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Chapter8 PDF
Chapter8 PDF
Energy Method
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Strain energy expressions
8.3 Principal of stationary potential energy; several degrees of
freedom ------ Castigliano’s first theorem ---- Examples
8.4 Principal of stationary complementary energy ------
Castigliano;s second theorem ----Examples
8.5 Statically indeterminate problems ----Examples
8.1 Introduction
B
dW ( f cos )du W f cos du
A
m
(the work done by a moment : mcosd )
d
f=ku
(2) The complementary strain energy U*=U*(F)
B F f F2
U udf
*
df
A 0 k 2k
U=f/k
A unit column of linear elastic material can be viewed as a
linear spring, so the complementary strain energy U* is
M z EI z (d 2 w / dx 2 ), T GJ (d / dx)
L V
1.2 z dx
0
2GA
8.3 Principal of stationary potential energy; several degrees
of freedom ---- Castigliano’s first theorem ---- Examples
From above 0 (for i 1,2, , n )
Di
We have
U
Pi (for i 1,2, , n )
Di
U U
For example : D1 , D2 then F, M
Examples (Determine the displacement d.o.f. that define the static
equilibrium configuration)
1 1
U k12A k 2 ( B A ) 2
2 2
1
U
0 Di (i 1,2,......,n)
Pi Pi
L M y M y M M z k V V z
Di z z z dx
0 EI P EI P GA P
y i z i i
introducing my mz Vz
M y m y M z m z Tt
dx
EI EI z GJ
y
M y
my
Pu is a moment produced by a unit load Pi (a unit
force or a unit moment)
Examples
Q L 1 QL 1 0
EA EA
R
R 0 or 0 EI R dx 0
i.e.,
1 L qx 2
x dx 0 R 3qL / 8
EI 0
Rx
2
(c) we can choose ML as redundant, then by
U * L M M
M L
0 or 0 EI M L ds 0 we
Obtain the same result as in (b).
(3) Elastically support cantilever beam
U U L M
or mdx
R (k) 0 EI
-x
when is known, then R=k
(b) Consider the U* of whole system (beam and spring).
R2 L M
2
U dx where M Rx qx 2 2
2k 0 2 EI
R is the reaction at the base of the spring, by Castigliano’s
second theorem or unit load method:
U R LM
0 or mdx 0
R k 0 EI
M
x
R
we can get R R k
(3) Semicircular arch Find the support reaction of the arch
U
U
H , M
shown in (c), then , by
2
U U
0 , 0 , we solve the problem.
H M
2
(c) As shown in (d), U U ( H , M 0 ) , by
U U
0, 0
H M 0
(4) Internally indeterminate truss Find the forces in
all bars
i 1 2 Ai Ei