of its coil. The coil
may be wrapped in paper -- take that off first.
Under the paper, the wire will be tied. Light wire will be tied with string.
Medium wire will be tied with tie wire. Large wire will be tied with metal
bands. Whatever size wire you have, remember that the coil should have only
two ends. One will be on the inside of the coil, and the other will be on the
outside. You'll normally use wire from the inside, to avoid tangling. Always
make a hook on the "inside" end so it's easy to find again:
To break open a coil of small (up to about .125") wire, cut all the ties
except two. Don't cut the closest tie holding the outside end of the wire, and
the tie most directly opposite to that one.
33
To remove wire from the coil, start with the end on the inside of the
coil: this will keep the coil from tangling. Grab the end of the wire and cut off
the hook. Pull it slightly, until you can see the gap between it and the rest of
the coil. Grab the wire at the gap and pull the end free from the tie holding it.
Repeat this process, working around the coil, until you have the length you
need.
(.125 - .312") can be handled the same way, except that you should keep
three ties instead of two. When uncoiling wire larger than .250", you should
lay the coil flat on the ground and always stand in the center of the coil, for
safety.
Then, take a length of tie wire and double it over. Loop it twice around
the coil, right next to the second tie holding the inside end of the wire. Pull it
tight and twist it so that you have a "pigtail" and the tie wire is too tight to
move by hand. Then, cut the first two original ties. Grab the end of the wire
and flip it over the coil, so that it sticks out.
34
4.4.12 Coiling
Never reach over the wire to get to your lathe controls, especially
when working with heavy wire. Reach under it and avoid injury if your wire
guide breaks.
Keep the lathe speed DEAD SLOW: with heavy wire, 10 rpm is about
right.
Don't grab onto wire that's being fed into the lathe. Stop the lathe and back it
off until there's no tension in the wire before you put your hands near.
NEVER try to guide wire by hand. Use tooling.
Common sense second: keep your wire dry. Steel wire will rust if it gets
wet.More common sense: keep your wire tight. When you're finished working
with a coil of wire, make a hook in the inside end (so you can find it again
easily) and tie the coil securely.
35
4.5 WORKING
When the hand wheel is rotated, the shaft will run. The main shaft is
coupled to the bearing with the help of mild steel plate arrangement. The
main shaft is rotated with help of hand wheel rotation. Before the hand wheel
rotation, the spring wire locked to the lock nut in the spring mandrel. The
spring wire is supplied by applying the load through a guide which is fixed in
the frame stand. The guide will rotate freely according to the speed of the
spring rolling shaft. The main shafts one end is coupled to the chuck and
other end is coupled to the hand wheel.
36
CHAPTER – V
.
37
CHAPTER – VI
APPLICATIONS
CHAPTER – VII
38
ADVANTAGES
CHAPTER – VIII
DISADVANTAGES
39
CHAPTER – IX
CONCLUSION
40
CHAPTER – X
REFERENCES
[1]. Mr. Chetan P. Sable , prof. P.D.Kamble , Mr. Dhiraj D. Dube review on”
Paper Plate Making Machines” International Journal of Research in
Aeronautical and Mechanical Engineering /vol.2 issue.2,february 2014.
pgs:105-111.
41
[3]. Mr. Niranjan Singh review article on “General Review of Mechanical
Spring used in Automobile Suspension System” International Journal of
Advanced Engineering Research and Studies/ December 2013 ,vol.1
42