LECTURE 2: PERIODIC

MOTION AND SIMPLE

HARMONIC MOTION
Dr Ahmad Nazrul Rosli
 OBJECTIVES OF THIS TOPIC
In the end of this class, you should able to

1. understand the simple harmonic motion – explained the

concept, apply the basic application

2. calculate wave function using complex number.

3. relate the mathematical and physical approach of wave and

vibration
“After all, our hearts beat, our lungs oscillate, we shiver
when we are cold, we sometimes snore, we can hear and
speak because our eardrums and larynges vibrate. The light
waves which permit us to see entail vibration. We move by
oscillating our legs. We cannot even say “vibration”
properly without the tip of the tongue oscillating… Even the
atoms of which we are constituted vibrate.”

Vibration, R. E. D. Bishop
 INTRODUCTION

What is Wave? a disturbance that travels through

a medium from one location to another
location.
-Gelombang
-Related with time
-Light wave, sound wave, "a disturbance or variation that transfers
tsunami wave energy progressively from point to point in
a medium and that may take the form of
an elastic deformation or of a variation of
pressure, electric or magnetic intensity,
electric potential, or temperature."
 INTRODUCTION
the oscillation or repetitive motion of an object
around an equilibrium position.
What is Vibrations?
The equilibrium position is the position the
object will attain when the force acting on it is
-Getaran zero.
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
 Gerakan Harmonik Ringkas

Simple harmonic motion (SHM)
refers to a certain kind of oscillatory,
or wave-like motion that describes the
behavior of many physical
phenomena:
a pendulum
a bob attached to a spring
low amplitude waves in air (sound), water, the
ground
the electromagnetic field of laser light
vibration of a plucked guitar string
the electric current of most AC power supplies
 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

Periodic Motion: any motion of system which repeats

itself at regular, equal intervals of time.
 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

The maximum excursion from equilibrium is the amplitude A of the

motion
DISPLACEMENT
 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

Back and forth motion that is caused by a force that is directly

proportional to the displacement. The displacement centers around
an equilibrium position.

Fs  x
 SPRINGS – HOOKE’S LAW
One of the simplest type of simple
harmonic motion is called Hooke's
Law. This is primarily in reference to
SPRINGS.

The negative sign only tells

Fs  x us that “F” is what is called
a RESTORING FORCE, in
k  Constant of Proportion ality that it works in the
k  Spring Constant(U nit : N/m) OPPOSITE direction of the
displacement.
Fs  kx or  kx
ROTATING VECTOR REPRESENTATION
COMPLEX NUMBER & COMPLEX
EXPONENTIAL
 REVISION
• We can imagine a free particle wave travelling along a 1D line (a ray or beam) as a
corkscrew, of the sort you might use to open a bottle of wine.

Take a corkscrew and let a light cast its shadow onto a flat
surface. The shadow looks like this:
• Hold the corkscrew horizontally and examine it in detail. It is a
continuous spiral.
• The radius of the corkscrew is constant at all points along its length.
• At any particular point along its length, the edge of the corkscrew
describes a certain angle with respect to the horizontal, which is
shown in blue in the diagram
• This angle is called the phase
red line as a vector - a
• This vector, has two numbers associated with it. pointer extending from the
centre of the corkscrew to
its edge.
• Any particular vector, which can point in any direction and have any
length, can always be made up of two vectors, like this:

• If you are unfamiliar with complex numbers,

just remember the corkscrew.

• The corkscrew exists in 3-D space, but it

represents just a 1-D wave function that
exists along a single line.

• The crucial thing to remember is that we

need 2 numbers to describe the edge of the
it is a complex function. corkscrew at any particular point along the
line.
 WHY 2 NUMBERS???

• In the same way as finding a position on a map, there are 2 ways of representing the value
of the red vector in the last diagrams.

• We can use 2 coordinates (like 3 meters east and four meters

north) as in the diagram,
• except in the complex plane we have a distances in the
'real' direction and 'imaginary' direction.
• we can use 1 direction and 1 length - like 5 meters in a
direction of 30 degrees east of due north.

In complex number – total distance is a radius of corkscrew. and is called the 'modulus' of the complex number.
 𝑖𝜃
𝑒 =𝑎+ 𝑗 𝑏=cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃

cos 𝜃 =
𝑎 𝑎= 𝐴cos 𝜃
𝐴
𝑏
sin 𝜃= 𝑏= A sin 𝜃
𝐴

𝑗𝜃
𝐴𝑒 =𝑎 + 𝑗 𝑏= A cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 𝐴 sin 𝜃
 𝑗 ( 𝜔 𝑡 +∅ )
𝐴𝑒 = A cos ( 𝜔 𝑡 + ∅ )+ 𝑗 𝐴 sin ( 𝜔 𝑡 + ∅ )

Why should the introduction of this equation be

such an important contribution to the analysis of
vibration?