Crystallographic Textures – Basics

OUTLINE

• Introduction
• Why texture is important
• Classification of textures
• How textures develop
• Representation of textures
• Measurement of textures
 INTRODUCTION
• In latin, textor means weaver
• In materials science, texture  way in which a material is woven

• Majority of engineering materials are polycrystalline

• Each grain is a single crystal whose orientation differs from that of

the neighbour

• Many possibilities of arranging the individual crystallites

 INTRODUCTION

A texture-less sheet A fully textured sheet

(Random) (Strong texture)

Random Uni-axial or fibre Bi-axial

 Why textures ?
Texture influences the following properties:
• Elastic modulus
• Yield strength
• Tensile ductility and strength
• Formability
• Fatigue strength
• Fracture toughness
• Stress corrosion cracking
• Electric and magnetic properties
..........and many other properties.
Why textures ?

• Properties depend on the

texture present in the
material

• Tailoring texture to achieve

desired properties
 CLASSIFICATION
Textures can be classified as:
• Macrotexture
• Microtexture
• Mesotexture

Macrotexture (Global / Bulk texture from volume)

Can be correlated to the average properties of the material
Determined by X-Ray, Neutron Diffraction
Microtexture (spatially resolved texture)
Determined by SEM/EBSD, TEM/SAD
Mesotexture (relates to misorientaion / axis of boundaries)
 CLASSIFICATION

Grains marked with * have same orientation

a) In a cluster b) Located randomly
c) Have a different size compared to rest of the grains
d) Are located in as special region i.e., surface
 How textures develop

(i) Crystallisation / solidification (from a non-crystalline/liquid state)

(ii) Plastic deformation (by glide or slip and twinning)

(iii) Annealing (recrystallisation / grain growth )

(iv) Phase transformation (due to orientation relationship)

(v) Thin film growth (substrate orientation and strain energy)

 How textures develop
Deformation textures

• Constraint imposed during deformation causes lattice rotation

• Under tension  increases and  decreases

 How textures develop
Deformation textures

• Under compression  decreases and  increases

• Rotation of the planes depends on stress state

 How textures develop
Annealing textures

• Stored energy driving force for recrystallisation

• Minimisation of interfacial energy driving force for grain growth
 How textures develop
Annealing textures

• Grain boundary mobility related to the boundary character and

precipitates / solute

• Dissolution of precipitates could lead to abnormal grain growth

 How textures develop
Transformation textures

x y

Bain Orientation relationship

• Texture in austenite will control the transformation texture in

steel
 Textures representation
• In order to specify an orientation, it is necessary to set up terms of
reference, each of which is known as a coordinate system

• Specimen coordinate system: Coordinate system chosen as the

geometry of the sample

• Crystal coordinate system: Coordinate system based on crystal

orientation. In general [100], [010], [001] are adopted

There are two coordinate systems:

• Sample (specimen) coordinate system
• Crystal coordinate system
 Textures representation
Main mathematical parameters that are used to
describe an orientation are:

• Orientation matrix
• Ideal orientation (Miller or Miller–Bravais indices)
• Euler angles
• Angle/axis of rotation
• Rodrigues vector

All these descriptors are employed to process and represent

different aspects of macrotexture and microtexture
measurements
 Textures representation
Orientation Matrix
• Orientation is defined as 'the position of the crystal coordinate system
with respect to the specimen coordinate system',

• where CC and CS are the crystal and specimen coordinate systems

respectively and g is the orientation matrix

• The fundamental means for expressing g is the rotation or orientation

matrix

• The first row of the matrix is given by the

cosines of the angles between the first
crystal axis, [l00], and each of the three
specimen axes, X, Y, Z, in turn
 Textures representation
Ideal Orientation
A practical way to denote an orientation is via the Miller indices
written as (hkl)[uvw] or {hkl}〈uvw〉

Thus, rotation matrix g and Miller indices (hkl)[uvw] are related

through

In practice, the direction cosines from the orientation matrix

are “idealized” to the nearest low-index Miller indices, for e.g.
eg:
 Textures representation
Stereographic projection
Stereographic projection is a graphical technique for representing
the angular relationships between planes and directions in crystals
in 2D

– Can be used to calculate angles between planes etc.

– Is used in the representation of orientation of crystals

We can represent the orientation of

a plane using the normal to that
plane
•If we inscribe a sphere around
the crystal of interest, the point(s)
where the normal(s) intersect the
sphere are the poles of the planes
{100} poles of a cubic crystal
 Textures representation
Stereographic projection

The projection of a plane (trace) passing

through the origin of the crystal onto the
surface of the sphere is a great circle

•The projection of a plane that does not

pass through the origin is a small circle

•We can in principle measure the angle

between two plane normals on the
surface of the sphere to find the angle
between two planes

– We make this measurement along a

great circle (MLK in figure)

Great circles for

the two marked planes
 Textures representation
Stereographic projection

Making measurements on the surface of a

sphere is tricky
•Project everything from the spherical
surface onto a plane
– Pick a diameter of the sphere, put plane
perpendicular to diameter and in contact
with one end (or through the middle of the
sphere), project from other end of diameter
through entity to be projected onto the
plane
•As drawn, entities in hemisphere near B
will end up outside the basic circle. Points
on hemisphere including A will end up
inside.
– To avoid this problem, change projection
point to the other end of diameter and
distinguish points in the two hemispheres
by marking them with different symbols
(usually open versus filled in)
 Textures representation
Stereographic projection
• Problems involving the stereographic
projection are often handled using a Wulff net

• Imagine a globe with lines of latitude

and longitude marked on the surface.

• Orient the globe so that the NS axis is parallel

to the projection plane and project all the
lines onto the plane

• The longitude lines end up as great circles in

the projection and the latitude lines as small
circles
• The lines in the projection can be used to
read off angular coordinates
Wulff net
• Just like using latitude and longitude to
specify geographical location
 Textures representation
Stereographic projection

• Projection from 3D to 2D

http://www.jcrystal.com/products/winwulff/
Textures representation
Stereographic projection
Textures representation
Stereographic projection
Textures representation
Pole Figure
Textures representation
Pole Figure
Textures representation
Pole Figure
 Textures representation
Pole Figure

{001} <100>

Plot (100) (111) (110) pole figures

 Textures representation
Pole Figure

{100} <011>

Plot (100) (111) (110) pole figures

 Textures representation
Pole Figure

{111} <01-1>

Plot (100) (111) (110) pole figures

Textures representation
Pole Figure
-1-11

1-11 -111

111
 Textures representation
Pole Figure

u  v  w  3 cos 118
u - v  w  3 cos 90
-u - v  w  3 cos 19.5

h  k  l  3 cos 28
h  k  l  3 cos 68
-h - k  l  3 cos 83

  
D hkl  0.219, 0.440, 0.870   124
RD [uvw]  [-0.816, -0.407, 0.440]  [- 2-11]
 Textures representation
Considering the crystal symmetry, there are 24 different ways in
which a crystal with cubic symmetry can be arranged
These matrices describe the
symmetry operations—

2rotations of 120° about each

of the 4 - 〈111〉 - 8

3rotations of 90° about each of

the 3 〈100〉 - 9

1 rotation of 180° about each

of the 6 〈110〉 - 6

Plus the identity matrix - 1

 Textures representation
Euler angles / Euler space

The Euler angles refer to three rotations that, when performed in the
correct sequence, transform the specimen coordinate system onto the
crystal coordinate system—in other words, specify the orientation g.

There are several different conventions for expressing the Euler

angles. The most commonly used are those formulated by Bunge:

1.φ1 about the normal direction ND, transforming the transverse

direction TD into TD’ and the rolling direction RD intoRD’
2.Φ about the axis RD′ (in its new orientation)
3.φ2 about ND″ (in its new orientation)