Fractals – Art and Science

What are Fractals?

Fractals are objects that exhibit self-similarity on all scales.

Koch Curve developed by Swedish Mathematician Niels Fabian Helge von Koch (25 January 1870 – 11 March 1924)
How to Construct Koch Curve or Koch Snow Flake?
The Koch snowflake can be constructed by
starting with an equilateral triangle, then
recursively altering each line segment as
follows:

• Divide the line segment into three

segments of equal length.
• Draw an equilateral triangle that has the
middle segment from step 1 as its base and
points outward.
• Remove the line segment that is the base of
the triangle from step 2.
How many iterations?

Four iterations
 Some Interesting Properties of Koch Curve
Perimeter of the Koch snowflake

After each iteration, the number of sides of the Koch snowflake increases by a factor of 4, so the number of sides after n
iterations is given by:

𝑁𝑛 = 𝑁(𝑛−1) × 4 = 3 × 4𝑛

If the original equilateral triangle has sides of length s, the length of each side of the snowflake after n iterations is:

𝑆(𝑛−1) 𝑠
𝑆𝑛 = = 3𝑛
3

The perimeter of the snowflake after n iterations is:

4 𝑛
𝑃𝑛 = 𝑁𝑛 × 𝑆𝑛 = 3 × 𝑠 × 3

lim 𝑃𝑛 = ∞
𝑛→∞
 Tessellation
A tessellation of a flat surface is the tiling of a plane using one or more geometric shapes, called tiles, with no overlaps and no
gaps.

Tessellation using Koch curves of two sizes

 Other Koch Related Curves

Koch antisnowflake Koch antisnowflake – After sixth iteration

Other Koch Related Curves
Mandelbrot Set
 Mandelbrot Set
2
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑧0 = 0 and c is a complex number
𝑓𝑐 𝑧 = 𝑧 + 𝑐
Then, 𝑧1 = 𝑧02 + 𝑐 = 𝑐
𝑧2 = 𝑧12 + 𝑐 = 𝑐 2 + 𝑐
𝑧𝑛+1 = 𝑧𝑛2 + c If the absolute value of 𝑧𝑛 , 𝑧𝑛 < 2 after a finite number of iterations,
Then mark that c as black. Otherwise, mark them as white.
All the values of c, for which 𝑧𝑛 < 2 after a finite number of iterations,
Is called the Mandelbrot set.
 Zooming into the Mandelbrot Set

Start Gap between the "head" and Double-spirals on the left,

"Seahorse"
the "body", called the "seahorses" on the right
"seahorse valley"

The central endpoint of the Part of the "tail" Satellite Each of the crowns consists of
"seahorse tail" is also a similar "seahorse tails"; their
Misiurewicz point. no. increases with powers of 2
 Double-spirals and seahorses
Seahorse valley of satellite. All
"Antenna" of the satellite. – unlike the 2nd image, they Double-spirals with
structures from the start of
Several satellites of second have appendices of structures satellites of second order
the zoom reappear.
order like "seahorse tails“.

In outer part of appendices,

Part of the "double-hook" Islands Detail of one island
islands of structures
Julia Set
Fractals in Nature
Fractals in Art
 Fractals in Engineering

Fractal Antenna
Fractal antennas are very compact, multiband or wideband, and
Fractal Resonator
have useful applications in cellular telephone and microwave
communications. A fractal antenna's response differs markedly
from traditional antenna designs, in that it is capable of operating
with good-to-excellent performance at many different frequencies
simultaneously.
Fractal Signals

• Fractal Analysis of EEG Signals

• Image Analysis of tumors
• Fractal modulation
• Image compression
Fractal Dimension If the coastline of Great
Britain is measured
using units of 200 km,
the coast is 2300 km
long, with 100 km, then
the length of the
coastline is
approximately 2,800
km, With 50 km units,
the total length is
approximately 3,400
km , approximately 600
km longer. This results
from the fractal-like
properties of
coastlines, i.e., the fact
that a coastline
typically has a fractal
dimension (which in
fact makes the notion
of length inapplicable).
This Sierpiński curve (a type of Space-filling curve), which repeats the same
pattern on a smaller and smaller scale, continues to increase in length. If
understood to iterate within an infinitely subdivisible geometric space, its
length tends to infinity. At the same time, the area enclosed by the curve does
converge to a precise figure—just as, analogously, the land mass of an island
can be calculated more easily than the length of its coastline.
A fractal dimension is a ratio providing a statistical index of complexity comparing how detail in
a pattern (strictly speaking, a fractal pattern) changes with the scale at which it is measured.
In terms of that notion, the fractal dimension of a coastline quantifies how the number of
scaled measuring sticks required to measure the coastline changes with the scale applied to
the stick.

A Koch snowflake has a topological dimension of 1, but it is by no means a rectifiable curve:

the length of the curve between any two points on the Koch snowflake is infinite. No small
piece of it is line-like, but rather it is composed of an infinite number of segments joined at
different angles. The fractal dimension of a curve can be explained intuitively thinking of a
fractal line as an object too detailed to be one-dimensional, but too simple to be two-
dimensional. Therefore its dimension might best be described not by its usual topological
dimension of 1 but by its fractal dimension, which is often a number between one and two; in
the case of the Koch snowflake, it is about 1.262.
We Will Stop Here !

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