evsjv fvlv 106 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷

evsjv fvlv
bZzb wm‡jev‡mi Av‡jv‡K 35-40 wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿvi cÖkœ we‡kølY wm‡jev‡mi 13wU UwcK QvovI
KZZg wewmGm? e¨vKi‡Yi Ab¨ Ask n‡Z cÖkœ n‡Z
wm‡jev‡mi Uwc‡Ki bvg
35Zg 36Zg 37Zg 38Zg 40Zg †`Lv †M‡Q| ZvB wm‡jevm QvovI wKQz
cÖ‡qvM-AccÖ‡qvM - - 1 1 1 ¸iæZ¡c~Y© UwcK m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z n‡e|
evbvb I evK¨ ïw× 3 - 2 2 -
cwifvlv 1 1 2 1 1
mgv_©K kã 2 1 2 1 -
wecixZv_©K kã 1 - - 1 1
aŸwb 2 2 2 1
eY© - 2 - 1 -
kã 1 1 2 2 3
c` 1 2 - - -
evK¨ 1 1 1 1 3
cÖZ¨q 1 1 - 2 1
mwÜ 1 1 - 1 -
mgvm 1 1 2 1 -
Ab¨vb¨ (KviK, evMaviv) - - 1 - 5
40Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿvi cÖkœ I mgvavb 03. †Kvb kãhyMj wecixZv_©K bq? (40Zg wewmGm)
01. ev‡K¨i wµqvi mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ c‡`i †h m¤úK© Zv‡K Kx K. Hw”QK-Abvek¨K L. KzwUj-mij
e‡j? (40Zg wewmGm) M. Kg-‡ekx N. K`vPi-m`vPvi DËi K
K. wefw³ L. KviK e¨vL¨v : KzwUj-mij, Kg-‡ekx, K`vPvi-m`vPvi
M. cÖZ¨q N. AbymM© DËi L kã‡Rvo¸‡jv n‡jv wecixZv_©K kã| Abvek¨K A_©
e¨vL¨v : evK¨w¯’Z wµqvc‡`i mv‡_ bvgc‡`i †h m¤úK©, Avek¨K bq Ggb A_©vr Abvek¨K nj Hw”QK kãwUi
Zv‡K KviK e‡j| ‡hgb †eMg mv‡nev cÖwZw`b fvuovi GKwU cÖwZkã| ZvB Hw”QK-Abvek¨K n‡jv mgv_©K
†_‡K wbR nv‡Z Mixe‡`i Pvj w`‡Zb| kã‡Rvo| ï× DËi Hw”QK-Abvek¨K|
o ‡eMg mv‡nev : wµqvi mv‡_ KZ©„m¤^Ü 04. Øviv, w`qv, KZ©„K- evsjv e¨vKiY Abyhvqx †Kvb wefw³?
o Pvj : wµqvi mv‡_ Kg© m¤^Ü K. Z…Zxqv wefw³ L. cÖ_gv wefw³
o nv‡Z : wµqvi mv‡_ KiY m¤^Ü M. wØZxqv wefw³ N. k~b¨ wefw³ DËi K
o Mwie‡`i : wµqvi mv‡_ m¤úª`vb m¤úK© e¨vL¨v : evsjv wefw³ 7 cÖKvi|
o fvuovi †_‡K : wµqvi mv‡_ Acv`vb m¤úK© wefw³i bvg wefw³
o cÖwZw`b : wµqvi mv‡_ AwaKiY m¤úK© cÖ_gv wefw³ 0, A
02. MxR©v †Kvb fvlvi AšÍM©Z kã? (40Zg wewmGm) wØZxq wefw³ ‡K, †i
K. dvimx L. cZz©MxR Z…Zxqv wefw³ Øviv, w`qv (w`‡q), KZ©„K
M. Ij›`vR N. cvÄvex DËi L PZz_©x wefw³ ‡K, †i*
e¨vL¨v : MxR©v (mwVK evbvb wMR©v) cZz©wMR fvlvi kã| cÂgx wefw³ nB‡Z (n‡Z), ‡_‡K, †P‡q
cZ©ywMR fvlvi Ab¨vb¨ kãmg~n n‡jv : Avjwcb, lôx wefw³ I, Gi
cvDiæwU, Bs‡iR, mvevb, †Zvqv‡j, evjwZ, wbjvg, mßgx wefw³ G, q, †Z
AvjKvZiv, gvK©v, Rvvbvjv, †c‡iK, µk, civZ (e„nr 05. Awfivg k‡ãi A_© Kx? (40Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi)
_vjv), eviv›`v, †bvbv, whï, †envjv, †cu‡c, cvPvi, K. weivgnxb L. evwjk
†cqviv (23Zg wewmGm), †evZvg, Avjgvwi, wgw¯¿,
M. Pjb N. my›`i DËi N
Mvgjv, wdZv, †mwgR, KvwgR, ‡Kivwb, Kvgiv, AvZv,
ZvgvK, B¯úvZ, Avqv, AvPvi, wc¯Íj, †envjv, gv¯‘j, e¨vL¨v : Awfivg k‡ãi A_© - g‡bvig, my›`i| weivgnxb
gvBwi, ¸`vg, Avbvim, Pvwe (10Zg wewmGm)| k‡ãi A_© wekÖvg †bB Ggb, weiwZnxb| evwjk A_©
evsjv fvlv 107 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
Dcvavb| Pjb k‡ãi A_© Mgb, ågY, mÂvjb, ¯ú›`b, e¨vL¨v : ï× evbvb cÖ + D¾¡j = ‡cÖv¾¡j
cÖPjb, †iIqvR, cÖ_v, aviv BZ¨vw`|
12. Ô‡RvQbvÕ †Kvb †kÖYxi kã? (40Zg wewmGm wcÖwj)
06. ki‡Zi wkwki evMavivwUi A_© Kx? (40Zg wewmGm) K. †h․wMK L. Zrmg
K. mymg‡qi eÜz L. mymg‡qi mÂq M. †`kx N. Aa©-Zrmg DËi N
M. ki‡Zi †kvfv N. ki‡Zi wkDwj dzj D K e¨vL¨v : †R¨vQ&bv GKwU Aa©-Zrmg kã| ফাাংরা বালায়
e¨vL¨v : ki‡Zi wkwki mymg‡qi eÜz| GQvovI `y‡ai কওঙু ঳াংস্কৃত ঱ব্দ কওকিৎ ঩কযফকতিত আওারয ফযফর৅ত ঴য়,
gvwQ evMavivi A_© mymg‡qi eÜz| এগুররাই অধি- তৎ঳ভ ঱ব্দ। যমভন : যচযাৎস্দা < যচযাঙনা,
শ্রাদ্ধ < যঙযাদ্দ, কৃক঴ণী < ককন্নী, বফষ্ণফ < যফাষ্টভ,
07. wke ivwÎi mj‡Z evMavivwUi A_© Kx? (40Zg wewmGm) কুৎক঳ত < কুকিত।
K. wkeivwÎi Av‡jv L. GKgvÎ mÂq
M. GKgvÎ mšÍvb N. wkeivwÎi ¸iæZ¡ D M যম ঱ব্দ ঳াংস্কৃত বালা যথরও য঳াচাসুকচ ফাাংরায় এর঳রঙ এফাং
মারদয রূ঩ অ঩কযফকতিত যরয়রঙ, য঳঳ফ ঱ব্দরও ফরা ঴য়
e¨vL¨v : wke ivwÎi mj‡Z evev-gv‡qi GKgvÎ mšÍvb তৎ঳ভ ঱ব্দ। তৎ঳ভ এওকি ঩াকযবাকলও ঱ব্দ। ‘তৎ’ অথি
ev RxweZ eskai| তায এফাং ‘঳ভ’ অথি ঳ভান অথিাৎ তৎ঳ভ অথি ‘঳াংস্কৃরতয
঳ভান’। উদা঴যণ: ঘন্দ্র, ঳ূম,ি নক্ষত্র, বফন, ধভি,
08. ‡cÖvwlZfZ©„Kv kãwUi A_© Kx? (40Zg wewmGm)
঩াত্র, ভনুষ্য, ক্ষুধা, ঩দ্ম, অন্ন, কনভন্ত্রণ, স্঩াভী,
K. fr©mbvfZ…Kv ঩ুত্র, ঔাদয ইতযাকদ।
L. †h bvixi ¯^vgx we‡`‡k Ae¯’vb K‡i
M. f~wg‡Z †cÖvw_Z Ziæg~j ফাাংরারদর঱য আকদভ অকধফা঳ীরদয (রমভন: যওার, ভুণ্ডা
N. †h weevwnZv bvix wcÎvj‡q Ae¯’vb K‡i DËi L প্রবৃকত) বালা ঑ ঳াংস্কৃকতয কওঙু কওঙু উ঩াদান ফাাংরায় যকক্ষত
যরয়রঙ। এ ঱ব্দগুররাই যদক঱ ঱ব্দ ক঴র঳রফ ঩কযকঘত। অরনও
e¨vL¨v : ‡h bvixi ¯^vgx we‡`‡k Ae¯’vb K‡i ঳ভয় এ঳ফ ঱রব্দয ভূর কনধিাযণ ওযা মায় না; কওন্তু যওান
†cÖvwlZfZ…©Kv| ‡h bvix (weevwnZ ev AweevwnZ) wPiKvj বালা যথরও এর঳রঙ তায ঴কদ঳ যভরর। যমভন : কুকি – যওার
wcZ…M„nevwmbx- wPi›U| †h cyiæ‡li ¯¿x we‡`‡k _v‡K বালা, য঩ি - তাকভর বালা, ঘুরা - ভুন্ডাযী বালা। এরূ঩
†cÖvwlZcZœxK ev †cÖvwlZfvh©| fr©mbvcÖvß †h bvix- কুরা, কঞ্জ, যঘাঙ্গা, যিা঩য, ডাফ, ডাকয, যঘাঙ্গা,
fr©wmZv| কডঙ্গা, যঢেঁকও ইতযাকদ যদক঱ ঱ব্দ।
09. evsjv K…r-cÖZ¨q mvwaZ kã †KvbwU? (40Zg wewmGm) যমভন: আয঑ কওঙু যদক঱ ঱রব্দয উদা঴যণ:
K. KviK L. wjwLZ চীফচন্তু ঑ ‡LKwkqvj, eveyB, †bswU, nvuwo, †nvj, ûZzg
M. ‡e`bv N. †Ljbv DËi N ঩রৄ঩াকঔ BZ¨vw`|
কৃ঴স্থাকর ঑ LvjyB, Pvwo, wPgUv, SvUv, †XuwK, cvwZj,
e¨vL¨v : †Lj& + Abv = †Ljbv (evsjv K…r cÖZ¨q)|
প্ররয়াচনীয় evLvwi, evZv, wePvwj, `iRv BZ¨vw`|
KviK, wjwLZ, †e`bv ms¯‥…Z K…r cÖZ¨q †hv‡M MwVZ
kã| পরভূর ঑ KPz, D‡”Q, BPo, RjcvB, †dvuco, †Ucvwi,
ঔাদযদ্রফয ay›`j, jvD, _vbKzwb, †_vo, b‡U, Avgvwb,
10. ÔAttested’ Gi evsjv cwifvlv †KvbwU? (40Zg wewmGm) gvj‡cv, evZvmv, Rviæj, awbPv, wbwm›`v,
K. mZ¨vwqZ L. cÖZ¨wqZ †nvMjv BZ¨vw`|
M. mZ¨vqb N. msjMœ/msjvM DËi K/L ভাঙ যিাংযা, যঘরা, ঩াযর঱, য঩ানা, ফািা, যরঠা,
কফঠা, কচার, ওাতরা ইতযাকদ।
e¨vL¨v : evsjv GKv‡Wwg AvaywbK evsjv Awfavb I
কচকন঳঩ত্র য঳েঁউকত, যঢার, কুরা ইতযাকদ।
English-Bangla Dictionary Abyhvqx Attested
mZ¨vwqZ/cÖZ¨wqZ| W. nvqvr gvgy` m¨vi KZ©„K iwPZ ÔD”PZi অন্যান্য ঱ব্দ কুকি, িযাঙ্গা, ডাফ, যছার, ডাভ, ভুকি,
¯^wbf©i weï× fvlv-wkÿvÕ e¨vKiY eB Abymv‡i Attested Gi ফারৃি, আরু, যডরা, ফিক঱, ঳িকও, কুকি,
evsjv cwifvlv cÖZ¨wqZ| evsjv GKv‡Wwg cÖkvmwbK cwifvlv চাউ, যছার, কছনুও, যঢার ইতযাকদ।
MÖš’ Abyhvqx Attested Gi cwifvlv mZ¨vwqZ Ges 13. ÔwRRxwelvÕ kãwU w`‡q †evSvq (40Zg wewmGm wcÖwj)
Certified Gi cwifvlv cªZ¨wqZ| Ackb¸‡jv we‡kølY K‡i
g‡b n‡”Q wcGmwm ÔmZ¨vwqZÕ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| K. R‡qi B”Qv L. nZ¨vi B”Qv
M. †eu‡P _vKvi B”Qv N. †kvbvi B”Qv DËi M
11. ‡KvbwU ï× evbvb? (40Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi)
K. cÖR¦j L. †cªv¾j e¨vL¨v : wRRxwelv †eu‡P _vKvi B”Qv| R‡qi B”Qv
M. ‡cÖvR¦j N. †cÖv¾¡j DËi N wRMxlv, nZ¨vi B”Qv wRNvsmv|
evsjv fvlv 108 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
14. Ôme©v½xYÕ k‡ãi mwVK cÖK…wZ-cÖZ¨q (40Zg wewmGm) nq ÔavZzÕ| wefw³nxb bvg cÖK…wZ‡K ejv nq
K. me©½ + Cb L. me© + A½xb ÔcÖvwZcw`KÕ|
M. me© + ½xb N. mev©½ + Cb DËi N 05. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †hŠwMK Kv‡ji D`vniY bq?
e¨vL¨v : Cb cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M MwVZ kã : me©v½ + Cb = K. K‡iwQ L. KiwQ
mev©½xY| M. Kie N. KiwQjvg DËi N
15. A‡b¨i iPbv †_‡K Pzwi Kiv‡K ejv nq (40Zg wewmGm) e¨vL¨v : wµqvi †h Kvjiƒc GKvwaK avZzi Øviv MwVZ,
wµqvi †mB Kvj‡K ejv nq †h․wMK Kvj|
K. †eZme„wË L. cZ½e„wË
M. R‡j․Kve„wË N. Kzw¤¢jKe„wË DËi N 06. Ô`yie¯’vÕ kãwU mwÜ we‡”Q` Kiv n‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU
cvIqv hvq?
e¨vL¨v : mvwnZ¨ ev m½x‡Z A‡b¨i iPbv‡K wb‡Ri e‡j K. `~i + e¯’v L. `yi + e¯’v
Pvjv‡bv‡KB Kzw¤¢jZ¡ ev Kzw¤¢jKe„wË ejv nq|
M. `yi + Ae¯’v N. `y: + Ae¯’v DËi N
16. EY©bvf kãwU w`‡q eySvq (40Zg wewmGm wcÖwj) e¨vL¨v : GwU GKwU wemM© mwÜi D`vniY| †h `yBwU mwÜi
K. wUKwUwK L. †Z‡j‡cvKv wgj‡b mwÜ n‡e, Zv‡`i GKwU hw` wemM© nq, Z‡e
M. DB‡cvKv N. gvKomv DËi N Zv‡K wemM© mwÜ e‡j| wbqg : ÔA/AvÕ Qvov Ab¨
e¨vL¨v : EY©bvf – EY©v bvwf‡Z hvi (gvKomv) ¯^iaŸwbi c‡i ÔtÕ _vK‡j Ges Zvic‡i A, Av, e‡M©i
Z…Zxq, PZz_©, cÂg aŸwb wKsev h, i, j, e wKsev n
39Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿvi cÖkœ I mgvavb _vK‡j ÔtÕ Gi RvqMvq ÔiÕ nq| †hgb-
`y: + Ae¯’v = `yie¯’v D+t+A
01. ÔHand out’ Gi ï× cwifvlv n‡”Q-
K. ÁvcbcÎ L. Z_¨cÎ `y: + MwZ = `yM©wZ D + t + M (e‡M©i Z…Zxq aŸwb)
`y: + AvPvi = `yivPvi D + t + Av
M. cÖPvicÎ N. n¯ÍcÎ DËi K
`y: + AšÍ = `yišÍ D+t+A
e¨vL¨v : ÔHand out’ Gi A_© ÁvcbcÎ| cÖPvicÎ Gi wb: + AvKiY = wbivKiY B + t + Av
cvwifvwlK kã ÔHand bill’.
07. ÔZzwg †Zv fvwi my›`i Qwe AvuKÕ| evK¨wU‡Z †Kvb
02. ‡Kvb DcmM©wU wfbœv‡_© cÖhy³? cÖKv‡ii Ae¨q c` e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q?
K. Dc‡fvM L. DcMÖn K. AbyKvi Ae¨q L. c`vš^qx Ae¨q
M. DcmvMi N. Dc‡bZv DËi K M. AbymM© Ae¨q N. Abš^qx Ae¨q DËi N
e¨vL¨v : MÖn, mvMi, †bZv cÖf…wZ k㸇jvi c~‡e© ÔDcÕ e¨vL¨v : †h mKj Ae¨q c` ev‡K¨i Ab¨ c‡`i m‡½
DcmM©wU ÿz`ªv‡_© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| Acic‡ÿ †fvM †Kv‡bv m¤^Ü bv †i‡L ¯^vaxbfv‡e bvbvwea fve cÖKv‡k
kãwUi c~‡e© ÔDcÕ DcmM©wU Ôwe‡klÕ A_© cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡`i Abš^qx Ae¨q e‡j| ‡hgb- Avwg
mshy&³ n‡q‡Q| ZvB PviwU k‡ãi g‡a¨ ÔDc‡fvM kãwU AvR Avjer hve| Zzwg †Zv fvwi my›`i Qwe AvuK|
wfbœv‡_© cÖhy³|
08. ÔmijÕ k‡ãi wecixZv_©K kã bq †KvbwU?
03. Av¸‡bi mgv_©K kã †KvbwU? K. Mij L. KzwUj
K. Abj L. Asï M. RwUj N. eµ DËi K
M. †R¨vwZ N. fvwZ DËi K
e¨vL¨v : ÔmijÕ kãwUi wecixZ kã KzwUj, RwUj, eµ|
e¨vL¨v : ÔAv¸bÕ kãwUi mgv_©K kã AwMœ, Abj, cveK, ÔMijÕ kãwU ÔmijÕ kãwUi wecixZv_©K kã bq| Mi‡ji
ewý, ûZvkb, `nb, me©fzK, •ek^vbi, †ngvwMœ, K…kvby, wecixZv_©K kã ÔAg„ZÕ|
wefvemy, wkLv cÖf…wZ| ÔAsïÕ kãwUi mgv_©K kã wKiY, 09. mvay I PwjZ fvlvi g~j cv_©K¨ †Kvb c‡` ‡ewk †`Lv
iwk¥, cÖfv cÖf…wZ| Ô‡R¨vwZÕ kãwUi mgv_©K kã hvq?
Av‡jvK, `xwß| ÔfvwZÕ Gi mgv_©K kã DR¦jZv| K. we‡klY I wµqv L. we‡kl¨ I we‡klY c‡`
04. wefw³nxb bvg kã‡K Kx e‡j? M. wµqv I me©bvg N. we‡kl¨ I wµqv DËi M
K. bvg c` L. †g․wjK kã
e¨vL¨v : evsjv fvlvq mvay ixwZ mywba©vwiZ e¨vKi‡Yi
M. K…`šÍ kã N. cÖvwZcw`K DËi N wbqg AbymiY K‡i P‡j Ges Gi c`web¨vm mywbw`©ó| G
e¨vL¨v : wµqv c‡`i g~j‡K ejv nq Ôwµqv cÖK…wZÕ| bvg ixwZ‡Z me©bvg I wµqvc` GK we‡kl MVb c×wZ †g‡b
c‡`i g~j‡K ejv nq Ôbvg cÖK…wZÕ| wµqv cÖK…wZ‡K ejv P‡j|
evsjv fvlv 109 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
PwjZ ixwZ cwieZ©bkxj| GKk eQi Av‡M †h PwjZ e¨vL¨v : ÔZv¤^ywjKÕ kãwUi mgv_©K kã eviæB, cvb-
ixwZ †m hy‡Mi wkó I f`ªR‡bi Kw_Z fvlv ev gy‡Li e¨emvqx, cY©Kvi| ZvgwmK k‡ãi mgv_©K A_©
eywj wn‡m‡e cÖPwjZ wQj Kv‡ji cÖev‡n eZ©gv‡b Zv Zv‡gvfvec~Y©, †gNv”Qbœ cÖf…wZ| ZvB ÔZvgwmKÕ kãwU
A‡bKUv cwiewZ©Z iƒc jvf K‡i‡Q| PwjZ ixwZ‡Z ÔZv¤^ywjKÕ kãwUi mgv_©K kã bq|
e¨eüZ me©bvg I wµqvc` PwjZ ixwZ‡K cwiewZ©Z I 13. ‡Kvb kãwU DcmM© w`‡q MwVZ n‡q‡Q?
mnRZi iƒc jvf K‡i| K. Avlvp L. AvNvUv
10. ‡KvbwU Acv`vb KviK? M. Avqbv N. Avbb DËi L
K. wRÁvwme R‡b R‡b
L. †Uªb †÷kb †Q‡o‡Q e¨vL¨v : evsjv fvlvq Ggb KZ¸‡jv Ae¨qm~PK kãvsk
M. evN e‡b Av‡Q i‡q‡Q, †h¸‡jv ¯^vaxb c` wn‡m‡e ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ n‡Z
cv‡i bv, fvlvq e¨eüZ Gme Ae¨qm~PK kãvs‡ki bvg
N. M„nnx‡b M„n `vI DËi L
ÔDcmM©Õ| evsjv fvlvq wZb cÖKvi DcmM© i‡q‡Q| h_v-
e¨vL¨v : hv ‡_‡K wKQz wePz¨Z, M„nxZ, RvZ, weiZ, evsjv A, ANv, AR, Abv, Av, Avo, Avb, Ave,
Avi¤¢, `~ixf~Z I iwÿZ nq Ges hv †`‡L †KD fxZ nq (21wU) BwZ, Db (Dbv), K`, Kz, wb, cvwZ, we,
Zv‡KB Acv`vb KviK e‡j| †hgb- fi, ivg, m, mv, my, nv|
MvQ †_‡K cvZv c‡o| (wePz¨Z) Zrmg cÖ, civ, Ac, mg, wb, Aby, Ae, wbi, we,
`ya †_‡K `B nq| (M„nxZ) (20wU) Awa, my, Dr, cwi, cÖwZ, AwZ, Awc, Awf,
Rwg †_‡K dmj cvB| (RvZ) Dc, Av|
cv‡c weiZ nI| (weiZ) we‡`wk dviwm DcmM© 10wU :
Rwg †_‡K dmj cvB| (RvZ) (19wU) Kvi&, `i&, bv, wbg&, wd, e`&, †e, ei&, e,
‡`k †_‡K c½cvj P‡j †M‡Q| (`~ixf~Z) Kg|
wec` †_‡K evuPvI| (iwÿZ) Aviwe DcmM© 4wU : Avg, Lvm, jv, Mi|
‡mvgevi †_‡K cixÿv ïiæ| (Avi¤¢) D`y©-wnw›` DcmM© 1wU : ni|
‡Uªb †÷kb †Q‡o‡Q| (Avi¤¢)
evN‡K fq cvq bv †K? (fxZ) ÔNvUvÕ kãwUi c~‡e© evsjv DcmM© ÔAvÕ mshy³ n‡q ÔAvNvUvÕ
n‡q‡Q|
11. ‡KvbwU e¨wZnvi eûeªxwni D`vniY?
K. †`vZjv L. Avkxwel 35-40 wewmwGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cÖkœ I mgvavb
M. KvbvKvwb N. ARvbv DËi M
cÖ‡qvM-AccÖ‡qvM
e¨vL¨v : ‡h mgv‡m mgm¨gvb c`¸‡jvi mgm¨gvb
c`¸‡jvi †KvbwUi A_© bv eywS‡q, Ab¨ †Kvb c`‡K → ‡KvbwU‡Z AccÖ‡qvM N‡U‡Q? DËi : GKwÎZ| (38Zg
†evSvq, Zv‡K eûeªxwn mgvm e‡j| eûeªxwn mgvm AvU wewmGm)
cÖKvi| h_v- mgvbvwaKiY, e¨vwaKiY, e¨wZnvi, bT, → ‡Kvb evK¨wU ï×? DËi: Zvi K_v ï‡b Avwg
ga¨c`‡jvcx, cÖZ¨qvšÍ, AjyK I msL¨vevPK eûeªxwn| Avðh©vwš^Z njvg| (37Zg wewmGm)
wµqvi cvi¯úvwiK A‡_© e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn nq †h mgv‡m, evbvb I evK¨-ïw×
Zv‡K eûeªxwn mgvm e‡j| G mgv‡m c~e©c‡` ÔAvÕ Ges
DËic‡` ÔBÕ hy³ nq| h_v- → ‡Kvb kãwU ï× evbv‡b †jLv n‡q‡Q? DËi : wÎfRz|
(38Zg wewmGm)
nv‡Z nv‡Z †h hy× → nvZvnvwZ| → ‡KvbwU ï× evbvb? DËi : ¯^vqËkvmb| (38Zg
Kv‡b Kv‡b †h K_v → KvbvKvwb| wewmGm)
Ggwb fv‡e PzjvPzwj, KvovKvwo, MvjvMvwj, †`Lv‡`wL, → wb‡Pi evbvb¸”Q †KvbwU Aï×? DËi: †`vlx-wb‡`v©lx|
†KvjvKzwj, jvVvjvwV, nvmvnvwm, ¸uZv¸uwZ, NylvNywl (37Zg wewmGm) [wb‡`©vl ï× evbvb]
BZ¨vw`| → wb‡Pi †Kvb evbvb ¸‡”Qi me¸‡jv evbvbB Aï×?
DËi: wb°Y, m~PMÖ, AbyaŸ©| (37Zg wewmGm)
12. ÔZv¤^ywjKÕ k‡ãi mgv_©K kã bq †KvbwU?
K. eviæB L. cvb-e¨emvqx → Òcyi®‥vi weZiYx Abyôv‡bi cwi‡ek GZ Acwi¯‥viÓ|
evK¨wUi wb¤œ‡iL c‡` l/m e¨env‡i- DËi: `y‡UvB
M. cY©Kvi N. ZvgwmK DËi N
Aï×| (35Zg wewmGm)| [ï× evbvb cyi¯‥vi,
Acwi®‥vi|]
evsjv fvlv 110 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
→ ‡Kvb evK¨wU ï×? DËi: ‣`b¨ me©`v gn‡Ë¡i cwiPvqK → evsjv eY©gvjvq Aa©gvÎvi eY© KqwU? DËi: 8 wU|
bq| (35Zg wewmGm) (36Zg wewmGm)
cwifvlv → ÔweÁvbÕ k‡ãi hy³e‡Y©i mwVK iƒc †KvbwU? DËi: R +
T| (36Zg wewmGm)
→ ‘Null and Void’ Gi mwVK evsjv cwifvlv †KvbwU?
DËi: evwZj| (36Zg I 38Zg wewmGm) kã
→ ÔCustom’ k‡ãi cwifvlv †KvbwU h_v_©? DËi: cÖ_v| → ÔevevÕ †Kvb fvlv †_‡K AvMZ kã? DËi : ZzwK©|
(37Zg wewmGm) (38Zg wewmGm)
→ Ode Kx? DËi: †KvivmMvb| (37Zg wewmGm) → ÔwMwbœÕ †Kvb fvlv †_‡K AvMZ kã? DËi : Aa©-Zrmg|
→ ÔConsumer goods’ - Gi Dchy³ evsjv cwifvlv (38Zg wewmGm)
Kx? DËi: ‡fvM¨ cY¨| (35Zg wewmGm) → ‡KvbwU †g․wjK kã? DËi: †Mvjvc| (37Zg wewmGm)
mgv_©K kã → ÔK`vKviÕ kãwU †Kvb DcmM© †hv‡M MwVZ? DËi: †`wk
DcmM©‡hv‡M MwVZ| (37Zg wewmGm)
→ m~h© k‡ãi mgv_©K kã †KvbwU? DËi: AK©| (38Zg wewmGm) → Ô‡nW †g․jfxÕ †Kvb †Kvb fvlvi kã‡hv‡M MwVZ n‡q‡Q?
→ ÒAvwg G K_v, G e¨_v, myL e¨vKzjZv Kvnvi PiYZ‡j DËi: Bs‡iwR + dviwm| (36Zg wewmGm)
w`e wbQwb|Ó iex›`ªbv‡_i G Mv‡b ÔwbQwbÓ Kx A‡_© → evsjv fvlvq bZzb kã mvab nq bv wb‡¤œv³ †Kvb
e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q? DËi: c~Rv A‡_©| (37Zg wewmGm) Dcv‡q? DËi: wj½všÍ‡ii gva¨‡g kã MwVZ nq bv|
→ Ômgwfe¨vnv‡iÕ kãwUi A_© Kx? DËi: GK‡hv‡M| (35Zg wewmGm)
(37Zg wewmGm)
c`
→ cÖKl© k‡ãi mgv_©K kã- DËi: DrKl©| (37Zg
wewmGm) → wb‡Pi †KvbwU we‡kl¨ c`? DËi: Mv¤¢xh©| (36Zg
→ ÔRjÕ k‡ãi mgv_©K bq †KvbwU? DËi: Rjwa| (35Zg wewmGm)
wewmGm) → ÔG †h Avgv‡`i †Pbv †jvKÕ- ev‡K¨ †Pbv †Kvb c`? DËi:
→ Ôcik^Õ kãwUi A_© Kx? DËi: ciï| (35Zg wewmGm) we‡klY| (36Zg wewmGm)
→ ÔjeYÕ k‡ãi we‡klY †KvbwU? DËi: jeYv³| (35Zg
wecixZv_©K kã wewmGm)
→ Ôe¨³Õ k‡ãi wecixZ kã †KvbwU? DËi: M~p| (38Zg evK¨
wewmGm)
→ ‡KvbwU ev‡K¨i ¸Y bq? DËi: Avmw³| (35Zg I
→ ‡Kvb kã‡Rvov wecixZv_©K bq? DËi: üó-cyó| 38Zg wewmGm)
(35Zg wewmGm)
→ ‡KvbwU evMaviv †evSvq? DËi: wk‡i msµvwšÍ| (37Zg
aŸwb wewmGm)
→ evsjv fvlvq ‡g․wjK ¯^iaŸwb KqwU? DËi : 7wU| → Ôwg_¨vev`x‡K mevB AcQ›` K‡iÕ evK¨wU‡K ‡bwZevPK
(35Zg I 38Zg wewmGm) ev‡K¨ iæcvšÍi Ki‡j nq- DËi: wg_¨vev`x‡K †KD
→ e‡M©i †Kvb eY©mg~‡ni aŸwb gnvcÖvY aŸwb? DËi: wØZxq cQ›` K‡i bv| (36Zg wewmGm)
I PZz_© eY©| (37Zg wewmGm) cÖZ¨q
→ ÔJÕ †Kvb ai‡Yi ¯^iaŸwb? DËi: †h․wMK ¯^iaŸwb|
(37Zg wewmGm) → ÔkÖ×vÕ k‡ãi mwVK cÖK…wZ-cÖZ¨q †KvbwU? DËi:
→ wb‡Pi †Kvb k‡ã Y-Z¡ wewa Abymv‡i ÔYÕ Gi e¨envi kÖr+ av + A + Av| (38Zg wewmGm)
n‡q‡Q? DËi: cÖeY| (36Zg wewmGm) → evsjv K…r cÖZ¨q mvwaZ kã †KvbwU? DËi: †gvoK|
→ ÔeÜbÕ k‡ãi mwVK Aÿi web¨vm †KvbwU? DËi: (38Zg wewmGm)
eb&+ab&| (36Zg wewmGm) → wb‡Pi †Kvb kãwU cÖZ¨q †hv‡M MwVZ nqwb? DËi:
→ wb‡Pi †KvbwU aŸwb-cwieZ©‡bi D`vniY bq? DËi: ï‡f”Qv| (36Zg wewmGm)
cÖvwZcw`K| (35Zg wewmGm) → wb‡Pi †Kvb kãwU cÖZ¨qmvwaZ? DËi: LwÐZ| (35Zg
wewmGm)
eY© mwÜ
→ ÔþÕ hy³eY©wU wKfv‡e MwVZ n‡q‡Q? DËi : n + g| → Ôm‡`¨vRvZÕ k‡ãi ï× mwÜwe‡”Q` †KvbwU? DËi: m`¨t
(38Zg wewmGm) + RvZ| (38Zg wewmGm)
evsjv fvlv 111 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
→ iex›`ªÕ Gi mwVK mwÜwe‡”Q` †KvbwU? DËi: iwe + e¨vL¨v : mw܇Z wemM©hy³ B-Kvi ev D-Kv‡ii ci K L c
B›`ª| (36Zg wewmGm) d-Gi †h †Kv‡bv GKwU _vK‡j wemM© (t) ¯’v‡b g~a©b¨-l
→ Ô‣ØcvqbÕ k‡ãi ï× mwÜwe‡”Q` †KvbwU? DËi: Øxc + nq| †hgb :
Aqb| (35Zg wewmGm) wb®úÖf (wbt+cÖf) wb®‥i (wbt+Ki)
mgvm wbõj (wbt+dj) ewn®‥vi (ewnt+Kvi)
cwi¯‥vi (cwit+Kvi)
01. Ôcy®ú‡m․ifÕ †Kvb mgv‡mi D`vniY? DËi: Zrcyiæl|
(38Zg wewmGm) A, Av e‡Y© wemM© (t) _vK‡j AZtci K, L, c, d
02. ÔR‡j-¯’‡jÕ Kx mgvm? DËi: AjyK Ø›Ø| (37Zg _vK‡j mw܇Z wem‡M©i ¯’v‡b `šÍ¨-m nq| †hgb :
wewmGm) bg¯‥vi (bg t + Kvi) wZi¯‥vi (wZt + Kvi)
03. Ôwe®§qvcbœÕ mg¯Í c`wUi mwVK e¨vmevK¨ †KvbwU? DËi: gb¯‥vg (gbt + Kvg) cyi¯‥vi (cyit + Kvi)
we®§q‡K Avcbœ| (37Zg wewmGm)
04. eûeªxwn mgvm c` †KvbwU? DËi: Abgbxq| (36Zg 03. †Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [25Zg wewmGm]
wewmGm) K. Zvnvi Rxeb mskqvc~Y©
05. ÔRR mv‡neÕ †Kvb mgv‡mi D`vniY? DËi: Kg©aviq| L. Zvnvi Rxeb mskqc~b©
(35Zg wewmGm) M. Zvnvi Rxeb mskqgq
N. Zvnvi Rxeb mskqfiv DËi K
Ab¨vb¨
06. hy³vÿi GK gvÎv Ges e×vÿviI GK gvÎv MYbv Kiv e¨vL¨v : we‡kl¨ c` ÔmskqÕ Gi we‡klY nj mskqvc~Y©
nq †Kvb Q‡›`? DËi: ¯^ie„Ë| (37Zg wewmGm) (A_©- wØavc~Y© ev m‡›`nc~Y©)| cÖ`Ë Ackbmg~‡ni g‡a¨
ÔKÕ Ack‡b ÔZvnvi Rxeb mskqvc~Y©Õ Øviv Mfxi
AwbðqZv cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|
cÖ‡qvM-AccÖ‡qvM + evbvb I evK¨ïw× 04. ï× evK¨wU wPwýZ Kiæb| [11Zg wewmGm]
K. GKUv †Mvcbxq K_v ewj
Avgv‡`i eY©gvjvq Ggb KZ¸‡jv aŸwb i‡q‡Q hv‡`i D”PvwiZ L. GKwU †Mvcb K_v ewj
iƒc GK I Awfbœ| ZvB AmsL¨ evbvb †jLvi mgq Avgiv M. GKwU †MvcY K_v ewj
weåvšÍ n‡q hvB| jÿ¨ K‡ib, ÔBÕ, ÔCÕ; ÔDÕ, ÔEÕ; ÔkÕ, ÔmÕ, Ôl; N. GKwU ¸ß K_v ewj DËi K
ÔYÕ, ÔbÕ Ges ÔiÕ, ÔoÕ, ÔpÕ BZ¨vw` aŸwb¸‡jvi MVbMZ wfbœZv
_vK‡jI D”Pvi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î jÿ¨‡hvM¨ †Zgb †Kvb cv_©K¨ e¨vL¨v : ¸ß + Abxq = †Mvcbxq- GKwU ms¯‥…Z K…r
†bB| A_P ÔgivÕ I ÔgovÕ Gi g‡a¨B i‡q‡Q we¯Íi dvivK| cÖZ¨‡qi D`vniY hv GKwU we‡klY c` Ges we‡kl¨ c`
evsjv GKv‡Wwg 1992 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^‡i evbvb‡K wbqwgZ, ÔK_vÕ †K we‡kwlZ K‡i| ¸ß, †Mvcb cÖf…wZ we‡kl¨
Awfbœ I cÖwgZ Kivi e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡i| ciewZ©‡Z 2000 c`|
mv‡j wKQz wKQz wbq‡g ms‡kvab Avbv nq| 2012 mv‡ji 05. ï× evK¨wU wPwýZ Kiæb| [12Zg wewmGm (cywjk)]
†m‡Þ¤^i gv‡m wbqg¸‡jvi cwigvR©b Kiv nq| K. we`¨vb e¨w³MY `wi‡`ªi wkKvi nb
L. weØvb e¨w³MY `vwi‡`ª¨i wkKvi nb
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ M. we`¨vb e¨w³MY `wi`ªZvi ¯^xKvi nb
01. ‡KvbwU ï× evbvb? (40Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi) N. we`¨vb e¨w³MY `vwi`ªZvi wkKvi nb DËi L
K. cÖR¦j L. †cªv¾j
e¨vL¨v : we`¨vb, `wi`ª, `vwi`ª, `vwi`ªZv kãmg~‡ni ï×
M. ‡cÖvR¦j N. †cÖv¾¡j DËi N iƒc nj weØvb, `vwi`ª¨, `wi`ªZv| me¸‡jv evbv‡bi
e¨vL¨v : ï× evbvb cÖ + D¾¡j = ‡cÖv¾¡j wePv‡i ÔLÕ bs Ack‡b cÖ`Ë evK¨wUB ï×|
02. Ôcyi®‹vi-weZiYx Abyôv‡bi cwi‡ek GZ Acwi¯‹viÕ| 06. ï× evK¨ †KvbwU? [10Zg wewmGm]
evK¨wUi wb¤œ‡iL c‡` ÔlÕ ev ÔmÕ e¨env‡i...[35Zg K. `ye©jekZ Abvw_bx e‡m coj
wewmGm] L. `ye©jZvekZ Abv_v e‡m coj
K. cÖ_gwU Aï×, wØZxqwU ï× M. `ye©jZvekZt Abvw_bx e‡m coj
L. `y‡UvB Aï× N. `ye©jZvekZt Abv_v e‡m coj DËi L
M. cÖ_gwU ï×, wØZxqwU Aï× e¨vL¨v : ÔAbv_Õ Gi ¯¿xwj½ ÔAbv_vÕ| evsjv GKv‡Wgx-Gi
N. `y‡UvB ï× DËi L 2012 mv‡ji evbvb ixwZ Abymv‡i, k‡ãi †k‡l wemM© (
evsjv fvlv 112 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
t) e‡m bv| †mRb¨ Aï× kã Ô`ye©jZvekZtÕ Gi ï× 11. wb‡Pi †Kvb evbvbwU Aï×? [35Zg wewmGm]
iƒc Ô`ye©jZvekZÕ| K. gbxlx L. gwbwl
07. ‡Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [37Zg wewmGm] M. gbxwl N. gwblx DËi K
K. Avcwb ¯^cwiev‡i Avgwš¿Z 12. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Aï×? [37Zg wewmGm]
L. †Zvgvi cikÖxKvZiZvq Avwg gy» K. Awnsm-mwnsm L. cÖmbœ-welYœ
M. Zvi K_v ï‡b Avwg Avðh©vwš^Z njvg M. †`vlx-wb‡`©vlx N. wb®úvc-cvwcbx DËi M
N. †mw`b †_‡K wZwb †mLv‡b Avi hvq bv DËi M e¨vL¨v : Ô†`vlx-wb‡`©vlxÕ kãhyM‡ji ï× iƒc n‡e Ô‡`vlx-
wb‡`©vlÕ| ï× DËi Ackb ÔLÕ|
e¨vL¨v : Ô¯^cwiev‡i Avgwš¿ZÕ A_© ÔwbR cwiev‡i
Avgwš¿ZÕ| Ab¨w`‡K Ômcwiev‡i Avgwš¿ZÕ A_© Ôcwievimn 13. ‡Kvb evbvbwU ï× bq? [33Zg wewmGm]
Avgwš¿ZÕ| ÔcikÖxKvZivÕ k‡ãi A_© ÔAc‡ii DbœwZ‡Z K. `wi`ªZv L. Dc‡hvwMZv
Cl©v cÖKvkÕ| ZvB GLv‡b Ôgy»Õ kãwU AccÖ‡qvM n‡q‡Q| M. kÖ×vÄwj N. Dש DËi M
Ackb ÔNÕ †Z wZwb kãwUi mv‡_ ÔhvbÕ (hvq Gi e¨vL¨v : `wi`ªZv, Dc‡hvwMZv, kÖ×vÄwj k㸇jv ï×|
cwie‡Z©) gvbvbmB| cÖ`Ë Ackbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Ackb ÔDשÕ-Gi mwVK evbvb ÔEaŸ©Õ|
ÔMÕ wbfz©j|
14. ‡KvbwU evbvbwU ï×? [33Zg wewmGm]
08. ‡Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [35Zg wewmGm] K. wcwcwjKv L. wccxwjKv
K. •`b¨Zv me©`v gn‡Z¡i cwiPvqK bq M. cxwcwjKv N. wcwcjxKv DËi L
L. •`b¨Zv me©`v gn‡Ë¡i cwiPvqK bq
M. •`b¨ me©`v gn‡Z¡i cwiPvqK bq 15. ‡KvbwU mwVK evbvb? [32Zg I 33Zg wewmGm]
N. •`b¨ me©`v gn‡Ë¡i cwiPvqK bq DËi N K. wbwkw_bx L. bxwkw_bx
M. wbkxw_bx N. wbwkw_wb DËi M
e¨vL¨v : Ô‣`b¨ZvÕ kãwU Aï×| ï× evbvb n‡e Ô•`b¨Õ 16. ‡KvbwU mwVK evbvb? [32Zg wewmGm]
A_ev Ô`xbZvÕ| †h k‡ãi †k‡l LÐ-Z (r) _v‡K, †m K. `›` L. Ø›`
k‡ãi †k‡l hw` ÔZ¡Õ cÖZ¨q †hvM nq, ¯^fveZB k‡ãi M. Ø›Ø N. AvKvsÿv DËi M
†k‡l ÔZ + Z + eÕ A_©vr Z‡q-Z‡q-e-djv (Ë¡) nq| 17. ï× evbv‡bi k㸔Q mbv³ Kiæb| [23Zg wewmGm
†hgb : gnr + Z¡ = gnË¡| Ackb ÔNÕ G cÖ`ËwU evK¨wU (gyw³‡hv×v mšÍvb)]
ï×| K. fwel¨Z, †f․MwjK, h²v
09. ‡Kvb evK¨wU ï×? [33Zg wewmGm] L. ¯^vqËkvmb, Avf¨šÍi, Rb¥evwl©K
K. ‡Zvgvi †Mvcb K_v Avgvi c‡ÿ †kvb m¤¢e bq M. hkjvf, m‡`¨vRZ, m¤^a©bv
L. mjw¾Z evûj¨Zv eR©b Kiv DwPZ N. HKZvb, †KejgvÎ, Dc‡iv³ DËi e¨vL¨v †`Lyb
M. `wi`ªZv Avgv‡`i cÖavb mgm¨v
e¨vL¨v : Ack‡b cÖ`Ë k㸇”Qi †KvbwU‡ZB me¸‡jv
N. me© wel‡q evûj¨Zv AR©b Kiv DwPZ DËi M
kã ï× bq| ky× evbvbmg~n : fwel¨r, †f․‡MvwjK,
e¨vL¨v : Ô‡Mvcb K_vÕ Gi cwie‡Z© n‡e Ô‡Mvcbxq K_vÕ| hÿv, ¯^qËkvmb, (Avf¨šÍi, Avf¨šÍwiK, Avf¨šÍixY =
Ômjw¾ZÕ Gi ¯’‡j n‡e Ômj¾Õ| Ôevûj¨ZvÕ Gi ¯’‡j n‡e Af¨šÍi), Rb¥w`em, h‡kvjvf, m‡`¨vRvZ, (m¤^a©bv =
Ôevûj¨Õ| KviY mj¾, †Mvcb we‡kl¨i we‡klY †Mvcbxq, msea©bv), HKZvb, †Kej, Dchy©³|
mjw¾Z| Ackbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Ackb ÔMÕ ï×|
18. ‡Kvb evbvbwU ï×? [20Zg wewmGm]
10. wb‡Pi †Kvb evbvb¸‡”Qi me¸‡jv evbvb Aï×? [37Zg K. m~wPw®§Zv L. m~wPw¯§Zv
wewmGm] M. myPxw¯§Zv N. ïwPw¯§Zv DËi N
K. wb°Y, m~PMÖ, AbyaŸ©
L. f~wif~wi, f~uwoIqvjv, gvZ…l¦mv e¨vL¨v : ïwPw¯§Zv/ myw¯§Zv : Ôw¯§ZÕ k‡ãi A_© ÔClr
M. Ab~aŸ©, DaŸ©Mvgx, ïרïw× nvm¨Õ; Ôw¯§ZÕ k‡ãi c~‡e© ïwP (A_©- cweÎ) hy³ n‡q
N. ivwb, wewKiY, `yiwZµg¨ DËi K MwVZ n‡q‡Q ïwPw¯§Zv (wbg©j nvwmhy³)| Aciw`‡K
Ôw¯§ZÕ k‡ãi c~‡e© ÔmyÕ DcmM© †hv‡M MwVZ nq- myw¯§Zv
e¨vL¨v : Ackb ÔKÕ Gi me¸‡jv evbvbB Aï×| wb°Y, A_©vr Ômy›`i nvm¨hy³vÕ| m~wPw®§Zv, m~wPw®§Zv, myPxw¯§Zv
m~PMÖ, AbyaŸ© Gi ï× iƒc n‡e- wbK¡Y, m~P¨MÖ I Ab~aŸ©| kãmg~n ï× bq|
Ackb ÔLÕ Gi f~uwoIqvjv k‡ãi ï× evbvb n‡e
fzuwoIqvjv| Ackb ÔMÕ Gi Ab~e©i kãwUi ï× evbvb 19. ‡Kvb evbvbwU Aï×? [32Zg wewmGm]
Abye©i| Ackb ÔNÕ Gi me¸‡jv k‡ãi evbvb ï×| K. AvKvsLv L. AvKv•ÿv
evsjv fvlv 113 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
M. AvKv•Lv N. AvKvsÿv DËi L AZrmg k‡ã :
e¨vL¨v : mw܇Z (Zrmg k‡ã) cÖ_g c‡`i †k‡l g& Av`wg, Avwcj, Avjgvwi, DwKj, D`y©, KvwR,
_vK‡j K-e‡M©i (K, L, M, N) c~‡e© g& ¯’v‡b Aby¯^vi (s) Kvievwi, KvwiMwi, Kzwgi, †Kivwb, wLª÷, wLª÷vã,
n‡e| †hgb : Mwie, MvwR, Mvwo, wMwbœ, PvKwi, Riæwi, Rvbyqvwi,
wWwMÖ, `iKvwi, `vwe, w`wN, ay‡jv, bvm©vwi, cowk,
AnsKvi (Ang&+Kvi), wKsKi, SsKvi, fqsKi, c`we, evwo, evuwk, evOvwj, †e-AvBwb, fzZz‡o, wgw¯¿,
msKí, msKxY©, msMxZ, msN, msNvZ, ûsKvi| gy‡jv, ‡g‡qwj, whï, †ikwg, jUvwi, jvB‡eªwi,
Dch©y³ wbq‡g mwÜRvZ bv n‡j, hy³e¨Ä‡b K-e‡M©i kvïwo, wkKvwi, mewR, miKvwi, mywbœ, nvwR, wnRwi|
c~‡e© g& ¯’v‡b O (D‡qvu) n‡e| †hgb : 03. C-Kvi hy³ ¯¿xevPK kã| †hgb : Awf‡bÎx, KÎx©,
AvKvOÿv, A¼zi, A½, Bw½Z, D”Q…•Lj, Kvw•ÿZ, Kj¨vYx, wK‡kvix, Mvfx, ¸YeZx, PÐx , PZz`©kx, QvÎx,
M½v, Rw½, `v½v, c¼R, c½y, e½, fw½, j•Nb, Rbbx, ZiæYx, `vmx, `ytwLbx, †`ex, bvix, cZœx,
wkÿv½b, m½x| wckvPx, we`ylx, eyw×gZx, gvZvgnx, gvbex, jÿèx,
kÖxgZx, mZx, mi¯^Zx, nwiYx, •ngšÍx, B›`ªvYx, iRbx,
20. †Kvb evbvbwU ï×? [10g, 13Zg Ges 21Zg wewmGm] b`x, Zix, e¨vNªx, mLx, hvwgbx|
K. gygyl©y L. gyg~ly©
M. g~gyl©y N. g~g~l©~ DËi L 04. C-Kvi hy³ cyiælevPK kã| †hgb : evM¥x, Kg©x, Rqx,
21. †Kvb evbvbwU ï×? [20Zg wewmGm] kÖgx, †gavex, myLx, ¸Yx|
K. ïkÖælv L. mykÖælv 05. fvlv I RvwZi bv‡gi †k‡l B- Kvi n‡e| †hgb :
M. ïkÖƒlv N. mykÖælv DËi M o AvdMvwb, Aviwe, Bs‡iwR, BivwK, Bûw`, Kvwk¥wi,
22. ‡Kvb evbvbwU ï×? [18Zg wewmGm] Rvcvwb, ZzwK©, †bcvwj, cvwK¯Ívwb, cvÄvwe, divwm,
K. mgxPxb L. mwgPxb evOvwj, mvuIZvwj, wmwÜ, wnw›`|
M. mgxwPb N. mwgwPb DËi K 06. we‡klYevPK ÔAvwjÕ-cÖZ¨qhy³ k‡ã B-Kvi n‡e| †hgb-
23. ï× evbvbwU wb‡`©k Kiæb| [15Zg wewmGm] o ‣PZvwj, cyevwj, eY©vwj, wgZvwj, †g‡qwj, iæcvwj,
K. gyûgy©û L. g~ûg©û †mvbvwj|
07. ‡i‡di ci e¨ÄYe‡Y©i wØZ¡ n‡e bv| †hgb- A¾©b, Eש,
M. gyng© ~û© N. gyû©g~û DËi K
Kvh©¨, m~h¨© BZ¨vw` Gi cwie‡Z© AR©b, EaŸ©, Kvh©, m~h©
24. ‡Kvb evbvbwU ï×? [14Zg wewmGm (wkÿv)]
BZ¨vw` em‡e| e¨wZµg : •`N©¨, eR©¨|
K. wewfmxKv L. wefxwlKv
08. 1936 mv‡j KwjKvZv wek^we`¨vjq cÖewZ©Z evbvb ixwZ
M. exwfwlKv N. exwflxKv DËi L Abyhvqx KwZcq GKB k‡ãi `y‡Uv evbvb ï×| †hgb-
25. ‡Kvb evbvbwU ï×? [12Zg wewmGm (cywjk)] nvwZ-nvZx evwo-evox evuwk-evukx
K. cvlvY L. cvlvb
AšÍixÿ-AšÍwiÿ Kyywgi-Kzgxi wbwgl-wb‡gl
M. cvmvb N. cvkvb DËi K Mvwo-Mvox cÖwZKvi-cÖZxKvi `vw`-`v`x
26. ‡KvbwU‡Z AccÖ‡qvM N‡U‡Q? [38Zg wewmGm]
w`wN-`xwN ‡`eKx-‣`eKx Kjm-Kjk
K. GKwÎZ L. Revew`wn
Clv©-Cl©¨v wKkjq-wKmjq gZ©-gZ©¨
M. wg_w¯…qv N. †M․iweZ DËi K
m~wP-m~Px cvwL-cvLx ‡kÖwY-‡kÖYx
KzwUi-KzUxi AšÍt¯’-AšÍ¯’ ZiwY-ZiYx
evsjv evbv‡bi wbqg gmyi-gm~i iRwb-iRbx ¯^vwg-¯^vgx
01. Zrmg A_©vr evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ AweK…Z ms¯‥…Z evbvb
Z‡e evsjv GKv‡Wwg cÖewZ©Z (me©‡kl) cÖwgZ evsjv
h_vh_ AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|
wbqg Abymv‡i, ‡hme Zrmg k‡ã ÔBÕ ÔCÕ ev ÔDÕ ÔEÕ
evbv‡b B C, D E-Gi e¨envi Dfq ï× †Kej †mme k‡ã ÔBÕ ev ÔDÕ ev Zvi Kvi wPý
02. ‡hme Zrmg k‡ãi evbv‡b n«¯^ I `xN© Dfq ¯^i (B C, D ÔB-KviÕ (w ) ev ÔD-KviÕ ( y ) n‡e| †hgb- wKse`wšÍ,
E) Awfavbwm×, †m †ÿ‡Î Ges AZrmg (Z™¢e, †`wk, LÄwb, wPrKvi, Pzwjø, ZiwY, agwb, aiwY, bvwo, cwÄ,
we‡`wk, wgkª) k‡ãi evbv‡b ïay n«¯^¯^i (B w, D y) n‡e| c`we, cwjø, fw½, gwm, hyewZ, iPbvewj, jnwi, miwY,
†hgb- m~wPcÎ|
Zrmg k‡ã : 09. P›`ªwe›`y ( u ) hy³ kãmg~n AvZ¥¯’ Kiæb|
A½ywi, AUwe, Avwei, Avwkm&, Dlv, wKse`wšÍ, KzwUi,
MwÐ, MÖš’vewj, wPrKvi, ZiwY, Zwi, †`wk, c`we, Avuavi kvuL KvuUv AvuK
we‡`wk, åæ, †kÖwY, mviwY| ‡Mvud evuk ‡Qvuqv‡P MvuB
avuav evuKv Kvuc (K¤ú) `vuZ
evsjv fvlv 114 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
`vuwo ‡Qvuqv ‡Quov ‡Mvud evbv‡b g~a©b¨ eY© (Y) †jLvi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| wKš‘ evsjv
cvuwR cvuP nvuUv ‡Qvu fvlvq AmsL¨ Zrmg ev ms¯‥…Z k‡ã g~a©b¨-Y Ges `šÍ¨-b
Mvu` KvuKb KvuKi Kvua Gi e¨envi i‡q‡Q|
Zvuiv fvuo fzuwo PvuPo 01. hy³e¨Ä‡b (Zrmg k‡ã) U eMx©q e‡Y©i (U, V, W, X)
UvuKkvj ‡VvuU AvuwL c~e©eZx© `šÍ¨-b aŸwb g~a©b¨-Y nq| †hgb :
10. wemM© (t) hy³ ï× kãmg~n| KÈK, NÈv, wbN©È, eÈb, AKzÉ, AvKÉ, DrKÉ,
`y:mgq `y:mn `y:¯^cœ `y:kvmb DcKÉ, KÉ, KÉbvwj, jyÉb, AKvjKz®§vÐ, AÐ, KvÐ,
KvÐvix, KzÐj, LÐ, PÐx, `Ð, fÐ, fÐvwg, cwÐZ|
`y:mva¨ ¯^Z:ù~Z© wki:cxov cÖvZ:Kvj
wb:m‡›`‡n AZ:ci eq:cÖvß gb:Kó 02. Zrmg k‡ã F, F-Kvi ( „), i, i-djv ( ª), †id
gb:ÿzbœ BZ:c~‡e© ( ©), l, ÿ-Gi ci g~a©b¨-Y nq| †hgb :
FY, Z…Y, AiY¨, ÎvY, eY©, we`~lY, we‡klY, ÿY,
11. e-djv hy³ K‡qKwU kã| h_v- D¾¡j, †cÖv¾¡j,
ÿwYK, N„Yv, gm„Y, eiY, wKiY, D”PviY, PiY, weZiY,
cÖR¦wjZ, D”Q¡vm, eÜzZ¡, k^vm, k^kÖƒ, cvk©¦, kvk^Z, ¯^Z¡,
niY, RvMiY, e¨vKiY, wbeviY, Avgš¿Y, gy`ªY, wgkÖY,
mZ¡, ¯^vqËkvmb, weØvb, wek^¯Í, cK¡, †i․`ªK‡iv¾¡j,
wPÎY, †kÖwY, AY©e, KY©, c~Y©, `xY©, SYv©, ¯^Y©, eY©bv,
mvšÍ¡bv, ¯^Zš¿, ¯^vZš¿¨, ¯^w¯Í, ¯^iƒc, cÖwZØ›Øx, EaŸ©,
kxY©, A‡š^lY, `~lY, el©Y, fvlY, †cÖlY, AvKl©Y, Nl©Y,
wek^vm, ¯^v_©, ¯^xKvi, ¯^v`, ¯^vaxb|
we‡kølY, f~lY, †kvlY|
evbv‡b I-Gi e¨envi 03. GKB k‡ãi g‡a¨ F, F-Kvi ( „), i-djv ( ª), †id
01. wµqvc‡`i evbv‡b c`v‡šÍ I-Kvi (‡ v) Acwinvh© bq| ( ©), l, ÿ-Gi ‡h †KvbwUi c‡i ¯^ieY©, K-eM©, c-eM©
†hgb : Ges h, q, n, Aby¯^vi (s)-GB eY©¸‡jvi GKwU ev
Avbe, KiZ, †Lje, Pje, †`LZ, aie, bvPe, GKvwaK eY© _vK‡jI cieZ©x b-aŸwb g~a©b¨-Y nq|
ejZ, gie, give, joe, wjLe| †hgb:
02. eZ©gvb AbyÁvi mvgvb¨iƒ‡c c`v‡šÍ I-Kvi cÖ`vb Kiv K…cY, jÿY, iæwÿYx, ivgvqY, wbiƒcY, AMÖnvqY,
hvq| †hgb : AKg©Y¨, wbe©vY, me©v½xY, A‡cÿgvY, eÿ¨gvY,
Av‡bv, K‡iv, †L‡jv, P‡jv, †`‡Lv, a‡iv, bv‡Pv, Ac©Y, `c©Y, nwiY, e„snY, kÖeY|
c‡ov, e‡jv, gv‡iv, j‡ov, †j‡Lv| 04. cÖ, civ, cwi, wbi-GB PviwU Dcm‡M©i ci bg&, bk&, bx,
03. ÔAv‡bvÕ cÖZ¨qvšÍ k‡ãi †k‡l I-Kvi n‡e| †hgb : by, Ab&, nb& cÖf…wZ avZzi `šÍ¨-b ¯’‡j g~a©b¨-Y nq|
Kiv‡bv, LvIqv‡bv, V¨vOv‡bv, †`Lv‡bv, bvgv‡bv, †hgb:
cvVv‡bv, †kvqv‡bv| o cÖ : cÖYvg, cÖYe, cÖYxZ, cÖwYcvZ;
o civ : civqY, civnè;
04. A_© ev D”PviY weåvwšÍi my‡hvM _vK‡j wKQz we‡kl¨, o cwi : cwiYwZ, cwiYvg, cwiYq;
we‡klY I Ae¨q k‡ã I-Kvi †`Iqv Avek¨K| †hgb : o wbi : wbY©xZ, wbY©q, wbY©vqK|
o Kvj (mgq), Kv‡jv (K…ò eY©); 05. cÖ, civ, c~e©, Aci-G¸‡jvi ci ÔAýÕ k‡ãi `šÍ¨-b
o ‡Kvb (Kx, †K, †KvbwU), †Kv‡bv (eûi g‡a¨ GK) g~a©b¨-Y nq| †hgb :
o fvj (Kcvj), fv‡jv (DËg)| o cÖvnè (cÖ + Aý = cÖvnè)
o civnè (civ + Aý = civnè)
evbv‡b wemM© (t)-Gi e¨envi o c~e©vnè (c~e© + Aý = c~e©vnè)
01. c`v‡šÍ wemM© (t) _vK‡e bv| †hgb : o Acivnè (Aci + Aý = Acivnè)
o µgk, wØZxqZ, cÖ_gZ, cÖavbZ, e¯‘Z, g~jZ| 06. KZ¸‡jv k‡ã ¯^fveZB ÔYÕ nq
02. c`ga¨¯’ wemM© _vK‡e| †hgb : PvYK¨ gvwYK¨ MY evwYR¨ jeY gY
o AšÍt¯’, `ytL, `ytmn, wbtkã, cybtcyb, ¯^Ztù~Z©| ‡eYy exYv K¼Y KwYKv
03. Awfavbwm× n‡j c`ga¨¯’ wemM© eR©bxq| †hgb : Kj¨vY †kvwYZ gwY ¯’vYy ¸Y cyY¨ †eYx
o `y¯’, wbk^vm, wb¯ú„n, ewn¯’, gb¯’| dYx AYy wecwY MwYKv
AvcY jveY¨ evYx wbcyY fwYZv cvwY
evbv‡b g~a©b¨-Y I `šÍ¨-b Gi e¨envi ‡M․Y †KvY fvY cY kvY
Zrmg k‡ãi evbv‡b ÔYÕ Gi mwVK e¨env‡ii wbqgB Y-Z¡ wP°Y wb°Y Z~Y KdwY (KbyB) ewYK ¸Y
weavb| evsjv fvlvq mvaviYZ g~a©b¨-Y aŸwbi e¨envi MYbv wcYvK cY¨ evY
†bB| †mRb¨ evsjv (‡`wk), Z™¢e I we‡`wk k‡ãi
evsjv fvlv 115 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
YZ¡-wb‡la (evbv‡b `šÍ¨-b) 05. hy³e¨Äb MV‡b (Zrmg k‡ã) U-e‡M©i c~‡e© g~a©b¨-l
nq| †hgb :
07. hy³e¨Äb MV‡b (AZrmg k‡ã) U-e‡M©i c~‡e© `šÍ¨-b Awbó, Aóg, Avoó, Dw”Qó, Dc‡`óv, Kó, †Póv,
nq| †hgb : †Mvôx, cÖwZôv, f~wgô, †kÖô, Kvô, ewjô, Kwbô,
o B›Uvi, DB›Uvi, Kv‡i›U, MÖ¨vÛ, †UÛvi, c¨v›Um, •R¨ô, myôz|
e¨vÛ, jÛb, †m›Uªvj BZ¨vw`|
08. hy³e¨Äb MV‡b (Zrmg, AZrmg mKj k‡ã) Z-e‡M©i 06. mw܇Z wemM©hy³ B-Kvi ev D-Kv‡ii ci K L c d-Gi
(Z _ ` a b) c~‡e© `šÍ¨-b nq| †hgb : †h †Kv‡bv GKwU _vK‡j wemM© (t) ¯’v‡b g~a©b¨-l nq|
AbšÍ, AšÍi½, GKvšÍ, K¬všÍ, R¦jšÍ, gš¿x, MÖš’, cvš’, †hgb :
Awb›`¨, civbœ, cÖ”Qbœ, ivbœv, mvwbœa¨, AšÍ, `yišÍ, kvšÍ, o wb®úÖf (wbt+cÖf), wb®‥i (wbt+Ki)
MÖwš’, cvš’, e›`yK, µ›`b| o wbõj (wbt+dj), ewn®‥vi (ewnt+Kvi)
o cwi¯‥vi (cwit+Kvi) [35Zg wewmGm]|
09. mwÜ I mgvm‡hv‡M MwVZ k‡ãi evbv‡b `šÍ¨-b envj 07. m¤¢vlYm~PK k‡ã G-Kv‡ii ci g~a©b¨-l e¨eüZ nq|
_v‡K (Y-Z¡ weavb Lv‡U bv)| †hgb : †hgb:
AMÖbvqK, Anwb©k, ÿywbœe„wË, wPÎv¼b, `ybv©g, o Kj¨vYx‡qly, kÖ×v¯ú‡`ly, †¯œnv¯ú‡`ly, e½e‡ily,
`ywb©evi, `ybx©wZ, wbwb©‡gl, wkÿv½b, wÎbqb, myR‡bly|
g„Mbvwf, me©bvg, nwibvg, ciwb›`v| 08. KZ¸‡jv k‡ã ¯^fveZB ÔlÕ nq| †hgb :
10. Z™¢e, †`wk I we‡`wk k‡ã me©Î `šÍ¨-b n‡e| †hgb : Avlvp ‡kl Clr ‡gN
Avcb, Avqib, Kzwb©k, †Kvivb, wMÖb, wPiæwb, Sibv, fvlv Kjyl fvl¨ gvbyl
aib, evwb©k, †giæb, jÚb, wknib, nb©, Avqib, ‡lvok ‡Kvl ‡c․l ‡ivl
†K¬vwib, †Wªb, B÷vb©, †Kivwb, Rvg©vb, dvwb©Pvi, lU cyiæl lÐ cÖZz¨l
†m‡KÛ| Avfvl fvlY Awfjvl ‡cvlY
11. wµqvc‡`i evbv‡b `šÍ¨-b nq| †hgb : Eli ‡ZvlY Elv ‡kvlY
o K‡ib, Kiv‡bv, aiæb, a‡ib, cv‡ib| Jla welvY lohš¿ cvlvY
12. F, i, l- Gi ci ¯^ieY©, K-eM©, c-eM©, h, q, n, we‡kl f~lY mwilv `~lY|
wKsev s e¨ZxZ Ab¨ eY© _vK‡j cieZx© `šÍ¨-b g~a©b¨-Y AviI wKQz D`vniY- loFZz, †Øl BZ¨vw`|
nq bv| †hgb :
o AR©b, eR©b, wemR©b, `k©b, wMwbœ, †mvbv| lZ¡-wb‡la (evbv‡b `šÍ¨-m/Zvje¨-k)
09. hy³e¨Äb MV‡b (Zrmg, AZrmg mKj k‡ã) Z-e‡M©i
evbv‡b g~a©b¨-l-Gi e¨envi c~‡e© `šÍ¨-m nq| †hgb :
01. F wKsev F-Kvi ( „)-Gi c‡i g~a©b¨-l nq| †hgb: o Aa¯Íb, B¯Ídv, DØv¯‘, I¯Ív`, K¯‘wi, Kv‡¯Í,
Fwl, K…wl, K…lK, K„ò, Z…òv, Z…wlZ, `„wó, m„wó, Rei`w¯Í, ¯’vb, ¯’vbxq, ¯^v¯’¨|
üówPË, Z…lv, DrK…ó| 10. hy³e¨Äb MV‡b (Zrmg, AZrmg mKj k‡ã) P-e‡M©i
c~‡e© Zvje¨-k nq| ‡hgb :
02. i-aŸwb †id ( ©)-Gi iƒc wb‡q †Kv‡bv e¨Äbe‡Y©i gv_vq
o Avðh©, `yðwiÎ, wbðq, cðvr, cÖvqwðË, e„wðK,
em‡j H e¨Ä‡bi ci g~a©b¨-l nq| †hgb :
wbwñ`ª|
AvKl©Y, wPKxl©v, wegl©, gyg~ly©, cl©`, gnwl©, Cl©v, 11. Z™¢e ev LvuwU evsjv k‡ã g~a©b¨-l nq bv, `šÍ¨-m nq|
DrKl©, el©v, el©Y, kxl©, mßwl©, nl©, Nl©Y BZ¨vw`| †hgb :
03. A, Av Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb ¯^ieY© Ges K&, i& e‡Y©i cieZx© o wgb‡m|
`šÍ¨-m g~a©b¨-l nq| †hgb : 12. A, Av e‡Y© wemM© (t) _vK‡j AZtci K, L, c, d
Clr, Elv, GlYv, †Kvl, wRMxlv, welg, fwel¨r kxl©, _vK‡j mw܇Z wem‡M©i ¯’v‡b `šÍ¨-m nq| †hgb :
mßwl©, nl,© gyg~ly©, Pÿz®§vb, wPKxl©v| o bg¯‥vi (bg t + Kvi)
04. B-KvivšÍ I D-KvivšÍ Dcm‡M©i ci KZ¸‡jv avZz‡Z o wZi¯‥vi (wZt + Kvi)
g~a©b¨-l nq| †hgb : o gb¯‥vg (gbt + Kvg)
m½ ˃ Abyl½, †mK ˃ Awf‡lK, ¯’vb ˃ Awaôvb, myß o cyi¯‥vi (cyit + Kvi) [35Zg wewmGm]|
˃ mylyß, cwil`, cÖwZ‡laK, welv`, Awfwl³, wblyß, 13. Aviwe, dviwm, Bs‡iwR BZ¨vw` we‡`wk fvlv †_‡K
cÖwZôvb, welq, welg, mylgv| AvMZ k‡ã ÔlÕ nq bv| †hgb :
o wRwbm, †cvkvK, gv÷vi, †cv÷ BZ¨vw`|
evsjv fvlv
14. we‡`wk k‡ã, we‡kl K‡i Bs‡iwR k‡ã s t D”PviY¯’‡j cÖvwYevPK I AcÖvwYevPK Ges BZi cÖvwYevPK I DbœZ
÷ nq| †hgb :
o AvM÷, †÷kb, d‡Uv÷¨vU, ÷zwWI, gv÷vi, mgwó‡evaK kã hy³ nq| †hgb-
†÷wWqvg|
15. ÔmvrÕ cÖZ¨‡qi `šÍ¨-m g~a©b¨-l nq bv| †hgb :
o AwMœmvr, a~wjmvr, f~wgmvr BZ¨vw`|
16. m¤¢vlYm~PK ¯¿xevPK k‡ã Av-Kv‡ii ci g~a©b¨-l bv n‡q
`šÍ¨-m nq| †hgb :
Kj¨vYxqvmy, gvbbxqvmy, myRbxqvmy, c~Rbxqvmy,
myPwiZvmy, mywcÖqvmy|
O/s-Gi e¨envi
01. mw܇Z (Zrmg k‡ã) cÖ_g c‡`i †k‡l g& _vK‡j K-
e‡M©i (K, L, M, N) c~‡e© g& ¯’v‡b Aby¯^vi (s) n‡e|
†hgb :
AnsKvi (Ang&+Kvi), wKsKi, SsKvi, fqsKi,
msKí, msKxY©, msMxZ, msN, msNvZ, ûsKvi|
02. Dch©y³ wbq‡g mwÜRvZ bv n‡j, hy³e¨Ä‡b K-e‡M©i
c~‡e© g& ¯’v‡b O (D‡qvu) n‡e| †hgb :
AvKvOÿv, A¼zi, A½, Bw½Z, D”Q…•Lj, Kvw•ÿZ,
M½v, Rw½, `v½v, c¼R, c½y, e½, fw½, j•Nb,
wkÿv½b, m½x|
03. cÖZ¨q I wefw³nxb k‡ãi †k‡l Aby¯^vi (s) e¨eüZ
nq| †hgb :
Avos, B`vbxs, Ges, V¨vs, Xs, cvjs, dwos, eis,
is, wks|
04. Z‡e Aby¯^vihy³ k‡ã cÖZ¨q, wefw³ ev ¯^ieY© hy³ n‡j s
¯’‡j O †jLv n‡e| †hgb :
o Avo‡O, U‡O, X‡O, dwo‡Oi, iwOb, ivwO‡q,
m‡Oi|
ePbNwUZ fzj
ÔePbÕ e¨vKi‡Yi GKwU cvwifvwlK kã| Gi A_© msL¨vi
aviYv| e¨vKi‡Y we‡kl¨ ev me©bv‡gi msL¨vMZ aviYv
cÖKv‡ki Dcvq‡K e‡j ePb| evsjvq eûePb cÖKv‡ki Rb¨
n‡iK iK‡gi mgwó‡evaK kã e¨eüZ nq|
‡Kej we‡kl¨ I me©bvg k‡ã ePb‡f` nq| †Kvb †Kvb
mgq Uv, wU, Lvbv, Lvwb BZ¨vw` †hvM K‡i we‡k‡l¨i
GKePb wb‡`©k Kiv nq| †hgb : MiæUv, evQziUv,
KjgUv, LvZvLvbv, eBLvwb BZ¨vw`|
evsjvq eûePb cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ iv, Giv, ¸wj, ¸‡jv,
w`M, †`i cÖf…wZ wefw³ hy³ nq Ges me, mKj, mgy`q,
K~j, e„›`, eM©, wbPq, ivwR, ivwk, cvj, `vg, wbKi,
gvjv, Avewj, cÖf…wZ mgwó‡evaK kã e¨eüZ nq|
mgwó‡evaK k㸇jvi †ewkifvMB Zrmg ev ms¯‥…Z fvlv
†_‡K AvMZ|
116 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
cÖvwYevPK kã‡f‡` wewfbœ ai‡bi eû ePb‡evaK cÖZ¨q I
01. iv : †Kej DbœZ cÖvwYevPK k‡ãi m‡½ ÔivÕ wefw³i
e¨envi cvIqv hvq| †hgb :
→ QvÎiv †Ljv †`L‡Z †M‡Q|
→ wkÿ‡Kiv Ávb `vb K‡ib|
†h ai‡bi k‡ã ÔivÕ hy³, †m ai‡bi k‡ãi †k‡l †Kv‡bv
†Kv‡bv mgq ÔGivÕ e¨eüZ nq| †hgb-
→ ‡g‡qiv wS‡qiv GKÎ n‡q‡Q|
mgq mgq KweZv ev Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡qvR‡b AcÖvwY I BZi
cÖvwYevPK k‡ãI Ôiv/GivÕ hy³ nq| †hgb:
→ cvwLiv AvKv‡k D‡o †`wLqv wnsmvq wccxwjKviv
weavZvi Kv‡Q cvLv Pvq|
→ Kv‡Kiv GK weivU mfv Kij|
GB wbq‡g †hfv‡e AccÖ‡qvM n‡Z cv‡i-
o K¬v‡m A‡bK QvÎQvÎxiv G‡mwQj|
o me QvÎiv iscyi ivBWv‡m©i †Ljv †`L‡Z †M‡Q|
o me wkÿ‡Kiv Ávb `vb K‡ib|
02. ¸jv, ¸wj, ¸‡jv cÖvwYevPK I AcÖvwYevPK k‡ãi
eûeP‡b hy³ nq| †hgb-
→ AZ¸‡jv Kzgov w`‡q Kx n‡e?
→ Avg¸‡jv UK|
→ UvKv¸‡jv w`‡q `vI|
→ gq~i¸‡jv cy”Q bvwo‡q bvP‡Q|
03. DbœZ cÖvwYevPK gbyl¨ k‡ãi eûeP‡b e¨eüZ kã-
→ MY - †`eMY, biMY, RbMY BZ¨vw`|
→ e„›` - mzaxe„›`, f³e„›`, wkÿKe„›` BZ¨vw`|
→ gÐjx - wkÿKgÐjx, m¤úv`KgÐjx BZ¨vw`|
→ eM© - cwÐZeM©, gwš¿eM© BZ¨vw`|
hv ej‡j fzj n‡e-
o wkÿv_©xMY cv‡V g‡bv‡hvMx bq|
o ZviKve„›` AvKv‡k R¦jR¦j Ki‡Q|
mwVKUv Rvbyb :
o mKj wkÿv_©x cv‡V g‡bv‡hvMx bq|
o ZviKvivwR AvKv‡k R¦jR¦j Ki‡Q|
04. cÖvwYevPK I AcÖvwYevPK k‡ãi eûeP‡b e¨eüZ kã-
→ Kzj- KweKzj, cwÿKzj, gvZ…Kzj, e„ÿKzj BZ¨vw`|
→ mKj- ce©ZmKj, gbyl¨mKj BZ¨vw`|
→ me- fvBme, cvwLme BZ¨vw`|
→ mg~n- e„ÿmg~n, gbyl¨mg~n BZ¨vw`|
05. Avewj, ¸”Q, `vg, wbKi, cyÄ, gvjv, ivwR, ivwk|
†hgb- MÖš’vMv‡i iwÿZ cy¯ÍKvewj, KweZv¸”Q, Kzmyg`vg,
KgjwbKi, †gNKzÄ, ce©Zgvjv, ZviKvivwR, evwjivwk,
KzmygwbPq BZ¨vw`|
evsjv fvlv 117 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
g‡b ivLyb : mKj mf¨MY GLv‡b Dcw¯’Z mKj mf¨/mf¨MY GLv‡b
cvj I h~_ kã `ywU †Kej Rš‘i eûeP‡b e¨eüZ nq| †hgb- wQ‡jb| Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb|
→ ivLvj Miæi cvj j‡q hvq gv‡V| me gvQ¸‡jvi `vg KZ? gvQ¸‡jvi `vg KZ?
→ nw¯Íh~_ gv‡Vi dmj bó Ki‡Q| m`vme©`v †Zvgvi Dcw¯’Z cÖv_©bxq me©`v †Zvgvi Dcw¯’wZ cÖv_©bxq|
AvRKvj evbv‡bi e¨vcv‡i AvRKvj evbv‡bi e¨vcv‡i me
mKj QvÎivB Ag‡bv‡hvMx| QvÎB Ag‡bv‡hvMx|
eûeP‡bi cÖ‡qvM •ewkó¨ `y®‥…wZ‡`i QzwU †`Iqv DwPZ `y®‥…wZKvix‡`i QzwU †`Iqv
01. we‡kl¨ k‡ãi GKeP‡bi e¨env‡iI A‡bK mgq eûePb
bq| DwPZ bq|
†evSv‡bv nq| †hgb-
→ wmsn e‡b _v‡K (GKePb I eûePb `y-B †evSvq)|
→ ‡cvKvi Avµg‡Y dmj bó nq (eûePb)| mwÜNwUZ fzj
→ evRv‡i †jvK R‡g‡Q (eûePb)| mwÜNwUZ fzjmg~n ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ mwÜi wbqgmg~n Rvbv
→ evMv‡b dzj dz‡U‡Q (eûePb)| _vK‡Z nq| mwÜ P¨vÞv‡i Avgiv we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kie|
02. GKePbvZ¥K we‡k‡l¨i Av‡M AR¯ª, A‡bK, we¯Íi, eû, GLv‡b ïay ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ Aï× As‡ki ï× iƒcwU wkLe|
bvbv, †Xi BZ¨vw` eûZ¡‡evaK kã we‡klY wn‡m‡e
cÖ‡qvM K‡iI eûePb †evSv‡bv nq| †hgb- ‡m wkicxovq Kó cv‡”Q ‡m wkitcxovq Kó cv‡”Q
→ AR¯ª †jvK, we¯Íi UvKv, A‡bK QvÎ, eû †gngvb, †m gbK‡ó MÖvg Qvwoj ‡m gbtK‡ó MÖvg Qvwoj
bvbv K_v, †Xi LiP, A‡Xj UvKv cqmv BZ¨vw`| wbqg : wKQz k‡ãi †ÿ‡Î mwÜi †Kvb wbqg cÖ‡hvR¨ bq|
03. A‡bK mgq we‡kl¨ I we‡klY c‡`i wØZ¡ cÖ‡qv‡MI †hgb : gbt + Kó = gbtKó, cÖvZt + Kvj =
eûePb mvwaZ nq| †hgb- cÖvZtKvj, wkit+cxov = wkitcxov, eb +cwZ =
→ nvuwo nvuwo m‡›`k, Kvuwo Kvuwo UvKv, eo eo gvV, eb¯úwZ, ci + ci = ci¯úi, gbm&+ Cmv = gbxlv|
jvj jvj dzj| ‡Zvgvi wZi®‥vi I cyi®‥vi ‡Zvgvi wZi¯‥vi I cyi¯‥vi
04. we‡kl wbq‡g mvwaZ eûePb wKQzB PvB bv wKQzB PvB bv|
→ eûevPK me©bvg I we‡kl¨- †g‡qiv KvbvKvwb
Ki‡Q| GUvB Kwig‡`i evwo| iex›`ªbv_iv cÖwZw`b wbqg : A-Gi c‡i wemM© _vK‡j ÔmÕ Ges B-Gi c‡i
Rb¥vq bv| mK‡j me Rv‡b bv| wemM© _vK‡j ÔlÕ nq| †hgb- Avwet+Kvi = Avwe®‥vi,
05. KwZcq we‡`wk k‡ã, †m fvlvi Abymi‡Y eûePb nq| gbt+Kvgbv= gb¯‥vgbv|
†hgb- cÖZ¨cKvi gnr ¸Y cÖZz¨cKvi gnr ¸Y
→ Avb †hv‡M : eyRyM© - eyRyM©vb, mv‡ne-mv‡nevb| Zce‡b mevB †h‡Z Pvq Z‡cve‡b mevB †h‡Z Pvq
Zvi `yive¯’v †`L‡j Avgvi Zvi `yie¯’v †`L‡j Avgvi
¸iæZ¡c~Y© wbqg : GKBm‡½ `yBevi eûePbevPK cÖZ¨q ev kã Kó cvq| Kó nq|
e¨eüZ nq bv| †hgb -
→ me gvbylB A_ev gvbyl A_ev gvby‡liv giYkxj MyiæZ¡c~Y© cÖ‡qvM-AccÖ‡qvM
(ï×)| mKj gvby‡livB giYkxj (fzj)| ® Ask bvwK Asm : ÔAskÕ k‡ãi A_© fvM Ges ÔAsmÕ
k‡ãi A_© Kvua ev ¯‥Ü|
ePbNwUZ ïw×Ki‡Yi AviI D`vniY ® Awf bvwK Afx : ÔAwfÕ k‡ãi A_© m¤§yL ev mgxc|
mKj Av‡jgMY AvR Dcw¯’Zª| mKj Av‡jg/ Av‡jgMY AvR Ab¨w`‡K ÔAfxÕ k‡ãi A_© fqnxb|
Dcw¯’Z ® Amyi bvwK Ak~j : Amyi k‡ãi A_© `vbe ev •`Z¨ Ges
mKj wkÿKMY AvR Dcw¯’Z| mKj wkÿK/ wkÿKMY AvR ÔAk~iÕ k‡ãi A_© †h exi bq|
Dcw¯’Z| ® আশ্চমি অথি ‘কফস্পয়ওয’। কফকস্পত অরথি ‘আশ্চমি’ ঱রব্দয অথি
‡PviwU me gvjmy× aiv ‡PviwU gvjmy× aiv c‡o‡Q| কঠও নয়। তাই ‘আশ্চমি’ না ঴রয় আভারদয ‘আশ্চমিাকিত’
c‡o‡Q| ঴রত ঴রফ। যমভন : আকভ আশ্চমিাকিত ঴রাভ।
wek Rb QvÎiv ¯‥z‡j hvq| wek Rb QvÎ ¯‥z‡j hvq| ® আকভ অ঩ভান ঴রয়কঙ। (অরৄদ্ধ); রৄদ্ধ ফাওযকি ঴র ‘আকভ
mKj gvby‡livB giYkxj| gvbyl giYkxj| অ঩ভাকনত ঴রয়কঙ’।
bx‡ivM †jvKiv h_v_© myLx bx‡ivM ‡jvK h_v_© myLx|
mgy`q cÿxivB bxo evu‡a| me cÿxB bxo evu‡a| ® ঩দরক্ষ঩ অথি ‘঩া যপরা’। আভযা ফযফস্থা গ্র঴ণ অরথি
Abœvfv‡e cÖwZ N‡i N‡i Abœvfv‡e cÖwZ N‡i nvnvKvi| ঩দরক্ষ঩ ঱ব্দকি ফযফ঴ায ওকয। মা কনয়ভানুমায়ী রৄদ্ধ ঴য় না।
nvnvKvi| ফারওয ঩দরক্ষর঩য ঩কযফরতি ফযফস্থা ফরা যমরত ঩ারয। যমভন:
mgy`q cÿxivB bxo evu‡a| mgy`q cÿxB bxo evu‡a| ওতৃি঩ক্ষ মথামথ ফযফস্থা (঩দরক্ষ঩ নয়) গ্র঴ণ ওরযরঙ।
evsjv fvlv
® ‘঳’- এয অথি ‘঳঴’, আয স্঩- এয অথি ‘কনচ’। এই ‘স্঩’ ঑
‘঳’ এয ফযফ঴ারয Awbqg যদঔা মায়। যমভন : ‘আ঩কন
স্঩঩কযফারয আভকন্ত্রত’ ‡jLv nq। এঔারন স্঩঩কযফায করঔরর
অথি ঴য় কনচ ঩কযফারয আভকন্ত্রত। তাই, করঔরত ঴রফ
‘আ঩কন ঳঩কযফারয আভকন্ত্রত’ অথিাৎ ‘঩কযফায঳঴
আভকন্ত্রত’।
®. ‘ফ’ এওকি পাযক঳ উ঩঳কি। DcmM©wUi অথি ঴র- ঳ক঴ত,
঳রভত ফা সুদ্ধ। তাই ভার ঳঴ যঘায ধযা ঩িরর ফররত ঴রফ
‘ফভার’। ‘ফভারসুদ্ধ’ ফরা মারফ না, KviY Zv ফররর
ফার৆রয যদাল ঴রফ।
® mKj ebvg kKj : ÔmKjÕ k‡ãi A_© mg¯Í Ges kKj
A_© gv‡Qi Avuk|
® ¯^xKvi I wkKvi : Ô¯^xKviÕ A_© m¤§wZ`vb Ges wkKvi
A_© ÔeaÕ|
® রৃযফস্থা bvwK রৃযাফস্থা : স্঩য঳কিয এওকি কনয়ভ অনু঳ারয অ
+ অ = আ ঴য়। য঳ ক঴র঳রফ দূয + অফস্থা = রৃযাফস্থা ভরন
ওযা ঴রি। GwU কফ঳কি ঳কিয GKwU wbqg। wbqgvbymv‡i,
কফ঳রকিয ঩য মকদ স্঩যফণি, ফরকিয তৃতীয়, ঘতুথি ঑ ঩িভ
ফা ম, য, র, ফ, ঴ থারও তরফ কফ঳কি- এয স্থারন ‘য’
঴য়। যমভন: রৃুঃ + অফস্থা = রৃযফস্থা, রৃুঃ + অন্ত = রৃযন্ত,
রৃুঃ + যমাক = রৃরমিাক।
® Avwk bvwK Avkx : ÔAvwkÕ k‡ãi A_© 80 msL¨v|
Ab¨w`‡K ÔAvkxÕ A_© mv‡ci `vuZ|
® mvov I mviv : ÔmvovÕ k‡ãi A_© Reve †`Iqv Ges
ÔmvivÕ k‡ãi A_© mKj|
®
ইদানীাংওারর : ÔB`vbxsÕ-Gi mv‡_ Kvj †hv‡M
B`vbxsKvj †jLv Aï×| B`vbxsKvj wjL‡j
evûj¨RwbZ AccÖ‡qvM n‡e| ZvB ïay B`vbxs n‡e|
® ‘঳ভৃদ্ধ’ ঱ব্দকি কফর঱লণ, এয ঳ারথ ঱ারী যমাক ওরয
঩ুনযায় কফর঱লণ ওযায যঘষ্টা অনথিও। তাই, ‘঳ভৃকদ্ধ’ ঱ব্দকি
কফর঱ষ্য এফাং এয ঳ারথ ‘঱ারী’ যমাক ওরয ‘঳ভৃকদ্ধ঱ারী’
( ঳ভৃদ্ধ঱ারী এয ঩কযফরতি) করঔরর তা কফর঱লণ ঴রফ, য঳ই
঳ারথ রৄদ্ধ ঴রফ।
® ‘ওারী’ Ges ‘ওাকর’: ‘ওারী’ ফানান ঳ফ ঳ভয় ‘ঈ- ওায’
কদরয়ই করঔরত ঴রফ। কওন্তু ‘ওারী’ ঱রব্দয য঱রল দা঳ ঘরর
এরর ঈ- ওারযয ঩কযফরতি ই- ওায করঔরত ঴য়। যমভন :
ওাকরদা঳। অন্যত্র ওারীয ঈ- ওায ফচায় থাওরফ। যমভন:
ওারী঩দ, ওারীভকিয, ওারীখাি ইতযাকদ।
কওন্তু চুতায ওাকর, ঩াকতররয ওাকর, ওয়রায ওাকর,
ওররভয ওাকর অফশ্যই ই- ওায কদরয় করঔরত ঴রফ।
® ত্ব, ত্ত্ব, তৎ, ত্ম : এই ঘাযকি কফলরয়য কনয়ভিা না
চানরর চীফরনয অরনও কওঙুই অ঩ূণি যথরও মারফ। তাই
ছি঩ি যচরন কনন কনয়ভগুররা-
ত্ব : ঱রব্দয য঱রল ঔণ্ড- ত (ৎ), ঩ুরযা ‘ত’ এফাং ‘দ’
ফযতীত অন্য যওান ফণি থাওরর এফাং ঐ ঱ব্দরও ‘ত্ব’
প্রতযয় যমারক কফর঱ষ্য ঩দ কঠন ওযরর ঱রব্দয য঱রল ‘ত্ব’
( ত+ফ) ঴য়। যমভন: নতুনত্ব, নাককযওত্ব, যনতৃত্ব,
118 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
যাচত্ব, ভাতৃত্ব, ফিুত্ব ইতযাকদ।
যম ঱রব্দয য঱রল ঔণ্ড- ত (ৎ) থারও য঳ ঱রব্দয য঱রল মকদ
‘ত্ব’ প্রতযয় যমাক ঴য়, স্঩বাফতই ঱রব্দয য঱রল ত + ত +
ফ অথিাৎ তরয়- তরয়- ফ- পরা (ত্ত্ব) ঴য়। যমভন: ভ঴ৎ + ত্ব
= ভ঴ত্ত্ব, ঳ৎ + ত্ব = ঳ত্ত্ব, তৎ + ত্ব = তত্ত্ব ইতযাকদ।
তয: য঱রল ‘ত’ আরঙ এভন ঱রব্দয ঳রঙ্গ ষ্ণয- প্রতযয় যমাক
ওরয কফর঱ষ্য ঩দ কঠন ওযরর ঱রব্দয য঱রল ত- যয় ‘ম’
পরা (তয) ঴য়। উরেঔয যম, এ চাতীয় ঱রব্দয
আকদস্঩রযয ফৃকদ্ধ খরি। যমভন: কফ঩যীত + ষ্ণয =
বফ঩যীতয, স্থ঩কত + ষ্ণয = স্থা঩তয ইতযাকদ।
ত্ম : ঳াংস্কৃত ‘আত্মন’ ঱ব্দ যথরও ককঠত ঳ফ ঱রব্দই ত-
এয ঳ারথ ‘ভ’ মুক্ত ঴রয় ত- যয়- ভ- পরা ঴য়। যমভন:
আত্মওভি, আত্মরওকন্দ্রও, আত্মকনরয়াক, আত্মকফশ্বা঳,
আত্মখাতী, আত্ম঩ক্ষ, আত্মপ্রফিনা ইতযাকদ।
® ফয/ফযা : ফ- যয়- ম- পরা নাকও ফ- যয়- ম- পরায় আ- ওায
যও কনরয় রৃকিকতয য঱ল যনই। [কনয়ভিা যচরন কনররই ককত
কপযরফ চীফরন।]
‘কফ’ উ঩঳কিকি, যম ঱রব্দয প্রথরভ ফর঳, য঳ ঱রব্দয
আদয ফণি ’অ’ ঴রর ‘ফ’ এয ঳ারথ ম- পরা ঴য়। যমভন :
কফ + অফস্থা = ফযফস্থা, কফ + অথি = ফযথি, কফ + অগ্র =
ফযগ্র, কফ + অকবঘায = ফযকবঘায। এইরূ঩ ফযকতক্রভ,
ফযফধান, ফযফর৅ত, ফযস্ত, ফযতযয়, ফযঙ্গ ইতযাকদ।
Aciw`‡K ÔweÕ DcmM©wU, †h k‡ãi cÖ_‡g e‡m, †m
k‡ãi Av`¨ eY©wU ÔAv-KviÕ n‡j evbv‡b e-Gi mv‡_
Ôh-djv-Av-KviÕ (e¨v) nq| †hgb : we + AvKzj =
e¨vKzj, we + AvcK = e¨vcK, we + Avc„Z =
e¨vc„Z, we + AvL¨v = e¨vL¨v, we + Avwß = e¨vwß|
GB iƒc- e¨vm, e¨vqvg, e¨vNvZ, e¨vwa, e¨vKiY
BZ¨vw`|
→ Keix I Kiex : ÔKeixÕ k‡ãi A_© †Lvucv Ges Kiex
k‡ãi A_© Ôdzj we‡klÕ|
→ `xc I Øxc : Ô`xcÕ k‡ãi A_© cÖ`xc Ges ÔØxcÕ k‡ãi
A_© Rj‡ewóZ ¯’vb|
→ bxi I bxo : ÔbxiÕ k‡ãi A_© cvwb Ges ÔbxoÕ k‡ãi A_©
cvwLi evmv|
® কও/ওী : যওানকি কদরয় প্রশ্ন ওযা মারফ? একি আভারদয
A‡b‡KiB ARvbv| ‘ওী’ ঳ফিনাভ, কফর঱লণ ঑ কক্রয়া-
কফর঱লণ রূর঩ ফর঳। অ঩যকদরও ‘কও’ অফযয় ক঴র঳রফ ফর঳।
অথিাৎ ‘কও’ ঴ররা প্রশ্নরফাধও অফযয়। এয উত্তয ‘হ্ােঁ’ ফা ‘না’
কদরয় যদয়া মায়। অন্যকদরও ‘ওী’ এয উত্তয কদরত ভুঔ
ঔুররত ঴য়। যমভন : তুকভ কও ঔারফ? উত্তয: হ্ােঁ ফা না। তুকভ
ওী কদরয় বাত ঔারফ? এয উত্তয বাত, ভাঙ, ডার ইতযাকদ
যদয়া মায়।
Aï× ï×
Zzwg Kx AvR hv‡e? Zzwg wK AvR hv‡e?
Zzwg Kx XvKv hv‡e? Zzwg wK XvKv hv‡e?
wK fqvbK wec`! Kx fqvbK wec`!
evsjv fvlv 119
®. Z¡, Zv, bx, Yx- GB Pvi cÖZ¨‡qi C-Kvi wb‡q mgm¨v
nq : GB cÖZ¨q¸‡jv k‡ãi †k‡l e‡m c` cwieZ©‡bi
(we‡klY †_‡K we‡kl¨) gva¨‡g bZzb kã MVb K‡i ®
_v‡K| gRvi e¨vcvi nj, k‡ãi †k‡l C-Kvi _vK‡j
Ges Zvici GB Pvi cÖZ¨q em‡j C-Kvi cwiewZ©Z
n‡q B-Kvi n‡q hvq| †hgb :
® f~‡Zi fq : রৃকনয়ায তাফৎ বূত ফানান ‘ঊ- ওায’ কদরয়
`vqx + Z¡ = `vwqZ¡ ¯’vqx + Z¡ = ¯’vwqZ¡
¯^vgx + Z¡ = ¯^vwgZ¡ mn‡hvMx + Zv = mn‡hvwMZv
cÖwZØ›Øx + Zv = cÖwZØw›ØZv Wejvmx + Zv = wejvwmZv
cÖwZ‡hvMx + Zv = cÖwZ‡hvwMZv m½x + bx = mw½bx
঩঳াযী + ণী = ঩঳াকযণী cybwg©jbx, wUàbx, Zcw¯^bx
e¨wZµg : bvixZ¡, mZxZ¡ evbvb¸‡jv‡Z ÔC-KviÕ n‡e, ÔB-
® ঳ফিচনীন/঳াফিচনীন : রৃই- ই রৄদ্ধ। ঳ফিচনীন অথি
KviÕ n‡e bv|
অধস্তন/অধুঃস্তন: কফকবন্ন ফই- ঩ুস্তরও যরঔা যদকঔ অধুঃস্তন
® ওভিঘাযী। কওন্তু এিা কঠও কও না তা আভযা অরনরওই চাকন
না। আসুন যচরন যনই। অধুঃস্তন ঱ব্দকিয অথি ‘কনম্নস্থ স্তন’।
অন্যকদরও ‘অধস্তন’ ঱ব্দকিয অথি ‘কনম্ন ঩দস্থ’। সুতযাাং
কনম্ন঩দস্থ অরথি ‘অধস্তরনয’ ঩কযফরতি অধুঃস্থন ঱ব্দকিয
প্ররয়াক অভূরও।
® উরদ্দর঱/উরদ্দরশ্য : উরদ্দর঱ অথি ‘কদরও’ এফাং উরদ্দরশ্য অথি
‘অকবপ্রারয়’। যমভন: যতাভারও ঩াফায উরদ্দরশ্য (অকবপ্রারয়)
কফক঳এ঳ ঩যীক্ষা যদই। ওারই যাং঩ুরযয উরদ্দর঱ (কদরও)
য঑না ঴ফ।
® evYx/evwb : ÔevYxÕ k‡ãi A_© K_v Ges evwb k‡ãi A_©
Mqbv •Zwii gRywi|
® ঳ভয়/ওার : ‘঳ভয়’ ঑ ‘ওার’ ঳ভাথিও ঱ব্দ। প্রায়ই ঳ভান
অথি ঴঑য়া ঳রত্ত্ব঑ না চানায ওাযরণ কিত্ব প্ররয়াক ওযরত
যদঔা মায়। ঴য় ওার, না ঴য় ঳ভয় - যম যওান এওকি
ফররত ঴রফ।
® রৄধু/ভাত্র, যওফর/ভাত্র : রৄধু, ভাত্র, যওফর এগুররা
঳ভাথিও ঱ব্দ। তাই এওকিয ফযফ঴ায ওযরত ঴রফ। ‘রৄধুভাত্র
এওফায ফর’ ফা ‘যওফরভাত্র এওফায ফর’ এয ঩কযফরতি
‘রৄধু এওফায ফর’ ফা ‘যওফর এওফায ফর’।
® অশ্রুচর : ‘অশ্রু’ এফাং ‘চর’ ঳ভাথিও ঱ব্দ। তাই রৃকিয যম
যওান এওিা ফররত ঴রফ।
® ওযণ, ওৃত, বফন, বূত : এই ঱ব্দগুররা যমারক যম ঳ফ
঱ব্দ ককঠত ঴য়, য঳ ঳ফ ঱রব্দয ভধযবারক ‘ঈ- ওায’ ( x )
঴য়। ঳তওি + ওযণ = ঳তওিীওযণ, কস্থয + ওৃত =
কস্থযীওৃত, প্রস্তয + বফন = প্রস্তযীবফন, ফ঱+বূত =
ফ঱ীবূত ইতযাকদ।
® RMr, we`¨v, ZË¡, wnsmv, †`n, cwil`, mfv : GB
k㸇jv k‡ã‡i †k‡l _vK‡j Zvi c~‡e© ÔC-KviÕ ( x) bv
n‡q ÔB-KviÕ (w ) nq| †hgb- cÖvwYRMr, gwš¿mfv,
gwš¿cwil`, cÖvwYRMr, cÖvwYwe`¨v, cÖvwYZË¡, cÖvwYwnslv,
cÖvwY‡`n BZ¨vw`|
® ঩কযলদ/঳বা : এই ঱ব্দ রৃ’যিা ‘ভন্ত্রী’ ঱রব্দয য঱রল ফ঳রর
Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
ভন্ত্রী ফানারনয ‘ঈ- ওায’ ঩কযফকতিত ঴রয় ‘ই- ওায’ ঴রয়
মায়। যমভন : ভকন্ত্র঩কযলদ, ভকন্ত্র঳বা।
শ্রদ্ধাঞ্জকর : ‘অঞ্জকর’ ঱ব্দ যম যওান ঱রব্দয ঳ারথ মুক্ত য঴াও না
যওন তা ‘অঞ্জকর’- ই যরয় মায়। যমভন: কীতাঞ্জকর,
঩ুষ্ঢাঞ্জকর ইতযাকদ।
঴য়। যমভন: অঙ্গীবূত, অকববূত, দূযীবূত, ঩যাবূত,
উদ্ভূত, কওম্ভূত, ফ঱ীবূত, আকফবূিত, অবূত঩ূফ,ি
বস্পীবূত, ঩ুঞ্জীবূত, যওন্দ্রীবূত, দ্রফীবূত ইতযাকদ।
স্পযণরমাকয যম, অদ্ভুত এফাং বুতুরি ফানান রৃ’কিরত ‘উ-
ওায’ ফযফর৅ত ঴য়। ‘বূত’ যমারক ককঠত ঩দ কফর঱লণ ঴রফ।
‘঳ফিচরনয ওরযাণওয’ এফাং ঳াফিচনীন অথি ‘঳ফিচন
঳ম্বিীয়’। যমভন : ঩েীরত ঩েীরত ঳ফিচনীন (঳ফিচরনয
ওরযাণওয) ঩ূচায প্রঘরন যদঔা মায় এফাং প্রাঘীন বাযরত
঳াফিচনীন (঳ফিচন ঳ম্বিীয়) ক঱ক্ষায় কঙর অফাকযত িায।
® আ঳কক্ত/আ঳কত্ত : আ঳কক্ত অথি ‘আওলিণ’ ফা ‘অনুযাক’
এফাং আ঳কত্ত অথি ‘঳াংরমাক’।
® কনঘ/নীঘ : রৃরিা ফানানই কঠও। তরফ অরথিয কবন্নতা যরয়রঙ।
কনঘ অথি ‘কনম্ন’; নীঘ অথি ‘ফারচ’ ফা ‘঴ীন’। যমভন:
অকধওাাং঱ ফাকিয কনঘতরা বািা যদয়া ঴য় না।
® c‚e©vnè, Acivnè, mvqvý, ga¨vý : Aci, c‚e©, civ Gme
k‡ãi ci hw` ÔAýÕ kãwU e‡m Zvn‡j ÔAýÕ Gi ÔbÕ
n‡q hvq ÔYÕ| †hgb: Aci + Aý = Acivnè, c‚e© +
Aý = c‚e©vnè| Ab¨Î ÔnÕ Gi mv‡_ ÔbÕ n‡q _v‡K|
†hgb: mvqvý, ga¨vý BZ¨vw`|
n+Y = nè n+b = ý
® ঳াক্ষয/স্঩াক্ষয: রৃ‘যিা ফানানই রৄদ্ধ। কওন্তু ফযফ঴ারয প্রায়ই
অ঳াফধানতায ঩কযঘয় যভরর। ঳াক্ষয অরথি – অক্ষয জ্ঞান
঳ম্পন্ন। যমভন: আভারদয যদর঱ প্রকত ফঙয ঳াক্ষযতা কদফ঳
঩াকরত ঴য়। আয স্঩াক্ষয অথি ঳ই ফা দস্তঔত। যমভন: ঘুকক্ত
঩রত্র রৃ‘চরনয স্঩াক্ষয আরঙ।
® ফেঁধু/ফধূ: ফেঁধু অথি ‘ফিু’ Ges ফধূ অথি ‘ফউ’।
g‡b ivLyb †K․k‡j : g‡b K‡ib Avcwb (†Q‡j) GKB
eqmx GK eÜz‡K (‡g‡q eÜz) we‡q K‡i‡Qb| GKw`b
¯§„wZPviY K‡i ¯¿x‡K e‡j‡Qb-
we‡qi Av‡M Zzwg Avgvi euay (eÜz) wQ‡j|
we‡qi ci Zzwg Avgvi ea~ (eD) n‡j|
ÔeÕ Gi Dc‡i P›`ªwe›`y n‡q ‡Mj a-‡q-E-Kvi|
® কড্ডাকরওা প্রফা঴: ‘কড্ডর’ ঱ব্দকিয অথি ‘যবিা’। তাই,
কড্ডাকরওা না ঴রয় কড্ডকরওা ঴রফ। ‘কড্ডাকরওা প্রফা঴’
এওই ওাযরণ ‘কড্ডকরওা প্রফা঴’ ঴রফ।
® অবযন্তযীণ/আবযন্তযীণ: রৄদ্ধ আরঙ রৃরিা ফানানই। অবযন্তযীণ
অথি অবযন্তরয কফদযভান। ঩ক্ষান্তরয, আবযন্তযীণ অথি
অবযন্তয যথরও উৎ঩ন্ন ফা চাত।
evsjv fvlv 120
® DrKl©Zv: ফানানকি বুর। ÔDrKl©Õ ঱ব্দকি কফর঱ষ্য। ‘তা’
প্রতযয় যমাক ওযায যওান প্ররয়াচন যনই। ‘DrKl©’- ই রৄদ্ধ।
® ক঱যরিদ যও ক঱যরেদ ফররত ক঱ঔুন : কফ঳কি ঳কিয কনয়রভ
‘ঘ’ ফা ‘ঙ’ ঩রয থাওরর ‘কফ঳কি’ এয স্থরর ‘঱’ ঴য়।
যমভন: ক঱যুঃ + যঙদ = ক঱যরেদ, কনুঃ + ঘয় = কনশ্চয়,
কনুঃ + কঙদ্র = কনকেদ্র ইতযাকদ।
® আকত/আ঳ন্ন: আকত অথি এর঳রঙ এভন আয আ঳ন্ন অথি
঴ররা আ঳রফ এভন। সুতযাাং আকত য঳াভফায নয়, তরফ
আ঳ন্ন য঳াভফায।
® ঳ভুকঘত/মরথাকঘত : ঔাযা঩ অরথি ‘঳ভুকঘত’, বার অরথি
মরথাকঘত ফযফর৅ত ঴য়। যমভন: এ অন্যারয়য ঳ভুকঘত ক঱ক্ষা
যতাভারও য঩রতই ঴রফ। ঩ক্ষান্তরয, এই বার ওারচয
মরথাকঘত ঩ুযস্কায যতাভায প্রা঩য।
® AN© ebvg AN©¨ : ÔAN©Õ k‡ãi g~j¨ Ges ÔAN©¨Õ k‡ãi A_©
c~Rvi DcKiY|
® Kzj ebvg K~j : ÔKzjÕ k‡ãi A_© esk Ges ÔK~jÕ k‡ãi
A_© b`xi Zxi|
® cq/‡Zvq : G¸‡jv cvwbi mgv_©K kã|
cqai/‡Zvqai : G¸‡jv †g‡Ni mgv_©K kã|
® cqwa/‡Zvqwa : G¸‡jv Ômgy`&ªÕ k‡ãi mgv_©K kã|
® বতকয/ততযী : এওকি কক্রয়া, অন্যকি কফর঱লণ। ভরন যাঔুন,
কক্রয়া ফাঘও ঩রদ ঳ফ ঳ভয়ই ই- ওায ঴য়। যমভন : ওকয,
঩কি, ধকয, ভাকয, ওাকি ইতযাকদ। এফায কনশ্চয়ই যফাছা
যকর যম, ‘বতকয’ কক্রয়া঩দ।
® ফানান ক঱ঔরত ‘বধমি’ প্ররয়াচন : ‘ধীয’ ঱রব্দয ঳ারথ ম-
প্রতযয় মুক্ত ঴রর ঱রব্দয য঱রলয ‘য’ ঴রয় মায় ‘যযপ’ এফাং
প্রতযয়কি তঔন ‘ম’ ঴রয় মায়। যমভন: ধীয + ম = বধমি।
এবারফ ভাধুমি, ঳া঴ঘমি ইতযাকদ। এই ফানারন ম- পরা যদয়া
঴রর ফানান বুর ঴রফ।
® এওরত্র মা঑য়ারও এওত্র কভন ফরুন: ঱ব্দকি এওরত্র এয
঩কযফরতি ‘এওত্র’ ঴রফ।
® ঱ারৄকিয যকােঁপ দাকি : ‘঱ারৄকি’ ঑ যকােঁপ দাকি’ ঱ব্দ রৃ’কিয
প্রকত঱রব্দয ফানারন কণ্ডরকার ওযরর ঱ারৄকিয যকােঁপ- দাকি
MRv‡Z cv‡i| যঔয়ার যাঔুন ঱ারৄকিয প্রকত঱ব্দ ঴র ‘শ্বশ্রূ’
অথিাৎ এয ঳ারথ ‘ফ- পরা’ আয য঱রল ‘ঊ- ওায’। ঩ক্ষান্তরয
যকােঁপ দাকিয প্রকত঱ব্দ ঴র ‘শ্মশ্রু’ অথিাৎ ‘঱’ এয ঳ারথ ভ-
পরা এফাং য঱রল ‘উ- ওায’।
® বকফষ্যিাণী/বকফষ্যৎফাণী : ঳কিয কনয়ভানুমায়ী বকফষ্যৎ এয
঳ারথ ফাণী যমাক ঴রর তা আয বকফষ্যৎফাণী থারও না, ঴রয়
মায় বকফষ্যিাণী। যমভন: বকফষ্যৎ + ফাণী = বকফষ্যিাণী।
তাই ফুরছ- রৄরন বকফষ্যিাণী ওযরফন।
® AšÍ/AšÍ¨/AšÍt : ÔAšÍÕ k‡ãi A_© g„Zz¨, AšÍ¨ k‡ãi A_©
†kl Ges AšÍt k‡ãi A_© g‡a¨|
® অত্র/মত্র/তত্র : অত্র অথি এঔারন, মত্র অথি যমঔারন এফাং তত্র
অথি য঳ঔারন। ফরা ঴য়, মত্রতত্র ভয়রা যপররফন না। অথি
কভকররয় যদরঔন, কঠওই আরঙ। ছারভরা ফােঁরধ মঔন ফরা
Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
঴য়, ‘অত্র (এঔারন) অকপর঳......., অত্র (এঔারন)
স্কুররয....... ইতযাকদ। তা঴রর, ঳ফাই প্রকতজ্ঞা ওরযন, অথি
না কভকররয় অত্র/মত্র/তত্র, মত্রতত্র প্ররয়াক ওযরফন না।
® বূরকার/রবৌরকাকরও : বূরকার/রবৌরকাকরও ফানারন আ঩নারও
অফশ্যই ‘ক’ এয ঳ারথ ঑- ওায রাকারত ঴রফ।
® ঳ত্বয এফাং ঳ত্তয : ‘ত্বয’ ঱রব্দয অথি ঴ররা ‘দ্রুত’। এয ঩ূরফি
‘঳’ মুক্ত ঴রয় ঴রয়রঙ ‘঳ত্বয’ অথি ‘঱ীঘ্র’ ফা ‘তািাতাকি’।
আয ঳াংস্কৃত ঳প্তকত যথরও এর঳রঙ ‘঳ত্তয’ অথি ৭০।
® weRb/exRb : ÔweRbÕ A_© wbR©b ¯’vb Ges ÔexRbÕ A_©
cvLv|
® wkKo/kxKi : ÔwkKoÕ A_© g~j Ges ÔkxKiÕ A_©
RjKYv|
® A¤^y/evwi/Rj : G¸‡jv cvwbi mgv_©K kã|
® A¤^y`/eviw`/Rj`: G¸‡jv †g‡Ni mgv_©K kã |
® A¤^ywa/evwiwa/Rjwa : G¸‡jv mgy‡`ªi mgv_©K kã|
® ঳ত্ত্ব : এ ঱ব্দকিয কতনকি অথি আরঙ। অকস্তত্ব, প্রাণ এফাং য঳।
যমভন: অন্তুঃ঳ত্ত্বা, ওােঁঠাররয আভ঳ত্ত্ব ইতযাকদ। ভূর ঱ব্দকি
঴র ‘঳ৎ’। তায ঳ারথ ‘ত্ব’ প্রতযয় যমাক ওরয ঴রয়রঙ ‘঳ত্ত্ব’।
ভরন যাঔায কফলয় ঴ররা, ‘঳’ এয ঳ারথ ফ- পরা যনই,
আয ‘ত’ এওিা নয়; রৃইিা। অথিাৎ ত- যয়- ত- যয়- ফ-
পরা (ত্ত্ব)।
® RvZxqKiY: RvZxqKiY A_© ÔRvwZi AšÍfy©w³KiYÕ
A_v©r miKv‡ii ZË¡veav‡b Avbv bq| A_P †Kvb wKQz
miKvwi Kiv n‡jB ejv nq, RvZxqKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
® A¼/ AsK : mymsnZ †g․j GKK k‡ã ÔOÕ nq; Aby¯^vi
(s) nq bv| †hgb : A¼, wj½, e½, c½y evbvb¸‡jv
ï×|
® AvKÉ ch©šÍ : mgvme× c` ÔAvKÉÕ hvi A_© n‡jv ÔKÉ
ch©šÍÕ| myZivs ÔAvKÉÕ Gi mv‡_ Avevi Ôch©šÍÕ Ry‡o †`qv
Aï×| GB iƒc kã AvRb¥, AvRvby, AvgiY,
Avcv`g¯ÍK BZ¨vw`| ZvB G k㸇jvi mv‡_ Ôch©šÍÕ
Ry‡o w`‡eb bv|
Aï× : AvKÉ ch©šÍ ï× : AvKÉ †fvRb Kijvg|
†fvRb Kijvg| ï× : KÉ ch©šÍ †fvRb Kijvg|
® আকঙ্গও : অঙ্গ+কষ্ণও = আকঙ্গও অথি ঴ররা অঙ্গ ঳ম্বিীয়।
঱ব্দকিয রৄদ্ধ প্ররয়াক প্রায় কনফিাক঳ত। ‘ওরারওৌ঱র’ অরথি
঱ব্দকিয ফযফ঴ায ওযা ঴রি। যমভন: ঩ুযাতন ওকভকি যবরঙ্গ
নতুন আকঙ্গরও কঠন ওযা য঴াও- ফাওযকি অরৄদ্ধ।
® যপ্রকক্ষত : ‘যপ্রকক্ষত’ ঱ব্দকিয অথি দ঱িন ওযা ঴রয়রঙ।
‘঩িবূকভ’ অরথি ঱ব্দকিয ফযফ঴ায অরৄদ্ধ।
®. ZrKvjxb ঳ভরয় : ‘ZrKvjxb’ অথি য঳ই ঳ভয়। সুতযাাং
ZrKvjx‡bi ঳ারথ ঳ভয় চুরি যদয়া অনথিও।
® ঩ূফাি রে : ‘঩ূফাি ে’ ঱ব্দকিয অথি কদরনয প্রথভ বাক ফা ঳ওার
যফরা। আরক ফা ঩ূরফি অরথি এয ফযফ঴ায অরৄদ্ধ।
® ভযা/ভিা : ভযা অথি ভৃতুযফযণ। যমভন: ভযা নদী, ভযা কাগ
evsjv fvlv 121 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
ইতযাকদ। ভিা অথি রা঱। যমভন: যাস্তায ধারয এওকি ভিা বাররা কদন রার যকারা঩ সুকি পুর
঩রি আরঙ। তা঴রর ভযরণয ঩যফতিী স্তয ঴র ‘ভিা’। সুনীর আওা঱ সুিযী যভরয় স্তব্ধ ভধযাহ্ন
® Avfvl/Avfvm : ÔAvfvlÕ A_© f~wgKv Ges ÔAvfvmÕ A_©
® না- ফাঘও ‘না’ Ges ‘কন’- এয প্রথভকি (না) স্঩তন্ত্র ঩দ
Bkviv|
ক঴র঳রফ এফাং কিতীয়কি (কন) ঳ভা঳ফদ্ধ ঩দ ক঴র঳রফ ফযফর৅ত
® বালা/বালী: বালা যম ফযফ঴ায ওরয য঳- ই ঴য় বালী। যমভন: ঴রফ। যমভন: ওকয না, কওন্তু ওকযকন।
ফাাংরা যম ফযফ঴ায ওরয য঳ ফাাংরা বালী, যতভকন ক঴কি এঙািা ঱রব্দয ঩ূরফিয না- ফাঘও উ঩঳কি ‘না’ উত্তয঩রদয
বালী, আযকফ বালী ইতযাকদ। বালা- বালী যরঔািা ঴া঳া- ঳রঙ্গ মুক্ত থাওরফ। যমভন: নাফারও, নাযাচ, না঴ও
঴াক঳য ফযা঩ায। অথিাৎ ফাাংরা বালা- বালী ফরা ফা যরঔা ইতযাকদ।
অরৄদ্ধ। অথি ঩কযস্নুি ওযায চন্য যওারনা যক্ষরত্র প্ররয়াচন অনুবূত
® Avcb I AvcY : ÔAvcbÕ k‡ãi A_© wbR Ges ÔAvcYÕ ঴রর না- এয ঩য ঴াইরপন ফযফ঴ায ওযা মায়। যমভন: না-
k‡ãi A_© †`vKvb| যকানা ঩াকঔ, না- ফরা ফাণী, না- য঱ানা ওথা।
® যবকয/রবকি/রবিী : ঳ফ ওকি ফানানই কঠও, ঩াথিওয,
® we‡`wk k‡ãi †ÿ‡Î ÔlÕ e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
যওফর অরথি। যবকয অথি ঢাও, যবকি অথি– ঩াকন আিওাফায
†hgb: wKkwgk, bvkZv, †cvkvK, †e‡nkZ, kL,
চন্য উেঁঘু ফােঁধ। আয যবিী অথি ঴র যবিায স্বী করঙ্গ (ভাদী
kqZvb, kieZ, kig, kni, kvwgqvbv, kvU©, †m․wLb|
যবিা)।
® ইাংরযকচ ঑ ইাংরযকচয ভাধযরভ আকত কফরদক঱ s ধ্বকনয চন্য
® wenM/ wen½/wen½g : me¸‡jvB cvwLi mgv_©K kã| ‘঳’ এফাং –sh, -sion, - ssion, -tion প্রবৃকত ফণিগুি ফা
® fzRM/fyR½/fzR½g : me¸‡jvB mv‡ci mgv_©K kã| ধ্বকনয চন্য ‘঱’ ফযফর৅ত ঴রফ। যমভন: ঩া঳র঩ািি, ফা঳,
® ZziM/Zzi½/Zzi½g : me¸‡jvB †Nvovi mgv_©K kã| ওযা঱, যিকরকব঱ন, কভ঱ন, যে঱ন।
®. ক্ষীয, ক্ষুয ঑ যক্ষত ঱ব্দ কঔয, ঔুয ঑ যঔত না কররঔ ® যমঔারন ফাাংরায় কফরদক঱ ঱রব্দয ফানান ঩কযফকতিত ঴রয় ঳,
঳াংস্কৃত ভূর অনু঳যরণ ক্ষীয, ক্ষুয ঑ যক্ষত- ই যরঔা ঴রফ। ঙ- এয রূ঩ রাব ওরযরঙ য঳ঔারন ‘ঙ’- এয ফযফ঴ায থাওরফ।
তরফ অ- তৎ঳ভ ঱ব্দ ঔুদ, ঔুরদ, কঔরদ, ঔুয, যঔত, যমভন: তঙনঙ, ঩ঙি, কভঙকয, কভকঙর ইতযাকদ।
ঔযা঩া ইতযাকদ যরঔা ঴রফ। ® g½j Kvgbvq ÔwkmÕ evbv‡b ÔlÕ n‡e bv| †hgb
® ফাাংরায় প্রঘকরত কফরদক঱ ঱ব্দ ঳াধাযণবারফ ফাাংরা বালায ïfvwkm, †¯œnvwkm, Avwkm|
ধ্বকন ঩দ্ধকত অনুমায়ী করঔরত ঴রফ। যমভন: ওাকচ, চারৃ, ® ‡Kv‡bv k‡ã Ô¯Í/¯’/¯ú/ùÕ _vK‡j ÔlÕ e‡m bv| †hgb
চা঴াচ, চুরুভ, যচব্রা, ফাচায, ঴াচায। wb¯Íä, ù’wZ© BZ¨vw`|
® cvwY I cvwb : cvwb A_© Rj Ges cvwY A_© nvZ|
® ই঳রাভ ধভি ঳াংক্রান্ত ওরয়ওকি ঱রব্দ কফওরে ‘ম’ যরঔা
¸iæZ¡c~Y© ï× evbvb
যমরত ঩ারয। যমভন: আমান, ঑মু, ওামা, নাভাম, অরৄদ্ধ রৄদ্ধ অরৄদ্ধ রৄদ্ধ
ভুয়ামকমন, যমা঴য, যভমান, ঴মযত। ঳ূধী সুধী ঩ুযষ্কায ঩ুযস্কায
® অ- তৎ঳ভ ঱রব্দয ফানারন ণ, দন্তয ন: অ- তৎ঳ভ ঱রব্দয ঐওযভত ঐওভতয প্রাতুঃযা঱ প্রাতযা঱
ফানারন ‘ণ’ এয ফযফ঴ায ওযা ঴রফ না। যমভন: অঘ্রান, আয়ত্তাধীন আয়ত্ত অর঴াযাকত্র অর঴াযাত্র
ইযান, ওান, যওাযান, কবনিয, গুনকত, যকানা, যশ্রাতাফৃি যশ্রাতৃফৃি ফানা঩াকন ফীণা঩াকণ
ছযনা, ধযন, ঩যান, যাকন, য঳ানা, ঴নি। আফায অ- অশ্রুচর অশ্রু/চর স্঩াতন্ত্র স্঩াতন্ত্রয
তৎ঳ভ ঱রব্দয রৄরুরত ি, ঠ, ড, ঢ থাওরর঑ ‘ণ’ এয ফুত্঩কত্ত ফুযৎ঩কত্ত আ঱কক্ত আ঳কক্ত
ফযফ঴ায ওযা ঴রফ না। যমভন: উইন্িায, ওাউন্িায। অপ্সযী অপ্সযা অকতত অতীত
® ঳ভা঳ফদ্ধ ঱ব্দগুররা মথা঳ম্ভফ এও঳রঙ্গ করঔরত ঴রফ। যমভন: বান্ডায বাণ্ডায আ঱ীল আক঱঳
অদৃষ্ট঩ূফি অনাস্঩াকদত঩ূফি যন঱াগ্রস্ত ঳িা ঳িযা অকধন অধীন
ক঩তা঩ুত্র ঩ূফ঩ি কযকঘত কফলাদভকণ্ডত আওাঙ্খা আওাঙ্ক্ষা িীকতয় কিতীয়
ভঙ্গরফায যকফফায রক্ষযভ্রষ্ট গ্রীস্প গ্রীষ্ড আক঱ফিাদ আ঱ীফিাদ
঳াংফাদ঩ত্র ঳াংমতফাও ঳ভস্যা঩ূূ্ণি আকফস্কায আকফষ্কায ঱াকযযীও ঱াযীকযও
স্঩বাফকতবারফ ক঳াং঴া঳ন কারয়঴রুদ ঘূযত ঘুযত পরিাষ্টযাি পরিােযাি
অদ্ভূত অদ্ভুত অন্তুঃ঳ত্তা অন্তুঃ঳ত্ত্বা
কফর঱ল প্ররয়াচরন ঳ভা঳ফদ্ধ ঱ব্দকিরও এও ফা এওাকধও ঴াইরপন (- )
উধ্বি ঊধ্বি উিা঳ উচ্ছ্বা঳
কদরয় মুক্ত ওযা মায়। যমভন: কওঙু- না- কওঙু, চর- স্থর- আওা঱,
রৄশ্রুলা/ সুশ্রুলা রৄশ্রূলা কনরদিালী কনরদিাল
ফা঩- যফিা, যফিা- যফকি, ভা- যঙরর, ভা- যভরয়।
® কফর঱লণ ঩দ ঳াধাযণবারফ ঩যফতিী ঩রদয ঳রঙ্গ মুক্ত ঴রফ না। রৃণিীকত রৃনিীকত ফযাকতক্রভ ফযকতক্রভ
যমভন : কনকণিরভল কনকনিরভল যশ্রষ্ঠতভ ঳ফিরশ্রষ্ঠ
evsjv fvlv 122 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
঩ুযষ্কৃত ঩ুযস্কৃত ঳ন্মান ঳ম্যান রজ্জাস্কয রজ্জাওয কফবত্঳ ফীবৎ঳
দ঱িণ দ঱িন ওকনষ্ঠতভ ঳ফিওকনষ্ঠ ককযয়ক঳ কযীয়঳ী বাককযকথ বাকীযথী
বূকভলাৎ বূকভ঳াৎ আপ্রাণ প্রাণ঩ণ ফাওদান ফাকদান কভভাাং঳া ভীভাাং঳া
প্র঳াং঱া প্র঱াং঳া উরেকঔত উকেকঔত স্঩ত্ত্বাকধওায স্঩ত্বাকধওায ভধুসুদন ভধু঳ূদন
রৃকফি঳঴ রৃকফিল঴ যঘাষ্য ঘুষ্য রৃযাফস্থা রৃযফস্থা স্নুকতি স্নূকতি
ধ্বাং঱ ধ্বাং঳ ঳ওাতয ওাতয চররািা঳ চররাচ্ছ্বা঳ যওৌতু঴র যওৌতূ঴র
঩ঙ্ক্ষানু঩ুঙ্ক্ষ ঩ুঙ্খানু঩ুঙ্খ ওরযান ওরযাণ শ্রদ্ধাঞ্জরী শ্রদ্ধাঞ্জকর ভূভুলুি ভুভূলুি
যচযাষ্ঠয যচযষ্ঠ ঑ষ্ঠ ঒ষ্ঠয স্঩াক্ষী ঳াক্ষী ভূর৆তি ভু঴ূতি
উিা঳ উচ্ছ্বা঳ কফফাদভান কফফদভান ঳ন্না঳ী ঳ন্নযা঳ী স্থুর স্থূর
কৃ঴ীতা গ্র঴ীতা Ψvn¯úk© Ψn¯úk© ঱ান্তনা ঳ান্ত্বনা ভূধিণয ভূধিন্য
স্঩াযওথা ঳াযওথা যবৌককরও যবৌরকাকরও ওরণির ওরনির প্রকতিিী প্রকতিন্দ্বী
঳াং঱য়঩ূণি ঳াং঱য়া঩ূণি ওৃিতা ওৃচ্ছ্র আবযন্তযীণ অবযন্তযীণ কফরফাযণ কফরস্নাযণ
অনুধ্বি অনূধ্বি ইকতভরধয ইরতাভরধয ততকধও তরতাকধও ঳াংষ্কৃত ঳াংস্কৃত
঩ীক঩করওা ক঩঩ীকরওা এওকত্রত এওত্র নৃ঳াং঱ নৃ঱াং঳ ঩কযফুি ঩কযস্নুি
ভূর৆ভূির৆ ভুর৆ভুির৆ দীখি঳ূকত্রতা দীখি঳ূত্রতা ভরনাওষ্ট ভনুঃওষ্ট খকনষ্ট খকনষ্ঠ
঳ন্না঳ী ঳ন্নযা঳ী ক঱ক্ষরয়ত্রী ক঱ক্ষকয়ত্রী ঳ভূর঳঴ ঳ভূরর/ ভূর঳঴ রন্িন রণ্ঠন
অতযাকধও অতযকধও অধিাকঙ্গনী অধিাঙ্গী সুক্ষ ঳ূক্ষ্ম ঩া঱ি ঩াশ্বি
অক্ষুন্ন অক্ষুণ্ণ ভধযাে ভধযাহ্ন কনুঃর঱কলত কনুঃর঱ল ঳ত্ব স্঩ত্ব
আফশ্যওীয় আফশ্যও ঳ায়াে ঳ায়াহ্ন ঳কঠও কঠও বফক঱ষ্ট বফক঱ষ্টয
ক্ষুধাক঩঩া঳া ক্ষুৎক঩঩া঳া ফকে ফকহ্ন অর঩ক্ষভান অর঩ক্ষভাণ স্঩যস্঩তী ঳যস্঩তী
যচযাকতন্দ্র যচযাকতকযন্দ্র ঩ূফাি হ্ন c~e©vnè ঳ভতুরয ঳ভ/ তুরয সুঘগ্র ঳ূঘযগ্র
স্যাতর঳রত স্যােঁতর঳েঁরত অ঩যাহ্ন Acivnè কীতাঞ্জরী কীতাঞ্জকর ভনীকল ভনীলী
স্প঱ান শ্ম঱ান ঳ভয়ওার ঳ভয়/ওার ওঙ্কন ওঙ্কণ ভযীঘীওা ভযীকঘওা
উৎওলিতা উৎওলি উ঩মুিকক্ত উ঩মুি঩কয ওৃতীত্ব ওৃকতত্ব ঩ালান ঩ালাণ
নূন্যতভ নূযনতভ উ঩রযাক্ত উ঩মুিক্ত ফযকতত ফযতীত ক঱রযা঩ীিা ক঱যুঃ঩ীিা
য঳ৌচন্যতা য঳ৌচন্য ঱঱ীবূলণ ঱ক঱বূলণ সুস্঩াকতভ স্঩াকতভ অরন্তকষ্ট অরন্তযকষ্ট
উিাস্ত উিাশ্রৃ বদন্যতা বদন্য/দীনতা ওতৃি঩ক্ষকণ ওতৃি঩ক্ষ অন্তরযকন্দ্রয় অন্তকযকন্দ্রয়
চাতযাকবভান চাতযকবভান উতযক্ত উত্তযক্ত ইকত঩ূরূ্ ফি ইতুঃ঩ূরফি ওিুকক্ত ওিূকক্ত
কফদূলী কফরৃলী ওাকভকন ওাকভনী ক঩ঘা঱ ক঩঱াঘ ঙি঩তন ঙিুঃ঩তন
কতযষ্কায কতযস্কায কত্রবূচ কত্রবুচ অষ্ঢৃশ্য অস্ধৃশ্য ঳কত঳াধফী ঳তী঳াধফী
যপণ যপন কওকযি কওযীি খূণিীয়ভাণ খূণিায়ভান ঐওযতা ঐওয/ এওতা
ওরযাণীয়ালু ওরযাণীয়াসু ওারীদা঳ ওাকরদা঳ অনাকথনী অনাথা স্঩ায়ত্ব঱া঳ন স্঩ায়ত্ত঱া঳ন
ফৃ঴ষ্ঢকত ফৃ঴স্ধকত কক্ষকত঱ কক্ষতী঱ স্঩াস্থ স্঩াস্থয রৃযত্ব দূযত্ব
নৃ঳াং঳ নৃ঱াং঳ নীকয঴ কনযী঴ সুস্঩াস্থয স্঩াস্থয ঳দযচাত ঳রদযাচাত
প্ররওাষ্ট প্ররওাষ্ঠ কনক঱থীকন কন঱ীকথনী ফরিা঩াধযায় ফরিযা঩াধযায় আত্ম঳কি আরত্মাৎ঳কি
঴িাৎ ঴ঠাৎ উিুত উদ্ভূত চকৎফিু চকফিু ওৃকত ওৃতী
঳িি স্঩িি দূকিা রৃকিা কওম্বদন্তী কওাংফদন্তী কুিনীকত কূিনীকত
িি িন্দ্ব নু঩ুয নূ঩য ু ক঱যরিদ ক঱যরেদ কফলন্ন কফলণ্ণ
঳বাফ স্঩বাফ ঩ূণয ঩ুণয অতযাকধও অতযকধও ঳াং঳প্তও ঳াং঱প্তও
স্঩াকত্ত্বও ঳াকত্ত্বও অ঴কনিক঱ অ঴কনি঱ কবণিয কবনিয ঴ীনভন্যতা ঴ীনম্যন্যতা
কনক্কন কনক্বণ অতরস্ধ঱িী অতরস্ধ঱ি রূ঩ারী রু঩াকর কনযা঱া বনযাশ্য
কনরদিালী কনরদিাল দ্রাকযদ্রতা দাকযদ্রয, দকযদ্রতা উকদঘী উদীঘী ভন্ত্রী঩কযলদ ভকন্ত্র঩কযলদ
আওাঙ্খা আওাঙ্ক্ষা অ঳হ্নীয় অ঳঴নীয় দীখিচীকফ দীখিচীফী ভন্ত্রী঳বা ভকন্ত্র঳বা
ম঱রাব মর঱ারাব ফাকিওী ফািীকও ভনুলত্ব ভনুষ্যত্ব বালাবালী বালী
আদ্র আদ্রি বীকতলীওা কফবীকলওা ঱ূণয ঱ূন্য গুন গুণ
অদযফকধ অদযাফকধ ঳কভকঘন ঳ভীঘীন f~wgaŸk f~wgam myPwiZvly myPwiZvmy
অস্তভান অস্তায়ভান কনক঱থ কন঱ীথ A‡š^lb A‡š^lY ‣blã ‣btkã¨
evsjv fvlv 123 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
kskÖe ms¯ªe BwZc~‡e© BZtc~‡e© Aï× evK¨ ï× evK¨
wPiRxwe wPiRxex wb‡`©vlx wb‡`©vl ‡b․Kvi †¯ªv‡Z fvwmqv †b․Kv †¯ªv‡Z fvwmqv
‡f․MwjK ‡f․‡MvwjK PwjqvwQj| PwjqvwQj|
K…wËevm evOjv ivgvqY K…wËevm evsjv ivgvqY
cÖ‡qvM-AccÖ‡qvM wj‡L‡Qb| wj‡L‡Qb|
AccÖ‡qvM ï× cÖ‡qvM AccÖ‡qvM ï× cÖ‡qvM iPbvwUi DrKl©Zv Ab¯^xKvh© iPbvwUi DrKl© Ab¯^xKvh©|
B`vbxsKvj B`vbxs ZrKvjxb mgq ZrKvjxb Bnvi Avek¨K bvB| Bnvi Avek¨KZv bvB|
Kvh©Kix Kvh©Ki Rb¥evwl©Kx Rb¥evwl©K Avwg Acgvb n‡qwQ| Avwg AcgvwbZ n‡qwQ|
egvjmy× gvjmn/egvj Dc‡iv³ Dchy©³ Avgvi K_v cÖgvY n‡q‡Q| Avgvi K_v cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q|
†KejgvÎ ‡Kej/gvÎ mgZzj¨ mg/Zzj¨ Abvek¨Kxq wel‡q ivRbxwZ Abvek¨K wel‡q ivRbxwZ
j¾v¯‥i j¾vKi j¾vRbK j¾vKi GLb Uvj-gvUvj| GLb Uvj-gvUvj|
cybwg©jbx cybwg©jb Zvc`vn `ve`vn AZ¨vek¨Kxq e¨‡q Kvc©Y¨ Avek¨K e¨‡q Kvc©Y¨
AbœKvco Abœe¯¿ mgZzj¨ mg ev Zzj¨ AbywPZ| AbywPZ|
wZi®‥vi bv nq cyi®‥vi GKUv wZi¯‥vi bv nq cyi¯‥vi GKUv
mwVK wVK wÎbqbx wÎbqbv
wKQz RyU‡eB| wKQz RyU‡eB|
Awabx Aaxbv wmswnbx wmsnx ‡W½y R¦i n«vm nBqv‡Q| †W½y R¦‡ii n«vm nBqv‡Q|
my‡Kwkbx my‡Kkv Abvw_bx Abv_v Avgvi K_vB cÖgvY n‡jv| Avgvi K_vB cÖgvwYZ n‡jv|
Aa©vw½bx Aa©v½x wb‡`©vwlYx wb‡`©vl m~h© D`q n‡q‡Q| m~h© Dw`Z n‡q‡Q|
KvÛ KvÐ AvKv•Lv AvKv•ÿv ‡M․ie †jvc nBqv‡Q| ‡M․ie †jvc cvBqv‡Q|
AkÖRj AkÖæ mgqKvj mgq/Kvj evsjv‡`k GKwU DbœZkxj evsjv‡`k GKwU Dbœqbkxj
ke‡cvov ke`vn AvqËvaxb AvqË †`k| †`k|
wki‡”Q` wki‡ñ` A‡nvivwÎ A‡nvivÎ weØvb g~L© A‡cÿv †kÖôZi| weØvb g~L© A‡cÿv †kÖô|
Anwb©wk Anwb©k e¨vZxZ e¨ZxZ c„w_ex me©`v m~‡h©i Pviw`‡K c„w_ex me©`v m~‡h©i Pviw`‡K
cÖwZN‡i N‡i N‡i N‡i fvlvfvlx fvlx N~Y©xqgvb| N~Y©vqgvb|
AKÉ ch©šÍ AvKÉ/KÉ ch©šÍ mvjvg Avjx gvgjvi mvÿx mvjvg Avjx gvgjvi mvÿ¨
cÖvgvY¨ : cÖvgvY¨ k‡ãi A_© cÖvgvwYKZv ev wek^¯ÍZv| cÖvgvY¨ w`‡e| w`‡e|
kãwU we‡klY| ZvB cÖvgvwYK kãwUi wek^vm‡hvM¨Zv A‡_© Zv‡K †¯œnvkxl w`I| Zv‡K †¯œnvwkm w`I|
cÖ‡qvM wVK bq| ‡g‡qwU fqvbK my›`ix| †g‡qwU Awb›`¨ my›`ix|
AkÖyR‡j eyK †f‡m †Mj| AkÖy‡Z eyK †f‡m †Mj
LvuwU Miæi `ya : evK¨wU ï× bq| KviY A‡_©i ZviZg¨ G K_v cÖgvY n‡q‡Q| G K_v cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q|
n‡q‡Q| Miæ LvuwU nq Kxfv‡e? ï× cÖ‡qvM n‡e Miæi LvuwU gvZvnxb wkïi Kx `ytL ! gvZ…nxb wkïi Kx `ytL!
`ya| ‡m g‡bvK‡ó MÖvg Qvwoj| †m gbtK‡ó MÖvg Qvwoj|
divmxq : ÔdivwmÕ k‡ãi A_© divwm †`kxq| ZvB divwm evjKiv †Ljvayjvq cUz| evj‡Kiv †Ljvayjvq cUz|
kãwUi mv‡_ ÔCqÕ cÖZ¨q †hvM Ki‡j Zv AccÖ‡qvM n‡e| bxjbe N‡b Avmvp MM‡Y| bxjbe N‡b Avlvp MM‡b|
djd«zU : Ôd«zUÕ k‡ãi A_© ÔdjÕ| ZvB Ôdjd«zUÕ kãwUi cÖ‡qvM K…w÷ I KvjPvi Rxe‡bi K…wó I KvjPvi Rxe‡bi
wVK bq| Ask| Ask|
‡`ex AšÍa©vb nB‡eb| ‡`ex AšÍwn©Z nB‡eb|
Aï× ï× NUbv eY©bv n‡q‡Q| NUbv ewY©Z n‡q‡Q|
Ae¯’v `„w÷‡Z g‡b nq Zviv †hb Ae¯’v †`‡L g‡b nq, Zviv †hb †K GB eyw×gvb evwjKv? ‡K GB eyw×gZx evwjKv?
mevB fzj Kivi cÖwZ‡hvMxZvq mevB fzj Kivi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq GLb weØvb †g‡qi Afve GLb we`ylx †g‡qi Afve
AeZxY© n‡q‡Q †b‡g‡Q| ‡bB| †bB
mKj evwjKvMY cvwb wmÂb mKj evwjKv/evwjKvMY cvwb
Kievi Rb¨ ¯§„b¥q cvÎ jBqv †mPb Kievi Rb¨ gvwUi cvÎ
gvZvnviv evjKwU LyeB gvZ…nviv evjKwU LyeB
evMv‡b †Mj wb‡q evMv‡b †Mj| Amnvq| Amnvq
‡Zvgvi g‡Zv GKwU gy‡L©i †Zvgvi g‡Zv g~‡L©i †cQ‡b ke‡cvov wn›`y a‡g©i GKwU ke`vn wn›`y a‡g©i GKwU
wcQ‡b A_© LiP K‡i †Kvb jvf UvKv LiP K‡i †Kv‡bv jvf n‡e ixwZ| bxwZ|
n‡e bv| bv| kwd‡Ki ¯’vb me©kx‡l©| kwd‡Ki ¯’vb kx‡l©|
GB Aa©ivw·Z GLbI Zzwg GB Aa©iv‡Î GLbI Zzwg
†R‡M AvQ! †R‡M AvQ!
evK¨ïw×
evsjv fvlv 124 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
`vwi`ª¨ZvB evsjv‡`‡ki g~j `wi`ªZvB evsjv‡`‡ki g~j `ye©jZvekZt Abvw_bx e‡m coj `ye©jZvekZ Abv_v e‡m coj
mgm¨v mgm¨v Kvgvj n‡jv Avgvi åvZz®úyÎ Kvgvj Avgvi åvZz®úyÎ|
`ybx©wZMÖ¯’ Avgjv‡`i †`․iv‡Z¥ `ybx©wZMÖ¯Í Avgjv‡`i †`․iv‡Z¥¨ Zvi mvs¯‥…wZK bvB| Zvi ms¯‥…wZ bvB|
cÖkvmb wngwkg Lv‡”Q cÖkvmb wngwkg Lv‡”Q ÔMxZvÄjxÕ c‡oQ wK? ÔMxZvÄwjÕ c‡oQ wK?
G Kv‡R Zvnvi n¯Í cvKv G Kv‡R Zvi nvZ cvKv hyw³ LwÐZ n‡q‡Q wKš‘ hyw³ LÐb n‡q‡Q wKš‘ gyw³
c~e©v‡ý GKevi G‡mv| c~e©v‡nè GKevi G‡mv| †g‡jwb| †g‡jwb|
GKUv ‡Mvcb K_v ewj| GKUv †Mvcbxq K_v ewj| wewa j•Nb n‡q‡Q| wewa jw•NZ n‡q‡Q|
wbðq msev` †c‡qwQ| wbwðZ msev` †c‡qwQ| `kP‡µ Ck^i f~Z| `kP‡µ fMevb f~Z|
wewa j•Nb n‡q‡Q| wewa jw•NZ n‡q‡Q| ey‡bv KPz, evNv †ZuZzj| ey‡bv Ij, evNv †ZuZzj|
m`¨RvZ wkïwUi Kx Ae¯’v? m‡`¨vRvZ wkïwUi Kx Ae¯’v? gvbyl Zvi Rxe‡bi ¯’cwZ| gvbyl Zvi wbR Rxe‡bi ¯’cwZ|
KxwËevm ivgvqb wj‡L‡Qb| KxwËevm ivgvqY wj‡L‡Qb| NUbv ewb©Z n‡q‡Q| NUbv ewY©Z n‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡k ms¯‥…wZ PP©vi evsjv‡`k ms¯‥…wZ PP©vi weivU Miæ-QvM‡ji nvU| Miæ-QvM‡ji weivU nvU|
Zx_©‡ÿÎ| Zx_©‡ÿÎ| Ab¨v‡qi dj Avek¨K| Ab¨v‡qi dj Awbevh©|
mwPe g‡nv`‡qi Aaxb¯’ Kg©Pvixiv mwPe g‡nv`‡qi Aaxb Kg©Pvixiv KzjvUv bvix‡K eR©b Kiv| KzjUv‡K eR©b Ki|
me mgq AvZs‡K _v‡K| me mgq AvZs‡K _v‡Kb| g‡bvig D`v‡b ågY g‡bvig D`¨v‡b ågY
•`b¨Zv me©`v gn‡Ë¦i `xbZv me©`v gn‡Ë¡i `~ivKv•Lv| `yivKv•ÿv|
cwiPvqK bq| cwiPvqK bq| wewea wRwbmcÎ wKbjvg| wewea wRwbm wKbjvg|
cÖvZiv‡k e¨vqvg Kiv ¯^v‡¯’¨i cÖvZtiv‡k e¨vqvg Kiv ¯^v‡¯’¨i Avwg †h‡q †`wL me †kl| Avwg wM‡q †`wL me †kl|
Rb¨ DcKvix| Rb¨ DcKvix| ‡jvKwU wbicivax wKš‘ ‡jvKwU wbiciva wKš‘
AvMvgxKvj Aciv‡ý Zvi AvMvgxKvj Aciv‡nè Zvi wbin¼vix bq| wbin¼vi bq|
mv‡_ †`Lvi Kivi K_v| mv‡_ †`Lv Kivi K_v|
Aa¨ewa welqUvi †Kvb myivnv A`¨vewa welqUvi †Kvb 35Zg-38Zg wewmGm wjwLZ
n‡jv bv| myivnv n‡jv bv| KvwiMwi/‡ckvMZ K¨vWvi
wZwb GLb †g․bx Av‡Qb| wZwb GLb †g․b Av‡Qb|
mybvwg AvµvšÍ GjvKvi gvbyl mybvwg AvµvšÍ GjvKvi gvbyl 01. †hme wkÿv_©x †jLvcovq Agb‡hvMx †m mg¯Í wkÿv_x©ivB
Afve AbvU‡b w`b KvUv‡”Q| Afve AbU‡b w`b KvUv‡”Q| cixÿvq AK…ZKvh© nq †ewk|
Abœvfv‡e cÖwZ N‡i N‡i Abœvfv‡e N‡i N‡i nvnvKvi| DËi : †h mg¯Í wkÿv_©x †jLvcovq Ag‡bv‡hvMx †m mg¯Í
nvnvKvi| wkÿv_x©B cixÿvq AK…ZKvh© nq †ewk|
ingZ m¼U Ae¯’vq cwoqv‡Q| ingZ m¼URbK Ae¯’vq 02. Avcwb ¯^cwievi I mev܇e Avgwš¿Z|
cwoqv‡Q| DËi : Avcwb mcwievi I mevÜe Avgwš¿Z|
Zvi GLb msKU Ae¯’v| Zvi GLb m¼Uvcbœ Ae¯’v| 03. Zvi cikÖxKvZiZv †`‡L Avwg gy»|
J×Z AvPiY‡K GK K_vq D×Z AvPiY‡K GK K_vq DËi : Zvi cikÖxKvZiZv †`‡L Avwg nZevK|
ejv nq J×Ë| ejv nq J×Z¨| 04. AvR iv‡Z eRªcZ‡bi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q|
e¨vKzwjZ wP‡Ë Avwg Zv‡K e¨vKzj wP‡Ë Avwg Zv‡K DËi : AvR iv‡Z eRªcv‡Zi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q|
†`L‡Z †Mjvg| †`L‡Z †Mjvg| 05. †Zvgvi g‡Zv e¨w³i c‡ÿ m`vme©`v K…cYZv Kiv
wZwb Av‡ivM¨ nBqvwQ‡jb| wZwb bx‡ivM nBqvwQ‡jb| j¾v¯‥i| DËi : †Zvgvi gZ e¨w³i c‡ÿ m`vme©`v
‡m Av‡ivM¨ n‡q‡Q ‡m Av‡ivM¨ jvf K‡i‡Q| K…cYZv Kiv j¾vKi|
Avwg †Zvgvi AvMgb-msev‡` Avwg †Zvgvi AvMgb-msev‡` 06. ‣Rô¨ gv‡m Zvi me© •Rô¨ †Q‡ji we‡q nq|
m‡šÍv‡l nBqvwQ| mš‘ó nBqvwQ| DËi : •R¨ô gv‡m Zvi ‡R¨ô †Q‡ji we‡q nq|
‡g‡qwU cvMwj n‡q †M‡Q| ‡g‡qwU cvMj n‡q †M‡Q| 07. Zvnvi †m․›`h©Zv‡eva Avgv‡K Awff~Z K‡i‡Q|
iwngv f‡q Aw¯’iv| iwngv f‡q Aw¯’i| DËi : Zvi †m․›`h©‡eva Avgv‡K Awff~Z K‡i‡Q|
ivRv cvwcô ivbx‡K kvw¯Í ivRv cvwcôv ivbx‡K kvw¯Í 08. G wbg©g nZ¨vKv‡Û MÖvgevmx wb¯Íä n‡q †Mj|
w`‡jb| w`‡jb| DËi : G wbg©g nZ¨vKv‡Ð MÖvgevmx ¯Íä n‡q †Mj|
‡m Ggb iƒcmx †hb Aáix| ‡m Ggb iƒceZx †hb Aáiv| 09. BwZc~‡e©B Zvi weiæ‡× KZ©„c‡ÿi Kv‡Q bvwjk Kiv
mnmv Av¸b jvMvq I ‡Ljv mnmv Av¸b jvwMj I †Ljv n‡q‡Q| DËi : BZtc~‡e©B Zvi weiæ‡× KZ©„c‡ÿi Kv‡Q
cÐ nBj| cÐ nBj| bvwjk Kiv n‡q‡Q|
ïaygvÎ Mv‡qi †Rv‡i KvR nq bv| ïay Mv‡qi ‡Rv‡i KvR nq bv| 10. gnvmgv‡iv‡n cÖavb AwZw_‡K my¯^vMZ Rvbv‡bv n‡jv|
Avcwb AvMZ Kj¨ Avwm‡eb| Avcwb AvMvgx Kj¨ Avwm‡eb| DËi : gnvmgv‡iv‡n cÖavb AwZw_‡K ¯^vMZ Rvbv‡bv
Avwg m‡šÍvl njvg| Avwg mš‘ó njvg| n‡jv|
evsjv fvlv 125 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
11. Zvi mvsNvwZK Avb›` n‡jv| NUbv Pvÿm cÖZ¨ÿ K‡iwQ NUbv cÖZ¨ÿ K‡iwQ
DËi : Zvi Lye Avb›` n‡jv| Avek¨Kxq e¨‡q Kvc©Y¨Zv Avek¨K e¨‡q Kvc©Y¨
12. †Q‡jwU Anwb©wk Zvi gv‡K R¦vjvZb K‡i| ïkÖælv I mvšÍbv ïkÖƒlv I mvšÍ¡bv
DËi : †Q‡jwU Anwb©k Zvi gv‡K R¦vjvZb K‡i| mvbw›`ZwP‡Ë mvb‡›`
13. h_vh_ ¯’v‡b h_v_© ev‡K¨i kãwU ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| AvqË¡vaxb AvqË
DËi : h_vh_fv‡e ev‡K¨ kã cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| `vjvbwU aŸ‡m coj `vjvbwU a‡m coj
14. wZwb GKRb e„›`-Ave„wËKvi| gvayhZ
© vc~Y AvPib gvayh©c~Y© AvPiY
DËi : wZwb GKRb wewkó Ave„wËKvi|
15. Avwg Zvi K_vq wek^vm ivL‡Z cvijvg bv|
cÖ v q KvQvKvwQ D”Pvi‡Yi wfbœ wfbœ A‡_©i kãmg~n
DËi : Avwg Zvi K_vq wek^vm ivL‡Z cvijvg bv| g~jkã cÖwZkã g~jkã cÖwZkã
16. `y®‥…wZKvix m‡›`‡n cywjm Zv‡K †MÖdZvi K‡i‡Q| A¤^ i AvKvk k¤^ i Rj
DËi : `y®‥…ZKvix m‡›`‡n cywjk Zv‡K †MÖdZvi K‡i‡Q| Amvi ev‡R Amvo mvovnxb
17. wZwb Zvi cÖwZÁv iÿv K‡ibwb| Ab¨ Aci Abœ fvZ
DËi : wZwb cÖwZÁv f½ K‡i‡Qb| Awbj evZvm Abxj hv bxj bq
cvivevi mgy`ª cviveZ KeyZi
28-34Zg wewmGm Kzuwo gyKzj Kzwo msL¨vi 20
ïay Aï× Ask Zz‡j aiv n‡jv Ak^ ‡Nvov Ak¥ cv_i
cvwi mg_© cvwo cvivcvi
Aï× ï×
Avlvp gv‡mi bvg Avmvi cÖej el©Y
¯^”Qj cwievi m”Qj cwievi
Avmw³ AbyivM AvmwË ‣bKU¨
AZ¨všÍ †e`bv`vqK AZ¨šÍ †e`bv`vqK
f~ c„w_ex f~ai ce©Z
gyL¯Íwe`¨v cwinvi gyL¯’we`¨v cwinvi
ke©i AÜKvi ke©ix ivwÎ
‣cwÎK wfUv ‣cZ…K wfUv
Avwa `ywðšÍv Avuwa S‡ov nvIqv
mwkwÿZ ¯^wkwÿZ
cif…Z ‡KvwKj cif…r KvK
Abyevw`Z Ab~w`Z
¸Y ¸Y Kiv ¸b P‡Ui _wj
Acgvb n‡qwQ AcgvwbZ n‡qwQ
cveK Av¸b ceb evZvm
mK‡ji gv‡S eq¯‥ mK‡ji gv‡S e‡qv‡R¨ô
bM ce©Z bvM mvc
`~j©f †m․fvM¨ `yj©f †m․fvM¨
giær evZvm mwir b`x
‡Mvcb civgk© ‡Mvcbxq civgk©
ejvnK ‡gN evjvK© m~h©
Av‡ivM¨ n‡q‡Q Av‡ivM¨ jvf K‡i‡Q
wefveix ivwÎ wefvemy Av¸b
eyw×Rxwe, cÖgyLMY, kÖ×vÄjx eyw×Rxex, cÖgyL, kÖ×vÄwj
Gme †jvK‡K/G †jvK¸‡jv‡K
hvwgbx ivwÎ `vwgbx we`y¨r
Gme †jvK¸‡jv‡K
Kzgy` cÙ ‡K․gy`x ‡R¨vr¯œv
AviI wcÖqZi AviI wcÖq
kk ‡Lvi‡Mvk kkx Pvu`
ïaygvÎ Mv‡qi †Rv‡i ïay Mv‡qi †Rv‡i
kkxKi ‡R¨vr¯œv kkxKvšÍ cÙ
wbin¼vix, wbicivax wbin¼vi, wbiciva
KvšÍ ¯^vgx KvšÍv ¯¿x
mg„×kvjx †`k mg„× †`k
myZ cyÎ myZv Kb¨v
Avm‡Q AvMvgxKvj AvMvgxKvj
g„‡M›`ª wmsn g„Mv¼ Pvu`
`vwi`ªZv `vwi`ª¨/`wi`ªZv
Aw`wZ c„w_ex Avw`Z¨ m~h©Ô
Acivý Acivnè
K‡cvZ KeyZi L‡cvZ D‡ovRvnvR
‣`b¨Zv •`b¨/`xbZv
QvÎxM‡Yi QvÎx‡`i
Amn¨bxq Amn¨ DcmM©
e¨v‡q Kvc©Y¨Zv e¨‡q Kvc©Y¨ evsjv fvlvq Ggb KZ¸‡jv Ae¨qm~PK kãvsk i‡q‡Q, hv
mgy`q mf¨MY mf¨MY ¯^vaxb c` wn‡m‡e ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| G¸‡jv Ab¨
mK‡j GKwÎZ n‡q mK‡j GKÎ n‡q k‡ãi Av‡M e‡m| Gi cªfv‡e kãwUi K‡qK ai‡bi cwieZ©b
mg¯Í cÖvYxK~j me cÖvYx mvwaZ nq| ‡hgb :
wef~wZf~lb e‡Üvcva¨vq wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq ↔ bZzb A_©‡evaK kã •Zwi nq|
¯^¯¿xK m¯¿xK ↔ k‡ãi A‡_©i c~Y©Zv mvwaZ nq|
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↔ k‡ãi A‡_©i m¤úªmviY N‡U| Dcm‡M©i A_©‡`¨vZKZv D`vniY
↔ k‡ãi A‡_©i ms‡KvPb N‡U| bvg
↔ k‡ãi A‡_©i cwieZb© N‡U| we wfbœZv, bvB, wef~uB, wedj, wec`
wewfbœ DcmM© wb›`bxq
evsjv DcmM© A, ANv, AR, Abv, Av, Avo, Avb, fi c~Y©Zv fi‡cU, fimvuS, ficyi,
(21wU) Ave, BwZ, Db (Ebv), K`, Kz, wb, fi`ycyi, fim‡Ü¨
cvwZ, we, ivg, m, mv, my, nv, fi| ivg eo, DrK…ó ivgQvMj, ivg`v, ivgwk½v,
Zrmg (ms¯‥…Z) cÖ, civ, Ac, mg, wb, Aby, Ae, wbi, ivg‡evKv
DcmM© (20wU) `yi, we, Awa, my, Dr, cwi, cÖwZ, AwZ, m mv‡_/m‡½ mjvR, mie, mwVK, m‡Rvi,
Awc, Awf, Dc, Av| mcvU
we‡`wk DcmM© (19wU) mv DrK…ó mvwRiv, mv‡Rvqvb
dviwm DcmM© Kvi&, `i, bv, wbg, wd, e`&, †e, ei&, e, my DËg mybRi, myLei, myw`b, mybvg,
(10wU) Kg&| myKvR
Aviwe DcmM© (4wU) Avg&, Lvm, jv, Mi&| nv Afve nvwc‡Z¨k, nvfv‡Z, nvN‡i
Bs‡iwR DcmM© (4wU) dzj, nvd, †nW, mve|
D`y©-wnw›` DcmM© (01wU) ni ms¯‥…Z DcmM©
Dcm‡M©i A_©‡`¨vZKZv D`vniY
evsjv DcmM© bvg
Dcm‡M©i A_©‡`¨vZKZv D`vniY cÖK…ó, m¤§yL cÖfve, cÖPjb, cÖùzwUZ
bvg L¨vwZ cÖwm×, cÖZvc, cÖfve
wbw›`Z A‡K‡Rv, A‡Pbv, Acqv AvwaK¨ cÖMvp, cÖPvi, cÖej, cÖmvi
cÖ
A Afve AwPb, ARvbv, A‣_ MwZ cÖ‡ek, cÖ¯’vb
µgvMZ A‡Svi, A‡Sv‡i aviv, ci¤úiv, cÖ‡c․Î, cÖkvLv, cÖwkl¨
ANv ‡evKv ANvivg, ANvPÐx AbyMvwgZ
AR wbZvšÍ (g›`) ARcvovMvu, ARg~L©, ARcyKzi civ AvwZkh¨ civKvôv, civµvšÍ, civqY
Abv Afve Abve„wó, Abv`i wecixZ civRq, civfe
Qvov AbvwQwó, AbvPvi wecixZ Acgvb, AcKvi, AcPq,
Aïf Abvgy‡Lv Acev`
Av Afve AvKuvov, Av‡avqv, Avjywb wbK…ó Acms¯‥…wZ, AcKg©, Acm„wó,
Ac
ev‡R/wbK…ó AvKvVv, AvMvQv Achk
Avo eµ Avo‡Pv‡L, Avobq‡b ¯’vbvšÍi AcmviY, AcniY, Ac‡bv`b
Avav/cÖvq Avoÿ¨vcv, AvocvMjv, weK…Z Acg„Zz¨
Avo‡gvov mg m¤§yLiƒ‡c m¤ú~Y©, mg„×, mgv`i
wewkó Avo‡Kvjv (cv_vwj‡Kvjv), m¤§y‡L mgvMZ
AvoMov (Av¯Íej), AvoKvwV wb‡la wbe„wË
Avb bv Avb‡Kviv wbðq wbeviY, wbY©q
wb
wewÿß AvbPvb, Avb‡gvbv AvwZkh¨ wb`vN, wb`viæb
Ave A¯úóZv AveQvqv, AveWvj Afve wb®‥jyl, wb®‥vg
BwZ G/Gi BwZKZ©e¨, BwZc~‡e© Ae nxbZv AeÁv, Aegvbbv
cyi‡bv BwZK_v, BwZnvm mg¨Kfv‡e Ae‡iva, AeMvnb, AeMZ
Ebv Kg EbcuvRy‡o, Ewbk wb‡¤œ/A‡avgywLZv AeZiY, Ae‡ivnY
K` wbw›`Z K`‡ej, K`h©, K`vKvi AíZv Ae‡kl, Aemvb, A‡ejv
Kz KzrwmZ, KzAf¨vm, KzK_v, KybRi, Aby cðvr Aby‡kvPbv, AbyMvgx, AbyR,
AcKl© Kzm½ AbyPi, AbyZvc, AbyKiY
wb bvB/‡bwZ wbLyuZ, wbjvR, wbfvuR, wb‡iU mv`„k¨ Abyev`, Abyiƒc, AbyKvi
cvwZ ÿz`ª cvwZnvum, cvwZwkqvj, ‡c․b:c~b¨ AbyÿY, Abyw`b, Abykxjb
cvwZ‡jey, cv`Kz‡qv m‡½ AbyK~j, AbyK¤úv
evsjv fvlv 127 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
Dcm‡M©i A_©‡`¨vZKZv D`vniY we‡`wk DcmM©
bvg dviwm DcmM©
wbi Afve wbiÿi, wbR©xe, wbin¼vi, Dcm‡M©i A_©‡`¨vZKZv D`vniY
wbivkÖq, wba©b bvg
wbðq wba©viY, wbY©q, wbf©i Kvi KvR KviLvbv, KvimvwR, KviPzwc,
evwni, ewng©ywLZv wbM©Z, wbtmiY, wbe©vmb Kvievi, Kvi`vwb
`yi g›` `yf©vM¨, ``©kv, `yb©vg `i ga¨¯’, Aaxb `icËwb, `icvÆv, `i`vjvj
Kómva¨ `yj©f, `yM©g, `yiwZµg¨ bv bv A‡_© bvPvi, bvivR, bvgÄyi,
we we‡kliƒ‡c wea„Z, weï×, weÁvb, wee¯¿, bv‡Lvk, bvjv‡qK
weï®‥ wbg Avav wbgivwR, wbgLyb
Afve wewb`ª, weeY©, wek„•Lj, wedj wd cÖwZ wd-‡ivR, wd-nßv, wd-eQi,
MwZ wePiY, we‡ÿc wd-mb, wd-gvm
AcÖK…¯’ weKvi, wech©q e` g›` e`‡gRvR, e`ivMx, e`gvk,
my DËi myKÉ, myK…wZ, myPwiÎ, mywcÖq, e`nRg, e`bvg
mybxj ‡e bv ‡eqv`e, †eAv‡°j, †eKmyi,
mnR myMg, mymva¨, myjf †eKvq`v, †eMwZK, †eZvi,
AvwZkh¨ myPZzi, myKwVb, myaxi, †eKvi
mywbcyY, myZxÿœ ei evB‡i, g‡a¨ eiLv¯Í, ei`v¯Í, ei‡Ljvc,
Dr EaŸ©gywLZv D`¨g, DbœwZ, Drwÿß, eiev`
D`MÖxe, D‡Ëvb e mwnZ egvj, ebvg, eKjg
AvwZkh¨ D‡”Q`, DËß, Drdzjø, Kg ¯^í Kg‡Rvi, KgeL&Z
DrmyK, Drcxob Aviwe DcmM©
cÖ¯‘wZ Drcv`b, D”PviY Avg mvaviY Avg`ievi, Avg‡gv³vi
AcKl© Dr‡KvP, D”Q…•Lj, DrKU Lvm we‡kl Lvmgnj, LvmLei,
Awa AvwacZ¨ AwaKvi, Awaevmx, AwacwZ LvmKvgiv, Lvm`ievi
Dcwi Awa‡ivnb, Awaôvb jv bv jvRIqve, jv‡LivR,
e¨vwß AwaKvi, Awaevm, AwaMZ jvIqvwik, jvcvËv
cwi we‡kliƒ‡c cwic°, cwic~Y©, cwieZ©b Mi Afve Miwgj, MinvwRi, MiivwR
‡kl cwi‡kl Bs‡iwR DcmM©
m¤§yLiƒ‡c cwikÖvšÍ, cixÿv, cwigvY dzj c~Y© Dzj-nvZv, dzj-kvU©, dzj-evey,
PZzw`©K cwiµgY, cwigÐj dzj-c¨v›U
cÖwZ m`„k cÖwZg~wZ©, cÖwZaŸwb nvd Avav nvd-nvZv, nvd-wU‡KU, nvd-
we‡iva cÖwZev`, cÖwZØ›Øx ¯‥zj, nvd-c¨v›U
‡c․b:c~b¨ cÖwZ w`b, cÖwZ gvm ‡nW cÖavb ‡nW-gv÷vi, †nW-Awdm,
AbyiƒcKvR cÖwZNvZ, cÖwZ`vb, cÖZz¨cKvi †nW-cwÐZ, †nW-‡g․jwf
Dc mvgxc¨ DcK~j, DcKÉ mve Aaxb mve-Awdm, mve-RR, mve-
m`„k DcØxc, Dceb B݇c±i
ÿz`ª DcMÖn, DcmvMi, Dc‡bZv wn›`x/D`y© DcmM©
we‡kl Dcbqb (‣cZv), Dc‡fvM ni cÖ‡Z¨K ni‡ivR, nigvwnbv, niwKwmg,
Awf mg¨K Awfe¨w³, AwfÁ, Awff~Z ninv‡gkv
Mgb Awfhvb, Awfmvi
m¤§yL, w`K AwfgyL, Awfev`b
AwZ AvwZkh¨ AwZKvq, AZ¨vPvi, AwZkq mgv_©K kã
AwZµg AwZgvbe, AwZ cÖvK…Z ‡hme kã GKB A_© cÖKvk K‡i, Zv‡`i mgv_©K ev
Av ch©šÍ AvKÉ, AvgiY, Avmgy`ª GKv_©K kã e‡j| ev‡K¨ †m․›`h© e„w×i Rb¨ A_v©r iPbvi
Clr Avi³, Avfvm gvayh© m„wói Rb¨ GKwU A_©‡KB wewfbœ kã Øviv cÖKvk
wecixZ Av`vb, AvMgb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb nq| KweZvq cÖ‡qvM AviI †ewk| cÖ_g
evsjv fvlv 128 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
evsjv Ôw_mivmÕ ev mgv_©K k‡ãi Awfavb msKjb K. cveK L. gviæZ
K‡i‡Qb - A‡kvK gy‡Lvcva¨vq| [23Zg wewmGm] M. ceb N. Awbj DËi : K
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ e¨vL¨v : ÔevZvmÕ k‡ãi mgv_©K kã- evZ, evqy, Awbj,
01. Awfivg k‡ãi A_© Kx? (40Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi) ceb, nvIqv, mgxi, mgxiY, giær, gviæZ, cÖfÄb,
K. weivgnxb L. evwjk MÜen, MvÜevn|
M. Pjb N. my›`i DËi N 09. ÔAbxKÕ k‡ãi A_©- [30Zg wewmGm]
K. m~h© L. mgy`ª
e¨vL¨v : Awfivg k‡ãi A_© - g‡bvig, my›`i| weivgnxb M. hyׇÿÎ N. •mwbK DËi : N
k‡ãi A_© wekÖvg †bB Ggb, weiwZnxb| evwjk A_©
Dcvavb| Pjb k‡ãi A_© Mgb, ågY, mÂvjb, ¯ú›`b, e¨vL¨v : ÔAbxKÕ k‡ãi A_©- •mwbK, †mbvbx, •mb¨`j|
cÖPjb, †iIqvR, cÖ_v, aviv BZ¨vw`| Ôm~h©Õ Ges Ômgy`ªÕ-Gi mgv_©K kãmg~n g~j eY©bvq D‡jøL
02. Ôm~h©Õ k‡ãi mgv_©K kã †KvbwU? [38Zg wewmGm] i‡q‡Q|
K. AK© L. AY©e 10. ÔwkLÐxÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx? [31Zg wewmGm]
M. cÖm~b N. cjøe DËi : K K. KeyZi L. †KvwKj
M. Li‡Mvk N. gq~i DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : Ôm~h©Õ Gi mgv_©K kã AK©| ÔcÖm~bÕ Gi mgv_©K
kã- cy®ú, dzj, Kzmyg, cÖm~b, i½b| ÔAY©eÕ Gi mgv_©K e¨vL¨v : ÔwkLÐxÕ k‡ãi A_©- gq~i, Kjvcx, †KKv, wkLx,
kã- mvMi, iZœvKi, wmÜz, evwik, D`wa, A¤^ywa, †KKx, enx©| ÔKeyZiÕ k‡ãi mgv_©K kã- cviveZ,
c‡qvwbwa, †Zvqwa, evwiwbwa, evix›`ª| ÔcjøeÕ k‡ãi cvqiv, K‡cvZ| Ô†KvwKjÕ k‡ãi mgv_©K kã- wcK,
mgv_©K kã- cvZv, wKkjq| cif…Z| Li‡Mv‡ki mgv_©K kã- kkK|
03. Ômgwfe¨vnv‡iÕ kãwUi A_© Kx? [37Zg wewmGm] 11. ÔAvdZveÕ k‡ãi mgv_©K kã †KvbwU? [30Zg wewmGm]
K. GKvMÖZvq L. mgvb e¨env‡i K. AY©e L. ivZzj
M. mg fvebvq N. GK‡hv‡M DËi : N M. AK© N. Rjwa DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : Ômgwfe¨vnv‡iÕ k‡ãi A_© GK‡hv‡M, GK‡Î e¨vL¨v : ÔAvdZveÕ k‡ãi mgv_©K kã- m~h©, w`evKi,
m•Nfv‡e| Ck^iP›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii ÔcÖZz¨cKviÕ †_‡K AK©| ÔivZzjÕ k‡ãi mgv_©K kã- i³eY©, jvj| ÔAY©eÕ
GKwU D`vniY Gfv‡e †`qv hvq- Ôgš¿x AvgvZ¨ I ÔRjwaÕ Gi mgv_©K kã mgy`ª, iZœvKi| cÖwZwU k‡ãi
mgwfe¨vnv‡i ivRv wkKv‡i Pj‡jbÕ| AviI mgv_©K kã g~j As‡k D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|
04. ÔcÖKl©Õ k‡ãi mgv_©K kã †KvbwU? [36Zg wewmGm] 12. ÔDc‡ivaÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx? [28Zg wewmGm]
K. DrKl©Zv L. AcKl© K. cÖwZ‡iva L. Dc¯’vcb
M. DrKl© N. AcKl©Zv DËi : M M. Aby‡iva N. Dc‡hvMx DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : ÔcÖKl©Õ Gi mgv_©K kã DrKl©, mg„w×, kÖxe„w×| e¨vL¨v : ÔDc‡ivaÕ k‡ãi A_© Aby‡iva, mycvwik, LvwZi
cÖf…wZ|
05. ÔRjÕ k‡ãi mgv_©K kã bq †KvbwU? [35Zg wewmGm]
13. mgv_©K k㸔Q mbv³ Kiæb- [23Zg wewmGm]
K. mwjj L. D`K
K. `xwN©Kv, b`x, cÖYvjx
M. Rjwa N. bxi DËi : M
L. MvO, ZwUbx, AY©e
e¨vL¨v : ÔRjÕ k‡ãi mgv_©K kã- mwjj, D`K, bxi| M. •kevwjbx, Ziw½bx, mwir
06. †KvbwU ÔAwMœÕ Gi mgv_©K kã bq? N. †¯ªvZw¯^bx, wbS©wiYx, wmÜz DËi : M
K. cveK L. Abj e¨vL¨v : ‡Kvb k‡ãi mg A_©c~Y© wfbœ kã‡K ejv nq
M. me©ïwP N. cÖR¦wjZ DËi : N mgv_©K kã ev cÖwZkã| Ôb`xÕ kãwUi mgv_©K kã-
e¨vL¨v : AwMœ Gi mgv_©K kã- cveK, Abj, me©ïwP| ‡¯ªvZw¯^bx, ZwUbx, Ziw½bx, cÖevwnbx, •kewjbx,
K‡jøvwjbx, MvO|
07. Ôe„ÿÕ k‡ãi mgv_©K kã †KvbwU? [32Zg wewmGm]
K. Kjvcx L. bxiwa 14. cÖ_g evsjv Ôw_mivmÕ ev mgv_©K k‡ãi Awfavb msKjb
M. weUcx N. Aewb DËi : M K‡i‡Qb- [23Zg wewmGm]
K. A‡kvK gy‡Lvcva¨vq
e¨vL¨v : MvQ, cv`c, Ziæ, weUcx, `ªæg, wkLix, kvLx, L. gynv¤§` nvweeyi ingvb
gnxiæn, k„½x, cYx| M. RMbœv_ PµeZ©x
08. †KvbwU ÔevZvmÕ k‡ãi mgv_©K bq? [32Zg wewmGm] N. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvn DËi : K
evsjv fvlv 129 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
15. Ôev‡gZiÕ kãwUi A_©- [23Zg wewmGm (gyw³‡hv×v
অনঙ্গ dzjki, g‡bvR, c®úaby, gbwmR, g`b,
mšÍvb)]
K. evg‡PvL L. Wvb dzjaby, Kvg‡`e, K›`c©, AZby, gb¥_, cÂki,
M. BZi N. evg w`K DËi : L ¯§i, iwZcwZ, g‡bvfe, gKi‡KZz, gKiaŸR,
16. ÔAcjvcÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx? [22Zg wewmGm] gKi‡KZb, gxb‡KZb, gxbaŸR|
K. cÖjvc L. A¯^xKvi অন্ন fvZ, I`b, Avnvi, ZÐzj|
M. Am`vjvc N. wg_¨v DËi : L অকবকনরফ঱ ভরনারমাক, এওাগ্রতা, প্রকণধান।
e¨vL¨v : ms¯‥…Z fvlvi kã ÔAcjvcÕ Gi cÖwZkã mZ¨ অফিাকঘন ঴াররয, নফীন, আধুকনও, অপ্রফীণ, অ঩কযণত
A¯^xKvi, †Mvcb ev wg_¨v Dw³| ï× DËi ÔLÕ| ফুকদ্ধ, অ঩কয঩ক্ব, কফরফঘনা ঱কক্ত঴ীন
17. ÔweivMxÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx? [21Zg wewmGm] অরীও কভথযা, অ঳তয।
K. D`vmxb L. cÖwZK~j DËi : K AbxK ‣mwbK, •mb¨`j, †mbvbx|
M. ivMnxb N. we‡klfv‡e iæó Awfivg g‡bvig, my›`i|
e¨vL¨v : ÔweivMxÕ k‡ãi mgv_©K kã weivMhy³, D`vmxb, AwfÁvb Aeva|
wb¯ú„n, wei³| cyiælevPK kã ÔweivMxÕ Gi ¯¿xevPK iƒc Aa¨qb ZË¡Zvjvk|
n‡jv ÔweivwMbxÕ|
অ঩ফাদ `yb©vg, e`bvg, Kzrmv, wb›`v, †`vlvic, Achk
18. Ôm~h©Õ Gi cÖwZkã- [11Zg wewmGm]
অশ্ব evwR, †Nvov, nq, ZziM, †NvUK, Zzi½, Zzi½g,
K. myavsï L. kkv¼
M. weay N. Avw`Z¨ DËi : N †n«lv|
e¨vL¨v : Ôm~h©Õ Gi mgv_©K kãmg~n g~j As‡k D‡jøL Kiv Awfjvl B”Qv, evmbv, ¯ú„nv, AwfcÖvq, AvKv•ÿv,
n‡q‡Q| Kvgbv, AwfiæwP, mva, g‡bvi_, AvwKÂb,
19. ÔwkóvPviÕ Gi mgv_©K kã †KvbwU? [11Zg wewmGm] AvMÖn, jvjmv|
K. wbôv L. m`vPvi AkÖæ AkÖæevwi, ‡bÎevwi, avivcvZ, el©Y, we›`y‡jvPb,
M. mZZv N. mshg DËi : L †jvi, †Pv‡Li Rj, AvuwL-bxi, bqbRj, †bÎRj
e¨vL¨v : ÔwkóvPviÕ Gi mgv_©K kã f`ªZv, †m․Rb¨, AiY¨ Kvbb, R½j, KvšÍvi, AUwe, wewcb, eb
m`vPvi| ÔmshgÕ A_© wbqš¿Y, `gb| ÔwbôvÕ A_© GKvMÖZv, Acjvc A¯^xKvi (22Zg wewmGm)
Abb¨wPËZv| ÔmZZvÕ k‡ãi mgv_©K kã mZ¨civqYZv, AbxK •mwbK (30Zg wewmGm)
mZ¨wbôv| AvKvk A¤^i, AšÍixÿ, MMb, bf:, wegvb, †e¨vg, k~b¨,
`y¨‡jvK, Aå, L, Qvqv‡jvK, AbšÍ, Avmgvb,
20. ÔAw`wZÕ k‡ãi mgv_©K kã bq †KvbwU? [31Zg wewmGm] A¤^i, b‡fvgÐj, `y¨|
K. c„_¡x L. bxi আরদ঱ AvÁv, ûKzg, AbygwZ, Dc‡`k, Abykvmb,
M. wÿwZ N. Aebx DËi : L
AbyÁv, wb‡`©k|
e¨vL¨v : ÔAw`wZÕ Gi mgv_©K kã c„_¡x, wÿwZ, Aebx|
GQvovI D³ k‡ãi AviI mgv_©K kã g~j As‡k D‡jøL AvfiY AjsKvi, f~lY, cÖmvab, mvRm¾v, Mnb|
Kiv n‡q‡Q| Av‡jv wefv, Avfv, D™¢vm, †R¨vwZ, `y¨wZ, `xwß, b~i,
cÖfv, fvwZ, †i․kb, iIkb|
¸iæZ¡c~Y© mgv_©K kã আনি nl©, cyjK, Avn¬v`, myL, Lykx, Z…wß, m‡šÍvl,
AwMœ Abj, ewý, ûZvkb, Av¸b, wkLv, cveK, Djøvm, Avnjv`, cÖxwZ|
wefvemy, K…kvby, †ngvwMœ, •ek^vbi, me©ïwP, B‡ËdvK m¤úÖxwZ, wgj, HK¨
me©fzK, `nb (33Zg wewmGm), exwZ‡nvÎ| ইকত †kl, hewbKv, mgvwß, idv, AwšÍg, mv½,
AwZkq AwZ, AZxe, AwZgvÎ, AwaK, AZ¨šÍ, GKvšÍ, Aewkó, Aemvb, weivg|
wbZvšÍ, cig, mvwZkq, AZ¨waK| Cl©v weivM, wnsmv, AcÖxwZ, •eixfve, †Øl, Am~qv,
AÜKvi Avuavi, Agv, Zgmv, Zgt, wZwgi, Zwg¯ª, we‡Øl, •ewiZv, cikÖxKvZiZv
Agvwbkv, ke©i, Avuwaqvi, AvÜvi Ck^i Avjøvn, †Lv`v, RM`xk^i, avZv, weavZv,
Abykxjb ‡iIqvR, gK‡kv, Zvwjg| fMevb, m„wóKZ©v, ¯ªóv, ci‡gk^i, RMbœv_
ঈক্ষণ `„wó, `k©b, Pÿz, Awÿ, bqb, †jvPb, bRi|
Abœ`v cve©Zx, `yM©v, Abœ`vÎx, fMeZx, Abœc~Y©v,
wkecZœx, Dgv, AcY©v, RM`¤^v| D”Q¡vm cyjK, Djøvm, ùziY|
evsjv fvlv 130 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
D¾¡j `xwßgvb, Av‡jvwKZ, D™¢vwmZ, †kvfgvb, Kzuwo A‡dvUv dzj, gyKzj, KwjKv, Kwj, †KviK|
Sjg‡j, cÖ¾¡wjZ, `xß, cÖ`xß, PKP‡K K~j ZU, Zxi, wKbviv, †ejv, cywjb, cvo, avi,
D`vmxb weivMx (21Zg wewmGm), Avmw³nxb, wb¯úªn Aewa, AvkÖq, •mKZ|
DrKl© cÖKl© (36Zg wewmGm), DbœwZ, kÖxe„w×, mg„w×| †µva D‡ËRbv, D®§v, †Kvc, †Mvmv, ivM, †ivl|
ঊকভি †XD, Zi½, exwP, K‡jøvj, wn‡jøvj, jni| LoM Z‡jvqvi, Zievwi, K„cvY, Awm|
উ঩রযাধ Aby‡iva, mycvwik, LvwZi| MšÍe¨ gbwRj, jÿ¨, D‡Ïk¨, Afxó|
উ঩ক্রভ ঳ূত্র঩াত। MR©b AÆbv`, wPrKvi, wbbv`, †kvi, †ivj|
উরিদ webvk, DrcvUb, Db¥yjb, ¯’vbPz¨wZ| M„n Avjq, feb, wbjq, Ni, evwo, wbevm, AvkÖq
উগ্র iƒX, wbôzi, cÖLi, fqvbK, †Kvcb, cÖPÐ| Miæ ‡Mv, Mvfx, †aby, cqw¯^bx|
¸evK mycvwo MvQ|
উজ্জ্বর Av‡jwKZ, D™¢vwmZ, Sjg‡j, `xwß, `xwßgvb, ‡MvgZx M½v, Rvýex, Kv‡eix, fvMxi_x, myiabx|
cÖ`xß, PKg‡K, †kvfgvb, cÖR¦wjZ| ‡Nvov Ak^, †NvUK, Zzi½, evRx, ZziM, nq, Zyi½g|
FwZ¡K ‣ew`K h‡Ái cy‡ivwnZ, hvRK, †nvgK, †nvÎx| Pÿz `k©b, †jvPb, bqb, †bÎ, Awÿ, ‡PvL, AvuwL,
K_v ePb, Revb, Dw³, Re, ePb, eP:, evK&, wmWi|
evYx, evK¨, eywj, †evj, fvlv| P›`ª Pvu`, kkai, †njvj, ivKv, iv‡Kk, wbkvKi,
ïavKi, Kzgy`bv_, wmZvsï, Kjvf…r, Kjvai,
Kjv i¤¢v, c·MvUv, K`jx|
g„Mv¼, kkv¼, †mvg, wbkvKvšÍ, wbkvcwZ,
Kjn ‡Kv›`j, SMovSvuwU, Ø›Ø, weev`, we‡iva| wbkvbv_, kkx, B›`y, P›`ªgv, wngKi, Kjvwbwa,
KeyZi K‡cvZ, cvivevZ, cvqiv| myavwbwa, wngvsï, myavsï, weay, wbkvcwZ,
‡KvwKj cif…Z, wcK, Ab¨cyó, KvKcyó, cicyó, wØRivR, Kzgyw`bxbv_, iRbxKvšÍ, kxZKi,
KjKÉ, emšÍ`~Z, gaymLv, gay¯^i, gayeb| Kjvbv_|
KvK cif…r, evqm| Rj cvwb, cvbxq, evwi, mwjj (35Zg wewmGm), cqt,
Kv‡jv KvbvB, AwmZ, K…ò, k¨vgj, k¨vg| A¤^y, bxi, D`K, Rxeb, Ac, A¤¢, ‡Zvq, AY©,
Kb¨v ‡g‡q, myZv, bw›`bx, `ywnZv, AvZ¥Rv, Zbqv, cyÎx| Biv, cÖvY`, eviæY|
Kcvj jjvU, fvj, fvM¨, AwjK, A`„ó, wbqwZ, eivZ চরা঱য় চররয আধায, চরাধায, ঩ুষ্ককযণী, ঩ুকুয
K‡cvj MÐ (MЇ`k),Mvj| চঙ্গভ ককত঱ীর, ঘরভান, ঳ঘর
Kvb KY©, kÖeY, kÖæwZ, ke‡Yw›`ªq, kÖeYc_, †kÖvÎ, wRÁvmv ‡Riv, cÖkœ, ïav‡bv, wRMv‡bv, cyQv|
kÖæwZcÎ, kÖeYweei| ‡Rvr¯œv ‡K․gy`x, Pw›`ªgv, P›`ªv‡jvK, †RvQbv, Pw›`ªKv|
Kvbœv Kvu`v, Kvu`b, µ›`b, †iv`b, AkÖæcvZ| চায়া Aa©v½x, fvh©v, cZœx, ea~, eD, eD, M„wnYx,
wKiY Ki, cÖfv, `xwß, †R¨vwZ, Asï, iwk¥, wMwbœ, NiwY, wewe, †eMg, cwievi, ¯¿x, `vi,
gq~L, Av‡jvK, wefv|
Aa©vw½bx, ewbZv, fvh©v, eD|
‡Kk Pzj, KzšÍj, AjK, wPKzi, Keix, †Kk`vg,
ছযনা প্রস্ফফণ
†Kkcvk, wk‡ivR, wkiwmR|
‡Kke K…ò, †Mvcvj, Rbv`©b, weòz| So SÅv, SwUKv, Zzdvb, cÖfÄb, evZ¨v
ওফুয
ি ivÿm| ‡XD Zi½, Ewg©, exwP, K‡jøvj, wn‡jøvj, jni,
কুকুয mvi‡gq| Ewg©jnwi, †Rvqvi, jnwi
bi Rb, cyiæl, g`©, gvbyl, gvbyl¨, gvbe, †jvK
ওাদকম্বনী †gNgvjv, †gNcyÄ, mvwimvwi †gN, evwi`,
b`x ‡¯ªvZw¯^bx (23Zg wewmGm), ZwUbx, Ziw½bx,
Rjai, Rj`, bxi`, Rxg~Z, Aå| cÖevwnbx, •kewjbx, K‡jøvwjbx, MvO, K~jeZx,
ওদভ নী঩। wMwi wb:¯ªve, wbS©wiYx, g›`vwKbx, mwir,
KxwZ© Awb›`¨, L¨vwZ, bw›`Z, cÖwmw×, hk, mybvg| ‡¯ªvZ¯^Zx, †¯ªv‡Zvenv, mgy`ªKvšÍv, mgy`ªejøfv
‡Kvgi gvRv, KvuKvj, KwU| bvix Aejv, jjbv, ejnxb, Aÿgv/Aÿg, ewbZv,
Kzng gvqv, B›`ªRvj| fvwgbx, KvšÍv, cZœx, evgv, ivgv, A½bv,
AvIivZ, Kvwgbx, ‡Rbvbv, gvbex, mvgwšÍbx
Kzj ‡MvÎ, RvwZ, cÖei, †K․wjb¨, †Mvôx, esk, eY©, নাদ ক঳াংর঴য ডাও
mgvR|
Zxi K~j, ZU, •mKZ
KzUz¤^ AvZ¥xq, ÁvwZ| Zxi evY, ki, kvqK
evsjv fvlv 131 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
তাম্বুর ঩ান ev‡gZi Wvb (23Zg wewmGm)
`c© `¤¢, eovB, Me©, AnsKvi, Avùvjb we`y¨r weRwj, Zwor, ÿYcÖfv, †m․`vwgbx, Pcjv,
`ÿ Kg©V, Kg©Y¨, cUz, wbcyY, cvi`k©x PÂjv, AwPicÖfv, k¤úv, AbycÖfv, `vwgbx
কফফা঴ cwiYq, cvwY MÖnY, cvwY cxob|
`wi`ª AfveMÖ¯Í, Amnvq, KvZinxb, weËnxb,
weei iÜ«, wej, wQ`ª, MZ©, MnŸi
Mixe, `xb, wba©b
weØvb weÁ, AwfÁ, Ávbx, cwÐZ, eya, gbxlx,
w`b w`em, w`ev, An, Anb, Aý, evi, †ivR
wePÿY, cÖwZfvai
†`eZv Agi, †`e, myi
‡`n MvÎ, Mv, Zby, kixi, A½, Kvqv, K‡jei, MZi e„ÿ MvQ, cv`c, Ziæ, weUc, weUcx (32Zg wewmGm),
‡`vKvb AvcY, cY¨M„n, cY¨-wewPÎv, cY¨kvjv, wecwY `ªæg, wkLix, kvLx, gnxiæn, k„½x, cYx, cjøex,
wkLixcY©x
ab A_©, weË, wefe, m¤ú`, Hk^h©, †`․jZ, •efe,
m¤úwË, m¤ú` eRª evR, `„p, `‡¤¢vwj, Kzwjk, KwVb
c_ Aqb, wbMg, wbM©gb, miwY, moK, evU, gvM©, evwbqv e¨emvqx, †`vKvwb, ewYK, †e‡b, mI`vMi,
iv¯Ív, ivnv e¨emv`vi
cÙ kZ`j, Drcj, Aiwe›`, m‡ivR, Kgj, eb AiY¨, Kvbb, KzÄ, AiY¨vbx, KvšÍvi, Mnb,
Kzejq, ivRxe, Kzgy`, †KvKb`, A‡¤¢vR, R½j, ebvbx, wewcY
Zvgim, bwjbx, cy®‥i, c¼R, m‡ivei, m‡ivR, wel Mij, Rni, njvnj
যফিার ভাচিায
m‡iviæn, miwmR|
cyKzi Rjvkq, `xwN, cy®‥wiYx, m‡ivei কফযাকী উদা঳ীন, আ঳কক্ত঴ীন, কনষ্ঢৃ঴
ce©Z cvnvo, APj, wMwi, f~ai, •kj, Aw`ª, bM, ågi Awj, w؇id, f…½, †fvgiv, gayKi, gay‡jn,
k„½, wkLix, gnxai, k„½ai, f~f…r, gnxai, gayc, †g․gvwQ, wkjxgyL, lU&c`
wÿwZai, ‡gw`bxai fq AvZ¼, fq, Wi, Îvm, `I, fxwZ, k¼v
wcZv AveŸv, RbK, evev, Rb¥`vZv, wcZ… fqvbK AwZkq, AZ¨šÍ, fq¼i, fqven, fxwZRbK,
cyÎ ‡Q‡j, Zbq, b›`b, myZ, AvZ¥R, ZbyR,
fxlY, fxg, cÖPÐ
`yjvj, `viK, cyZ
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Philology fvlvZË¡ Refugee kiYv_©x
T
Phonetics aŸwbweÁvb Reservoir Rjvavi
Tantrum ‡µvavwš^Z Ae¯’v
Play truant ¯‥zj †_‡K cvjv‡bv Remark gšÍe¨ Kiv
Tender `icÎ
Plagiarism Kzw¤¢jKe„wË Resource m¤ú`
Terminology cvwifvwlK kã
Plebiscite MY‡fvU Rehabilitation cybe©vmb
Telecast m¤úªPvi
Plycentric eû‡Kw›`ªK Revenue ivR¯^ Therapy wPwKrmv
Prejury wg_¨v mvÿ¨ Review ch©v‡jvPbv Transliteration cÖwZeY©xKiY
Phonology aŸwbZË¡
evsjv fvlv 137 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
Trilogy Îqx
Tribal Avw`evmx wecixZv_©K kã
Tresurer ‡Kvlva¨ÿ
Treasury ‡KvlvMvi GKwU kã hLb Ab¨ GKwU k‡ãi mv‡_ wecixZ Ae¯’v‡b _v‡K ev wecixZ A_©
Troop ‡mbv`j cÖKvk K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K wecixZ kã e‡j|
Transparency ¯^”QZv
01. †Kvb kãhyMj wecixZv_©K bq? (40Zg wewmGm)
U K. Hw”QK-Abvek¨K L. KzwUj-mij
Ultimatum PigcÎ M. Kg-‡ekx N. K`vPi-m`vPvi DËi K
Ultra-modern AZ¨vaywbK
e¨vL¨v : KzwUj-mij, Kg-‡ekx, K`vPvi-m`vPvi kã‡Rvo¸‡jv n‡jv
Underdeveloped AbybœZ
wecixZv_©K kã| Abvek¨K A_© Avek¨K bq Ggb A_©vr Abvek¨K nj
Universal wek^Rbxb
Hw”QK kãwUi GKwU cÖwZkã| ZvB Hw”QK-Abvek¨K n‡jv mgv_©K
Up-to-date nvjbvMv` kã‡Rvo| ï× DËi Hw”QK-Abvek¨K|
V 02. Ôe¨³Õ k‡ãi wecixZv_©K kã †KvbwU? [38Zg wewmGm]
Vassal ‡cvl¨ K. M~p L. Db¥y³
Vice-Chancellor DcvPvh© M. Ave„Z N. Z¨³ DËi : K
Virile cyiæ‡lvwPZ e¨vL¨v : Ack‡b cÖ`Ë kãmg~‡ni wecixZv_©K kã- e¨³-M~p, Ave„Z-Abve„Z,
Vivid cÖvYešÍ Db¥y³-Ave×|
Verdict ivq 03. †Kvb kã‡Rvo wecixZv_©K bq? [35Zg wewmGm]
Vocation e„wË K. Aby‡jvg-cÖwZ‡jvg L. bk^i-kvk^Z
Vocational e„wËg~jK M. Mwiô-jwNô N. üó-cyó DËi : N
Voluntary service ‡¯^”Qv‡mex e¨vL¨v : üó-cyó mgv_©K kã‡Rvo|
W 04. ÔM„nxÕ k‡ãi wecixZv_©K kã- [33Zg wewmGm]
Wage-board gRywi cl©` K. msmvix L. mÂqx
Walk-out mfveR©b M. msw¯’wZ N. mbœ¨vmx DËi : N
Walk-over Abvqv‡m weRq e¨vL¨v : ÔM„nxÕ k‡ãi wecixZv_©K kã Ômbœ¨vmxÕ|
War criminal hy×vcivax
Kvu`v 05. ÔÿxqgvYÕ k‡ãi wecixZv_©K kã- [25Zg wewmGm]
Weep
K. e„nr L. ewa©òz
Whirpool N~wY© M. ea©gvb N. e„w×cÖvß DËi : M
White paper ‡k^ZcÎ
e¨vL¨v : ÔÿxqgvbÕ k‡ã wecixZv_©K kã ea©gvb|
Wisdom cÖÁv
Whip m‡PZK 06. ÔR½gÕ Gi wecixZv_©K kã wK? [24Zg wewmGm]
K. AiY¨ L. ce©Z
Withdrawal cÖZ¨vnvi M. ¯’vei N. mgy`ª DËi : M
Wireless ‡eZvi
Witness mvÿx e¨vL¨v : ÔR½gÕ k‡ãi wecixZv_©K kã Ô¯’veiÕ|
X 07. ÔZvcÕ k‡ãi wecixZv_©K kã- [16Zg wewmGm]
X-mas wµmgvm K. •kZ¨ L. kxZj
Y M. DËvc N. wng DËi : K
Year book el©cwÄ e¨vL¨v : ÔZvcÕ k‡ãi wecixZv_©K kã Ô‣kZ¨Õ|
Z 08. ÔmskqÕ Gi wecixZv_©K kã †KvbwU? [11Zg wewmGm]
Zebra crossing c_Pvix cvivcvi K. wbf©q L. we¯§q
Zenith mywe›`y/kxl© M. cÖZ¨q N. wØav DËi : M
Zodiac ivwkPµ e¨vL¨v : Ômskq k‡ãi wecixZv_©K kã ÔcÖZ¨qÕ|
Zone AÂj
evsjv fvlv 138 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
wecixZv_©K kã cÖ`Ë kã wecixZv_©K cÖ`Ë kã wecixZv_©K
cÖ`Ë kã wecixZv_©K cÖ`Ë kã wecixZv_©K উ঩ওায অ঩ওায ওান্না ঴াক঳
Afq fq আকুিন কফকুিন, প্র঳াযণ উ঩কস্থত অনু঩কস্থত KziæwP myiæwP
AgiveZx/¯^M© biK আকভ যরা঩ DMÖ/Kivj ভৃরৃ/র঳ৌভয যক্রাধ cÖxwZ
Abv¯’v Av¯’v আদয খৃণা উদ্ধত webxZ/b¤ª Kzkvmb mykvmb
AbšÍ mvšÍ আ঩কত্ত ঳ম্যকত উত্তযণ অফতযণ ক্ষকয়ষ্ণু ফকধিষ্ণু
আফা঴ন কফ঳চিন উদায ঳াংওীণি কক্ষপ্ত ঱ান্ত
AcKvi DcKvi
আকফবিাফ কতরযাবাফ উৎওলি অ঩ওলি ক্ষীয়ভাণ ফধিভান
Ag„Z Mij/wel
আরৄ কফরম্ব Drmvn wbiærmvn wÿcÖ gš’i
Abyi³ wei³
উজ্জ্বর ¤øvb/ Aby¾¡j L
AšÍi½ ewni½ আরেল কফরেল
উন্নকত অফনকত ‡L` Avn¬v`/cÖmYœZv
AbyK~j cÖwZK~j আ঳ক্ত wei³/Abvm³
উ঩ঘয় অ঩ঘয় L‡qi Lvu `ykgb
Abvwej Avwej আকভন wbM©gb/cÖ¯’vb
DrK…ó/cÖK…ó অ঩ওৃষ্ট/ কনওৃষ্ট ঔাতও ভ঴াচন
AÁvZ ÁvZ/wew`Z আররাও অিওায
উ঩঳কি অনু঳কি ঔুেঁত কনঔুত
েঁ
Af¨vm Abf¨vm আ঱া কনযা঱া
উ঩কত অ঩কত ঔণ্ড অঔণ্ড
Aciva wbiciva আদিম অদিম
উফিয অনুফিয LvwbK AwaK
AMÖMvgx cðvrMvgx আগ্রহ অনাগ্রহ E কঔিকও wmsnØvi/‡`Dwo
Akb Abkb আঘায অনাঘায ঊধ্বি অধুঃ যঔােঁচ কনরঔােঁচ
AÜKvi Av‡jvK আত্মীয় অনাত্মীয় ঊলা ঳িযা/‡Mva~jx ঔকযদ কফক্রয়
AbyivM weivM আফশ্যও অনাফশ্যও ঊধ্বিকাভী কনম্নকাভী ঔযাত অঔযাত
AYy e„nr আকফর অনাকফর F ঔুক঱ অঔুক঱
অন্তয আদয আস্থা অনাস্থা ঋচু eµ/ew¼g M
অকবজ্ঞ অনকবজ্ঞ আরযা঴ণ অফরযা঴ণ G ককযষ্ঠ রকখষ্ঠ
অকতফৃকষ্ট অনাফৃকষ্ট AvuwU k^vm G‡jv‡g‡jv ‡MvQv‡b কাম্ভীমি ঘা঩রয
অধভণি উত্তভণি Av`ª©/ wm³ ï®‥ Gu‡o eKbv ¸ß/ M~p ফযাপ্ত, প্রওাক঱ত
অথি অনথি আিও ঙাি এওভত কিভত MÖx®§ kxZ
অকনফিাণ কনফিাণ আফদ্ধ ভুক্ত এক঩ঠ ঑ক঩ঠ MÖvn¨ AMÖvn¨
অকধতযওা উ঩তযওা আগ্র঴ উর঩ক্ষা H কযর অভৃত
অকফযর কফযর আকদষ্ট কনকলদ্ধ HwnK cviwÎK MZ AbvMZ
অ঳ীভ ঳঳ীভ B HwZnvwmK A‣bwZnvwmK যকৌযফ রাখফ
অধভ উত্তভ B›`ªxq AZxw›`ªq Hk^h© `vwi`ª¨ গ্রাভয নাককযও/঱র৆রয
অর঳ ঩কযশ্রভী B`vwbs Z`vwbs ঐওয অতনওয/কফরবদ MjMÖn cÖwZcvj¨
অফিাঘীন প্রাঘীন ইিা অকনিা J কৃ঴ী ঳ন্নযা঳ী
অচিন ফচিন ইষ্ট অকনষ্ট J¾¡j¨ ¤øvwbgv কঞ্জনা প্র঱াং঳া
অ঩িণ গ্র঴ণ Bn‡jvK ci‡jvK JwPZ¨ A‡b․wPZ¨ যকৌণ ভুঔয
অকতওায় ক্ষুদ্রওায় C
J×Z¨ webq গ্র঴ীতা দাতা
অরীও mZ¨/ev¯Íe ঈলৎ অকধও গুরু jNy/wkl¨
K
AeZiY DËiY/DÇqb Ckvb ‣bS©Z ওৃকত্রভ স্঩াবাকফও N
আেঁকঠ ঱ােঁ঳ ঈলিা cÖxwZ/cÖksmv ‡K‡j¼vwi mybvg খাত প্রকতখাত
আদান প্রদান ঈকপ্সত অনীকপ্সত কুৎক঳ত সুিয যখারা স্঩ি/ প঳িা
আভদাকন যপ্তাকন D ওৃষ্ণ রৄক্ল/ রৄভ্র খন তযর
আয় ফযয় DrcwË webvk যওাভর ওকঠন/ওওি঱ খরয ফাইরয
AKg©Y¨ ওভিঠ উত্তভণি অধভণি ওৃতজ্ঞ ওৃতঘ্ন/ AK…ZÁ খুভন্ত চাগ্রত
অফনত উন্নত Dò/DËß kxZj Kz‡giæ my‡giæ খািকত ফািকত
Av DËixq AšÍixq ওযার য঳ৌভয খাি অখাি
আওকস্পও কঘযন্তন Dw`Z A¯ÍwgZ ও঩ি অও঩ি P
আফৃত অনাফৃত/উন্মুক্ত DPvUb cÖkvšÍ Kzjxb AšÍ¨R ঘির কস্থয
AvµgY cÖwZ‡iva উন্মীরন কনভিীরন ওৃ঱ স্থূর ঘিাই উৎযাই
Ave× gy³/Db¥y³ DbœZ AebZ/bZ ওকনষ্ঠ যচযষ্ঠ যঘতন চি/ অফরঘতন
আওা঱ ঩াতার D`xqgvb Acm„qgvb ওওি঱ যওাভর যঘায ঳াধু
আওলিণ কফওলিণ DcwPKxl©v AcwPKxl©v Kzu‡o KzwV/‡KvVv ঘতুয কনরফিাধ/ যফাওা
Avb‡Kviv cyi‡bv D`¨Z weiZ Kv‡jvqvZ ZvjKvbv যঘাঔা যবােঁতা
evsjv fvlv 139 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
cÖ`Ë kã wecixZv_©K cÖ`Ë kã wecixZv_©K cÖ`Ë kã wecixZv_©K cÖ`Ë kã wecixZv_©K
যঘনা অরঘনা VvÛv (wnw›`) কযভ রৃষ্কৃকত সুওৃকত কনদ্রা চাকযণ
কঘযন্তন ক্ষণওারীন কঠও যফকঠও দৃকষ্ট অদৃকষ্ট যনকতফাঘও ইকতফাঘও
ঘ঩র কম্ভীয ঠুনরওা ভচফুত কদও কফকদও কনভির ভকরন/঩কঙ্কর
ঘাক্ষুল অফরঘতন W দীন ধনী কনশ্রৄও স্তাফও
কঘন্তনীয় অকঘন্তনীয় Wvbwc‡U kvšÍ দাতা গ্র঴ীতা কনরদি঱ও অকনরদি঱ও
কঘযাকয়ত ঳াভকয়ও ডাকয যঙাি দৃঢ় ক঱থীর কনরশ্চষ্ট ঳রঘষ্ট
PwiÎevb PwiÎnxb ডুফা বা঳া বিত অতিত নাকস্তও আকস্তও
ঘয় অ঩ঘয় X দয়ারু কনষ্ঠুয নশ্বর অদিনশ্বর
ঘক্ষুভান অি যঢাংকা ঔারিা যদালী কনরদিাল দনিদয় সিয়
ঘুযত অঘুযত যঢা঳া ঴ারওা রৃচিন সুচন দনশ্চয়তা অদনশ্চয়তা
ঘির অকফঘর/কস্থয Z রৃকিভ সুকভ ননস্বদগদক কৃদিম
Q Zß kxZj
যদ঱ী কফরদক঱ নশ্বয ঱াশ্বত
QÙ mZ¨/Avmj কতক্ত ভধুয
দীখিায়ু স্঩োয়ু কনযত কফযত
ঙায়া Kvqv/ †i․`ª Zzwnb DòZv
দঔর যফদঔর নকিত কনকিত
যঙাওযা ফুরিা ত্বযা/ ত্বকিৎ কফরম্ব
রৃযররাও বূররাও নফ ঩ুযাতন
ঙরনা ঳ততা তুষ্ট রুষ্ট
wØav wbw`©¦av কনকদ্রত চাগ্রত
ঙিপরি ঱ান্ত তন্ময় g„b¥q
দূয কনওি কনয়কন্ত্রত অকনয়কন্ত্রত
ঙাত্র ক঱ক্ষও তস্কয ঳াধু
a কনরঘষ্ট ঳রঘষ্ট
R কতকভয আররা
ধফর ওৃষ্ণ ‣bivk¨ আ঱া
চঙ্গভ স্থাফয কতকভয আররাও
ধীয অধীয c
চযা যমৌফন ZvZv VvÛv
চয় ঩যাচয় কতযস্কায ঩ুযস্কায ধনী ককযফ/কনধিন ঩ঘা িািওা, তাচা
ayc (‡i․`ª) Qvqv ঩ণ্ড ঳পর
জ্বরন্ত কনবন্ত তৃকপ্ত অতৃকপ্ত
যচায়ায বািা তা঩ ব঱তয ধ্বাং঳ ঳ৃকষ্ট ঩কণ্ডত ভূঔি
‡R¨ô¨ Kwbô তস্কয ঳াধু ধূতি ঳াধু ঩য স্঩, আত্ম
Rwgb Avmgvb যতকচ যভদা, ভিা ধনাত্মও ঋণাত্মও ঩শ্চাৎ ঳ম্যুঔ
RyjgvZ Av‡jv তারুণয ফাধিওয ধাকভিও অধাকভিও ঩া঩ী ঩ূণযাত্মা
ধনফান ধন঴ীন ঩াশ্চাতয প্রাঘয
চাককযত কনকদ্রত যতচ কনরস্তচ
চাগ্রত সুপ্ত/ খুভন্ত তীব্র রখু ধফর শ্যাভর প্রপুে ম্রান
চীকফত ঴ত/ভৃত তাভক঳ও যাচক঳ও ধৃত ভুক্ত প্রতযক্ষ ঩রযাক্ষ
ধাযাররা যবােঁতা প্রফর রৃফির
জ্ঞানী ভূঔি Zxÿè ¯’~j
চনাওীণি চনকফযর তযাচয গ্রাহ্ b প্রওৃকত কফওৃকত
RvwjqvZ m¾b কতক্ত ভধুয নম্ম উদ্ধত প্র঳াযণ ঳াংরওাঘন
জ্ঞাত঳ারয অজ্ঞাত঳ারয নকয গ্রাভ ঩যওার ই঴ওার
_
যচযাৎস্দা অভাফস্যা থাভা ঘরা/ রৄরু নাকস্তও আকস্তও প্রফৃকত্ত কনফৃকত্ত
বচফ অতচফ বথ অতথ কনতয অকনতয প্রধান অপ্রধান
চার/নওর আ঳র যথাি অরনও/রফক঱ কনরলধ কফকধ প্রওৃত অপ্রওৃত
কনুঃশ্বা঳ প্রশ্বা঳ ঩কযশ্রভী অর঳
wRZ nvi `
নীয঳ ঳য঳ ঩কত ঩ত্নী
চকযভানা ফওক঱঱ দান গ্র঴ণ, প্রকতদান
নতুন ঩ুযাতন cÖmbœ/cÖdzjø welbœ/wegl©
S দ্রুত হ্রস্঩
কনযাওায ঳াওায/ আওায ঩িা ঑ঠা
ছানু অ঩িু, অ঩ক্ব `qvjy/ `iw` কনদিয়
কনিা শ্রৃকত/প্র঱াং঳া প্রফা঳ী স্঩রদ঱ী
ছুনা ওােঁঘা দা঳ প্রবু
কনওৃষ্ট উৎওৃষ্ট ঩ুরযাবাক ঩শ্চাদ্ভাক
Svcmv cwi®‥vi রৃুঃঔ সুঔ
কনযক্ষয ঳াক্ষয ঩িু অ঩িু
ছিকত কফরম্ব রৃফিায কনফিায
কনরিজ্জ ঳রজ্জ প্রাঘয প্রতীঘয
ছকিা বাফ দৃশ্য অদৃশ্য
কনযর঩ক্ষ ঳ার঩ক্ষ ঩দস্থ কনম্নস্থ
U রৃ঱ভন যদাস্ত
কনযাশ্রয় ঳াশ্রয় প্রকতরমাকী ঳঴রমাকী
wUgwUg R¦jR¦j রৃরিব সুরব
নকণয কণয ঩িকত উঠকত
Uvbv ‡cv‡ob রৃযন্ত ঱ান্ত
কনযথিও ঳াথিও প্রাঘীন অফিাঘীন
V কিধা কনকিিধা
নযভ ওকঠন প্র঱কস্ত কনিা
ঠওা যচতা যদনা ঩া঑না
নূযন অকধও প্রফীণ নফীন
VvÆv cÖksmv `ywnZv (Kb¨v) `viK (cyÎ)
evsjv fvlv 140 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
cÖ`Ë kã wecixZv_©K cÖ`Ë kã wecixZv_©K cÖ`Ë kã wecixZv_©K cÖ`Ë kã wecixZv_©K
঩যওীয় স্঩ওীয় কফরেলণ ঳াংরেলণ কযক্ত ঩ূণি স্পযণ কফস্পযণ
প্রতযক্ষ ঩রযাক্ষ ফযঔাস্ত ফ঴ার যাক কফযাক স্঩ওীয় ঩যওীয়
঩ূকণিভা অভাফস্যা কফস্তৃত ঳াংকক্ষপ্ত যফ কনযফ স্঩ি যখারা
঩ুষ্ট ক্ষীণ ফিনা কঞ্জনা যযাল প্র঳াদ স্঩তন্ত্র ঩যতন্ত্র
঩া঩ ঩ূণয ফযক্ত সুপ্ত যযাকী নীরযাক স্থাফয চঙ্গভ
প্রশ্ন উত্তয কফ঩ন্ন কনযা঩দ রুষ্ট তুষ্ট কস্থয ঘির
঩াযকত্রও ঐক঴ও ফার৆রয স্঩েতা j ঳ভতর অ঳ভতর/ফিুয
প্রবু বৃতয f রাখফ যকৌযফ ঳ক঴ষ্ণু অ঳ক঴ষ্ণু
঩ারও ঩াকরত বণ্ড ঳াধু রাব যরাও঳ান ঳ায অ঳ায
প্র঱স্ত ঳াংওীণি বকতি ঔাকর/঱ূন্য রক্ষয অরক্ষয স্঩কি নযও
প্রশ্বা঳ কন:শ্বা঳ বূত বকফষ্যৎ রফ ঴য ঳দাঘায ওদাঘায
প্রাঘী cÖZxPx যবােঁতা ধাযার, তীক্ষ্ণ রয় ঳ৃকষ্ট য঳ৌভয উগ্র
প্রস্থান আকভন বীরু ঳া঴঳ী রাচুও কনরিজ্জ ঳র঴াদয বফভারত্রয়
প্রতযারদ঱ আরদ঱ বািা যচায়ায যরৌকওও অররৌকওও ঳ঙ্গত অ঳ঙ্গত
প্রকতকুর অনুকুর বয় ঳া঴঳ যরাবী কনররিাব ঳াংওীণি প্র঱স্ত
঩ুযস্কায কতযস্কায কবতয ফাক঴য রম্ব তীমিও ঳াং঱য় প্রতযয়
঩ূণযফান ঩ূণয঴ীন বদ্র ইতয রকখষ্ট ককযষ্ঠ ঳ান্ত অনন্ত
c~e©vnè Acivnè g k ঳ভাপ্ত আযম্ভ
঩িু অ঩িু ভচফুত ঴ারওা kÎæ কভত্র ঳যর ফক্র
঩ক্ব অ঩ক্ব ভ঴ৎ ক্ষুদ্র ঱ীত গ্রীষ্ড ঳ভকষ্ট ফযকষ্ট
cvgi c~Y¨evb ভান অ঩ভান রৄক্ল ওৃষ্ণ ঳িয় অ঩ঘয়
঩যাথি স্঩াথি ভান্য খৃণয ঱ূন্য ঩ূণি সুরব রৃরিব
cvsï m‡ZR ভুঔয যকৌণ য঱াও ঴লি ঳াথিও ফযথি
d ভৃরৃ তীব্র শ্রী কফশ্রী স্ধৃশ্য অস্ধৃশ্য
পরন্ত কনফরা, অপরা যভৌন ভুঔয ক঱ষ্ট অক঱ষ্ট কস্দগ্ধ রুক্ষ্ম
প঳িা ওাররা/ ভয়রা ভরনানীত অভরনানীত ক঱ষ্য গুরু সু঱ীর রৃুঃ঱ীর
পােঁ঩া কনরযি কভরন কফয঴ শ্রদ্ধা খৃণা সুকভ রৃকিভ
e কভথযা ঳তয রৄব অরৄব ঳঴রমাকী প্রকতরমাকী
eÜzi ভ঳ৃণ ভধুয ওিু ঱ীতর উষ্ণ শ্রৃকত কনিা
কফয঴ কভরন h ঱ক্ত নযভ সুযকব ঩ুকত
কফস্তৃত ঳াংকক্ষপ্ত ম঱ কনিা, অ঩ম঱ ঱রঔা ঴াচা সুশ্রী কফশ্রী
বফযাকয আ঳কক্ত যমাক কফরয়াক ঱ীণি স্থূর ঳ভক্ষ ঩রযাক্ষ
ফন্য কৃ঴঩াকরত মকত ঳াংমতী ঱ান্ত রৃযন্ত ঳াফধান অ঳াফধান
কফলাদ আনি যমাচও প্রণাকর/কফরয়াচও ঱ঠ ঳াধু n
ফযথি ঳াথিও যমৌথ/মুকর এওও শ্রভ কফশ্রাভ nZ©v বতিা
ফযকষ্ট ঳ভকষ্ট যমৌফন ফাধিওয শ্বা঳ প্রশ্বা঳ ঴যদভ ওদাকঘৎ
ফযয় ঳িয় মাকন্ত্রও প্রাওৃকতও রৄকঘ অরৄকঘ ঴ার ঳ারফও
ফিু ঱শ্র৅ যমাকয অরমাকয ঱ক঴দ কাকচ র৅দযতা ও঩িতা/ ঱শ্র৅তা
কফফাদ কভত্রতা মুদ্ধ ঱াকন্ত ঱ারীন অ঱ারীন ঴যণ ঩ূযণ
ফিন ভুকক্ত i ঱াকয়ত উকিত ঴ত চীকফত
ফাদী কফফাদী, প্রকতফাদী যযাদ ফৃকষ্ট ঱ফিযী কদফ঳ হ্রা঳ ফৃকদ্ধ
কফর঱ল ঳াভান্য যাচা প্রচা m ঴লি কফলাদ
কফনীত ককফিত/ ঒দ্ধতয রুদ্ধ ভুক্ত ঳াংরক্ষ঩ ফার৆রয ঴াকচয কয঴াকচয
কফযর ফর৆র যক্ষও বক্ষও ঳াংরমাক কফরয়াক ক঴াং঳া অক঴াং঳তা
কফল অভৃত রুগ্ন সুস্থ ঳রঘষ্ট কনরশ্চষ্ট wnZ AwnZ
ফাধয অফাধয যযাক কনরযাক ঳কি কফগ্র঴ ûuk ‡eûuk
কফযত কনযত কযক্ত ঩ূণি ঳ম্পদ কফ঩দ ü`¨ N„Yv
ফৃকদ্ধ রাখফ যত কফযত ঳ূক্ষ্ম স্থূর ü`¨Zv KcUZv/kÎæZv
কফরচতা কফকচতা যাকচ নাযাচ ঳ৃকষ্ট ঳াং঴ায njvnj Ag„Z/myav
ফােঁঘার স্঩েবালী যক঳ও যফযক঳ও ক঳ত ওৃষ্ণ nZeyw× w¯’Zeyw×
যাচা প্রচা mwbœK…ó wecÖK…ó nvjKv fvix
evsjv fvlv 141 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
03. ÔJÕ †Kvb ai‡bi ¯^iaŸwb? [37Zg wewmGm]
evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi Av‡jvP¨ welq K. ‡h․wMK ¯^iaŸwb L. wgwjZ ¯^iaŸwb
M. Zvje¨ ¯^iaŸwb N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : K
evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi Av‡jvP¨ welq PviwU - 04. fvlvi ÿz`ªZg GKK †KvbwU? [32Zg wewmGm]
01. aŸwbZË¡ 02. kãZË¡ ev iƒcZË¡ K. eY© L. kã
03. evK¨ZË¡ 04. A_©ZË¡ M. Aÿi N. aŸwb DËi : N
aŸwbZË¡ (Phonology) e¨vL¨v : fvlvi ÿz`ªZg GKK aŸwb| aŸwb wb‡`©kK
eY©, mwÜ, Y-Z¡, l-Z¡, aŸwb cwieZ©b I †jvc, e‡Y©i web¨vm wPý‡K ejv nq eY© ev Aÿi| ev‡K¨i g~j DcKiY ev
ev‡K¨i cÖvY ev ÿz`ªZg GKK kã| kã MwVZ nq GK ev
kãZË¡ ev iƒcZË¡ (Morphology) GKvwaK e‡Y©i mgš^‡q|
wj½, mgvm, KviK, ePb, avZz, msL¨vevPK c`, c`vwkÖZ
wb‡`©kK, wØiæw³, wµqv, Kvj, cyiæl, DcmM©, c` 05. wb‡Pi †KvbwU A‡Nvl AícÖvY aŸwb? [30Zg wewmGm]
K. f L. V
evK¨ZË¡ ev c`µg (Syntax) M. d N. P DËi : N
hwZwPý, evMaviv, c`µg, evP¨, Dw³ I evK¨ msµvšÍ mKj e¨vL¨v : e‡M©i cÖ_g I wØZxq eY© nj A‡Nvl aŸwb Ges
welq, c‡`i iƒc cwieZ©b, evK¨ZË¡ e‡M©i we‡Rvo eY©mg~n (cÖ_g, Z…Zxq I cÂg) nj
A_©ZË¡ (Semantics) AícÖvY aŸwb| A_©vr e‡M©i cÖ_g eY©mg~n (K, P, U, Z,
kã I ev‡K¨i A_©wePvi, wecixZv_©K, gyL¨v_© I †M․Yv_© c) n‡e A‡Nvl AícÖvY aŸwb|
me fvlviB PviwU †g․wjK Ask _v‡K| h_v- 06. ‡Kvb `ywU A‡Nvl aŸwb? [13Zg wewmGm]
K. aŸwb (Sound), L. kã (Word), K. P Q L. W X
M. evK¨ (Sentence) M. e f N. ` a DËi : K
N. A_© (Meaning) e¨vL¨v : e‡M©i cÖ_g I wØZxq eY© nj A‡Nvl aŸwb|

aŸwb : fvlvi kã MwVZ nq aŸwbi mgš^‡q A_©vr fvlvi

aŸwb ÿz`ªZg GKK aŸwb| aŸwb I e‡Y©i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ n‡jv- GKwU
†g․wLK I Ab¨wU •jwLK iƒc| evsjv fvlvi †g․wjK aŸwb¸‡jv
fvlvi g~j Dcv`vb aŸwb `yB fv‡M wef³| h_v :
fvlvi ÿz`ªZg GKK aŸwb ও. স্঩যধ্বকন
fvlvi ¯^i ejv nq aŸwb ঔ. ফযঞ্জনধ্বকন
fvlvi kã MwVZ nq aŸwbi mgš^‡q ও. স্঩যধ্বকন
যম ধ্বকন ফা ধ্বকন঳ভূ঴ অন্য যওারনা ধ্বকনয ঳াংকভশ্রণ ফা ঳঴ায়তা
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ ঙািা স্ধষ্টবারফ উচ্চাকযত ঴য় য঳গুররারও স্঩যধ্বকন ফরর।
01. evsjv fvlvq †g․wjK ¯^iaŸwb KZwU? [35Zg I 38Zg
wewmGm] ঔ. ফযঞ্জনধ্বকন
K. 7wU L. 4wU যম ঳ফ ধ্বকন অন্তত এওকি স্঩যধ্বকনয ঳াংকভশ্রণ ফা ঳঴ায়তা ঙািা
M. 2wU N. 11wU DËi : K উচ্চাকযত ঴রত ঩ারয না, য঳গুররারও ফযঞ্জনধ্বকন ফরর।
e¨vL¨v : ‡g․wjK ¯^iaŸwb 7wU Ges †h․wMK ¯^iaŸwb 25wU|
স্বরধ্বদন
†h․wMK ¯^ieY© 2wU|
হ্রস্঩ স্঩য
02. e‡M©i †Kvb eY©mg~‡ni aŸwb gnvcÖvY aŸwb? [37Zg হ্রস্঩ স্঩য যভাি ঘায (৪) কি। অ, ই, উ এফাং ঋ।
wewmGm] দীখি স্঩য
K. Z…Zxq eY© দীখি স্঩য যভাি ঘায (৭) কি। আ, ঈ, ঊ, এ, ঐ, ঑ এফাং ঒।
L. cÖ_g I wØZxq eY© যভৌকরও স্঩যধ্বকন
M. wØZxq I PZz_© eY© যভৌকরও স্঩যধ্বকন যভাি ঳াত (৭) কি। অ, ই, উ, এ, ঑, আ
N. wØZxq I Z…Zxq eY© DËi : M এফাং এযা।
e¨vL¨v : e‡M©i eY©mg~‡ni g‡a¨ wØZxq I PZz_© eY© gnvcÖvY যমৌককও ¯^ieY©
aŸwb| যমৌককও স্঩যফণি যভাি রৃই (২) কি। ঐ এফাং ঒।
evsjv fvlv 142 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
g‡b ivLyb : †h․wMK ¯^iaŸwb 25wU| 02. e¨ÄbweK…wZ I aŸwb wech©q
ধ্বকনয ঩কযফতিন g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e : k‡ãi ga¨ n‡Z e‡Y©i cwieZ©b n‡e
কফকবন্ন ওাযরণ ভূর ধ্বকন উচ্চাযণ না ওরয, ধ্বকন মঔন কফওৃতবারফ e¨ÄbweK…wZ : k‡ãi ga¨ †_‡K aŸwb iƒc cwieZ©b n‡q bZzb
উচ্চাযণ ওযা ঴য়, তঔন তারও ধ্বকনয ঩কযফতিন ফরর। যমভন: aŸwb Avm‡j e¨ÄbweK…Z nq| ‡hgb :
ভূর ধ্বকন কফওৃত ধ্বকন o KevU ˃ KcvU (ÔeÕ e¨ÄbwU cwiewZ©Z n‡q ÔcÕ n‡q‡Q)
পাল্গুন পাগুন (এওকি ফযঞ্জনধ্বকন যরা঩ য঩রয়রঙ) o ‡avev ˃ ‡avcv (ÔeÕ e¨ÄbwU cwiewZ©Z n‡q ÔcÕ n‡q‡Q)
঩াওা ঩াক্কা (রচায কদরয় উচ্চাযরণয চন্য ফযঞ্জরনয o avBgv ˃ `vBgv (ÔaÕ e¨ÄbwU cwiewZ©Z n‡q Ô`Õ n‡q‡Q)
কিত্ব ঴রয়রঙ)
রার নার (রৃরিা ঳ভফরণিয এওকিয ঩কযফতিন ঴রয়রঙ) aŸwb wech©q : k‡ãi ga¨ †_‡K `ywU e¨ÄbeY© ci¯úi ¯’vb
cwieZ©b Ki‡e| †hgb :
ধ্বকনয ঩কযফতিরনয ওাযণ
১. দ্রুত উচ্চাযণ ৪. অর঳তা
o wiKmv ˃ wimKv (ÔKÕ I ÔmÕ ci¯úi ¯’vb cwieZ©b K‡i‡Q)
২. আিকরওতা ৫. অকতকযক্ত স্পািিরন঳ o wckvP ˃ wcPvk (ÔkÕ I ÔPÕ e¨ÄbwU ci¯úi ¯’vb cwieZ©b K‡i‡Q)
৩. ভুঔ- কফফরযয ঳ভস্যা ৬. প্রওৃকতকত ওাযণ
03. AšÍn©wZ I n-Kvi †jvc
cÖKvi‡f` g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e : c‡`i ga¨ †_‡K eY© †jvc/nvwi‡q hvq
aŸwbi cwieZ©b `yB ai‡bi| aŸwbi cwieZ©b
AšÍn©wZ : c‡`i ga¨ †_‡K †Kvb e¨ÄbaŸwb †jvc †c‡j Zv‡K
e‡j AšÍn©wZ| †hgb :
¯^iaŸwbi cwieZ©b e¨ÄbaŸwbi cwieZ©b o djvnvi ˃ djvi (ÔnÕ e¨ÄbaŸwb †jvc †cj)
o dvêyb ˃ dv¸b (ÔjÕ e¨ÄbaŸwb †jvc †cj)
¯^iaŸwbi cwieZ©b e¨ÂbaŸwbi cwieZ©b
¯^i kãwU _vK‡j ¯^iawbi e¨Äb kãwU _vK‡j e¨ÄbaŸwbi n-Kvi †jvc : c‡`i ga¨ †_‡K ïay ÔnÕ-Kvi nvwi‡q †M‡j
cwieZ©b| †hgb : Aw` ¯^ivMg, cwieZ©b| †hgb : wØZ¡ e¨Äb, Zv‡K ÔnÕ-Kvi †jvc e‡j| †hgb :
ga¨ ¯^ivMg, AšÍ¨¯^ivMg, e¨Äb weK…wZ, e¨ÄbPz¨wZ o Mvwnj ˃ MvBj (ÔnÕ e¨ÄbaŸwb nvwi‡q †Mj)
¯^im½wZ, ¯^i‡jvc BZ¨vw`| BZ¨vw`|
AšÍn©wZ I ÔnÕ-Kvi †jvc cvIqvi †ÿ‡Î ÔnÕ aŸwb †jvc cvIqvi
k‡ãi cÖ_g eY© ¯^ieY© n‡j k‡ãi cÖ_g eY© e¨ÄbeY© n‡j
¯^iaŸwbi cwieZ©b| †hgb : †mwU n‡e e¨ÄbaŸwb cwieZ©b| †ÿ‡Î g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e
AwcwbwnZ, AmgxKiY, †hgb : aŸwb wech©q, mgxfeb,
c‡`i ga¨ †_‡K ïay ÔnÕ e¨ÄbaŸwb †jvc †c‡j Zv‡K ÔnÕ-Kvi
AwfkÖæwZ BZ¨vw`| welgxfeb, i-Kvi †jvc, n-
Kvi †jvc BZ¨vw`| †jvc e‡j| †hgb : Avjvwn`v ˃ AvjvB`v| ¯^iaŸwbmn ÔnÕ
AšÍn©wZ (ïiæ‡Z ¯^i _vK‡jI GwU e¨ÄbaŸwbi cwieZ©b) †jvc †c‡j Zv‡K e‡j AšÍn©wZ| †hgb : Avjvwn`v ˃
Avjv`v|
e¨ÄbaŸwbi cwieZ©b
01. welgxfeb I e¨ÄbPz¨wZ 04. e¨ÄbwØZ¡v Ges ÔiÕ-Kvi †jvc
g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e : mg aŸwb e¨ÄbwØZ¡v : kã‡K †Rvi w`‡q D”PviY Kivi Rb¨ eY©hy³ ev
কফলভীবফন wØZ¡ n‡j, Zv‡K e¨ÄbwØZ¡v e‡j| †hgb :
রৃরিা ঳ভফরণিয ফযঞ্জনধ্বকনয এওকিয ঩কযফতিন ঴রর তারও o cvKv ˃ cv°v (‡Rvi w`‡q D”Pvi‡Yi Rb¨ ÔKÕ e¨ÄbwUi
কফলভীবফন ফরর। যমভন : wØZ¡ n‡q‡Q)
঱যীয > ঱যীর রৃরিা ঳ভফরণিয ধ্বকনয (রৃরিা ‘য’) o mKvj ˃ m°vj †Rvi w`‡q D”Pvi‡Yi Rb¨ ÔKÕ e¨ÄbwUi
এওকিয ঩কযফতিন ঴ররা। wØZ¡ n‡q‡Q)
রার > নার রৃরিা ঳ভফরণিয ধ্বকনয (রৃরিা ‘র’) ÔiÕ-Kvi †jvc : ÔiÕ-Kvi †jvc †c‡q cieZ©x e¨Äb wØZ¡ nq|
এওকিয ঩কযফতিন ঴ররা। †hgb :
ফযঞ্জনঘুযকত o ZK© ˃ Z° , Ki‡Z ˃ K‡Ë, gvij ˃ gvjø (ÔiÕ-Kvi
রৃরিা ঳ভফরণিয ফযঞ্জনধ্বকনয এওকি যরা঩ য঩রর তারও ‘ফযঞ্জনঘুযকত’ †jvc †cj Ges cieZx© e¨Äb wØZ¡ n‡jv)
ফরর। যমভন :
ফি কদকদ > ফিকদ রৃরিা ঳ভফরণিয ধ্বকনয (রৃরিা 05. mgxfeb
‘কদ’) এওকি যরা঩ য঩র। kã ga¨¯’ `ywU wfbœ aŸwb G‡K Ac‡ii cÖfv‡e Aí-we¯Íi mgZv
ফি দাদা > ফিদা রৃরিা ঳ভফরণিয ধ্বকনয (রৃরিা jvf K‡i| G e¨vcvi‡K ejv nq mgxfeb|
‘দা’) এওকি যরা঩ য঩র।
evsjv fvlv 143 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
o Rb¥ ˃ R¤§ (ÔgÕ aŸwbi cÖfv‡e ÔbÕ aŸwb ÔgÕ n‡q mgxfeb o we`¨v ˃ we¾v, mZ¨ ˃ m”P [Av`¨ (we`&, mZ&) I AšÍ
n‡jv)| (`v, Z) cwieZ©b NUj| bZzb K‡i Av`¨ (weR&, mP&)
o Kvu`bv ˃ Kvbœv (ÔbÕ aŸwbi cÖfv‡e Ô`Õ aŸwb ÔbÕ n‡q Ges AšÍ¨ (Rv, P) P‡j Avmj]
mgxfeb n‡jv) 07. AwcwbwnwZ I AwfkÖæwZ
g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e : ÔBÕ-Kvi/ÔDÕ-Kv‡ii e¨vcvi
¯^iaŸwbi cwieZ©b পররর ‘ই’ কার িা ‘উ’ কার আরগ উচ্চাদরত হরি। যেমন:
06. ¯^im½wZ I mgxfeb আকচ > আইচ ঩রযয ‘ই’ ওায/‘উ’ ওায
G `ywUiB wZbwU mg ai‡bi cÖKvi‡f` Av‡Q| ¯^im½wZ n‡jv ঘাকয > ঘাইয আরকই উচ্চাকযত ঴রয়রঙ। অথিাৎ
¯^iaŸwbi cwieZ©b, Ab¨w`‡K mgxfeb n‡jv e¨ÄbaŸwbi আ + চ + ই যথরও ঴ররা আ + ই
cwieZ©b| ïiæ‡ZB cÖKvi‡f` ‡R‡b ‡bqv hvK : ঳াধু > ঳াউধ +চ
¯^im½wZ mgxfeb
K. cÖMZ ¯^im½wZ K. cÖMZ mgxfeb অদিশ্রুদত
L. civMZ ¯^im½wZ L. civMZ mgxfeb কফ঩মিস্ত স্঩যধ্বকনয ঩ূফফ
ি তিী স্঩যধ্বকনয ঳ারথ কভরর যকরর এফাং
M. A‡b¨vb¨ ¯^im½wZ M. A‡b¨vb¨ mgxfeb তদানু঳ারয ঩যফতিী স্঩যধ্বকনয ঩কযফতিন খিরর তারও অকবশ্রুকত
ফরর।
K. cÖMZ ¯^im½wZ I cÖMZ mgxfeb ওকযয়া > ওরয ঩যীক্ষায ঳ভয়, এরতা ঳াংজ্ঞা
cÖMZ ¯^im½wZ : cÖ_g aŸwb (¯^i) w¯’i _vK‡e, c‡ii aŸwb‡Z রৄকনয়া > রৄরন ভরন থাওরফ না। তাই ঳াংরক্ষর঩
cwieZ©b NU‡e| †hgb : ভরন যাঔুন ঳াধু যথরও ঘকররতয
ভাঙুয়া > যভরঙা ফযা঩াযই ঴ররা অকবশ্রুকত।
o gyjv ˃ gy‡jv, wkKv ˃ wk‡K [c‡ii aŸwb‡Z ÔAvÕ-Kvi
cwiewZ©Z n‡q ÔIÕ Kvi Ges ÔGÕ Kvi n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g
aŸwb w¯’i i‡q‡Q] 08. Avw` ¯^ivMg, ga¨ ¯^ivMg Ges AšÍ¨ ¯^ivMg
g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e : mvay †_‡K PwjZ n‡q hvq
cÖMZ mgxfeb : cÖ_g aŸwb (e¨Äb) w¯’i _vK‡e, c‡ii Avw` ¯^ivMg : D”Pvi‡Yi myweavi Rb¨ k‡ãi Avw`‡Z ¯^iaŸwb
aŸwb‡Z cwieZ©b NU‡e| †hgb : G‡j Zv‡K Avw` ¯^ivMg e‡j| †hgb :
o Pµ ˃ P°, jMœ ˃ jMM [c‡ii aŸwbi (ÔiÕ †_‡K ÔKÕ, ÔbÕ o ¯‥zj ˃ B¯‥zj, †÷kb ˃ Bw÷kb, ¯úa© ˃ Av¯úa©v
†_‡K ÔMÕ) cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g aŸwb (PK&, jM&) w¯’i [j¶¨ Kiæb, k‡ãi ïiæ‡Z bZzb ¯^i (B, Av) G‡m‡Q]
i‡q‡Q]
ga¨ ¯^ivMg ev wecÖKl© ev ¯^ifw³ : D”Pvi‡Yi myweavi Rb¨
L. civMZ ¯^im½wZ I civMZ mgxfeb k‡ãi gvSLv‡b ¯^iaŸwb Av‡m| G‡K ejv nq ga¨ ¯^ivMg ev
civMZ ¯^im½wZ : c‡ii aŸwb (¯^i) w¯’i _vK‡e Ges cÖ_g wecÖKl© ev ¯^ifw³| ‡hgb :
aŸwbi cwieZ©b n‡e| †hgb : o iZœ ˃ iZb, cÖxwZ ˃ wcixwZ, MÖvg ˃ ‡Mivg [jÿ¨
o ‡`wk ˃ w`wk, Av‡Lv ˃ G‡Lv [c‡ii aŸwbi (¯^i) cÖfv‡e Kiæb, k‡ãi gv‡S bZzb K‡i ¯^i G‡m‡Q]
cÖ_g aŸwbi cwieZ©b NU‡jv| A_©vr c‡ii aŸwb (¯^i) AšÍ¨¯^ivMg : †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq k‡ãi †k‡l AwZwi³ ¯^iaŸwb
w¯’i _vK‡jv Ges cÖ_g aŸwbi cwieZ©b n‡jv| Av‡m Giƒc ¯^ivMg‡K ejv AšÍ¨¯^ivMg| †hgb :
civMZ mgxfeb : c‡ii aŸwb (e¨Äb) w¯’i _vK‡e Ges cÖ_g
o w`k& ˃ w`kv, †e ˃ ‡ew [jÿ¨ K‡ib, w`k& Gi mv‡_
aŸwbi cwieZ©b n‡e| †hgb :
o Zr + Rb¨ ˃ Z¾b¨, Zr + wnZ ˃ Zw×Z [c‡ii bZzb K‡i ¯^i hy³ n‡q w`kv n‡q‡Q| GQvovI Ô‡eÂÕ
Gi mv‡_ bZzb K‡i ¯^i hy³ n‡q †ew n‡q‡Q|]
aŸwbi (e¨Äb) cÖfv‡e cÖ_g aŸwbi cwieZ©b NU‡jv]
09. AmgxKiY
M. A‡b¨vb¨ ¯^im½wZ Ges A‡b¨vb¨ mgxfeb g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e : `y‡Uv mg eY©/aŸwbi gvSLv‡b GKUv ÔAvÕ
A‡b¨vb¨ ¯^im½wZ : Av`¨ I AšÍ `yB ¯^iB cÖfvweZ n‡j aŸwb Avm‡e|
A‡b¨vb¨ ¯^im½wZ nq| †hgb :
o ‡gvRv ˃ gy‡Rv, _vgv ˃ _y‡gv [ci¯ú‡ii (¯^iaŸwb) GKB ¯^‡ii cybive„wË `~i Kivi Rb¨ gvSLv‡b hLb ¯^iaŸwb
cÖfv‡e ci¯ú‡ii cwieZ©b NU‡jv] hy³ nq ZLb Zv‡K e‡j AmgxKiY| †hgb :
o ac + ac ˃ acvac, cU + cU ˃ cUvcU, Uc + Uc
A‡b¨vb¨ mgxfeb : Av`¨ I AšÍ¨ `yB aŸwbB ci¯úi cÖfvweZ
˃ UcvUc [`y‡Uv mge‡Y©i aŸwbi gvSLv‡b GKwU ÔAvÕ
n‡j A‡b¨vb¨ mgxfeb nq| †hgb :
aŸwb P‡j G‡m‡Q GB ¯^‡ii cybvive„wË `~i Kivi Rb¨]
evsjv fvlv 144 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
aŸwb wb‡`©kK wPý eY©
eY© fvlvi BU ejv nq eY©
01. ÔþÕ Gi wewkøó iƒc- [23Zg (gyw³‡hv×v mšÍvb) Ges ‡h †Kvb fvlvq e¨eüZ wjwLZ eY©mgwó‡K †mB fvlvi
38Zg wewmGm] eY©gvjv (Alphabet) ejv nq| †hme eY©gvjvq evsjv
K. K + N L. K + l + Y fvlv wjwLZ nq, Zv‡K ejv nq e½wjwc|
M. K + l + g N. n& + g DËi : N
evsjv aŸwbi g‡Zv eY©I `yB cÖKvi| h_v :
e¨vL¨v : ÔþÕ Gi wewkøó iƒc- n& + g| ‡hgb- eªþcyÎ| K. ¯^ieY© I
02. evsjv eY©gvjvq Aa©gvÎv eY© KqwU? [36Zg wewmGm] L. e¨ÄbeY©
K. 7wU L. 9wU ¯^ieY© : ¯^iaŸwbi wjwLZ wPý ev ms‡KZ‡K ejv nq
M. 10wU N. 8wU DËi : N ¯^iaŸwb| evsjv fvlvq †g․wjK ¯^iaŸwb 7wU| wKš‘ ¯^ieY©
e¨vL¨v : evsjv eY©gvjvq Aa©gvÎv eY© †gvU 8wU| 1wU (F) 11wU| h_v : A, Av, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I , J|
¯^ieY© Ges 7wU e¨ÄbeY© (L M Y _ a c k)| n«¯^ ¯^i : n«¯^ ¯^i †gvU Pvi (4) wU| A, B, D Ges F
`xN© ¯^i : `xN© ¯^i †gvU mvZ (7) wU| Av, C, E, G,
03. ÔweÁvbÕ k‡ãi hy³e‡Y©i mwVK iƒc †KvbwU? [36Zg H, I Ges J|
wewmGm]
K. R + T L. T + M e¨ÄbeY© : e¨ÄbaŸwbi wjwLZ wPý ev ms‡KZ‡K e¨ÄbeY©
M. T + R N. M + T DËi : K ejv nq| evsjv fvlvq e¨ÄbeY© 39wU| h_v :
e¨vL¨v : ÔweÁvbÕ k‡ãi hy³e‡Y©i mwVK iƒc- R& + T| K L M N O
Giƒc AviI wKQz D`vniY- AÁvb, mÁvb, cÖÁv| P Q R S T
04. wb‡Pi ‡KvbwU aŸwb-cwieZ©‡bi D`vniY bq? [35Zg U V W X Y
wewmGm] Z _ ` a b
K. cÖvwZcw`K L. AwfkÖæwZ c d e f g
M. AwcwbwnZ N. aewb-wech©q DËi : K h i j
k l m n
e¨vL¨v : wµqvc‡`i g~j Ask‡K ejv nq Ôwµqv cÖK…wZÕ ev
o p q r
ÔcÖvwZcw`KÕ| wµqv cÖK…wZi mv‡_ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q K…r
s t u
cÖZ¨q m¤úbœ nq| AwfkÖæwZ, AwcwbwnZ, aŸwb-wech©q
cÖf…wZ aŸwb-cwieZ©‡bi D`vniY| eY©gvjv : ‡Kvb fvlv wjL‡Z †h aŸwb-‡`¨vZK ms‡KZ ev
05. evsjv eY©gvjvq ¯^ieY© KZwU? [29Zg wewmGm] wPýmg~n e¨eüZ nq Zvi mgwóB n‡jv eY©gvjv| evsjv fvlvq
K. 13wU L. 10wU e¨eüZ eY©mg~n‡K GK‡Î evsjv eY©gvjv e‡j|
M. 12wU N. 11wU DËi : N evsjv eY©gvjvq ¯^ie‡Y©i wjwLZ iƒc `ywU :
e¨vL¨v : evsjv eY©gvjvq ¯^ieY© i‡q‡Q †gvU- 11wU| 01. c~Y©iƒc
G¸‡jv n‡jv- A, Av, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J| 02. mswÿß iƒc
06. evsjv eY©gvjvq gvÎvwenxb e‡Y©i msL¨v KqwU? [18Zg 01. ¯^ie‡Y©i c~Y©iƒc : evsjv fvlv †jLvi mgq †Kv‡bv k‡ã
wewmGm] ¯^vaxbfv‡e ¯^ieY© em‡j Zvi c~Y©iƒc e¨eüZ nq| †hgb:
K. 8wU L. 10wU - k‡ãi cÖ_‡g : A‡bK, AvKvk, Bwjk, DwKj, FY|
M. 32wU N. 6wU DËi : L - k‡ãi g‡a¨ : †e`yBb, evDj, cvDiæwU, AvenvIqv|
e¨vL¨v : evsjv eY©gvjvq gvÎvwenxb e‡Y©i msL¨v †gvU- - k‡ãi †k‡l : eB, eD, hvI|
10wU| ¯^ieY© 4wU (G H I J) Ges e¨ÄbeY© 6wU (O T 02. ¯^ie‡Y©i mswÿß iƒc : A-wfbœ Ab¨ ¯^ieY©¸‡jv
r S t u) e¨Äbe‡Y©i m‡½ mshy³ n‡j c~Y©iƒ‡ci e`‡j mswÿß iƒc
07. eY© n‡”Q- [14Zg wewmGm (wkÿv)] cwiMÖn K‡i| ¯^ie‡Y©i G ai‡bi mswÿß iƒc‡K ÔKviÕ
K. k‡ãi ÿz`ªZg Ask iƒc e‡j| ¯^ie‡Y©i ÔKviÕ wPý 10wU| h_v :
L. aŸwb wb‡`©kK cÖZxK Av-Kvi ( v ) - gv, evev, XvKv|
M. GKm‡½ D”PvwiZ aŸwb¸”Q B-Kvi ( w ) - wKwb, wPwb, wgwb|
N. aŸwbi kÖæwZMÖvn¨ iƒc DËi : N C-Kvi ( x ) - kkx, mxgvbv, ixwZ|
D-Kvi ( y ) - KzKzi, cyKzi, `ycyi|
e¨vL¨v : eY© n‡”Q aŸwbi kÖæwZMÖvn¨ iƒc| E-Kvi ( ~ ) - f~Z, g~j¨, m~wP|
evsjv fvlv 145 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
F-Kvi ( „ ) - K…lK, Z…Y, c„w_ex| G, H KÉ I Zvjy KÉZvje¨ eY©
G-Kvi ( † ) - †Pqvi, †Uwej, †g‡q| I, J KÉ I Iô K‡Évô¨ eY©
H-Kvi ( • ) - •Zwi, •eix, •bF©Z|
Z, _, `, a, b, j,
I-Kvi ( † v ) - †LvKv, †cvKv, †evKv| `šÍ `šÍ¨ eY©
m
J-Kvi (‡ ․ ) - †b․Kv, †g․mywg, †c․l|
Z_¨m~Î : Aóg †kÖwYi evsjv fvlv I wbwg©wZ eB
g‡b ivLyb : s uOTYbg bvwmK¨ eY©
H, J - G `ywU wد^i ev hyM¥ ¯^iaŸwbi cÖZxK| †hgb : klmn D®§ eY© ev wkk aŸwb
A + B = AB; A + D = AD ev, I + D = ID heij AšÍ:¯’ eY©
op ZvobRvZ eY©
evsjv eY©gvjvq e¨Äbe‡Y©iI `ywU wjwLZ iƒc i‡q‡Q :
01. c~Y©iƒc i K¤úbRvZ eY©
02. mswÿß iƒc St u civkÖqx eY©

01. e¨Äbe‡Y©i c~Y©iƒc : e¨Äbe‡Y©I c~Y©iƒc k‡ãi cÖ_‡g, gvÎv

g‡a¨ I †k‡l ¯^vaxbfv‡e e‡m| ¯^ieY© e¨ÄbeY© ‡gvU
- k‡ãi cÖ_‡g : KweZv, cov‡kvbv, UMi| c~Y©gvÎv 6 26
- k‡ãi g‡a¨ : KvKwj, Lyjbv, dzUej| A Av B K N P Q R S U V W X Z ` b 32
- k‡ãi †k‡l : Avg, kxZj, wm‡jU| CDE defghijlmnopq
02. e¨Äbe‡Y©i mswÿß iƒc : A‡bK mgq ¯^ieY© ev gvÎvnxb 4 6
e¨Äbe‡Y©i m‡½ mshy³ nIqvi Rb¨ e¨Äbe‡Y©i AvKvi GH OTrSt u 10
mswÿß n‡q hvq| e¨Äbe‡Y©i GB mswÿß iƒc‡K ÔdjvÕ IJ
e‡j| e¨Äbe‡Y©i ÔdjvÕ wPý 6wU| h_v : Aa©gvÎv 1 7
8
- b/Y-djv (b/Y) - wPý, wewfbœ, hZœ, c~e©vnè, F LMY_ack
Acivnè ‡gvU 11 39 50
- e-djv (e) - cK¡, wek^, aŸwb|
- g-djv (g) - cÙv, gyn¤§`, Zb¥q, Kvg¨| (1g + 3q + 5g)
- h-djv (¨) - L¨vwZ, U¨vsiv, e¨vsK| 1g 3q 5g Kjvg=AícÖvY aŸwb
- i-djv ( ª) - µq, MÖn| †id ( ©) - KK© K L M N O ÔKÕ-eMx©q
ÔiÕ hw` Av‡M D”PvwiZ nq, Zvn‡j †id ( ©) n‡e| P Q R S T ÔPÕ-eMx©q
- j-djv (j) - K¬všÍ, Møvm, A¤øvb| U V W X Y ÔUÕ-eMx©q
Z _ ` a b ÔZÕ-eM©xq
evsjv eY©gvjvq ¯^i I e¨ÄbeY© D”PviY¯’vb I aŸwbcÖK…wZ c d e f g ÔcÕ-eMx©q
Abyhvqx web¨¯Í| A‡Nvl eY© ‡Nvl eY© wØZxq I PZz_© Kjvg
e‡Y©i D”PviY ¯’vb : 1g I 2q 3q + 4_© +5g = gnvcÖvY aŸwb
D”PviY¯’vb Abymv‡i ¯^i I e¨ÄbeY©¸‡jvi bvg wb‡Pi Q‡K Kjvg Kjvg
†`Lv‡bv n‡jv : ¯úk© e¨Äb ev ¯ú„ó e¨ÄbaŸwb (1g + 2q + 3q + 4_© +
eY© D”PviY¯’vb D”PviY¯’vb 5g eM©) = 25wU|
Abymv‡i e‡Y©i
bvg hy³ eY©
A, Av, K, L, M, N KÉ ev Kɨ ev K& + l = ÿ (Kÿc_) n& + g = þ (eªþcyÎ)
O, n wRnŸvg~j wRnŸvg~jxq eY© K& + l& + b = ÿœ (Zxÿè) K + l + g = ² (m~²)
B, C, P, Q, R, S, K& + m = · (ev·) O + K = ¼ (A¼)
Zvjy Zvje¨ eY© R& + S = À (KzÀwUKv) R& + T = Á (weÁvb)
T, h, q, k
D, E, c, d, e, T& + P = Â (AÂj) T& + R = Ä (MÄ)
Iô Iô¨ eY©
f, g T& + S = Å (SvÅv) l + Y = ò (Z…òv)
F, U, V, W, X, Y, n& + b = ý (ga¨vý, ewý) n& + Y = nè (Acivnè)
g~a©v g~a©b¨ eY©
i, o, p, l T + Q = Ã (evÃbxq) b& + a = Ü (AÜ)
evsjv fvlv 146 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
K. Aviwe L. dviwm
kã M. wnw›` N. ZzwK© DËi : N
13. Ô‡eUvBgÕ kãwU MwVZ n‡q‡Q? [24Zg wewmGm (evwZj)]
ev‡K¨i g~j Dcv`vb / ev‡K¨i cÖvY kã K. dviwm I Bs‡iwR k‡ã
ev‡K¨i g~j DcKiY kã L. divwm I Bs‡iwR k‡ã
ev‡K¨i ÿz`ªZg GKK (18Zg wewmGm) kã M. dviwm I divwm k‡ã
N. dviwm I wnw›` k‡ã DËi : K
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ 14. ÔAcjvcÕ k‡ãi A_© wK? [22Zg wewmGm]
01. ÔevevÕ †Kvb fvlv †_‡K AvMZ kã? [38Zg wewmGm] K. A¯^xKvi L. wg_¨v
K. ZzwK© L. wnw›` M. cÖjvc N. Am`vjvc DËi : K
M. divwm N. Zvwgj DËi : K 15. Ô‡cqvivÕ †Kvb fvlv †_‡K AvMZ kã? [23Zg wewmGm
02. †KvbwU †g․wjK kã? [14Zg I 37Zg wewmGm] (gyw³‡hv×v mšÍvb)]
K. gvbe L. †Mvjvc K. wnw›` L. D`y©
M. GKv¼ N. avZe DËi : L M. cZz©wMR N. wMÖK DËi : M
03. Ô‡nW †g․jfxÕ ‡Kvb †Kvb fvlvi kã‡hv‡M MwVZ n‡q‡Q? 16. ev‡K¨i ÿz`ªZg GKK †KvbwU? [18Zg wewmGm]
K. Bs‡iwR + dvwm© K. kã L. eY©
L. ZzwK© + Aviwe M. aŸwb N. wPý DËi : K
M. Bs‡iwR + Aviwe 17. ÔjvcvËvÕ k‡ã jv DcmM©wU evsjv fvlvq G‡m‡Q †Kvb
N. Bs‡iwR + cZz©wMR DËi : K fvlv †_‡K? [17Zg wewmGm]
04. Ôcik^Õ kãwUi A_© Kx? [35Zg wewmGm] K. Aviwe fvlv †_‡K
K. ciï L. c‡ii ab L. wnw›` fvlv †_‡K
M. †KvwKj N. cvk^©eZx DËi : K M. dviwm fvlv †_‡K
05. evsjv fvlvq kã mvab nq bv wb‡¤œv³ †Kvb Dcv‡q? N. D`©y fvlv †_‡K DËi : K
K. mgvm Øviv 18. cZz©wMR fvlv †_‡K wb‡¤œv³ †Kvb kãwU evsjv fvlvq
L. DcmM© †hv‡M AvËxKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q? [17Zg wewmGm]
M. wj½ cwieZ©b Øviv K. †Uwej L. †Pqvi
N. K, L I M wZb Dcv‡qB nq DËi : L M. evjwZ N. kieZ DËi : M
06. ‡KvbwU Bs‡iwR kã? [32Zg wewmGm] 19. kãv_© Abymv‡i evsjv fvlvi kã mgwó‡K fvM Kiv hvq-
K. g¨v‡R›U L. wc¯Íj [17Zg wewmGm]
M. Avjgvwi N. Kgv DËi : N K. `yB fv‡M L. wZb fv‡M
07. ÔDReyKÕ kãwU †Kvb fvlv †_‡K evsjv fvlvq G‡m‡Q? M. Pvi fv‡M N. cvuP fv‡M DËi : L
[31Zg wewmGm] 20. evsjv fvlv GB kã `ywU MÖnY K‡i‡Q Pxbv fvlv †_‡K-
K. ZzwK© L. wnw›` [12Zg wewmGm]
M. Zvwgj N. divwm DËi : K K. PvKz, PvKi L. Pv, wPwb
08. Ô‡P․-nwÏÕ kãwU †Kvb fvlvi kã wg‡j n‡q‡Q? [26Zg M. LÏi, niZvj N. wiKkv, †i‡¯Ívivu D : L
wewmGm] 21. ÔAvbvimÕ Ges ÔPvweÕ kã `ywU evsjv fvlv MÖnY K‡i‡Q-
K. evsjv + dviwm L. dviwm + Aviwe [10g wewmGm]
M. ms¯‥…Z + dviwm N. ms¯‥…Z + Aviwe D : L K. cZ©ywMR fvlv n‡Z
09. wMÖK kã †KvbwU? [27Zg wewmGm] L. †`wk fvlv n‡Z
K. Zzdvb L. jy½x M. Aviwe fvlv n‡Z
M. Kzkb N. `vg DËi : N N. Ij›`vR fvlv n‡Z DËi : K
10. ‡Kvb kãwU dviwm? [26Zg wewmGm] 22. ‡KvbwU Z™¢e kã? [10g wewmGm]
K. gymvwdi L. ZKw`i K. Pvu` L. m~h©
M. †c‡ikvb N. gRjyg DËi : M M. bÿÎ N. MMb DËi : K
11. `vßwiK †Kvb kãwU Bs‡iwR fvlv †_‡K AvMZ? [26Zg
wewmGm] GK ev GKvwaK A_©c~Y© aŸwbi mgwó‡K kã e‡j| A_©B k‡ãi
K. AvBb L. `vwLj cÖvY| kãB ev‡K¨ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g gvby‡li g‡bi fve
M. G‡R›U N. gyP‡jKv DËi : M cwic~Y©fv‡e cÖKvk K‡i| GRb¨ bZzb bZzb kãMVb Ki‡Z
12. ÔKvuwPÕ †Kvb ai‡bi kã? [24Zg wewmGm (evwZj)] nq| bvbv Dcv‡q kãMVb n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb :
evsjv fvlv 147 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
01. e¨Äbe‡Y©i mv‡_ ÔKviÕ †hvM K‡i : ïf + B”Qv = ï‡f”Qv
e& + v + o + w = evwo kxZ + FZ = kxZvZ©
Z& + „ + Y = Z…Y c` + nwZ = c×wZ
G iKg : Mvwo, evev, wel, †b․Kv, KvKwj, ivRkvnx BZ¨vw`| mg + Zvc = mšÍvc
w`K& + AšÍ = w`MšÍ
02. e¨Äbe‡Y©i mv‡_ ÔdjvÕ †hvM K‡i| cwi + Q` = cwi”Q`
K& + i = µ : eµ 06. mgv‡mi mvnv‡h¨
K& + j = K¬ : K¬všÍ o em‡Zi Rb¨ evwo = emZevwo
o gyL P‡›`ªi b¨vq = gyLP›`ª
G¸‡jv n‡”Q kã MV‡bi cÖv_wgK Dcvq| o b`x gvZv hvi = b`xgvZ…K
o `yB w`‡K Ac hvi = Øxc
evsjv fvlvq Ggb wKQz kã Av‡Q †h¸‡jv‡K we‡kølY o ixwZ‡K AwZµg bv K‡i = h_vixwZ
Kiv ev fv½v hvq bv, †m¸‡jv‡K †g․wjK kã e‡j| 07. kã‣؇Zi gva¨‡g ev wØiæw³ kã mn‡hv‡M
†hgb : nvZ, cv, gyL, dzj, cvwL MvQ, ivbœv BZ¨vw`| evwo ˃ evwo evwo
Avevi wKQz kã Av‡Q hv wewfbœ Dcv‡q ev cÖwµqvq MwVZ N‡i ˃ N‡i N‡i
n‡q‡Q| †m¸‡jv‡K ejv nq mvwaZ kã| †hgb : Xs ˃ Xs Xs
Wze& + Dwi = Wzeywi jvj ˃ jvj jvj
Ni + Avwg = Nivwg `‡j ˃ `‡j `‡j
‡gN + G = †g‡N BZ¨vw`|
 mvwaZ kã bvbv Dcv‡q MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i : bZzb kã MV‡bi AviI wKQz Dcvq
01. †g․wjK kã‡hv‡M → eûeP‡bi gva¨‡g kã MVb :
02. k‡ãi †k‡l wefw³ †hvM K‡i → c` cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g : GB UwcK m¤ú‡K© Ôc` cÖKi‡YÕ
03. k‡ãi Av‡M DcmM© †hvM K‡i G we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
04. k‡ãi c‡i cÖZ¨q †hvM K‡i → cÖZ¨q mn‡hv‡M : wm‡jev‡mi GB UwcK m¤ú‡K© ÔcÖZ¨qÕ
05. mwÜi mvnv‡h¨ Aa¨v‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
06. mgv‡mi mvnv‡h¨
07. kã‣؇Zi gva¨‡g
01. †g․wjK kã‡hv‡M : cvMj + Avwg = cvMjvwg k‡ãi †kÖwYwefvM
eB + cÎ = eBcÎ
02. k‡ãi †k‡l wefw³ †hvM K‡i : wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K k‡ãi †kÖwYwefvM n‡Z cv‡i|
Avgv + †K = Avgv‡K 01. MVbg~jK †kÖwYwefvM : 02 cÖKvi|
evwo + i = evwoi ‡g․wjK mvwaZ
PÆMÖvg + G = PÆMÖv‡g 02. A_©g~jK †kÖwYwefvM : 03 cÖKvi| [17Zg wewmGm]
03. k‡ãi Av‡M DcmM© †hvM K‡i : ‡h․wMK iƒwp ‡hvMiƒp
A - AKvR, Afve, Abxj, A‡Pbv, A‣_| 03. Drmg~jK †kÖwYwefvM : 05 cªKvi|
Av- Av‡avqv, Avjywb, AvMvQv, AvMgb, AvKÉ| Zrmg Aa©-Zrmg Z™¢e ‡`wk we‡`wk
wb- wbLyuZ, wbjvR, wb‡iU, wbY©q, wbeviY, Avmgy`ª
we- wefzuB, wbjvR, wb‡iU, wbY©q, wbeviY, wb®‥jyl ও. তৎ঳ভ ঱ব্দ
my- mybRi, myLei, myw`b, mybvg, myKÉ, mybxj যম ঱ব্দ ঳াংস্কৃত বালা যথরও য঳াচাসুকচ ফাাংরায় এর঳রঙ এফাং
04. k‡ãi c‡i cÖZ¨q †hvM K‡i মারদয রূ঩ অ঩কযফকতিত যরয়রঙ, য঳঳ফ ঱ব্দরও ফরা ঴য় তৎ঳ভ
o AvB : XvKvB, wbgvB, RMvB, wgVvB ঱ব্দ। তৎ঳ভ এওকি ঩াকযবাকলও ঱ব্দ। ‘তৎ’ অথি তায এফাং
o DK : fveyK, wgïK, wg_y¨K, jvRyK ‘঳ভ’ অথি ঳ভান অথিাৎ তৎ঳ভ অথি ‘঳াংস্কৃরতয ঳ভান’। উদা঴যণ:
o BK : mvwnwZ¨K, •ew`K. •`wbK, gvwmK ঘন্দ্র, ঳ূম,ি নক্ষত্র, বফন, ধভি, ঩াত্র, ভনুষ্য, ক্ষুধা, ঩দ্ম,
o Ab : Kvu`b, evuab, fvOb, R¦jb অন্ন, কনভন্ত্রণ, স্঩াভী, ঩ুত্র, ঔাদয, weovj ইতযাকদ।
o Lvbv : wPwoqvLvbv, •eVKLvbv, QvcvLvbv
o Abxq : KiYxq, eiYxq, ¯§iYxq Z™¢e k㸇jv‡K cvwifvwlK I LvuwU evsjv
05. mwÜi mvnv‡h¨ খ. তদ্ভি শব্দ kã ejv nq|
we`¨v + Avjq = we`¨vjq যম ঳ফ ঱ব্দ ভূর ঳াংস্কৃত বালায় ঩া঑য়া মায়, কওন্তু বালায স্঩াবাকফও
কফফতিরনয ধাযায় প্রাওৃরতয ভাধযরভ ঩কযফকতিত ঴রয় আধুকনও ফাাংরা
evsjv fvlv
বালায় স্থান ওরয কনরয়রঙ, য঳঳ফ ঱ব্দরও ফরা ঴য় তদ্ভফ ঱ব্দ।
তদ্ভফ এওকি ঩াকযবাকলও ঱ব্দ। ‘তৎ’ অথি তায এফাং ‘বফ’ অথি
উৎ঩ন্ন। ঳াংস্কৃত (঴স্ত) – প্রাওৃত (঴ি) - তদ্ভফ (঴াত)। এ যওভ :
ঘভিওায - ঘম্যআয – ঘাভায (তদ্ভফ), ঘােঁদ (১০ তভ কফক঳এ঳),
ওান, ভাথা, ঳া঩ ইতযাকদ। তদ্ভফ ঱ব্দগুররারও ঔােঁকি ফাাংরা
঱ব্দ঑ ফরা ঴য়।
গ. অর্দ তৎসম শব্দ (Aa©-Zrmg A_© Avav ms¯‥…Z)
ফাাংরা বালায় কওঙু ঳াংস্কৃত ঱ব্দ কওকিৎ ঩কযফকতিত আওারয ফযফর৅ত
঴য়, এগুররাই অধি- তৎ঳ভ ঱ব্দ। যমভন : যচযাৎস্দা <
যচযাঙনা, শ্রাদ্ধ < যঙযাদ্দ, কৃক঴ণী < ককন্নী, বফষ্ণফ < যফাষ্টভ,
কুৎক঳ত < কুকিত।
ঘ. যিদশ শব্দ
ফাাংরারদর঱য আকদভ অকধফা঳ীরদয (রমভন: যওার, ভুণ্ডা প্রবৃকত)
বালা ঑ ঳াংস্কৃকতয কওঙু কওঙু উ঩াদান ফাাংরায় যকক্ষত যরয়রঙ। এ
঱ব্দগুররাই যদক঱ ঱ব্দ ক঴র঳রফ ঩কযকঘত। অরনও ঳ভয় এ঳ফ ঱রব্দয
ভূর কনধিাযণ ওযা মায় না; কওন্তু যওান বালা যথরও এর঳রঙ তায
঴কদ঳ যভরর। যমভন : কুকি – যওার বালা, য঩ি - তাকভর বালা,
ঘুরা - ভুন্ডাযী বালা। এরূ঩ কুরা, কঞ্জ, যঘাঙ্গা, যিা঩য,
ডাফ, ডাকয, যঘাঙ্গা, কডঙ্গা, যঢেঁকও ইতযাকদ যদক঱ ঱ব্দ।
যমভন: আয঑ কওঙু যদক঱ ঱রব্দয উদা঴যণ:
চীফচন্তু ঑ যঔওক঱য়ার, ফাফুই, যনাংকি, ঴ােঁকি, য঴ার,
঩রৄ঩াকঔ র৆তুভ ইতযাকদ
কৃ঴স্থাকর ঑ ঔারুই, ঘাকি, কঘভিা, ছািা, যঢেঁকও,
প্ররয়াচনীয় ঩াকতর, ফাঔাকয, ফাতা, কফঘাকর, দযচা
ইতযাকদ।
পরভূর ঑ ওঘু, উরি, ইঘি, চর঩াই, যপােঁ঩য,
ঔাদযদ্রফয যি঩াকয, ধুির, রাউ, থানকুকন, যথাি,
নরি, আভাকন, ভারর঩া, ফাতা঳া, চারুর,
ধকনঘা, কনক঳িা, য঴াকরা ইতযাকদ।
ভাঙ যিাংযা, যঘরা, ঩াযর঱, য঩ানা, ফািা,
যরঠা, কফঠা, কচার, ওাতরা ইতযাকদ।
কচকন঳঩ত্র য঳েঁউকত, যঢার, কুরা ইতযাকদ।
অন্যান্য ঱ব্দ কুকি, িযাঙ্গা, ডাফ, যছার, ডাভ, ভুকি,
ফারৃি, আরু, যডরা, ফিক঱, ঳িকও,
কুকি, চাউ, যছার, কছনুও, যঢার ইতযাকদ।
গ. কফরদক঱ ঱ব্দ
যাচতনকতও, ধভিীয়, ঳াংস্কৃকতকত ঑ ফাকণকচযও ওাযরণ
ফাাংরারদর঱ আকত কফকবন্ন বালাবালী ভানুরলয ফর৆ ঱ব্দ ফাাংরায় স্থান
ওরয কনরয়রঙ। এ঳ফ ঱ব্দরও ফরা ঴য় কফরদক঱ ঱ব্দ। এ঳ফ কফরদক঱
঱রব্দয ভরধয আযকফ, পাযক঳ এফাং ইাংরযকচ ঱ব্দই কফর঱লবারফ
উরেঔরমাকয। য঳ ওাররয ঳ভাচ চীফরনয প্ররয়াচনীয় উ঩ওযণরূর঩
কফরদক঱ ঱ব্দ এ যদর঱য বালায় কৃ঴ীত ঴রয়রঙ। এঙািা ঩তুিককচ,
পযাক঳, ঑রিাচ, তুকওি – এ঳ফ বালায঑ কওঙু ঱ব্দ এওইবারফ
ফাাংরা বালায় এর঳ যকরঙ। আভারদয ঩াশ্বিফতিী বাযত, ভায়ানভায
(ফাভিা), ভারয়, ঘীন, চা঩ান প্রবৃকত যদর঱য঑ কওঙু ঱ব্দ
আভারদয বালায় প্রঘকরত যরয়রঙ।
148 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
ক. আরদি শব্দ
ag©msµvšÍ Avjøvn, Bmjvg, Cgvb, Ihy, †Kvievbx,
KziAvb, wKqvgZ, †Mvmj, RvbœvZ, Rvnvbœvg,
ZIev, Zmwe, RvKvZ, n¾¡, nvw`m, nvivg,
nvjvj, nid, nvj, gmwR`, gnig, Avgj
ইতযাকদ।
cÖkvmwbK Av`vjZ, Av‡jg, Bbmvb, C` (B`),
I DwKj, IRi, GRjvm, G‡jg, Kvbyb, Kjg,
mvs¯‥…wZK wKZve, †K”Qv, LvwiR, Mv‡qe, †`vqvZ,
bM`, evwK, gnKzgv, gy‡Ýd, †gv³vi, ivqv,
Bkviv, Av`vq, Av`e, Kvq`v, Lei, LqivZ,
LvRbv, gvgjv ইতযাকদ।
Ab¨vb¨ wRwbm, Znwej, Zvgvg, `dv, idv, `wjj,
`vwLj, `ywbqv, †`bv, ARynvZ, ‡g․mywg, †jey,
kieZ, beve, AvKei, Rjmv, MRj,
†R․jym, gnjøv, Avwei, bvwRg, bRi,
‡gvjv‡qg, nvjyqv, kqZvb, Zzdvb, nvwRi,
B¾Z, nvgjv, wbKvn, b~i, d‡Zvqv, dvwRj,
dvq`v, e`j, gkvj, Kvgvj, AvgvbZ,
Mwie, Av‡°j, AvRe, AvZi, Avgj,
Avwgb, Avjer, Avmeve, Avmj, BbwKjve,
Bbvg, Iqvwik, Kei, Kvdb, KvwgR,
Kz`iZ, †LZve, LZg, ‡LmviZ, Rbve,
Rwqd, Rwigvbv, RvnvR gvZeŸi, gvj,
gvwjK, †ndvRZ, gymvwdi, gymwjg, †jey,
gyjZwe, gybvdv, †eviLv, gkjv, g‡°j
gq`vb,gb, gk¸j, `vIqvZ, eKjg,
IqvwKenvj, Kziwm, Kwj, •Kwdqr, kwid,
kixK, ZKwjd, Qwe, ZvjvK, †ZRivZ,
Zejv, †dvqviv, gkKiv, gqbv, ‡jvKmvb,
nvIqv, wmdZ, RvbvRv, gymwjgyb, knx`
BZ¨vw`|
g‡b ivLyb : †g․mywg †jeyi kieZ †L‡q Mv‡q AvZi †g‡L beve
AvKe‡ii Rjmv N‡i Kvq`v K‡i MRj Mvq Avi †R․jym
†`Lvq| GB Lei ï‡b gnjøvi `yB dvwRj Avwei I bvwRg Zvi
w`‡K Mfxi bRi w`‡j †g․mywg Zv‡`i‡K †gvjv‡qg nv‡Z
nvjyqv LvIqvq Ges e‡j kqZvb †Zvi AšÍ‡i Zzdvb nvwRi
nj, B¾‡Z nvgjv Kiwe bv KviY Kvgv‡ji AvgvbZ| Avwg
Mwie n‡Z cvwi wKš‘ Lvivc bv|
ঔ. dviwm kã : evsjv fvlvq wZb cÖKv‡ii dviwm kã cvIqv
hvq|
ag©msµvšÍ ‡Lv`v, ¸bvn, †`vRL, bvgvR, cqM¤^i,
†d‡ikZv, †e‡nkZ, †ivRv BZ¨vw`|
cÖkvmwbK KviLvbv, Pkgv, Revbew›`, ZvwiL,
I mvs¯‥…wZK †ZvkK, `dZi, `ievi, †`vKvb, `¯ÍLZ,
†`․jZ, bvwjk, ev`kvn, ev›`v, †eMg,
†g_i, im` BZ¨vw`|
evsjv fvlv 149 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
wewea `v‡ivqvb, AvRv`, `vjvb, AvZkevwR, `yiweb, Ab¨vb¨ Bs‡iR, wbjvg, gvK©v, µk, eviv›`v, †bvbv,
Av`wg, Avg`vwb, Rv‡bvqvi, wR›`v, wR›`vev`, whï, cvPvi, wgw¯¿, wMR©v (40Zg wewmGm),
bgybv, e`gvm, Avd‡mvm, †`wi, Avev`, idZvwb, †Kivwb, Kvgiv, Avqv, gvBwi, ¸`vg, Kwc,
†`vw¯Í, eviv›`v, Zvjvk, ZigyR, Pv`i, gRv, cvw`ª, KvKvZzqv, gmKiv, gvmyj, wdwiw½,
evwjk, †cqvjv, Zxi, `i`, Avqbv, †Pnviv, †ev‡¤^‡U ইতযাকদ।
eLwkk, e`, evRvi, Avjy, nv½vgv, †c‡ikvwb
(26Zg wewmGm), Avmgvb, cvÄvwe, †cvkvK, g‡b ivLyb †K․k‡j :
Av¯Ívbv, GKZviv, meyR, mewR, mycvwik, kvevk, o Avbvim AvjKvZiv Avjwcb,
kvw`, Kg, Lykx, Lvbmvgv, LyPiv, cvBKvwi, evMvb, Mvgjv evjwZ evmb mvevb,
mv`v, miKvi, eiLv¯Í, †Zvlvg`, Zxi›`vR, iwk`, ‡Zvqv‡j,
my`, †mZviv, gRv`vi, ‡MÖdZvi, Pkg‡Lvi, e¯Ív, wcwiP wc¯Íj †c‡iK †enjv,
gwiP, cvRvgv, `vMx, `wR©, `i‡ek, c`©v, Uzwc wdZv
Rvg`vwb, †Rvi`vi, Z›`y, †cvjvI, wk‡ivbvg, Pvwe wdZv †evZvg|
gvwnbv, `iRv, Kvgvb, `v‡ivqvb, †eZi, mivmwi,
mw`©, ebvg, KvimvwR, nvRvi, ev‡ej gv‡›`e, 02. divwm
‡mvqv, AvenvIqv, Av¯Ívbv, Av‡¯Í, I¯Ív`, Ij›`vR, w`‡bgvi, K¨v‡d, AvuZvZ, ey‡R©vqv, †i‡bmvum,
KzPKvIqvR, MvwjPv, †PvMv, †ePviv, iægvj, KvZz©R, Kzcb, wW‡cv, †i‡¯Ívivu, †kwgR, †LvivwK, g¨vwUwb,
†gby¨, GwjU, we¯‥zU, e¨v‡j, Avuk, gv`vg, M¨v‡iR ইতযাকদ।
wmcvwn, †Mvjvc, †Lvk, †`Iqvb, †eKvi, m‡d`,
kvjMg, digvb, R½j, Rvjv, wejvwZ BZ¨vw`| 03. Ij›`vR
B¯‥vcb, †UKKv, Zziæc, iæBZb, niZb BZ¨vw`|
g‡b ivLyb : Pkgvi †`vKvb`vi I KviLvbvi †g_i †ivRvi
w`‡b bvgvR bv covq †eMg ‡`․jZ bvgK GK ev`kvi Kv‡Q 04. wMÖK
bvwjk Ki‡jb| ZvB ï‡b ev`kv Zv‡`i‡K `iev‡i †W‡K দাভ (দ্রাঔরভ) (২৭তভ কফক঳এ঳), য঳ভাই (র঳ভাদাকরভ), সুিাং
`¯ÍLZ wb‡q Rv‡bvqvi I e`gvk e‡j Revbew›` wb‡q †Lv`v, (সুকযাংক্স), ইউনাকন।
†d‡ikZv †`vhL, †e‡n‡k‡Zi fq †`Lv‡jb Ges nv½vgv K‡i 05. BZvjxq : gvwdqv, g¨v‡R›Uv, m‡bU|
†c‡ikvb bv n‡q wR›`v bgybv wn‡m‡e wR›`vev` e‡j idZvwb 06. ‡gw·Kvb : P‡Kv‡jU
Ki‡jb| 07. ZzwK©
DReyK (31Zg wewmGm), †Kvg©v, e›`yK, evBwR (ভূর঱ব্দ
M. Bs‡iwR kã : evsjv fvlvq AvMZ Bs‡iwR k㸇jv `yB ফাকচ), eviæ`, mIMvZ, Kvey, ZKgv, KvuwP (24Zg wewmGm
fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| evwZj), LvZzb, Lvu, wewe, gyP‡jKv, AvjLvjøv, jvk, VvKzi,
অরনওিা BDwbfvwm©wU, BDwbqb, K‡jR, wUb, b‡fj, Dw`©, D`©y, Kzwj, Kzwb©k, †LvKv, eveywP©, PvKi, PvKz, †Zvc,
ইাংরযকচ †bvU, cvDWvi, †cwÝj, e¨vM, dzUej, `v‡ivMv, evev (38Zg wewmGm), †gvMj, †µvK, PKPK
উচ্চাযরণ gv÷vi, jvB‡eªwi, ¯‥zj, Kgv (32Zg BZ¨vw`|
wewmGm), G‡R›U (26Zg wewmGm) ইতযাকদ। ঙ. অনযানয িাষার শব্দ
পদরিদতদত আকপভ (Opium) , অকপ঳ (Office) , ইস্কুর
(School), ফাক্স (Box), ঴া঳঩াতার
01. ¸RivwU : LÏi, niZvj BZ¨vw`|
উচ্চাররে 02. gvjq : wKwiP, AvBjv (A_© : Wjwdb RvZxq wKQz)
(Hospital), যফাতর (Bottle) ইতযাকদ।
03. cvÄvwe : Pvwn`v, wkL BZ¨vw`|
04. wPbv : Pv, wPwb [12Zg wewmGm], mv¤úvb, wjPz, jywP,
ঘ. ইংররদি ছাড়া অনযানয ইউররাপীয় শব্দ GjvwP BZ¨vw`|
01. cZz©wMR 05. gvqvbgvi : jzw½, dzw½ BZ¨vw`| [evwg©Riv jyw½‡K dzw½ e‡j]
Lv`¨ cvDiæwU, †cu‡cu, AvPvi, †cqviv (23Zg 06. Rvcvwb : wi·v, nvwiwKwi, nvmbv‡nbv BZ¨vw`|
RvZxq wewmGm), Kvgiv½v, Avbvim, Kwd, mvjmv, 07. wmsnwj : wmWi (A_© : †PvL)|
mvey, evZvwe, ZvgvK, AvZv BZ¨vw`| 08. A‡÷ªjxq : ey‡givs, K¨v½viæ BZ¨vw`|
AvmevecÎ Avjwcb, mvevb, evjwZ (17Zg wewmGm), 09. `. Avwd«Kvb : †Reªv|
I e¯‘evPK Rvbvjv, †c‡iK, Avjgvwi, ‡evZvg, wdZv, 10. ‡ciæ : KzBbvBb|
†envjv, Mvgjv, †Zvqv‡j, AvjKvZiv, civZ 11. Rvg©vb : bvrwm|
(e„nr _vjv), B¯úvZ, wc¯Íj, †envjv, gv¯‘j, 12. Zvwgj : PziæU ev PziU|
Pvwe (10g wewmGm), eM©v BZ¨vw`| 13. wnw›`
evsjv fvlv 150 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
AvMog-evMog, Av”Qv, KvQvwi, Kvwnwb, KzËv, Lvg (LyuwU g‡b ivLvi m~Î : gayi MvqK KZ©e¨ cvjb bv K‡i eveyqvbv
A‡_©) LyRwj, †Ljbv, Mw`, Nveov‡bv, NylvNywl, Pvu‡`vqv, †m‡R †`․wn·K wb‡q wPKvgvi‡Z †Mj|
PvPv, PvUwb, PvUv, PvUvB, Pvbv (PvbvPzi), PvcvwZ (iæwU 02. iƒp ev iƒwp kã : cÖZ¨q ev DcmM©‡hv‡M MwVZ †h me
we‡kl), wPwoqv, †PvÆv, QvwZ (eyK A‡_©), Qvjyb, RvqMv, k‡ãi ey¨rcwËMZ A_© I e¨envwiK A_© Avjv`v nq,
wRjvwc, SvÛv, Sv‡gjv, Uàv, wVKvbv, V°i, Wvjcywi, Zv‡`i‡K iƒp ev iƒwp kã e‡j| †hgb :
wXjv, Zvi, `v`v, `vw`, `yjv, †avjvB, cvwb, dzdv, dzwd, o n¯Íx = n¯Í+Bb : A_©- n¯Í Av‡Q hvi| wKš‘ n¯Íx ej‡Z
eovB, †eUv, fimv, mywR, Iqvjv, wQbZvB, †Wiv, Unj, GKwU cï‡K †evSvq|
†Wgiv, B¯ÍK, MvO, dvjZz, wPwoqvLvbv, wccv, evey o M‡elYv = †Mv+GlYv : A_©- Miæ †LvuRv| eZ©gvb A_© :
BZ¨vw`| e¨vcK Aa¨qb I ch©v‡jvPbv|
o evuwk = evuk + Bb : A_©- •Zj RvZxq c`v_©| ïay
14. D`©y : AveŸy, KwjRv, NvMiv, Pzw½, wQwjg (Kwé A‡_©), wZjRvZ †¯œn c`v_© bq| †hgb : ev`vg †Zj|
Vzgwi, e`jv, njøv BZ¨vw`| o cÖexY = cÖ + exYv : A_©- cÖK…ó iƒ‡c exYv evRv‡Z cv‡ib
whwb| wKš‘ kãwU ÔAwfÁZvm¤úbœ eq¯‥ e¨w³Õ A_©
দমশ্র শব্দ e¨eüZ nq|
o m‡›`k = mg + †`k : A_©- kã I cÖZ¨qMZ A‡_©
†eUvBg (dviwm + Bs‡iwR) †nW-‡g․jfx (Bs‡iwR + Ômsev`Õ| wKš‘ iƒwp A‡_© Ôwgóvbœ we‡klÕ|
[24Zg wewmGm] dviwm) [36Zg wewmGm] g‡b ivLvi Dcvq : •Z‡j gvLv m‡›`k †L‡q evuwk wb‡q cÖexY
wLª÷vã (Bs‡iwR + Zrmg) c‡KUgvi (Bs‡iwR + evsjv) n¯Íxi wc‡V P‡o M‡elYv K‡i|
ivRv-ev`k (Zrmg + dviwm) gv÷vigkvB (Bs‡iwR + Z™¢e)
AvBbRxex (dviwm + Zrmg) nvU-evRvi (evsjv + dviwm) 03. †hvMiƒp kã : mgvm wb®úbœ †h me k‡ãi ey¨rcwËMZ A_©
†nW-cwÐZ (Bs‡iwR + Zrmg) Wv³vi-Lvbv (Bs‡iwR+dviwm) Avi e¨envwiK A_© Avjv`v nq, Zv‡`i‡K †hvMiƒp kã
‡P․-nwÏ (dviwm + Aviwe) kÖwgK-gvwjK (Zrmg + e‡j| †hgb :
[26Zg wewmGm] dviwm) o c¼R- c‡¼ R‡b¥ hv (Dcc` Zrcyiæl mgvm)| •kevj,
Kvwj-Kjg (evsjv + Aviwe) kvK-mewR (Zrmg + dviwm) kvjyK, cÙdzj cÖf…wZ bvbvwea Dw™¢` c‡¼ R‡b¥ _v‡K|
ZvR-gnj (dviwm + Aviwe) K…wó-KvjPvi (ms¯‥…Z + wKš‘ Ôc¼RÕ kãwU GKgvÎ ÔcÙdzjÕ A‡_©B e¨eüZ nq|
Bs‡iwR) ZvB c¼R GKwU †hvMiƒp kã|
Wv³vievey (Bs‡iwR + wnw›`) ‡fvU`vZv (Bs‡iwR + ms¯‥…Z) o ivRcyZ- ÔivRvi cyÎÕ Gi cwie‡Z© †hvMiƒp kã wn‡m‡e
dzj`vwb (Bs‡iwR + dviwm) nvwmLywk (ms¯‥…Z + dviwm) A_© n‡q‡Q ÔRvwZwe‡klÕ|
wbUj (evsjv + Zrmg) Pv-bv¯Ív (Pxbv + dviwm) o gnvhvÎv- Ôgnvmgv‡iv‡n hvÎvÕ Gi cwie‡Z© †hvMiƒp kã
Pvwe-KvwV (cZz©wMR + ms¯‥…Z) Revew`wn (Aviwe + dviwm) wn‡m‡e A_© n‡q‡Q Ôg„Zz¨Õ|
‡e‡nW (dviwm + Bs‡iwR) o Rjwa- ÔRj aviY K‡i GgbÕ A_© cwiZ¨vM K‡i Ômgy`ªÕ
অম্রচান (Oxygen) bw_ (File) A‡_© e¨eüZ nq|
ফযফস্থা঩ও (Manager) mwPe (Secretary) g‡b ivLvi Dcvq : ivRcyZ c¼R gnvhvÎv K‡i Rjwa †Mj|
স্দাতরওাত্তয (Post graduate) mvgwqKx (Periodical) k‡ãi MVbg~jK †kÖwYwefvM
উদমান (Hydrogen) cÖwkÿY (Training)
যফতায (Radio) ¯œvZK (Graduate) 01. †g․wjK kã : †h me kã‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j Avi †Kvb
kã cvIqv hvq bv, Zv‡`i‡K †g․wjK kã e‡j| A_v©r
঳ভাকপ্ত (Final) ঳ভীওযণ (Equation)
†h me kã‡K fvO‡j Avi †Kvb A_©m½wZc~Y© kã cvIqv
k‡ãi Drmg~jK †kÖwYwefvM hvq bv, Zv‡K †g․wjK kã e‡j| †hgb- †Mvjvc [36Zg
wewmGm], bvK, jvj, wZb BZ¨vw`|
01. ‡hŠwMK kã : †h mKj k‡ãi ey¨rcwËMZ A_© I
e¨envwiK A_© GKB iKg. Zv‡`i †h․wMK kã e‡j| GB k㸇jv‡K Avi fv½v hvq bv ev we‡kølY Kiv hvq bv|
Avi hw` †f‡½ bZzb kã cvIqvI hvq, Zvi mv‡_ kãwUi
A_©vr kã MV‡bi cÖwµqvq hv‡`i A_© cwiewZ©Z nq bv,
†Kvb A_©m½wZ _v‡K bv| †hgb : D`vni‡Yi †Mvjvc kãwU
Zv‡`i‡K †h․wMK kã e‡j| ‡hgb : fvO‡j †Mvj kãwU cvIqv hvq wKš‘ †Mvjvc kãwU †Mvj kã
ভধুয = ভধু + য - অথি : ভধুয ভরতা কভকষ্ট গুণ মুক্ত
†_‡K MwVZ nqwb| GB `ywU k‡ãi gv‡S †Kvb A_©m½wZI
কায়ও = বক + ণও (অও) - অথি : কান ওরয যম
bvB| †Zgwb ÔbvKÕ kãwU †f‡½ ÔbvÕ evbv‡bv †M‡jI ÔbvKÕ
ওতিফয = ওৃ + তফয - অথি : মা ওযা উকঘত
kãwU ÔbvÕ kãwU †_‡K Av‡mwb| A_©vr GB k㸇jv †g․wjK
ফাফুয়ানা = ফাফু + আনা - অথি : ফাফুয বাফ
যদৌক঴ত্র = রৃক঴তা + ষ্ণয - অথি : ওন্যায ঩ুত্র, নাকত
kã| Ô‡MvjvcÕ kãwUi mv‡_ ÔBÕ cÖZ¨q jvwM‡q Ô‡MvjvwcÕ
কঘওাভাযা = কঘও + ভাযা - অথি: যদ঑য়াররয করঔন
evbv‡Z cvwi Ges ÔbvKÕ kãwUi mv‡_ ÔdzjÕ kã †hvM K‡i
ÔbvKdzjÕ evbv‡Z cvwi|
evsjv fvlv 151 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
02. mvwaZ kã : ‡h me kã‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j A_©m½wZc~Y© 05. Ômy›`i gv‡ÎiB GKUv AvKl©Y kw³ Av‡Q|Õ-G ev‡K¨
wfbœ GKwU kã cvIqv hvq, Zv‡`i‡K mvwaZ kã e‡j| Ômy›`iÕ kãwU †Kvb c`? [24Zg wewmGm]
g~jZ, †g․wjK kã †_‡KB wewfbœ e¨vKiYwm× cÖwµqvq K. we‡kl¨ L. Ae¨q
mvwaZ kã MwVZ nq| †g․wjK kã mgvme× wKsev M. me©bvg N. wµqv DËi : K
cÖZ¨q ev DcmM© hy³ n‡q mvwaZ kã MwVZ nq| †hgb : 06. ÔZzwg GZÿY Kx K‡iQ?Õ- GB ev‡K¨ ÔKxÕ †Kvb c`?
Pvu‡`i gZ gyL (mgvme× n‡q) = Pvu`gyL [24Zg wewmGm]
Wze + Dwi (cÖZ¨q mvwaZ n‡q) = Wzeywi K. we‡klY L. Ae¨q
cÖ + kvmb (DcmM©‡hv‡M) = cÖkvmb M. me©bvg N. we‡kl¨ DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : ÔKxÕ me©bvg, we‡klY I wµqv-we‡klY iƒ‡c
e‡m| Aciw`‡K ÔwKÕ Ae¨q wn‡m‡e e‡m| A_©vr ÔKÕ
c`
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ n‡jv cÖkœ‡evaK Ae¨q| ÔwKÕ Gi DËi Ôn¨vuÕ ev ÔbvÕ w`‡q
01. wb‡Pi †KvbwU we‡kl¨ c`? [36Zg wewmGm] †`qv hvq| ÔKxÕ w`‡q cÖkœ Kiv n‡j Gi DËi w`‡Z gyL
K. RvZ L. ‣MwiK Lyj‡Z nq Ges ZLb GB ÔKxÕ †K ejv nq cÖkœ‡evaK
M. D×Z N. M¤¢xh© DËi : N me©bvg|
e¨vL¨v : ÔM¤¢xiÕ we‡klY Ges ÔM¤¢xh©Õ we‡kl¨| ÔRvZÕ 07. ÔZywg bv e‡jwQ‡j AvMvgxKvj Avm‡e?Õ-GB ev‡K¨ ÔbvÕ
kãwU A_©‡f‡` we‡kl¨ I we‡klY nq| eY©, eskMZ ev Gi e¨envi Kx A‡_©? [24Zg wewmGm]
Rb¥MZ mvgvwRK AwaKvi †evSv‡Z ÔRvZÕ we‡kl¨ c` nq K. bv-evPK L. n¨vu-evPK
Ges Drcbœ, Rb¥, cÖvK…Z, LvuwU, mÂq Kiv cÖf…wZ M. cÖkœ‡evaK N. we¯§qm~PK DËi : L
08. ÔjvRÕ †Kvb ai‡bi kã? [24Zg wewmGm (evwZj)]
†evSv‡j we‡klY c` nq| Ô‣MwiKÕ kãwUI we‡kl¨ I
K. we‡kl¨ L. we‡klY
we‡klY nq| †hgb- wMwigvwU, ¯^Y©, †Miæqv iO, †Miæqv
emb cÖf„wZ †evSv‡Z RvZ we‡kl¨ Ges GKB A‡_©B M. wµqv-we‡klY N. we‡k‡l¨i we‡klY D : K
†Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î kãwU‡K we‡klY wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z 09. †h c‡` ev‡K¨i wµqvc`wUi ¸Y, cÖK…wZ, ZxeªZv BZ¨vw`
†`Lv hvq| ‡evSvq, Zv‡K ejv nq- [23Zg wewmGm (gyw³‡hv×v
mšÍvb)]
02. ÔG †h †Pbv †jvKÕ ev‡K¨ Ô‡PbvÕ †Kvb c`? [36Zg K. wµqvevPK we‡klY
wewmGm] L. wµqvwe‡klY
K. we‡kl¨ L. Ae¨q M. wµqvwe‡kl¨RvZ we‡klY
M. wµqv N. we‡klY DËi : N N. wµqvwefw³ DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : ev‡K¨ ‡jvK kãwU we‡kl¨| we‡kl¨ wn‡m‡e 10. wµqvc`- [21Zg wewmGm]
e¨eüZ Ô‡jvKÕ kãwU‡K we‡klvwqZ K‡i‡Q Ô‡PbvÕ K. memg‡q ev‡K¨ _vK‡e
kãwU| ZvB ev‡K¨ Ô‡PbvÕ GKwU we‡klY c‡`i L. ïay AZxZKvj †evSv‡Z ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ nq
D`vniY| M. KL‡bv KL‡bv ev‡K¨ Dn¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i
03. ÔjeYÕ k‡ãi we‡kl¨ †KvbwU? [35Zg wewmGm] N. Avm‡j we‡klY †_‡K Awfbœ DËi : M
K. †bvbZv L. jeYv³ 11. wfÿzKUv †h †cQ‡b †j‡MB i‡q‡Q, Kx wec`! G ev‡K¨
M. jveY¨ N. jwjZ DËi : ‡bvU ÔKxÕ Gi A_©- [22Zg wewmGm]
K. fq L. ivM
e¨vL¨v : ÔjeYÕ we‡kl¨ kãwUi A_©- ÿvihy³ `ªe¨ ev byb| M. weiw³ N. wec` DËi : M
Gi we‡klY ÔjeYv³Õ| Ack‡b mwVK DËi bvB| 12. Ôc`Õ ej‡Z wK †evSvq? [20Zg wewmGm]
04. ÔG gvwU †mvbvi evovÕ- G D×…wZ‡Z Ô‡mvbvÕ †Kvb A‡_© K. KweZvi PiY
e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q? L. †h †Kvb kã
K. we‡kl‡Yi AwZkvqb M. cÖZ¨qvšÍ kã ev avZz
L. Dcv`vbevPK we‡klY N. wefw³hy³ kã ev avZz DËi : N
M. iƒcevPK we‡klY e¨vL¨v : c` ej‡Z wefw³hy³ kã ev avZz‡K †evSvq|
N. we‡aq we‡klY DËi : K ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ cÖ‡Z¨KwU A_©‡evaK kã‡K c` e‡j|
e¨vL¨v : we‡klY c` hLb `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK we‡kl¨ c‡`i Ab¨w`‡K cÖZ¨q kã ej‡Z avZz ev cÖwZcw`‡Ki mv‡_
g‡a¨ ¸Y, Ae¯’v, cwigvY cÖf…wZ wel‡q Zzjbvq G‡Ki cÖZ¨q hy³ nIqv‡K ‡evSvq| avZzi mv‡_ cÖZ¨q hy³
DrKl© ev AcKl© eywS‡q _v‡K, ZLb Zv‡K we‡kl‡Yi nIqv‡K e‡j K…r cÖZ¨q Ges cÖwZcw`K ev bvgc‡`i
AwZkvqb e‡j| we¯ÍvwiZ e¨vL¨v g~j Av‡jvPbvq i‡q‡Q| mv‡_ cÖZ¨q hy³ nIqv‡K e‡j Zw×Z cÖZ¨q|
evsjv fvlv 152 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
13. †Kvb evK¨wU Øviv Aby‡iva †evSvq? [18Zg wewmGm] K. kã L. KviK
K. ZzB evwo hv M. c` N. wµqvc` DËi : M
L. Kvj GKevi G‡mv
M. ÿgv Ki †gvi Aciva c`
N. `~i nI DËi : L ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ wefw³hy³ kã I avZz‡K c` e‡j| c`¸‡jv
14. Ôgwi gwi! wK my›`i cÖfv‡Zi iƒcÕ- ev‡K¨ Ôgwi gwiÕ ‡Kvb cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi| h_v :
ai‡bi Ae¨q? [18Zg wewmGm] me¨q c` Ae¨q c`
K. mgš^qx L. Abš^qx me¨q c` Pvi cÖKvi :
M. c`vš^qx N. AbyKvi DËi : L
we‡kl¨ we‡klY me©bvg wµqv
15. avZzi ci †Kvb cÖZ¨q hy³ K‡i fveevPK we‡kl¨ eySvq?
[18Zg wewmGm] myZivs c` †gvU cvuP cÖKvi :
K. Avb L. AvB we‡kl¨ we‡klY me©bvg Ae¨q wµqv
M. Avj N. AvI DËi : L + N wb‡Pi evK¨wU †Lqvj Kiæb :
16. ÔB”QvÕ we‡k‡l¨i we‡klY wb‡`©k Kiæb| [15Zg wewmGm]
K. B”Qvgq L. Hw”QK `ytmvnmx AwfhvÎxiv gvby‡li wPišÍb Kíbvi ivR¨ Pvu‡`i †`‡k
M. B”QzK N. Awb”QzK DËi : L †c․u‡Q‡Qb Ges g½jMÖ‡nI hvIqvi Rb¨ Zvuiv cÖ¯‘Z n‡”Qb|
17. RvwZevPK we‡k‡l¨i `„óvšÍ- [14Zg wewmGm] 01. we‡kl¨ : AwfhvÎx, gvbyl, Kíbv, ivR¨, †`k, g½jMÖn
K. mgvR L. cvwb 02. we‡klY : `ytmvnmx, wPišÍb, cÖ¯‘Z
M. wgwQj N. b`x DËi : N 03. me©bvg : Zvuiv
04. wµqvc` : †c․u‡Q‡Qb, n‡”Qb, hvIqvi (AmgvwcKv
e¨vL¨v : Ôb`xÕ RvwZevPK we‡k‡l¨i D`vniY| ÔmgvRÕ I wµqv)
ÔwgwQjÕ mgwóevPK we‡k‡l¨i `„óvšÍ| ÔcvwbÕ e¯‘evPK 05. Ae¨q : Ges, Rb¨
we‡k‡l¨i `„óvšÍ|
18. †Kvb ev‡K¨ mgvwcKv wµqv e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q? [13Zg we‡kl¨ c`
wewmGm] ‡Kvb wKQzi bvg‡K we‡kl¨ c` e‡j| ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ †h mg¯Í
K. Avwg fvZ †L‡qwQ c` Øviv †Kvb e¨w³, RvwZ, mgwó, e¯‘, ¯’vb, Kvj, fve, Kg©
L. Avwg `ycy‡i fvZ LvB ev ¸‡Yi bvg †evSv‡bv nq Zv‡K we‡kl¨ c` e‡j|
M. Avwg fvZ †L‡q ¯‥z‡j hve
N. ZvovZvwo fvZ †L‡q IV DËi : L  we‡kl¨ c` Qq cÖKvi| h_v :
01. bvgevPK we‡kl¨ (Proper Noun)
e¨vL¨v : †h wµqv Øviv ev‡K¨i †kl nq Ges e³vi
02. RvwZevPK we‡kl¨ (Common Noun)
g‡bvfve m¤úbœ nq, Zv‡K mgvwcKv wµqv e‡j| cyiæl I
Kvj‡f‡` mgvwcKv wµqvi iƒ‡ci cwieZ©b nq| †hgb : 03. e¯‘evPK we‡kl¨ (Material Noun)
†Q‡jiv †Ljv Ki‡Q| G eQi eb¨vq dm‡ji ÿwZ 04. mgwóevPK we‡kl¨ (Collective Noun)
n‡q‡Q| Avwg `ycy‡i fvZ LvB| 05. fveevPK we‡kl¨ (Verbal Noun)
06. ¸YevPK we‡kl¨ (Abstract Noun)
19. ‡Kvb ev‡K¨ mgy”Pqx Ae¨q e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q? [13Zg
01. bvgevPK we‡kl¨ : †h c` Øviv †Kvb e¨w³, †f․‡MvwjK
wewmGm]
¯’vb ev msÁv Ges MÖš’we‡k‡li bvg weÁvwcZ nq, Zv‡K
K. ab A‡cÿv gvb eo
msÁv ev bvgevPK we‡kl¨ ejv nq|
L. †Zvgv‡K w`‡q wKQz n‡e bv
e¨w³i bvg bRiæj, KvImvi, kvgxg, Lvqiæj
M. Xs Xs NÈv ev‡R
N. †jLvcov Ki, bZzev †dj Ki‡e DËi : N ‡f․‡MvwjK ¯’v‡bi bvg XvKv, iscyi, w`wjø, ivwP
‡f․‡MvwjK (b`x, ce©Z, mgy`ª BZ¨vw`), †gNbv,
e¨vL¨v : †h Ae¨q c` GKwU ev‡K¨i m‡½ Ab¨ GKwU msÁv wngvjq, AvUjvw›UK|
ev‡K¨i A_ev evK¨w¯’Z GKwU c‡`i m‡½ Ab¨ GKwU MÖ‡š’i bvg MxZvÄwj, AwMœexYv, †`‡k-we‡`‡k,
c‡`i ms‡hvRb, we‡qvRb ev ms‡KvPb NUvq, Zv‡K wek^bex, mvZ bixi nvi|
mgy”Pqx Ae¨q ev m¤^ÜevPK Ae¨q e‡j| cÖ`Ë
Ackbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ ÔNÕ mgy”Pqx Ae¨‡qi D`vniY| KviY 02. RvwZevPK we‡kl¨ : †h c` Øviv †Kvb GKRvZxq cÖvYx ev
ev, A_ev, bZzev, bv nq, bq‡Zv k㸇jv we‡qvRK c`v‡_©i mvaviY bvg †evSvq, Zv‡K RvwZevPK we‡kl¨
Ae¨q| e‡j| †hgb: Miæ, cvwL, gvbyl, MvQ, ce©Z, b`x,
Bs‡iwR|
20. wefw³hy³ kã I avZz‡K e‡j- [11Zg wewmGm]
evsjv fvlv
03. e¯‘evPK we‡k‡l¨ : †h c‡` †Kvb Dcv`vbevPK c`v‡_©i 
bvg †evSvq, Zv‡K e¯‘evPK ev `ªe¨evPK we‡kl¨ e‡j|
GB RvZxq e¯‘i msL¨v I cwigvY wbY©q Kiv hvq| †hgb:
eB, LvZv, Kjg, _vjv, evwU, gvwU, Pvj, wPwb, jeY,
cvwb|
04. mgwóevPK we‡kl¨ : †h c‡` †Kv‡bv wµqvi fve ev
Kv‡Ri fve cÖKvwkZ nq, Zv‡K fveevPK we‡kl¨ e‡j|
h_v- mfv, RbZv, mwgwZ, cÂv‡qZ, gvnwdj, SvuK,
eni, `j|
05. fveevPK we‡kl¨ : †h we‡kl¨ c‡` †Kv‡bv wµqvi fve ev
Kv‡Ri fve cÖKvwkZ nq, Zv‡K fveevPK we‡kl¨ e‡j|
h_v- Mgb (hvIqvi fve ev KvR), `k©b (‡`Lvi KvR),
†fvRb (LvIqvi KvR), kqb (‡kvqvi KvR), †`Lv,
†kvbv|
06. ¸YevPK we‡kl¨ : †h we‡kl¨ c` Øviv †Kv‡bv e¯‘i †`vl
ev ¸‡Yi bvg †evSvq, Zv-B ¸YevPK we‡kl¨| h_v-
gayi wgó‡Z¡i ¸Y- gayiZv, Zij `ª‡e¨i ¸Y- Zvij¨, 
wZ³ `ª‡e¨i †`vl ev ¸Y- wZ³Zv BZ¨vw`| Z`ªæc :
†m․if, ¯^v¯’¨, †h․eb, myL, `ytL|
we‡klY c`
‡h c` we‡kl¨, me©bvg I wµqvc‡`i †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v,
msL¨v, cwigvY BZ¨vw` cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K we‡klY c` e‡j|
o PjšÍ Mvwo : we‡kl‡Yi we‡klY
o KiæYvgq Zzwg : me©bv‡gi we‡klY
o `ªæZ Pj : wµqv we‡klY
cÖKvi‡f` : we‡klY c`‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v :
bvg we‡klY we‡kwlZ K‡i we‡kl¨ I me©bvg c`‡K|
fve we‡klY we‡kl¨ I me©bvg wfbœ Ab¨ c`‡K
we‡kwlZ K‡i|
01. bvg we‡klY : †h we‡klY c` †Kvb we‡kl¨ ev me©bvg
c`‡K we‡kwlZ K‡i Zv‡K bvg we‡klY e‡j| h_v :
o we‡k‡l¨i we‡klY : my¯’ mej †`n‡K †K bv
fvjev‡m?
o me©bv‡gi we‡klY : ‡m iƒcevb I ¸Yevb|
 bvg we‡kl‡Yi cÖKvi‡f`
iƒcevPK bxj AvKvk, meyR gvV, Kv‡jv †gN
¸YevPK †P․Km †jvK, `ÿ KvwiMi, VvÛv evZvm
Ae¯’vevPK ZvRv gvQ, †ivMv †Q‡j, †Lvuov cv
msL¨vevPK nvRvi †jvK, k UvKv
µgevPK `kg †kÖwY, mËi c„ôv, cÖ_gv Kb¨v
cwigvYevPK weNv‡UK Rwg, cvuP kZvsk Rwg, nvRvi
Ubx RvnvR, GK †KwR Pvj, `y
wK‡jvwgUvi iv¯Ív|
AskevPK A‡a©K m¤úwË, †lvj Avbv `Lj, wmwK c_
Dcv`vbevPK †e‡j gvwU, †g‡U Kjwm, cv_y‡i g~wZ©
cÖkœevPK KZ`~i c_? †Kgb Ae¯’v?
wbw`©óZvÁvcK GB †Q‡j, †mB †Q‡j, QvweŸ‡‡k gvP©|
153 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
wewfbœ we‡klY MV‡bi c×wZ
wµqvRvZ nviv‡bv m¤úwË, Lvevi cvwb, AbvMZ w`b|
Ae¨qRvZ Av”Qv gvbyl, Dcwi cvIbv, nVvr eo‡jvK|
me©bvg RvZ K‡eKvi K_v, †Kv_vKvi †K, ¯^xq m¤úwË|
mgvmwm× †eKvi, wbqg-weiæ×, Ávbnviv, †P․Pvjv Ni|
AbyKvi KbK‡b kxZ, kbk‡b nvIqv, wawKwawK
Ae¨qRvZ Av¸b|
exávg~jK nvwmnvwm gyL, Kvu`Kvu` †Pnviv, WzeyWzey
Ae¨qRvZ †b․Kv|
K…`šÍ K…Zx mšÍvb, Rvbv‡kvbv †jvK, cv‡q-Pjv
c_, üZ m¤úwË, AZxZ Kvj|
Zw×ZvšÍ RvZxq m¤ú`, •bwZK ej, †g‡Vv c_|
DcmM©RvZ wbLyuZ KvR, AcüZ m¤ú`, wbR©jv wg‡_¨|
we‡`wk bv¯Ívbyey` Ae¯’v, jvIqvwik gvj, jv‡LivR
m¤úwË, `icËwb ZvjyK|
fve we‡kl‡Yi cÖKvi‡f`
01. wµqv we‡klY 02. we‡kl‡Yi we‡klY
03. Ae¨‡qi we‡klY 04. ev‡K¨i we‡klY
01. wµqv we‡klY : †h c` wµqv msMV‡bi fve, Kvj ev iƒc
wb‡`©k K‡i, Zv‡K wµqv we‡klY e‡j| h_v :
o wµqv msMV‡bi fve : ax‡i ax‡i evqy eq|
o wµqv msMV‡bi Kvj : c‡i GKevi G‡mv|
02. we‡klYxq we‡klY : †h c` bvg we‡klY A_ev wµqv
we‡klY‡K we‡kwlZ K‡i, Zv‡K we‡klYxq we‡klY
e‡j| h_v :
o bvg we‡kl‡Yi we‡klY : mvgvb¨ GKUz `ya `vI| G
e¨vcv‡i AwZkq `ytwLZ|
o wµqv we‡kl‡Yi we‡klY : i‡KU AwZ `ªæZ P‡j|
03. Ae¨‡qi we‡klY : †h fve-we‡klY Ae¨q c` A_ev
Ae¨q c‡`i A_©‡K we‡klvwqZ K‡i, Zv‡K Ae¨‡qi
we‡klY e‡j| h_v :
o waK& Zv‡i, kZ waK& wbj©¾ †h Rb|
04. ev‡K¨i we‡klY : KL‡bv KL‡bv †Kvb we‡klY c` GKwU
m¤ú~Y© evK¨‡K we‡kwlZ Ki‡Z cv‡i, ZLb Zv‡K
ev‡K¨i we‡klY ejv nq| h_v :
o `yf©vM¨µ‡g †`k Avevi bvbv mgm¨vRv‡j Ave× n‡q
c‡o‡Q|
o ev¯ÍweKB AvR Avgv‡`i KwVb cwikÖ‡gi cÖ‡qvRb|
we‡kl‡Yi AwZkvqb
we‡klY c` hLb `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK we‡kl¨ c‡`i g‡a¨ ¸Y,
Ae¯’v, cwigvY cÖf…wZ wel‡q Zzjbvq G‡Ki DrKl© ev AcKl©
eywS‡q _v‡K, ZLb Zv‡K we‡kl‡Yi AwZkvqb e‡j| †hgb :
o hgybv GKwU `xN© b`x, cÙv `xN©Zi, wKš‘ †gNbv
evsjv‡`‡ki `xN©Zg b`x|
evsjv fvlv
o m~h©, c„w_ex I P‡›`ªi g‡a¨ Zzjbvq m~h© e„nËg, c„w_ex g~j we‡klY `y‡qi Zzjbvq
P‡›`ªi †P‡q e„nËi Ges P›`ª c„w_ex A‡cÿv jNy
ÿz`ªZi|
 we‡kl‡Yi AwZkvqb
evsjv k‡ãi AwZkvqb
Zrmg k‡ãi AwZkvqb
01. evsjv k‡ãi AwZkvqb
o evsjv k‡ãi AwZkvq‡b `y‡qi g‡a¨ PvB‡Z, †P‡q,
nB‡Z, n‡Z, A‡cÿv, †_‡K BZ¨vw` kã e¨eüZ
nq| Gme ‡ÿ‡Î `y‡qi g‡a¨ ZviZg¨ †evSv‡Z cÖ_g  GKB c‡`i we‡kl¨ I we‡klY iƒ‡c cÖ‡qvM
we‡kl¨wU cÖvqB lôx wefw³hy³ n‡q _v‡K Ges g~j fv‡jv we‡klY iƒ‡c fv‡jv evwo cvIqv KwVb|
we‡kl‡Yi ci †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq bv| h_v:
K. Miæi †_‡K †Nvovi `vg †ewk|
L. ev‡Ni †_‡K wmsn ejevb|
o eûi g‡a¨ AwZkvqb : A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ G‡Ki DrKl© ev
AcKl© †evSv‡Z g~j we‡kl‡Yi ‡Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq
bv| g~j we‡kl‡Yi c~‡e© mePvB‡Z, me‡P‡q, me wbkx_ we‡klY iƒ‡c wbkx_ iv‡Z evR‡Q evuwk|
†_‡K, me©v‡cÿv, mev©waK cÖf…wZ kã e¨envi nq|
h_v :
K. beg †kÖwYi Qv·`i g‡a¨ Kwig me‡P‡q eyw×gvb
L. fvB‡`i g‡a¨ wegjB me©v‡cÿv eyw×gvb|
o `ywU e¯‘i g‡a¨ AwZkvq‡b †Rvi w`‡Z n‡j g~j
we‡kl‡Yi Av‡M A‡bK, AwaK, †ewk, Aí, Kg,
AwaKZi cÖf…wZ we‡klYxq we‡klY †hvM Ki‡Z nq|
h_v :
cÙdyj †Mvjv‡ci PvB‡Z A‡bK my›`i| wN‡qi †P‡q
`ya †ewk DcKvix|
o KL‡bv KL‡bv lôx wefw³hy³ k‡ã lôx wefw³B
†P‡q, †_‡K cÖf…wZ k‡ãi Kvh©mvab K‡i| †hgb :
G gvwU †mvbvi evov|
02. Zrmg k‡ãi AwZkvqb
o Zrmg k‡ãi AwZkvq‡b `y‡qi g‡a¨ ÔZiÕ Ges eûi
g‡a¨ ÔZgÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q _v‡K| ‡hgb : ¸iæ-
¸iæZi-¸iæZg| `xN©-`xN©Zi-`xN©Zg|
‡R‡b ivLyb : ÔZiÕ cÖZ¨qhy³ we‡klYwU kÖæwZKUz n‡j ÔZiÕ
cÖZ¨q hy³ bv K‡i we‡kl‡Yi c~‡e© ÔAwaKZiÕ kãwU †hvM
Ki‡Z nq|
o eûi g‡a¨ AwZkvq‡b Zzjbxq e¯‘i D‡jøL bv K‡iI
ÔZgÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡Z cv‡i| ‡hgb :
‡gNbv evsjv‡`‡ki `xN©Zg b`x
‡`k †mevi gnËg eªZB •mwb‡Ki `xÿv
o Zrmg k‡ã AwZkvq‡b `y‡qi g‡a¨ Zzjbxq ÔCqmÕ
cÖZ¨q Ges eûi g‡a¨ Zzjbvq ÔBôÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ nq|
evsjvq mvaviYZ ÔCqmÕ cÖZ¨qvšÍ k㸇jv e¨eüZ
nq bv| †hgb :
154 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
eûi Zzjbvq
jwNqvb jwNô
Aí Kbxqvb (evsjvq e¨envi bvB) Kwbô
e„× R¨vqb ‡R¨ô
‡kÖ q ‡kÖ q vb ‡kÖô
D`vniY : wZb fvB‡qi g‡a¨ iwng ‡R¨ô Ges Kwig Kwbô|
msL¨v¸‡jvi jwNô mvaviY ¸wYZK †ei Ki|
o ÔCqmÕ cÖZ¨qvšÍ †Kvb †Kvb k‡ãi ¯¿xwj½ iƒc evsjvq
cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| †hgb : f~qmx cÖksmv|
we‡kl¨ iƒ‡c Avcb fv‡jv mevB Pvq|
g›` we‡klY iƒ‡c g›` K_v ej‡Z †bB|
we‡kl¨ iƒ‡c GLv‡b Kx g›`Uv Zzwg †`L‡j?
my›`i we‡klY iƒ‡c mK‡jB my›`i K_v ej‡Z cv‡i bv|
we‡kl¨ iƒ‡c my›`i gv‡ÎiB GKwU AvKl©Y kw³ Av‡Q|
we‡kl¨ iƒ‡c Mfxi wbkx‡_ cÖK…wZ myß
kxZ we‡klY iƒ‡c kxZKv‡j Kzqvkv c‡o|
we‡kl¨ iƒ‡c kx‡Zi mKv‡j Pviw`K Kzqvkvq AÜKvi|
me©bvg c`
we‡k‡l¨i cwie‡Z© †h kã e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡K me©bvg c`
e‡j| evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ me©bvgmg~n‡K K‡qKwU fv‡M fvM
Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
01. e¨w³evPK ev cyiælevPK : Avwg, Avgiv, Zzwg, †m
Zvnviv, wZwb, Zvuiv, G, Giv, I, Iiv BZ¨vw`|
02. AvZ¥evPK : ¯^qs, wb‡R, †Lv`, Avcwb|
03. mgxc¨evPK : G, GB, Giv, Bnviv, Bwb BZ¨vw`|
04. `~iZ¡evPK : H, Hme|
05. mvKzj¨evPK : me, mKj, mgy`q, Zver|
06. cÖkœevPK : ‡K, wK, Kx : †Kvb, Kvi, wK‡m?
07. Awbw`©óZvÁvcK : †Kvb, †Kn, †KD, wKQz|
08. e¨wZnvwiK : Avcbv Avcwb, wb‡R wb‡R, Avc‡m,
ci¯úi BZ¨vw`|
09. ms‡hvMÁvcK : †h, whwb, hvuiv, hviv, hvnviv
BZ¨vw`|
10. Ab¨vw`evPK : Ab¨, Aci, ci BZ¨vw`|
 me©bvg c‡`i cyiæl
ÔcyiælÕ GKwU cvwifvwlK kã| we‡kl¨, me©bvg I wµqviB
cyiæl Av‡Q| we‡klY I Ae¨‡qi cyiæl †bB| e¨vKi‡Y cyiæl
wZb cÖKvi|
01. DËg cyiæl : ¯^qs e³vB DËg cyiæl| Avwg, Avgiv,
Avgv‡K, Avgv‡`i BZ¨vw` me©bvg kã DËg cyiæl|
02. ga¨g cyiæl : cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e DwÏó e¨w³ ev †kÖvZvB ga¨g
cyiæl| Zzwg, †Zvgiv, †Zvgv‡K †Zvgv‡`i †Zvgvw`M‡K,
Avcwb, Avcbviv, Avcbv‡`i cÖf…wZ me©bvg kã ga¨g
cyiæl|
evsjv fvlv 155 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
03. bvg cyiæl : Abycw¯’Z A_ev c‡ivÿfv‡e DwÏó e¨w³, K. ms‡hvRK Ae¨q :
e¯‘ ev cÖvYxB bvg cyiæl| †m, Zviv, Zvnviv, Zv‡`i, o D”Pc` I mvgvwRK gh©v`v mK‡jB Pvq| GLv‡b ÔIÕ
Zvnv‡K, wZwb, Zvu‡K, Zvuiv, Zvu‡`i cÖf…wZ bvg cyiæl| Ae¨qwU evK¨w¯’Z `ywU c‡`i ms‡hvRb K‡i‡Q|
(mg¯Í we‡kl¨ c`B bvg cyiæl) o wZwb mr, ZvB mK‡jB Zvu‡K kÖ×v K‡i| GLv‡b ÔZvBÕ
 me©bv‡gi wewkó cÖ‡qvM Ae¨qwU `ywU ev‡K¨i ms‡hvRb NUv‡”Q| Avi,
01. webq cÖKv‡k DËg cyiæ‡li GKeP‡b `xb, Aag, ev›`v, AwaKš‘, myZivs k㸇jv ms‡hvRK Ae¨q|
†meK, `vm cÖf…wZ e¨eüZ nq| h_v- ÔAvÁv Ki `v‡m, L. we‡qvRK Ae¨q :
kvw¯Í biva‡g, `x‡bi AviR| o nv‡mg wKsev Kv‡mg Gi Rb¨ `vqx| GLv‡b ÔwKsevÕ
02. Q›`eÜ KweZvq mvaviYZ ÔAvgivÕ ¯’v‡b gg, ÔAvgv‡`iÕ Ae¨qwU `ywU evK¨vs‡ki we‡qvRK|
¯’v‡b †gv‡`i Ges ÔAvgivÕ ¯’v‡b †gviv e¨eüZ nq| o Ôg‡š¿i mvab wKsev kixi cvZbÕ| GLv‡b ÔwKsevÕ
†hgb- Ô‡K eywS‡e e¨_v ggÕ| Ô‡gv‡`i Mie, †gv‡`i Ae¨qwU `ywU evK¨vs‡ki we‡qvRK|
Avkv, Av gwi! evsjv fvlvÕ| Ôÿz`ª wkï †gviv, Kwi
†Zvgvwi e›`bvÕ| Avgiv †Póv K‡iwQ e‡U, wKš‘ K…ZKvh© n‡Z cvwiwb| GLv‡b
03. Dcv‡m¨i cÖwZ mvaviYZ ÔAvcwbÕ ¯’v‡b Zzwg cÖhy³ nq| ÔwKšÍÕ Ae¨q `ywU ev‡K¨i we‡qvRK| ev, A_ev, bZzev, bv nq,
†hgb- (Dcv‡m¨i cÖwZ f³) ÔcÖfz, Zzwg iÿv Ki G `xb bq‡Zv k㸇jv we‡qvRK Ae¨q|
†me‡K| M. ms‡KvPK Ae¨q : wZwb weØvb, A_P mr e¨w³ bb| GLv‡b
04. Awfb›`bcÎ iPbvqI A‡bK mgq m¤§vwbZ e¨w³‡K ÔA_PÕ Ae¨qwU `ywU ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ fv‡ei ms‡KvP mvab
ÔZzwgÕ m‡¤^vab Kiv nq| K‡i‡Q| wKš‘, eis, k㸇jvI ms‡KvPK Ae¨q|
05. Zzwg : NwbôRb, AvcbRb ev mgeq¯‥ mv_x‡`i cÖwZ
e¨envh©| N. AbyMvgx mgy”Pqx Ae¨q : †h mKj Ae¨q ev‡K¨i Ab¨ c‡`i
ZzB : Zz”Qv‡_© e¨eüZ nq, NwbôZv †evSv‡ZI Avgiv ZyB m‡½ †Kv‡bv m¤^Ü bv †i‡L ¯^vaxbfv‡e bvbvwea fve cÖKv‡k
e¨envi Kwi| e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡`i AbyMvgx mgy”Pqx Ae¨q e‡j| †hgb-
o wZwb GZ cwikÖg K‡ib †h Zvi ¯^v¯’¨f½ nIqvi
Ae¨q c` Avk¼v Av‡Q|
b e¨q = Ae¨q| hvi e¨q ev cwieZ©b nq bv, A_©vr hv o AvR hw` (kZ© evPK) cvwi, GKevi †mLv‡b hve|
AcwieZ©bxq ZvB Ae¨q c`| Ae¨q k‡ãi mv‡_ †Kv‡bv o Gfv‡e †Póv Ki‡e †hb K…ZKvh© n‡Z cv‡iv|
wefw³wPý hy³ nq bv| †m¸‡jvi GKePb ev eûePb nq bv 02. Abš^qx Ae¨q : †h mKj Ae¨q ev‡K¨i Ab¨ c‡`i m‡½
Ges †m¸‡jvi ¯¿x ev cyiælevPKZv wbY©q Kiv hvq bv| †Kvb m¤úK© bv †i‡L ¯^vaxbfv‡e bvbvwea fve cÖKv‡k
evsjv Ae¨q kã : Avi, Avevi, I , n¨vu, bv BZ¨vw`| e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡`i Abš^qx Ae¨q e‡j| †hgb-
Zrmg Ae¨q kã : hw`, h_v, m`v, mnmv, A_©vr, o D”Q¡vm cÖKv‡k : gwi gwi ! Kx my›`i cÖfv‡Zi iƒc !
eis, cybð, AvcvZZ, e¯‘Z, BZ¨vw`| ÔGesÕ I GLv‡b Ôgwi gwiÕ Gi mv‡_ g~j ev‡K¨i †Zgb †Kvb
ÔmyZivsÕ Zrmg kã n‡jI evsjvq G¸‡jvi A_© m¤úK© †bB| GwU QvovI evK¨wU m¤úbœ n‡e|
cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| ms¯‥…‡Z ÔGesÕ k‡ãi A_© Ggb, o m¤§wZ cÖKv‡k : Avwg AvR AvjeZ hve| wbðqB
Avi ÔmyZivsÕ A_© AZ¨šÍ, Aek¨| wKš‘ Ges = I cvie|
(evsjv), myZivs = AZGe (evsjv)| o Aby‡gv`bevPKZvq : Avcwb hLb ej‡Qb, †ek †Zv
we‡`wk Ae¨q kã : AvjeZ, eûZ, Lye, kvevk, Lvmv, Avwg hve|
gvBwi, gvinvev BZ¨vw`| o mg_©bm~PK Rev‡e : Avcwb hv Rv‡bb Zv †Zv wVKB
e‡U|
 Ae¨‡qi cÖKvi‡f` o hš¿Yv cÖKv‡k : D: ! cv‡q eÇ †j‡M‡Q| bv:! G Kó
01. mgy”Pqx Ae¨q 02. Abš^qx Ae¨q Amn¨|
03. AbymM© Ae¨q 04. AbyKvi ev aŸb¨vZ¥K Ae¨q
 evK¨vjsKvi Ae¨q : K‡qKwU Ae¨q kã wbi_©Kfv‡e
01. mgy”Pqx Ae¨q : †h Ae¨q c` GKwU ev‡K¨i m‡½ Ab¨ e¨eüZ n‡q ev‡K¨i †kvfvea©b K‡i, G‡`i evK¨vjsKvi
GKwU ev‡K¨i A_ev evK¨w¯’Z GKwU c‡`i m‡½ Ab¨ Ae¨q e‡j| †hgb-
GKwU c‡`i ms‡hvRb, we‡qvRb ev ms‡KvPb NUvq, o KZ bv nviv‡bv ¯§„wZ Rv‡M AvRI g‡b|
Zv‡K mgy”Pqx Ae¨q ev m¤^ÜevPK Ae¨q e‡j| mgy”Pqx o Ônvq‡i fvM¨, nvq‡i j¾v, †Kv_vq mfv, †Kv_vq
Ae¨q Pvi ai‡bi| h_v- m¾v|Õ
K. ms‡hvRK Ae¨q L. we‡qvRK Ae¨q 03. AbymM© Ae¨q : †h mKj Ae¨q kã we‡kl¨ I me©bvg
M. ms‡KvPK Ae¨q N. AbyMvgx mgy”Pqx Ae¨q c‡`i wefw³i b¨vq e‡m KviKevPKZv cÖKvk K‡i,
evsjv fvlv 156 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
Zv‡`i AbymM© Ae¨q e‡j| h_v- I‡K w`‡q G KvR n‡e o mgvwcKv wµqv
bv| (w`‡q AbymM© Ae¨q)| AbymM© Ae¨q Ôc`vš^qx Ae¨qÕ o AmgvwcKv wµqv
bv‡gI cwiwPZ| 03. KZ©vi mv‡_ wµqvi m¤úK© _vKv bv _vKvi wfwˇZ-
 AbymM© Ae¨q `yB cÖKvi| o cÖ‡hvRK wµqv
o wefw³m~PK Ae¨q Ges o AcÖ‡hvRK wµqv
o wefw³ iƒ‡c e¨eüZ AbymM© 04. MV‡bi w`K †_‡K-
04. AbyKvi Ae¨q : †h mKj Ae¨q Ae¨³ ie, kã ev aŸwbi o bvg avZzi wµqv
AbyKi‡Y MwVZ nq, †m¸‡jv‡K AbyKvi ev aŸbvZ¥K o ‡h․wMK wµqv
Ae¨q e‡j| h_v- o wgkÖ wµqv
wb‡P wewfbœ cÖKvi wµqvi msÁv I D`vniY †`qv n‡jv:
e‡Rªi aŸwb- Ko Ko ‡g‡Ni MR©b- ¸o ¸o
01. mgvwcKv wµqv : †h wµqv Øviv ev‡K¨i †kl nq Ges
e„wói Zzgyj kã- Sg Sg wms‡ni MR©b- Mi Mi
e³vi g‡bvfve m¤úbœ nq, Zv‡K mgvwcKv wµqv e‡j|
‡¯ªv‡Zi aŸwb- Kj Kj ‡Nvovi WvK- wPuwn wPuwn cyiæl I Kvj‡f‡` mgvwcKv wµqvi iƒ‡ci cwieZ©b nq|
evZv‡mi MwZ- kb kb Kv‡Ki WvK- Kv Kv †hgb : †Q‡jiv †Ljv Ki‡Q| G eQi eb¨vq dm‡ji ÿwZ
ï®‥ cvZvi kã- gi gi ‡KvwK‡ji ie- Kzû Kzû n‡q‡Q|
b~cy‡ii AvIqvR- iæg Szg Pzwoi kã- Uzs Uvs 02. AmgvwcKv wµqv : †h wµqvc` Øviv ev‡K¨i cwimgvwß
g‡b ivLyb : Natural Dcv‡q †h mKj aŸwb m„wó nq †m¸‡jvB N‡U bv, e³vi K_v Am¤ú~Y© †_‡K hvq, Zv‡K
AbyKvi Ae¨q| AmgvwcKv wµqv e‡j| †hgb : K. cÖfv‡Z m~h© DV‡j...L.
Avgiv nvZ-gyL ay‡q......|
 AviI wZb ai‡bi Ae¨q m¤ú‡K© Rvbyb| 03. mKg©K wµqv : †h wµqvi Kg©c` Av‡Q Zv-B mKg©K
01. Ae¨q we‡klY wµqv| A_©vr Kg©c`hy³ wµqvB mKg©K wµqv| †hgb :
02. wbZ¨ m¤^Üxq we‡klY evev Avgv‡K GKwU eB w`‡q‡Qb| g‡b ivLyb :
03. cÖZ¨qvšÍ we‡klY cÖkœ : Kx w`‡q‡Qb? DËi : eB wµqvc`‡K Kx ev
01. Ae¨q we‡klY : KZ¸‡jv Ae¨q ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ n‡j bvg- cÖkœ : Kv‡K w`‡q‡Qb? DËi : Avgv‡K Kv‡K Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j
we‡klY, wµqv-we‡klY Ges we‡klYxq we‡kl‡Yi GLv‡b Ôw`‡q‡QbÕ wµqvc`wUi Kg© c` †h DËi cvIqv hvq,
A_©evPKZv cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K| G‡`i Ae¨q we‡klY ejv _vKvq GwU GKwU mKg©K wµqv| Zv-B wµqvi Kg©c`
nq| h_v :
o bvg-we‡klY : AwZ fw³ †Pv‡ii jÿY| 04. AKg©K wµqv : †h wµqvi Kg©c` †bB Zv-B AKg©K
o fve-we‡klY : Avevi †h‡Z n‡e| wµqv| †hgb :
o wµqv-we‡klY : Ab¨Î P‡j hvq| ‡g‡qwU nv‡m g‡b ivLyb :
02. wbZ¨ m¤^Üxq Ae¨q : KZ¸‡jv hyM¥kã ci¯ú‡ii Ici cÖ k œ : Kx nv‡m? DËi : cvIqv hvq bv wµqvc`‡K ÔKxÕ ev
wbf©ikxj, †m¸‡jv wbZ¨ m¤^Üxq Ae¨q iƒ‡c cwiwPZ| cÖ kœ : Kv‡K nv‡m? DËi: cvIqv hvq bv ÔKv‡KÕ Øviv cÖkœ
GLv‡b Ônv‡mÕ wµqvc`wUi †Kvb Kg© Ki‡j hw` DËi
†hgb : h_v-Z_v, hZ-ZZ, hLb-ZLb, †hgb-‡Zgb, cvIqv bv hvq, †mwUB
†hiƒc-‡miƒc BZ¨vw`| D`vniY- h_v ag© Z_v Rq| hZ c` bv _vKvq GwU GKwU AKg©K wµqv AKg©K wµqv|
M‡R© ZZ e‡l© bv|
03. Z (ms¯‥…Z Zm&) cÖZ¨qvšÍ Ae¨q : G iKg Ae¨q evsjvq 05. wØKg©K wµqv : †h wµqvi `ywU Kg©c` _v‡K, Zv‡K
e¨eüZ nq| h_v- ag©Z ejwQ| `yf©vM¨ekZ cixÿvq wØKg©K wµqv e‡j| ‡hgb : Rvwn` Avgv‡K (‡M․Y Kg©)
†dj K‡iwQ| ÁvbZ wg_¨v ewjwb| GKwU Kjg (gyL¨ ev cÖavb Kg©) wMdU K‡i‡Q|

wµqv c` g‡b ivLyb : wØKg©K wµqvi e¯‘evPK Kg©c`wU‡K gyL¨ ev cÖavb

‡h c‡`i Øviv †Kvb Kvh© m¤úv`b Kiv †evSvq, Zv‡K wµqvc` Kg© Ges e¨w³evPK Kg©c`wU‡K †M․Y Kg© e‡j|
e‡j| wµqvc` ev avZzi m‡½ cyiæl Abyhvqx Kvjm~PK
wµqvwefw³ †hvM K‡i wµqvc` MVb Ki‡Z nq|  wewfbœ cixÿvq mgavZzR Kg© †_‡K cÖkœ Av‡m| ZvB
mgavZzR Kg© wk‡L ivLyb :::::::
 wµqvi cÖKvi‡f` ev‡K¨i wµqvc` I Kg©c` GKB avZz †_‡K MwVZ n‡j H
wewea A‡_© wµqvc`‡K wewfbœ fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Kg©c`wU‡K mgavZzR Kg© ev avZ¡_©K Kg©c` e‡j| wb‡Pi
01. Kg© _vKv bv _vKvi wfwˇZ- D`vinYwU jÿ¨ Kiæb :
o mKg©K wµqv
o AKg©K wµqv ‡KvwPs †m›Uvi¸‡jv †eKvi‡`i wb‡q Avi KZ †Ljv
02. fve cÖKv‡ki w`K †_‡K- †Lj‡e?
evsjv fvlv 157 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
GLv‡b jÿ¨ Kiæb Ô‡LjÕ avZz †_‡K wµqvc` Ô‡Lj‡eÕ Ges †R‡b ivLyb : cyiæl ev Kvjm~PK wµqv wefw³ Kx?
Kg©c` Ô‡LjvÕ DfqB MwVZ n‡q‡Q| ‡hme A_©nxb eY© ev eY©¸”Q avZzi †k‡l hy³ n‡q avZz‡K
wµqvc` •Zwi K‡i Ges cyiæl wb‡`©k K‡i| †hgb : j,
MyiæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ : mgavZzR Kg©c` AKg©K wµqv‡K mKg©K †j, jvg (Kij, Ki‡j, Kijvg)| G iKg Av‡iv wKQz :
Ki‡Z cv‡i| ‡hgb : e, †e, evg; Q, †Q, †Qb; Z, †Z, Zvg|
o Ggb my‡Li giY †K gi‡Z cv‡i? 09. †h․wMK wµqv : GKwU AmgvwcKv wµqv I GKwU mgvwcKv
o ‡ek GK Nyg Nywg‡qwQ| wµqv hw` GK‡Î GKwU we‡kl ev m¤úªmvwiZ A_© cÖKvk
GLv‡b ÔgiYÕ Ges ÔNygÕ `ywU mgavZzR Kg©| jÿ¨ K‡ib, evK¨ K‡i, Zv‡K †h․wMK wµqv ejv nq| †hgb :
`ywU‡Z Ôgi‡ZÕ Ges ÔNywg‡qwQÕ kã `ywU Avmvq AKg©K ZvwM` †`Iqv A‡_© : NUbvUv ï‡b ivL|
wµqvc`, mKg©K wµqvc‡` iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q| wbišÍiZv A‡_© : wZwb ej‡Z jvM‡jb|
Kvh©mgvwß A‡_© : †Q‡j‡g‡qiv ï‡q coj|
06. cÖ‡hvRK (wYRšÍ) wµqv : hLb †Kvb ev‡K¨i wµqvi KZ©v AvKw¯§KZv A‡_© : mvB‡ib †e‡R DVj|
Pvjbvq ‡_‡K Ab¨‡K w`‡q wµqv m¤úv`b Kivq, ZLb Aby‡gv`b A‡_© : GLb †h‡Z cvi|
†mB wµqvc`‡K cÖ‡hvRK (wYRšÍ) wµqv e‡j|
 cÖ‡hvRK wµqv †evSvi Rb¨ Rvbyb 10. wgkÖ wµqv : we‡kl¨, we‡klY, aŸbvZ¥K Ae¨‡qi m‡½
01. cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v Ki, n, †`, cv, hv, KvU&, Mv, Qvo, ai&, gvi& cÖf…wZ
02.cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v avZz‡hv‡M MwVZ wµqvc` we‡kl we‡kl A‡_© wgkÖ wµqv
03. cÖ‡hvRK wµqv MVb K‡i|
wb‡Pi D`vniYmg~n †Lqvj Kiæb- o we‡k‡l¨i c‡i : Avgiv ZvRgnj `k©b Kijvg|
cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v cÖ‡hvRK wµqv o we‡kl‡Yi c‡i : †Zvgv‡K †`‡L we‡kl cÖxZ njvg|
gv wkï‡K Pvu` †`Lv‡”Qb o aŸbvZ¥K Ae¨‡qi c‡i : gv_v wSg& wSg& Ki‡Q| Sg&
mvcy‡o mvc ‡Ljvq Sg& K‡i e„wó co‡Q|

Avmyb Avgiv †`wL GLv‡bi D`vniY¸‡jv cÖ‡hvRK wµqvi we‡kl¨ †_‡K we‡klY
msÁvwU‡K wm× K‡i Kx bv? cÖ_g D`vni‡Y, cÖ‡hvRK wµqvi we‡kl¨ we‡klY we‡kl¨ we‡klY
(Pvu` †`Lv‡”Qb) cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v (gv) Pvjbvq †_‡K Ab¨‡K A Ae‡njv Ae‡nwjZ
(wkï‡K) w`‡q wµqv m¤úv`b K‡i‡Q| ZvB ev‡K¨i AwMœ Av‡Mœq Afve Afvex
wµqvc`wU cÖ‡hvRK wµqv| ms¯‥…Z e¨vKi‡Y cÖ‡hvRK wµqv‡K AaxiZv Aaxi AwfÁZv AwfÁ
wYRšÍ wµqv ejv nq| Af¨vm Af¨¯’ Awfgvb Awfgvbx
Awbqg AwbqwgZ Ac©Y Awc©Z
cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v : †h Pvjbvq †_‡K wµqv m¤úv`b Kivq, AYy AvYweK Av
Zv‡K cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v ejv nq| †hgb : Dc‡ii D`vniY AbyMÖn AbyMÖvnx Av‡µvk Av‡µvkYxq
`ywU‡Z ÔgvÕ Ges Ômvcy‡oÕ cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v| A¼zi A¼zwiZ AvKzj AvKzjZv
cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v : hv‡K w`‡q wµqvwU AbywôZ nq, Zv‡K A_© Avw_©K AvNvZ AvnZ
cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v e‡j| Dc‡ii D`vniY `ywU‡Z ÔwkïÕ Ges AcwiPq AcwiwPZ AvKvk AvKvwk
ÔmvcÕ cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v| AbyivM Abyi³ AvniY AvnwiZ
07. AcÖ‡hvRK wµqv : †h wµqv KZ©v ¯^qs m¤úbœ K‡i, Zv‡K AcniY AcüZ Av¸b Av¸‡b
AcÖ‡hvRK wµqv e‡j| †hgb : Avwg evRvi Kwi| AšÍi AvšÍwiK AvMgb AvMZ
Aeavb AewnZ AveiY Ave„Z
08. bvgavZz I bvgavZzi wµqv : we‡kl¨, we‡klY Ges AiY¨ AviY¨K AvKl©Y AvKl©Yxq
aŸbvZ¥K Ae¨‡qi c‡i ÔAvÕ cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M †h avZz MwVZ Abyev` Ab~w`Z Avmb Avmxb
nq, †m¸‡jv‡K bvgavZz ejv nq| bvgavZzi m‡½ cyiæl Abygvb AbywgZ AvZ¼ AvZw¼Z
ev Kvjm~PK wµqv-wefw³ †hv‡M bvgavZzi wµqvc` MwVZ AšÍ AwšÍg AvwZkh¨ AwZkq
nq| ‡hgb- Aa¨qb AwaZ Avmgvb Avmgvbx
o evuKv (we‡klY) + Av (cÖZ¨q) = evuKv Awbe©Y Awbe©vwcZ Avw` Avw`g/Av`¨
(bvgavZz)| h_v- KwÂwU evuwK‡q ai (bvgavZzi AbymiY Abym„Z Avev` Avevw`
wµqvc`) Acgvb AcgvwbZ Avb›` Avbw›`Z
o aŸbvZ¥K Ae¨q : Kb Kb - `vuZwU e¨_vq Aciva Acivax Avwe®‥vi Avwe®‥…Z
KbKbv‡”Q| †dvum-ARMiwU †dvumv‡”Q| Ask AvswkK AvkÖq AvwkÖZ
Aaybv AvaywbK Av‡gv` Av‡gvw`Z
evsjv fvlv 158 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
we‡kl¨ we‡klY we‡kl¨ we‡klY we‡kl¨ we‡klY we‡kl¨ we‡klY
Avjvc Avjvcx Kl©Y Kwl©Z ‡Póv ‡PwóZ `xbZv `xb
Av‡jvob Av‡jvwoZ K…wl K…wlR ‡Pvi ‡PvivB `vwi`ª¨ `wi`ª
Avjm¨ Ajm ‡KvY ‡K․wYK PgrKvi PgrK…Z ‣`N¨© `xN©
Av‡`k Avw`ó Kzmyg KzmywgZ P›`ª Pv›`ª `nb `»/`vn¨
Av`i Av`y‡i KvMR Kv¸‡R PwiÎ PvwiwÎK ‡`vl `yó
Avi³ Aviw³g KzÉv KzwÉZ wPÎ wPwÎZ `xwß `xß
Avlvp Avlvpx Kvu`v Kvu`y‡b ‣PZ ‣PZvwj `ya `y‡aj/`yavj
Av‡jvK Av‡jvwKZ Kvq KvwqK PvZzh© PZzi `vbe `vbexi
AvµgY AvKvšÍ KvR ‡K‡Rv PvjvwK PvjvK `i` `i`x
Av‡ivnY Aviƒp Kvj Kvjxb Q, R, S w`K w`M¤^i
Av‡jvPbv Av‡jvP¨ KveywjIqvjv Kveywj ‡Q`b ‡Q` `nb `nb¨
AvZ¥v AvwZ¥K KvwVb¨ KwVb Q›` Q›`e× `my¨Zv `my¨
Avðh© Avðhv©wš^Z ‡K․Z~nj ‡K․Z~nwj ‡Q‡j ‡Q‡jwg `ytmnZv `ytmn
Avuk Avuk‡U KÉ Kvɨ Rxeb Rxebx/RxweZ `xÿv `xwÿZ
B, C, D, E K_v K_¨ Rq ‡Rq ‡`n ‣`wnK
BZivwg BZi K¤úb Kw¤úZ RvwZ RvZxq `vuZ ‡`u‡Zv
Bn‡jvK Bn‡j․wKK Kíbv KvíwbK RvnvR RvnvwR `qv `qvjy
BwZnvm HwZnvwmK K…kZv K…k Ávb ÁvZ `vb `Ë
B›`ªRvj H`ªRvwjK ÿxYZv ÿxY RvuK RvuKv‡jv ‣`b¨ `xb
B”Qv Hw”QK/B”QzK ÿz`ªZ¡ ÿz`ª Rj Rjxq a, b
Ck^i Hk^wiK L Rš‘ RvšÍe ‡a․wZ ‡a․Z
D”Q¡vm D”Q¡wmZ LÐ LwÐZ wRÁvmv wRÁvm¨ ab abx
Djøvm DjøwmZ Lyb Lywb SMov SMov‡U ‣ah©/axiZv axi
D×vi D×…Z ‡Lqvj ‡Lqvwj SsKvi SsK…Z avb ‡a‡bv
DrKl© DrK…ó L‡qi L‡qwi So S‡ov b¨vq b¨vh¨
D`q Dw`Z L¨vwZ L¨vZ U, V, W, X wbf©iZv wbf©i
DcKvi DcK…Z M Wv³vi Wv³wi wb›`v wbw›`Z
DËvc DËß ‡Mvcb ‡Mvcbxq XvKv XvKvB bvw¯ÍKZv bvw¯ÍK
Drcv`b Drcvw`Z ¸Y ¸Yx Z, _, ` wbe©vmb wbe©wmZ
Dcb¨vm Jcb¨vwmK Mí Mwíq Z¨vM Z¨vMx wbg©vY wbwg©Z
Dc`ªe Dc`ªæZ MÖvm MÖ¯Í wZ‡ivavb wZ‡ivwnZ wbðq/wbðqZv wbwðZ
Db¥v` Db¥Ë Mvu ‡Mu‡qv wZi¯‥vi wZi¯‥…Z bxwjgv bxj
D‡ØM DwØMœ Mv¤¢xh© M¤¢xi Zi½ Ziw½Z ‣bcyb¨ wbcyY
D`¨g D`¨Z ‡MvÎ ‡MvÎxq Zvij¨ Zij bxwZ ‣bwZK
Drcxob DrcxwoZ MvQ ‡M‡Qv Z›`ª Z›`ªvjy bZzbZ¡ bZzb
D‡Ïk¨ DwÏó MÖvg MÖvg¨ ‡ZR ‡ZRx/‡ZRw¯…q ‡bkv ‣bk
D‡Øj D‡ØwjZ MÖnY MÖnxZ Zxi wZi¯’ ‣btkã wbtkã
Db¥xjb Db¥xwjZ Mvb MxZ Zb¥qZv Zb¥q wb`ªv wb`ªvjy
DwPZ JwPZ¨ ‡Mvjvc ‡Mvjvwc ZK© ZvwK©K c, d
Dc‡hvwMZv Dc‡hvMx MÖnY MÖnxZ Zvc Zß cÖKvk cÖKvwkZ
Dc‡fvM Dc‡fvM¨ ¸iæ Mwiô Zvgv Zvgv‡U cÖv_wgK cÖ_g
Dcw¯’wZ Dcw¯’Z N `wÿYv `wÿY cÖvPzh© cÖPzi
D‡jøL D‡jøL¨/D‡jøwLZ N„Yv N„Y¨ `vmZ¡ `vm cÖv_©bv cÖvw_©Z
Dov DošÍ Ni N‡ivqv ‡`e ‣`e wccvmv wccvwmZ
&F, G, H, I, J P ‡`k ‡`wk/‡`wkq cÖPjb cÖPwjZ
FY FYx wPšÍv wPwšÍZ ‡`vl ‡`vlx/`~lYxq cÖK…wZ cÖvK…wZK
GKK/HK¨ GK PvKzwi PvKz‡i `Ð `wÐZ cÖwZev` cÖwZev`x
HwPZ¨ DwPZ wPý wPwýZ `y‡e©va `y‡ev©a¨ cÖYqb cÖYxZ
J¾¡j¨ D¾¡j Pÿz Pvÿzm `k©b `k©bxq/`vk©wbK cøveb cøvweZ
K Pxb ‣PwbK `„k¨ `k©bxq cÖbvg cÖbZ
evsjv fvlv 159 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
we‡kl¨ we‡klY we‡kl¨ we‡klY we‡kl¨ we‡klY we‡kl¨ we‡klY
cÖ‡ek cÖweó eb eb¨/ey‡bv ‡ivM iæMœ kvY kvwYZ
cÖ¯’vb cÖw¯’Z weivM wei³ jÿ¨ jwÿZ kÎæZv kÎæ
c„w_ex cvw_©e wej¤^ wejw¤^Z jvwjgv jvj kir kvi`xq
cÖmv` cÖmbœ wek^vm wek^¯Í/wek^vmx ‡jvf jyä k~b¨Zv k~b¨
cï cvke/cvkweK ermi evrmwiK jvNe jNy ‡kvK ‡kvKvZ©
cÖZxPx cÖvZxP¨ evsjv‡`k evsjv‡`kx †jvg ‡jvgk kixi kvixwiK
cÖnvi cÖüZ we`y¨r ‣e`y¨wZK jvwjZ¨ ‡jvwjZ kni kû‡i
cÿ cÿxq e¨envi e¨envwiK jq jxb kqb kvwqZ
c¼ cw¼j wecøe ‣ecøweK jeY jeYv³/‡bvbZv k„•Lj k„•LwjZ
wcZv ‣cZ…K e¯‘ ev¯Íe ‡jvK ‡j․wKK k¼v kw¼Z
‡cvkvK ‡cvkvwK wejvZ wejvwZ jvR jvRyK kv¯¿ kv¯¿xq
cZb cwZZ ePb ePbxq jvf jf¨/jä ¯’vcb ¯’vwcZ
c_ cw_K weavb we‡aq j¾v jw¾Z ‡m․nv`©¨ ‡m․nvw`©K
‡cÖiY ‡cÖwiZ/cÖ‡Yw`Z el© evwl©K jeY ‡jvbv w¯’iZv w¯’i
cÖevn cÖevngvb welv` welYœ k, m mfv mf¨
c~Y©Zv c~Y© fve fveyK kw³ kv³ me©Rb me©Rbxb
ce©Z cve©Z¨ †fvM ‡fvM¨ kÖeY kÖve¨/kÖæZ ¯^”QZv ¯^”Q
cwiPq cwiwPZ f~wg ‡f․wgK kvwšÍ kvšÍ ms‡ÿc mswÿß
wckvP ‣ckvwPK fzZ ‡f․wZK wkÿv wkwÿZ ¯^vZš¿¨ ¯^Zš¿
cixÿv cixwÿZ f~‡Mvj ‡f․‡MvwjK wkKvi wkKvwi mgy`ª mvgyw`ªK
cÖm½ cÖvmw½K g ‡k․h© k~i mgq mvgwqK
cywjk cywjwk g~j ‡g․wjK wkï ‣kke mܨv mvܨ
cvb cvbxq/‡cq gvwU ‡g‡U wkw_jZv/‣kw_j¨ wkw_j njy` njy‡`
ci‡jvK cvi‡j․wKK gvm gvwmK ‡k․wLbZv ‡k․wLb niY üZ
cyjK cyjwKZ ‡gvn gy»
cÖZ¨n cÖvZ¨wnK gnZ¡ gnr
cÖgvY cÖvgvY¨ gay gayi/gaygq KviK I wefw³
dj dwjZ/djšÍ gnxgv gnvb
dzj dz‡jj g„Zz¨ g„Z 01. cÖkœ : Øviv, w`qv, KZ©„K- evsjv e¨vKiY Abyhvqx †Kvb
‡db ‡dwbj g` gË wefw³? (40Zg wewmGm)
e,f gvbe gvbweK K. Z…Zxqv wefw³ L. cÖ_gv wefw³
e¨MÖZv e¨MÖ ‡gvMj ‡gvMjvB M. wØZxqv wefw³ N. k~b¨ wefw³ DËi K
e¨_v e¨w_Z gyL ‡g․wLK
ev`j ev`jv gvbyl gbyl¨ e¨vL¨v : evsjv wefw³ 7 cÖKvi|
we¯§q wew¯§Z gvQ ‡g‡Qv wefw³i GKePb eûePb
evnvi evnvwi gvayh© gayi bvg
evnb evwnZ ‡g‡q ‡g‡qwj cÖ_gv 0, A, G, (q), iv, Giv, ¸wj (¸‡jv), MY|
‣ea wewa gyKzj gyKzwjZ †Z, G‡Z
weµq wewµZ gb gvbwmK wØZxq ‡K, †i w`‡M, w`M‡K, w`‡M‡i, *‡`i|
weRq weRqx gig gigx Z…Zxqv Øviv, w`‡Mi w`qv, †`i w`qv, w`M‡K Øviv,
eyw×gËv eyw×gvb gyL ‡g․wLK w`qv(w`‡q), w`M KZ©„K, ¸wji Øviv, ¸wj‡K w`‡q,
we`¨v weØvb gvsm gvsmj KZ©„K *¸‡jv w`‡q, ¸wj KZ…©K, †`i w`‡q|
we`vib we`xY© gvV ‡g‡Vv PZz_©x ‡K, †i* wØZxqvi g‡Zv
we‡`k we‡`wk/‣e‡`wkK h,i,j cÂgx G (‡q, q), w`M nB‡Z, ‡`i nB‡Z, w`‡Mi †P‡q,
ej ejevb hš¿ hvwš¿K nB‡Z, ¸wj nB‡Z, ¸wji †P‡q, *‡`i n‡Z,
webq webqx ivóª ivóªxq †_‡K, †P‡q, *‡`i †_‡K, *‡`i †P‡q|
wecyjZv wecyj iPbv iwPZ n‡Z
‣e`» we`» ‡ikg ‡ikwg lôx i, Gi *w`‡Mi, †`i, ¸wji, ¸‡Yi, ¸‡jvi|
weevn weevwnZ ‡ivcY ‡ivwcZ mßgx G, q, †Z w`‡M, w`‡M‡Z, ¸wj‡Z, M‡Y, ¸wji
wegvb ‣egvwbK iO iw½b g‡a¨, ¸‡jv‡Z, ¸‡jvi g‡a¨|
evsjv fvlv
wefw³ †hv‡Mi wbqg :
K. AcÖvwYevPK ev BZi cÖvwYevPK eûeP‡b ÔivÕ hy³
nq bv; ¸wj, ¸‡jv hy³ nq| h_v cv_i¸‡jv,
Miæ¸wj|
L. AcÖvwYevPK k‡ãi DËi Ô‡KÕ ev Ô‡iÕ wefw³ nq
bv, k~b¨ wefw³ nq| h_v Kjg `vI|
M. ¯^ivšÍ k‡ãi DËi ÔGÕ wefw³i iƒc nq ÔqÕ ev KZ©„Kvi‡Ki cÖKvi‡f`
Ô‡qÕ| ÔGÕ ¯’v‡b Ô‡ZÕ wefw³I hy³ n‡Z cv‡i|
†hgb gv + G = gv‡q, †Nvov + G = †Nvovq,
cvwb + †Z = cvwb‡Z|
N. A-KvivšÍ I e¨ÄbvšÍ k‡ãi DËi cÖvqB ÔivÕ ¯’v‡b
ÔGivÕ nq Ges lôx wefw³i ÔiÕ ¯’‡j ÔGiÕ hy³ nq|
†hgb †jvK + iv = †jv‡Kiv| weØvb (e¨ÄbvšÍ)
+ iv = weØv‡biv| gvbyl + Gi = gvby‡li| †jvK
+ Gi = †jv‡Ki| wKš‘ A-KvivšÍ, Av-KvivšÍ Ges
G-KvivšÍ LvuwU evsjv k‡ãi lôxi GK eP‡b
mvaviY ÔiÕ hy³ nq, ÔGiÕ hy³ nq bv| †hgb
eoi, gvgvi, †Q‡ji|
02. ev‡K¨i wµqvi mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ c‡`i †h m¤úK© Zv‡K Kx
e‡j? (40Zg wewmGm)
K. wefw³ L. KviK
M. cÖZ¨q N. AbymM© DËi L
e¨vL¨v : ÔKviKÕ kãwUi A_© hv wµqv m¤úv`b K‡i|
evK¨w¯’Z wµqvc‡`i mv‡_ bvgc‡`i †h m¤úK©, Zv‡K
KviK e‡j| KviK 06 (Qq) cÖKvi| h_v
K. KZ…©KviK
L. Kg© KviK
M. KiY KviK
N. m¤úª`vb KviK
O. Acv`vb KviK
P. AwaKiY KviK
GKwU ev‡K¨ 06 (Qq) wU Kvi‡Ki D`vniY †eMg
mv‡nev cÖwZw`b fvuovi †_‡K wbR nv‡Z Mixe‡`i Pvj
w`‡Zb|
o ‡eMg mv‡nev : wµqvi mv‡_ KZ©„m¤^Ü
o Pvj : wµqvi mv‡_ Kg© m¤^Ü
o nv‡Z : wµqvi mv‡_ KiY m¤^Ü
o Mwie‡`i : wµqvi mv‡_ m¤úª`vb m¤úK©
o fvuovi †_‡K : wµqvi mv‡_ Acv`vb m¤úK©
o cÖwZw`b : wµqvi mv‡_ AwaKiY m¤úK©
KZ©„KviK
evK¨w¯’Z †h we‡kl¨ ev me©bvg c` wµqv m¤úbœ K‡i Zv
wµqvi KZ©v ev KZ…©KviK|
160 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
g‡b ivLyb : wµqvi m‡½ Ô‡KÕ ev ÔKvivÕ †hvM K‡i cÖkœ
Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hvq, Zv-B KZ©„KviK| †hgb
†LvKv eB c‡o| (‡K c‡o? †LvKv| GLv‡b Ô‡LvKvÕ
n‡jv KZ…©KviK|) †g‡qiv dzj †Zv‡j| (Kviv †Zv‡j?
†g‡qiv| GLv‡b Ô‡g‡qivÕ KZ©„KviK|)
K. KZ©„KviK ev‡K¨i wµqv m¤úv`‡bi •ewPΨ ev •ewkó¨
Abyhvqx Pvi cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| h_v
01. gyL¨ KZ©v : †h wb‡R wb‡RB wµqv m¤úv`b K‡i †m
gyL¨ KZ©v| †hgb †Q‡jiv dzUej †Lj‡Q|
gyljav‡i e„wó co‡Q|
02. cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v : g~j KZ©v hLb Ab¨‡K †Kv‡bv
Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ K‡i Zv m¤úbœ Kivq, ZLb Zv‡K
cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v e‡j| †hgb wkÿK Qv·`i
e¨vKiY cov‡”Qb|
03. cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v : g~j KZ©vi KiYxq Kvh© hv‡K w`‡q
m¤úvw`Z nq, Zv‡K cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v ejv nq| Ic‡ii
ev‡K¨ ÔQvÎÕ cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v| Z`ªyc, ivLvj
(cÖ‡hvRK) Miæ‡K (cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v) Nvm LvIqvq|
04. e¨wZnvi KZ©v : †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ †h `y‡Uv KZ©v GK‡Î
GKRvZxq wµqv m¤úv`b K‡i, Zv‡`i e¨wZnvi
KZ©v e‡j| †hgb
ev‡N-gwn‡l GK Nv‡U Rj Lvq|
ivRvq-ivRvq jovB, DjyLvMovi cÖvYvšÍ|
L. ev‡K¨i evP¨ ev cÖKvkfw½ Abymv‡i KZ©v wZb iKg n‡Z
cv‡i| †hgb
01. Kg©ev‡P¨i KZ©v (Kg©c‡`i cÖvavb¨m~PK ev‡K¨):
cywjk Øviv †Pvi a„Z n‡q‡Q|
02. fveev‡P¨i KZ©v (wµqvi cÖavb¨m~PK ev‡K¨) :
Avgvi hvIqv n‡e bv|
03. Kg© - KZ© „ev‡P¨i KZ©v (ev‡K¨ Kg©c`B KZ©„¯’vbxq)|
evu w k ev‡R| KjgUv †j‡L fv‡jv|
KZ©„Kvi‡K wewfbœ wefw³i e¨envi
K. cÖ_gv ev k~b¨ ev A wefw³ : nvwg` eB c‡o|
L. wØZxqv ev †K wefw³ : ewki‡K †h‡Z n‡e|
M. Z…Zxqv ev Øviv wefw³ : †di‡`․mx KZ©„K kvnbvgv
iwPZ n‡q‡Q|
N. lôx ev i wefw³ : Avgvi hvIqv nqwb|
O. mßgx ev G wefw³ : Mvu‡q gv‡b bv, Avcwb †gvoj|
ev‡c bv wRÁv‡m, gv‡q bv m¤¢v‡l|
cvM‡j Kx bv e‡j, QvM‡j Kx bv Lvq|
ev‡N-gwn‡l Lvbv GKNv‡U Lv‡e bv|
P. q wefw³ : †Nvovq Mvwo Uv‡b|
evsjv fvlv
Q. †Z wefw³ : Miæ‡Z `ya †`q|
eyjeywj‡Z avb †L‡q‡Q LvRbv w`e Kx‡m?
Kg©KviK
hv‡K AvkÖq K‡i KZ©v wµqv m¤úbœ K‡i, Zv‡K Kg©KviK
e‡j| Kg© `yB cÖKvi : gyL¨ Kg©, ‡M․Y Kg©| †hgb
o evev Avgv‡K (‡M․Y Kg©) GKwU Kjg (gyL¨ Kg©)
wK‡b w`‡q‡Qb|
mvaviYZ gyL¨ Kg© e¯‘evPK I †M․Y Kg© cÖvwYevPK n‡q _v‡K|
GQvovI mvaviYZ Kg©Kvi‡Ki †M․Y K‡g© wefw³ hy³ nq, gyL¨
K‡g© nq bv|
Kg©Kvi‡Ki cÖKvi‡f`
K. mKg©K wµqvi Kg© : bvwmgv dzj Zzj‡Q|
L. cÖ‡hvRK wµqvi Kg© : †Q‡jwU‡K weQvbvq †kvqvI|
M. mgavZzR Kg© : Lye GK Nyg Nywg‡qwQ|
N. D‡Ïk¨ I we‡aq : wØKg©K wµqvi `ywU ci¯úi
A‡cwÿZ Kg©c` _vK‡j cÖavb Kg©wU‡K ejv
D‡Ïk¨ Kg© Ges A‡cwÿZ Kg©wU‡K ejv nq
we‡aq Kg©| †hgb
`ya‡K (D‡Ïk¨ Kg©) †gviv `y» (we‡aq Kg©) ewj,
njy`‡K (D‡Ïk¨ Kg©) ewj nwi`ªv (we‡aq Kg©)|
Kg©Kvi‡K wewfbœ wefw³i e¨envi
K. cÖ_gv ev k~b¨ ev A wefw³ : Wv³vi WvK|
Avgv‡K GKLvbv eB `vI| (wØKg©K wµqvi gyL¨ Kg©)
iex›`ªbv_ cojvg, bRiæj cojvg, Gi myivnv
Lyu‡R †cjvg bv| (MÖš’ A‡_© wewkó MÖš’Kvi cÖ‡qvM)
L. wØZxq ev †K wefw³ : Zv‡K ej|
†i wefw³ : ÔAvgv‡i Zzwg Kwi‡e ÎvY, G b‡n †gvi cÖv_©bvÕ|
M. lôx ev i wefw³ : †Zvgvi †`Lv †cjvg bv|
N. mßgxi G wefw³ : ÔwRÁvwm‡e R‡b R‡b| (exávq)
161 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
WvKv‡Ziv M„n¯^vgxi gv_vq jvwV †g‡i‡Q| (mKg©K
wµqv)
L. Z…Zxqv ev Øviv wefw³ : jv½j Øviv Rwg Pvl Kiv
nq|
w`qv wefw³ : gb w`qv Ki m‡e we`¨v DcvR©b|
M. mßgx wefw³ ev G wefw³ : dz‡j dz‡j Ni f‡i‡Q|
wkKvwi weovj †Mvu‡d †Pbv hvq|
‡Z wefw³ : ÔGZ kVZv, GZ †h e¨_v,
Zey †hb Zv gay‡Z gv_v|Õ-bRiæj|
†jvKUv RvwZ‡Z •eòe|
q wefw³ : †Póvq me nq|
G myZvq Kvco nq bv|
m¤úª`vb KviK
hv‡K ¯^Z¡ Z¨vM K‡i `vb, AP©bv, mvnvh¨ BZ¨vw` Kiv nq,
Zv‡K (ms¯‥…Z e¨vKiY Abyhvqx) m¤úª`vb KviK e‡j|
e¯‘ bq e¨w³B m¤úª`vb KviK|
(A‡bK •eqvKiY evsjv e¨vKi‡Y m¤úª`vb KviK ¯^xKvi K‡ib
bv, KviY, Kg©KviK ØvivB m¤úª`vb Kvi‡Ki KvR m¤úv`b
Kiv hvq|)
m¤úª`vb Kvi‡K wewfbœ wefw³i e¨envi
K. PZz_©x ev †K wefw³ : wfLvwi‡K wfÿv `vI|
(¯^Z¡Z¨vM K‡i bv w`‡j Kg©KviK n‡e| †hgb-
†avcv‡K Kvco `vI|) †avcv‡K Kvco w`‡j †avcv
Zv cwi®‥vi K‡i †diZ ‡`q, wfÿzK‡K wfÿv
w`‡j Zv wfÿzK‡K †diZ w`‡Z nq bv|
L. mßgx ev G wefw³ : mrcv‡Î Kb¨v `vb Ki|
mwgwZ‡K Pvu`v `vI| ÔAÜR‡b †`n Av‡jvÕ|
ÁvZe¨ : wbwgËv‡_© Ô‡KÕ wefw³ hy³ n‡j †mLv‡b PZz_©x
wefw³ nq| †hgb- Ô‡ejv †h c‡o Gj, Rj‡K Pj|Õ

KiY KviK Acv`vb KviK

hv †_‡K wKQz wePz¨Z, M„nxZ, RvZ, weiZ, Avi¤¢, `~ixf~Z I
ÔKiYÕ kãwUi A_© : hš¿, mnvqK ev Dcvq| iwÿZ nq Ges hv †`‡L †KD fxZ nq, Zv‡KB Acv`vb KviK
wµqv m¤úv`‡bi hš¿, DcKiY ev mnvqK‡KB KiY KviK ejv
e‡j| †hgb
nq|
evK¨w¯’Z wµqvc‡`i m‡½ ÔKx‡mi ØvivÕ ev ÔKx Dcv‡qÕ cÖkœ wePz¨Z : MvQ †_‡K cvZv c‡o
Ki‡j †h DËiwU cvIqv hvq, Zv-B KiY KviK| †hgb- ‡gN †_‡K e„wó c‡o|
bxiv Kjg w`‡q †j‡L| (DcKiY-Kjg) M„nxZ : myw³ †_‡K gy‡³v †g‡j|
RM‡Z KxwZ©gvb nq mvabvq| (Dcvq-mvabv) `ya †_‡K `B nq|
RvZ : Rwg †_‡K dmj cvB|
KiY Kvi‡K wewfbœ wefw³i e¨envi ‡LRyi i‡m ¸o nq|
K. cÖ_gv ev k~b¨ ev A wefw³ : QvÎiv ej †L‡j| weiZ : cv‡c weiZ nI|
(AKg©K wµqv) `~ixf~Z : †`k †_‡K c½cvj P‡j †M‡Q|
iwÿZ : wec` †_‡K evuPvI|
evsjv fvlv
Avi¤¢ : ‡mvgevi †_‡K cixÿvi ïiæ|
fxZ : evN‡K fq cvq bv †K?
Acv`vb Kvi‡K wewfbœ wefw³ QvovI nB‡Z, n‡Z, †_‡K,
w`qv, w`‡q BZ¨vw` AbymM© e¨eüZ nq|
Acv`vb Kvi‡K wewfbœ wefw³i cÖ‡qvM
K. cÖ_gv ev k~b¨ ev A wefw³ : ‡evuUv-AvjMv dj
Mv‡Q _v‡K bv| Ôg‡b c‡o †mB •R¨ô `ycy‡I
cvVkvjv cjvqb|Õ
L. wØZxqv ev †K wefw³ : evev‡K eÇ fq cvB|
M. lôx ev Gi wefw³ : †hLv‡b ev‡Ni fq †mLv‡b
m‡Ü¨ nq|
N. mßgx e G wefw³ : wec‡` †gv‡i Kwi‡e ÎvY, G
b‡n †gvi cÖv_©bv| †jvKgy‡L ï‡bwQ| wZ‡j •Zj
nq|
ÔqÕ wefw³ : UvKvq UvKv nq|
wewfbœ A‡_© Acv`v‡bi e¨envi
K. ¯’vbevPK : wZwb PÆMÖvg †_‡K G‡m‡Qb|
L. `~iZ¡ÁvcK : XvKv †_‡K PÆMÖvg `y‡kv
wK‡jvwgUv‡iiI †ewk|
M. wb‡ÿc : wegvb †_‡K †evgv †djv n‡q‡Q|
AwaKiY KviK
wµqv m¤úv`‡bi Kvj (mgq) Ges Avavi‡K AwaKiY KviK
e‡j| AwaKiY Kvi‡K mßgx A_©vr ÔGÕ ÔqÕ Ô‡ZÕ BZ¨vw`
wefw³ hy³ nq| h_v-
⁂ Avavi (¯’vb) : Avgiv †ivR ¯‹z‡j hvB| G evwo‡Z
†KB †bB|
⁂ Kvj (mgq) : cÖfv‡Z m~h© I‡V|
AwaKiY KviK wZb cÖKvi| h_v
o KvjvwaKiY
o AvavivwaKiY
o fvevwaKiY
hw` †Kvb wµqvevPK we‡kl¨ Ab¨ wµqvi †Kv‡bviƒc fv‡ei
Awfe¨w³ cÖKvk K‡i, Z‡e Zv‡K fvevwaKiY e‡j|
fvevwaKi‡Y me©`vB mßgx wefw³i cÖ‡qvM nq e‡j G‡K fv‡e
mßgx ejv nq| †hgb m~‡hv©`‡q AÜKvi `~ixf~Z nq| Kvbœvq
†kvK g›`xf~Z nq|
AvavivwaKiY wZb fv‡M wef³ :
01. HK‡`wkK
02. Awfe¨vcK Ges
03. ‣elwqK
01. HK‡`wkK : wekvj ¯’v‡bi †h †Kvb As‡k wµqv msNwUZ
n‡j Zv‡K HK‡`wkK AvavivwaKiY e‡j| †hgb
162 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
cyKz‡i gvQ Av‡Q| (cyKz‡ii †h †Kvb GK¯’v‡b)
e‡b evN Av‡Q| (e‡bi †h †Kvb GK As‡k)
AvKv‡k Pvu` D‡V‡Q| (AvKv‡ki †h †Kvb GK As‡k)
mgxc¨ A‡_©I HK‡`wkK AwaKiY nq| †hgb
Nv‡U †b․Kv evuav Av‡Q (Nv‡Ui Kv‡Q)| Ô`yqv‡i `vuov‡q
cÖv_©x, wfÿv †`n Zv‡i (`yqv‡ii Kv‡Q)| ivRvi `yqv‡i
nvwZ evuav|
02. Awfe¨vcK : DwÏó e¯‘ hw` mgMÖ Avavi e¨vß K‡i weivR
K‡i weivRgvb _v‡K, Z‡e Zv‡K Awfe¨vcK
AvavivwaKiY e‡j| †hgb
wZ‡j •Zj Av‡Q| (wZ‡ji mviv Aske¨vcx)
b`x‡Z cvwb Av‡Q| (b`xi mg¯Í Ask e¨vß K‡i)
03. ‣elwqK : welq we‡k‡l ev †Kv‡bv we‡kl ¸‡Y KviI
†Kv‡bv `ÿZv ev ÿgZv _vK‡j †mLv‡b •elwqK
AwaKiY nq| †hgb ivwKe A‡¼ KvuPv, wKš‘ e¨vKi‡Y
fv‡jv| Avgv‡`i †mvbvi †Q‡jiv mvn‡m `yR©q, hy‡×
Aciv‡Rq|
AwaKiY Kvi‡K Ab¨vb¨ wefw³
K. cÖ_gv ev k~b¨ wefw³ : Avwg XvKv hve| evev evwo
†bB|
L. Z…Zxq wefw³ : wLwjcvb (Gi wfZ‡i) w`‡q Ilya
Lv‡e|
M. cÂgx wefw³ : evwo †_‡K b`x ‡`Lv hvq|
N. mßgx ev †Z wefw³ : G evwo‡Z †KD †bB|
AwaKi‡Y Abym‡M©i e¨envi
N‡ii g‡a¨ †K †i? ‡Zvgvi Avmb cvwZe nv‡Ui gv‡S|
wewfbœ Kvi‡K k~b¨ wefw³
o KZ©„Kvi‡K : iwng evwo hvq|
o Kg©Kvi‡K : Wv³vi WvK
o Ki‡Y : †Nvov‡K PveyK gvi|
o Acv`v‡b : Mvwo ‡÷kb Qv‡o|
o AwaKi‡Y : mvivivZ e„wó n‡q‡Q|
wewfbœ Kvi‡K mßgx ev G wefw³
o KZ©„Kvi‡K : †jv‡K e‡j| cvM‡j Kx bv e‡j|
o Kg©Kvi‡K : G Aax‡b `vwqZ¡fvi Ac©Y Kiæb|
o Ki‡Y : G Kj‡g fv‡jv ‡jLv nq|
o Acv`v‡b : ÔAvwg wK WivB mwL wfLvwi ivN‡e?Õ
o AwaKi‡Y : G †`‡n cÖvY †bB|
m¤^Ü c`
wµqvc‡`i m‡½ m¤úK© bv †i‡L †h bvgc` evK¨w¯’Z Ab¨ c‡`
m‡½ m¤úK©hy³ nq, Zv‡K m¤^Ü c` e‡j| †hgb-
evsjv fvlv 163 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
⁂ gwZ‡bi fvB evwo hv‡e| GLv‡b ÔgwZ‡biÕ m‡½ ÁvZe¨ : m‡¤^vab c` ev‡K¨i Ask| wKš‘ evK¨w¯’Z
ÔfvBÕ- Gi m¤úK© Av‡Q, wKš‘ Ôhv‡eÕ wµqvi mv‡_ wµqvc‡`i m‡½ †Kv‡bv m¤^Ü _v‡K bv e‡j m‡¤^vab c`
m¤^Ü †bB| KviK bq|
ÁvZe¨ : wµqvi m‡½ m¤^Ü c‡`i m¤^Ü †bB e‡j m¤^Ü
c`‡K KviK ejv nq bv| 01. A‡bK mgq m‡¤^vab c‡`i c~‡e© I‡Mv, I‡i, I‡Mv,
Awq cÖf…wZ Ae¨qevPK kã e‡m m‡¤^va‡bi m~Pbv
K‡i| †hgb- ÔI‡Mv, †Zviv RqaŸwb Ki|Õ ÔI‡i,
m¤^Ü c‡`i wefw³ AvR †Zviv hvm †b N‡ii evwn‡i|Õ ÔAwq wbigj
K. m¤^Ü c‡` ÔiÕ ev ÔGiÕ wefw³ hy³ n‡q _v‡K| Elv, †K †Zvgv‡K wbiwgj?Õ
h_v: Avwg + i = Avgvi (fvB), Lvwj` + Gi = 02. A‡bK mgq m¤^Üm~PK Ae¨qwU †Kej m‡¤^vab
Lvwj‡`i (eB)| c‡`i KvR K‡i _v‡K|
L. mgqevPK A‡_© m¤^Ü c‡` Kvi ‡Ki wefw³ 03. m‡¤^vab c‡`i c‡i A‡bK we¯§qm~PK wPý †`Iqv
hy³ nq| h_v AvwR + Kvi = AvwRKvi nq| GB ai‡bi we¯§qm~PK wPý‡K m‡¤^vab wPý
AvR‡Ki (KvMR)| c~‡e© + Kvi = c~‡e©Kvi ejv n‡q _v‡K|
(NUbv)| Kvwj + Kvi = KvwjKvi KvjKvi
Kvj‡Ki (‡Q‡j)| wKš‘ AvaywbK wbq‡g m‡¤^vab wPý ¯’v‡b Kgv (,) wP‡ýi
cÖ‡qvMB †ewk nq| †hgb- I‡i †LvKv, hvevi mg‡q GKUv
wKš‘ ÔKvjÕ k‡ãi c‡i ïay ÔGiÕ wefw³B hy³ nq| †hgb K_v ï‡b hvm&|
: Kvj + Gi = Kv‡ji| evK¨ : †m KZ Kv‡ji K_v|
m¤^Ü c‡`i cÖKvi‡f`
m¤^Ü c` eû cÖKv‡ii n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-
⁂ AwaKvi m¤^Ü : ivRvi ivR¨, cÖRvi Rwg|
⁂ Rb¥-RbK m¤^Ü : Mv‡Qi dj, cyKy‡ii gvQ| evK¨
⁂ Kvh©KiY m¤^Ü : AwMœi DËvc, †iv‡Mi Kó|
⁂ Dcv`vb m¤^Ü : iƒcvi _vjv, †mvbvi evwU| evK¨ kãwUi ey¨rcwËMZ A_© K_¨ ev Kw_Z welq| †h myweb¨¯Í
⁂ ¸Y m¤^Ü : gayi wgóZv, wb‡gi wZ³Zv| c`mgwó e³vi †Kvb g‡bvfve‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K
⁂ †nZz m¤^Ü : a‡bi AnsKvi, iƒ‡ci †`gvM| evK¨ e‡j|
⁂ e¨vwß m¤^Ü : †ivRvi QzwU, ki‡Zi AvKvk| ev‡K¨i ‡g․wjK Dcv`vb kã|
⁂ µg m¤^Ü : cvu‡Pi c„ôv, mv‡Zi Ni| fvlvi g~j DcKiY evK¨|
⁂ Ask m¤^Ü : nvwZi `vuZ, gv_vi Pzj| weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ
⁂ e¨emvq m¤^Ü : cv‡Ui ¸`vg, Av`vi e¨vcvwi|
01. Ôwg_¨vev`x‡K mevB AcQ›` K‡iÕ- evK¨wU‡K †bwZevPK
⁂ fMœvsk ¯^¤^Ü : G‡Ki wZb, mv‡Zi cvuP|
ev‡K¨ iƒcvšÍi Ki‡j nq- [36Zg wewmGm]
⁂ K…wZ m¤^Ü : bRiæ‡ji ÔAwMœexYvÕ gvB‡K‡ji K. wg_¨vev`x‡K mevB cQ›` K‡i
Ô‡gNbv`ea Kve¨Õ| L. wg_¨vev`x‡K mevB cQ›` K‡i bv
⁂ Avavi-Av‡aq : evwUi `ya, wkwki Ilya| M. wg_¨vev`x‡K †KD cQ›` K‡i bv
⁂ A‡f` m¤^Ü : Áv‡bi Av‡jvK, `yt‡Li `nb| N. wg_¨vev`x‡K †KD AcQ›` K‡i bv DËi : M
⁂ Dcgvb-Dc‡gq m¤^Ü : mevi †miv, mevi †QvU| 02. †KvbwU ev‡K¨i •ewkó¨ bq? [35Zg wewmGm]
⁂ KviK m¤^Ü : 01. KZ©„ m¤^Ü - ivRvi ûKzg| K. †hvM¨Zv L. AvKv•ÿv
02. Kg© m¤^Ü : cÖfzi †mev, mvayi `k©b| M. Avmw³ N. AvmwË DËi : M
03. KiY m¤^Ü : †Pv‡Li †`Lv, nv‡Zi jvwV| 03. ÔZzwg Avm‡e e‡j †n ¯^vaxbZv
04. Acv`vb m¤^Ü : ev‡Ni fq, e„wói cvwb| mwLbv wewei Kcvj fvOj|Õ- GwU †Kvb ai‡bi evK¨?
05. AwaKiY m¤^Ü : †ÿ‡Zi avb, †`‡ki †jvK| [33Zg wewmGm]
K. mij evK¨ L. wgkÖ ev RwUj
m‡¤^vab c` M. mij evK¨ N. mshyw³ DËi : L
Ôm‡¤^vabÕ kãwUi A_© AvnŸvb| hv‡K AvnŸvb K‡i wKQz ejv 04. Ôgv wQj bv e‡j †KD Zvi Pzj †eu‡a †`qwb|Õ GwU GKwU-
nq, Zv‡K m‡¤^vab c` e‡j| †hgb- I‡n gvwS, Avgv‡K cvi [32Zg wewmGm]
K‡iv| mygb, GLv‡b G‡mv| K. RwUj evK¨ L. †h․wMK evK¨
M. mij evK¨ N. wgkÖ evK¨ DËi : M
evsjv fvlv 164 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
05. ev‡K¨i ¸Y wK wK? [29Zg wewmGm]  fvlvi wePv‡i ev‡K¨i wZbUv ¸Y _vKv PvB|
K. AvKsLv, Avmw³ I we‡aq 01. AvKv•ÿv 02. AvmwË 03. ‡hvM¨Zv
L. AvKv•ÿv, AvmwË I †hvM¨Zv
M. †hvM¨Zv, D‡Ïk¨ I we‡aq 01. AvKv•ÿv : ev‡K¨i A_© cwi®‥vifv‡e †evSvi Rb¨ GK
N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : L c‡`i ci Ab¨ c` †kvbvi †h B”Qv Zv-B AvKv•ÿv|
06. Ô‡h-B Zvi `k©b †cjvg, †m-B Avgiv cÖ¯’vb Kijvg|Õ- wb‡Pi D`vniYwU jÿ¨ Kiæb-
GwU †Kvb RvZxq evK¨? [26Zg wewmGm] মকদ ‘ঘন্দ্র ঩ৃকথফীয ঘাযকদরও’ - এিুকু ফররই ফাওযকি ঳ভাপ্ত ওযা
K. mij evK¨ L. †h․wMK evK¨ ঴য়, য঳রক্ষরত্র ফাওযকি ঳ম্পূণি ভরনাবাফ প্রওা঱ ওরয না, আয঑
M. †g․wjK evK¨ N. wgkÖ evK¨ DËi : N কওঙু ইিা থারও। মকদ ফরা ঴য় : ঘন্দ্র ঩ৃকথফীয ঘাযকদরও যখারয।
07. Ô‡h‡nZz Zzwg †ewk b¤^i †c‡qQ, myZivs Zzwg cÖ_g n‡e|Õ এঔারন আওাঙ্ক্ষায কনফৃকত্ত ঴রয়রঙ ফরর একি ঩ূণিাঙ্গ ফাওয।
†Kvb ai‡bi evK¨? [25Zg wewmGm]
K. mij L. RwUj 02. AvmwË : ভরনাবাফ প্রওার঱য চন্য ফারওয ঱ব্দগুররা
M. †h․wMK N. AbyÁvg~jK DËi : L এভনবারফ ঩য ঩য ঳াচারত ঴রফ মারত ভরনাবাফ প্রওা঱
08. ÔZywg bv e‡jwQ‡j AvMvgxKvj Avm‡e?Õ-GB ev‡K¨ ÔbvÕ ফাধাগ্রস্ত না ঴য়। ফারওযয অথি঳ঙ্গকত যক্ষায চন্য সু঱ৃঙ্খর
Gi e¨envi Kx A‡_©? [24Zg wewmGm] ঩দকফন্যা঳ই আ঳কত্ত। কনরঘয উদা঴যণিা রক্ষয ওরুন –
K. bv-evPK L. n¨vu-evPK ওার কফতযণী ঴রফ উৎ঳ফ স্কুরর আভারদয ঩ুযস্কায অনুকষ্ঠত’। -
M. cÖkœ‡evaK N. we¯§qm~PK DËi : L এঔারন ঩দকফন্যা঳ সু঱ৃঙ্খরবারফ না ঴঑য়ায় অন্তকনিক঴ত বাফকি
09. ÔZvui eqm †e‡o‡Q wKš‘ eyw× ev‡owbÕ-GwU †Kvb ai‡bi মথামথ প্রওাক঱ত ঴য়কন। তাই একি এওকি ফাওয ঴য়কন। মকদ ফরা
evK¨? [18Zg wewmGm] ঴য় : ‘ওার আভারদয স্কু র র ঩ুযস্কায কফতযণী উৎ঳ফ অনুকষ্ঠত ঴রফ’।
K. †h․wMK evK¨ L. mvaviY evK¨ ফাওযকি আ঳কত্ত঳ম্পন্ন ঴য়।
M. wgkÖ evK¨ N. mij evK¨ DËi : K 03. †hvM¨Zv : ফাওযকস্থত ঩দ঳ভূর঴য অন্তকিত এফাং বাফকত
10. ÔnhiZ gynv¤§` (mv) wQ‡jb GKRb Av`k© gvbe|Õ যভরফিরনয নাভ যমাকযতা। কনরঘয উদা঴যণ যদঔুন-
evK¨wU wb‡¤œv³ †Kvb †kÖwYiÑÑÑÑ [17Zg wewmGm] K. el©vi e„wó‡Z cøve‡bi m„wó nq
K. wgkÖ L. RwUj L. el©vi †i․‡`ª cøve‡bi m„wó nq|
M. †h․wMK N. mij DËi : N K bs evK¨wU †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ evK¨| KviY, e„wó‡Z cøveb
11. †h․wMK ev‡K¨i Ab¨Zg ¸Y wK? [14Zg wewmGm] nq| Z‡e L bs evK¨wU †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ bq| KviY, †i․`ª
K. GKwU RwUj I GKwU mij ev‡K¨i mvnv‡h¨ evK¨ MVb| cøveb m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
L. GKwU mshy³ I GKwU wehy³ ev‡K¨i mvnv‡h¨ evK¨ MVb|
M. `ywU mij ev‡K¨i mvnv‡h¨ evK¨ MVb  k‡ãi †hvM¨Zvi mv‡_ RwoZ-
N. `ywU wgkÖ ev‡K¨i mvnv‡h¨ evK¨ MVb DËi : M 01. ixwZwm× A_©evPKZv 02. `y‡e©va¨Zv
03. Dcgvi fzj cÖ‡qvM 04. evûj¨-‡`vl
GK ev GKvwaK c‡`i Øviv hLb e³vi g‡bvfve m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c 05. evMavivi kã cwieZ© b 06. ¸iæPÐvjx †`vl
cÖKvk cvq, ZLb Zv‡K evK¨ e‡j| †hgb : 01. ixwZwm× A_©evPKZv : cÖK…wZ-cÖZ¨qRvZ A‡_© kã me©`v
‡jL| e¨eüZ nq| †hvM¨Zvi w`K †_‡K ixwZwm× A_©evPKZvi
Avwg LvB| cÖwZ jÿ¨ †i‡L KZ¸‡jv kã e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| †hgb-
KvRx me¨mvPx eB c‡ob|
ev‡K¨i c`¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cvi¯úvwiK GKwU m¤úK© ev Aš^q kã ixwZwm× cÖK…wZ + cÖK…wZ + cÖZ¨qRvZ
_vK‡Z nq, hvi Kvi‡Y e³vi g‡bvfve ev e³e¨ ¯úófv‡e cÖ Z¨q A_©
dz‡U I‡V| evwaZ AbyM„nxZ eva + BZ evavcÖvß
jÿ¨ Ki : ev K…ZÁ
wM‡q cyKz‡i eo a‡iwQ GKUv gvQ ‣Zj wZj RvZxq wZj + ò wZjRvZ †¯œn c`v_©,
Lvu Lvu Acy hvIqvq P‡j K‡i‡Q evwoUv| we‡kl †Kvb k‡m¨i im
evK¨ `ywU‡Z e³vi g‡bvfve cwi®‥vi bq| †Kbbv, c`¸‡jvi
02. `y‡ev©a¨Zv : অপ্রঘকরত, রৃরফিাধয ঱ব্দ ফযফ঴ায ওযরর
g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK Aš^q †bB| c`¸‡jv myweb¨¯Í bq| ZvB
ফারওযয যমাকযতা কফনষ্ট ঴য়। যমভন : তুকভ আভায ঳ারথ
G¸‡jv‡K evK¨ ejv hvq bv| evK¨ n‡Z n‡j c`¸‡jv
প্র঩ি ওরযরঙা। (ঘাতুযী ফা ভায়া অরথি, কওন্তু ফাাংরা ‘প্র঩ি’
myweb¨¯Ífv‡e mvRv‡Z n‡e| †hgb :
঱ব্দকি অপ্রঘকরত)।
cyKz‡i wM‡q eo GKUv gvQ a‡iwQ
Acy P‡j hvIqvq evwoUv Lvu Lvu Ki‡Q| 03. Dcgvi fzj cÖ‡qvM : কঠওবারফ উ঩ভা অরাংওায ফযফ঴ায না
fvlvi †g․wjK Dcv`vb : kã| fvlvi g~j DcKiY : evK¨| ওযরর যমাকযতায ঴াকন খরি। যমভন : আভায র৅দয় –ভকিরয
evsjv fvlv 165
আ঱ায ফীচ উপ্ত ঴ররা। ফীচ যক্ষরত ফ঩ন ওযা ঴য়, ভকিরয
নয়। ওারচই ফাওযকি ঴঑য়া উকঘত : আভায র৅দয়- যক্ষরত্র
আ঱ায ফীচ উপ্ত ঴ররা।
04. evûj¨-‡`vl : প্ররয়াচরনয অকতকযক্ত ঱ব্দ ফযফ঴ারয ফার৆রয
যদাল খরি এফাং এয পরর ঱ব্দ তায যমাকযতাগুণ ঴াকযরয়
থারও। যমভন : যদর঱য ঳ফ আররভকণই এ ফযা঩ারয আভারদয
঳ভথিন দান ওরযন। ‘আররভকণ’ ফর৆ ফঘনফাঘও ঱ব্দ। এয
঳রঙ্গ ‘঳ফ’ ঱ব্দকিয অকতকযক্ত ফযফ঴ায ফার৆রয যদাল ঳ৃকষ্ট
ওরযরঙ।
05. evMavivi kã cwieZ©b : ফাকধাযা বালাকফর঱রলয ঐকতহ্।
এয মরথি ঩কযফতিন ওযরর ঱ব্দ তায যমাকযতা ঴াযায়।
যমভন: ‘অযরণয যযাদন’ ( অথি : কনফর আরফদন) এয
঩কযফরতি মকদ ফরা ঴য় ‘ফরন ক্রিন’, তরফ ফাকধাযাকি তায
যমাকযতা ঴াযারফ।
06. ¸iæPÐvjx †`vl : তৎ঳ভ ঱রব্দয ঳রঙ্গ যদ঱ীয় ঱রব্দয প্ররয়াক
ওঔরনা ওঔরনা গুরুঘন্ডারী যদাল ঳ৃকষ্ট ওরয। এ যদারল রৃষ্ট
঱ব্দ তায যমাকযতা ঴াযায়। কনরঘয উদা঴যণ঳ভূ঴ রক্ষয ওরুন :
Miæi Mvwo cÖf…wZ ¯’‡j Miæi kKU cÖf…wZi e¨envi
ke`vn hw` emv‡bv ke‡cvov ¸iæPÐvjx †`vl
gov‡cvov nq → gov`vn
 ev‡K¨i cÖKvi‡f` : 3 cÖKvi|
01. mij evK¨ 02. RwUj ev wgkª evK¨ 03. ‡h․wMK evK¨
01. mij evK¨ : যম ফারওয এওকিভাত্র ওতিা (উরদ্দশ্য) এফাং
এওকিভাত্র ঳ভাক঩ওা কক্রয়া (কফরধয়) থারও, তারও ঳যর
ফাওয ফরর। মথা : ঩ুকুরয ঩দ্মপুর চরন্ম। এঔারন ‘঩দ্মপুর’
উরদ্দশ্য এফাং ‘চরন্ম’ কফরধয়। G iKg wKQz D`vniY :
o e„wó n‡”Q
o ‡Zvgiv evwo hvI
o ‡¯œngqx Rbbx (D‡Ïk¨) ¯^xq mšÍvb‡K cÖvYv‡cÿv
fvjev‡mb|
mij evK¨ †Pbvi Dcvq :
o এওকি ঳যর ফারওয এওকি ফা এওাকধও অ঳ভাক঩ওা কক্রয়া
থাওরত ঩ারয, তরফ ঳ভাক঩ওা কক্রয়া এওকিই থাওরফ।
যমভন:
ও. যও঴ ওক঴য়া না কদরর঑ (অ঳ভাক঩ওা কক্রয়া) তর঩াফন ফকরয়া
যফাধ ঴ইরতরঙ (঳ভাক঩ওা কক্রয়া)।
ঔ. কতকন উচ্চতয কডগ্রী অচিন য঱রল (অ঳ভাক঩ওা কক্রয়া) ঘাওকয
য঩রর (অ঳ভাক঩ওা কক্রয়া) যদর঱ কপরয আ঳রফন (঳ভাক঩ওা
কক্রয়া)।
ক. ঩যীক্ষায় উত্তীণি ঴঑য়ায চন্য এঔন যথরওই যতাভায ঩িা
উকঘৎ।
o ঳যর ফারওযয যবতরয যওান ঔণ্ডফাওয ফা এওাকধও ঩ূণিফাওয
থারও না। যমভন :
ক. যঘ঴াযা কনষ্প্প্রব ঴রর঑ তায ভুঔাফয়রফ এওিা ঩কযতৃকপ্তয
আবা কঙর। (঳যর)
Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
খ. মকদ঑ যঘ঴াযা কনষ্প্প্রব তফু তায ভুঔাফয়রফ এওকি ঩কযতৃকপ্তয
আবা কঙর। (চকির)
গ. যঘ঴াযা কনষ্প্প্রব, কওন্তু তায ভুঔাফয়রফ এওিা ঩কযতৃকপ্তয
আবা কঙর। (রমৌককও)
02. RwUj ev wgkÖ evK¨ (Complex Sentence)
যম ফারওয এওকি স্঩াধীন ফাওয (প্রধান ঔণ্ডফারওযয) এফাং এও ফা
এওাকধও আকশ্রত ঔণ্ডফাওয ফাওয ঩যস্ধয ঳ার঩ক্ষ বারফ ফযফর৅ত
঴য়, তারও কভশ্র ফা চকির ফাওয ফরর। মথা :
আকশ্রত ঔণ্ডফাওয প্রধান ঔণ্ডফাওয ফা স্঩াধীন ফাওয
১. যম ঩কযশ্রভ ওরয, য঳- ই সুঔ রাব ওরয
২. য঳ যম অ঩যাধ ওরযরঙ, তা ভুঔ যদরঔই ফুরছকঙ
৩. কমকন ঩রযয উ঩ওায ওরযন, তােঁরও ঳ফাই শ্রদ্ধা ওরয।
RwUj ev wgkÖ evK¨ †Pbvi Dcvq :
o চকির ফা কভশ্র ফারওয এওাকধও ঔণ্ডফাওয থারও। এরদয
ভরধয এওকি প্রধান ঔণ্ডফাওয থারও এফাং অন্যগুররা য঳ই
ফারওযয উ঩য কনবিয ওরয। যমভন :
ও. যমভন ওভি ওযরফ, যতভন পর ঩ারফ।
ঔ. মকদ িাওা দা঑, তা঴রর তুকভ ভুকক্ত ঩ারফ।
ক. যমর঴তু য঳ নাভচাদা শ্বরৄরযয ক঱ষ্য, সুতযাাং ভস্ত যরাও।
খ. মত ঩িরফ, তত ক঱ঔরফ, তত বুররফ।
o অকধওাাং঱ চকির ফারওযয অন্তকিত প্রকতকি ঔণ্ডফারওযয ঩য
ওভা (,) থারও।
ও. মারদয চীফরন আরক রৃুঃঔ আর঳, তারদয ঩রয সুঔ আর঳।
ঔ. কমকন ঩রযয উ঩ওায ওরযন, তােঁরও ঳ফাই শ্রদ্ধা ওরয।
o ফারওযয রৄরুরত দৃশ্যভান ঑ উহ্ ফাাংরা ফণি ‘ম’ এয
উ঩কস্থকত ঔুেঁরচ ঩া঑য়া মায়।
ও. মকদ঑ য঳ ঩কণ্ডত, তথাক঩ য঳ কফনয়ী নয়।
ঔ. আকভ ভারঠ ককরয় যদঔরাভ, যঔরা য঱ল ঴রয় ককরয়রঙ।
M. Zzwg hv ej‡j, Zv AmZ¨|
 AvwkÖZ LÐevK¨
we‡kl¨ ¯’vbxq we‡klY ¯’vbxq wµqv we‡klY ¯’vbxq
we‡kl¨ ¯’vbxq AvwkÖZ LÐevK¨ (Noun Clause)
যম আকশ্রত ঔণ্ডফাওয (Subordinate clause) প্রধান
ঔণ্ডফারওযয যম যওারনা ঩রদয আকশ্রত যথরও কফর঱রষ্যয ওাচ
ওরয, তারও কফর঱ষ্য স্থানীয় আকশ্রত ঔণ্ডফাওয ফরর। মথা :
o Avwg gv‡V wM‡q †`Ljvg, †Ljv †kl n‡q wM‡q‡Q|
(wµqvi Kg©iƒ‡c we‡kl¨ ¯’vbxq LÐevK¨)
o e¨vcviwU wb‡q NvuUvNvuwU Ki‡j dj fv‡jv n‡e bv|
we‡klY ¯’vbxq AvwkÖZ LÐevK¨ (Adjective Clause)
যম আকশ্রত ঔণ্ডফাওয (Subordinate clause) প্রধান
ঔণ্ডফারওযয অন্তকিত যওান কফর঱ষ্য ফা ঳ফিনারভয যদাল, গুণ
এফাং অফস্থা প্রওা঱ ওরয, তারও কফর঱লণ স্থানীয় আকশ্রত
ঔণ্ডফাওয ফরর। মথা :
o LvuwU †mvbvi PvB‡Z LvuwU, Avgvi †`‡ki gvwU|
o Ôabav‡b¨ cy‡®ú fiv, Avgv‡`i GB emyÜivÕ|
evsjv fvlv 166 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
o Ô‡h G mfvq Abycw¯’Z, †m eo `yfv©MvÕ| A°v cvIqv gviv hvIqv
wµqv-we‡klY ¯’vbxq AvwkÖZ LÐevK¨ (Adverbial Av‡°j †mjvwg ‡evKvwgi, wbe©yw×vi `Ð/kvw¯Í
Clause) : যম আকশ্রত ঔণ্ডফাওয (Subordinate clause) AM¯Í ¨ hvÎv wPiw`‡bi Rb¨ cÖ¯’vb
কক্রয়া঩রদয স্থান, ওার ঑ ওাযণ কনরদি঱ও অরথি ফযফর৅ত ঴য় AMva R‡ji gvQ myPZzi e¨w³
তারও কক্রয়া- কফর঱লণ স্থানীয় আকশ্রত ঔণ্ডফাওয ফরর। মথা : Aa© P ›`ª Mjv av°v
o ÔhZB Kwi‡e `vb, ZZB hv‡e †eo| AwaK mbœ ¨ vmx‡Z Abvek¨Kfv‡e AwZwi³ †jv‡Ki Øviv †Kvb
Mvu R b bó KvR myôzfv‡e bv n‡q Zv eiev` n‡q hvq|
o ÔZzwg Avm‡e e‡j, Avwg A‡cÿv KiwQÕ|
o Ô‡hLv‡b AvKvk Avi mgy`ª GKvKvi n‡q †M‡Q, A‡Üi hwô, A‡Üi bwo GKgvÎ Aej¤^b
†mLv‡bB w`bPµevjÕ| A‡Üi nvwZ †`Lv Askwe‡kl ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i m¤ú~Y©
wel‡q gZvgZ e¨³ Kiv
03. †h․wMK evK¨ (Compound Sentence) AwMœkg©v wbiwZkq µä
঩যস্ধয কনযর঩ক্ষ রৃই ফা তরতাকধও ঳যর ফা কভশ্র ফাওয কভকরত AvMWzg-evMWzg Abvek¨K eKeK Kiv/ A_©nxb
঴রয় এওকি ঳ম্পূণি ফাওয কঠন ওযরর তারও যমৌককও ফাওয ফরর। K_v
যমভন: যনতা চনকণরও উৎ঳াক঴ত ওযররন ফরি, কওন্তু, যওারনা AwMœcixÿv KwVb cixÿv
঩থ যদঔারত ঩াযররন না। A‣_ R‡j cov w`‡knviv n‡q cov
o ‡jvKwU abx wKš‘ K…cY AÜKv‡i wXj gviv Av›`v‡R KvR Kiv
o Zvui UvKv Av‡Q wKš‘ wZwb `vb K‡ib bv| AÜKvi †`Lv w`‡knviv nIqv, nZeyw× nIqv
o wec` Ges `ytL GKB mv‡_ Av‡m| AK~ j cv_vi fxlY wec`
o GZÿY A‡cÿv Kijvg wKš‘ Mvwo †cjvg bv| ARMi e„ w Ë Avj‡mwg
ARvi hy‡× AvuUzwb mvi jNy djvdjhy³ Avo¤^ic~Y© Av‡qvRb
 ‡h․wMK evK¨ †Pbvi Dcvq : Aby‡iv‡a †XuwK †Mjv Aby‡iv‡a `yi~n KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z
o যমৌককও ফারওযয অন্তকিত কনযর঩ক্ষ ফাওযগুররা এফাং,
m¤§wZ Ávcb
঑, wKš‘, তাই, তা঴রর, অথফা, অথঘ, কওাংফা,
ফযাং, তথাক঩, প্রবৃকত অফযয় িাযা ঳াংমুক্ত ফা ঳ভকিত
A`„‡ói cwinvm fv‡M¨i wbôziZv
থারও। যমভন:
Aíwe`¨v fqsKix mvgvb¨ we`¨vi AnsKvi
ও. ফস্ব ভকরন যওন, যও঴ কচজ্ঞা঳া ওকযরর য঳ যধা঩ারও কাকর AbwaKvi PP© v mxgvi evB‡i c`‡ÿc
঩ারি, অথঘ যধৌত ফরস্ব তা঴ায কৃ঴ ঩কয঩ূণি। Ai‡Y¨ †iv`b wbùj Av‡e`b
ঔ. উদয়াস্ত ঩কযশ্রভ ওযফ, তথাক঩ অরন্যয িাযস্থ ঴রফা না। AwnbKz j m¤^ Ü fxlY kÎæZv
AÜKvi †`Lv w`‡knviv n‡q cov
Agvem¨vi Pvu` `yj©f e¯‘
evMaviv AšÍ i wUcy w b gg©cxov`vqK/‡Mvcb e¨v_v
Ajÿxi `kv `vwi`ª¨, kÖxnxbZv
01. ki‡Zi wkwki evMavivwUi A_© Kx? (40Zg wewmGm) AwZ `‡c© nZ j¼v mrK‡g© wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³ A‡b¨i
K. mymg‡qi eÜz L. mymg‡qi mÂq †K․k‡j †fvMvwšÍi wkKvi nq
M. ki‡Zi †kvfv N. ki‡Zi wkDwj dzj D K AwZ gš’‡b wel I‡V GKwU welq wb‡q gvÎvwZwi³
Av‡jvob ÿwZKviK nq
e¨vL¨v : ki‡Zi wkwki mymg‡qi eÜz| GQvovI `y‡ai AwZ †jv‡f ZvuwZ bó gvÎvwZwi³ †jv‡f ÿwZi m¤¢ebv
gvwQ evMavivi A_© mymg‡qi eÜz| †e‡o hvq
02. wke ivwÎi mj‡Z evMavivwUi A_© Kx? (40Zg wewmGm) Aíwe`¨v fq¼ix †h we`¨vi cÖ‡qvM mgvR‡K
K. wkeivwÎi Av‡jv L. GKgvÎ mÂq ÿwZMÖ¯Í K‡i
M. GKgvÎ mšÍvb N. wkeivwÎi ¸iæZ¡ D M Av
e¨vL¨v : wke ivwÎi mj‡Z evev-gv‡qi GKgvÎ mšÍvb Avnjv‡` AvULvbv AwZ Lywk nIqv
ev RxweZ eskai| AvwocvZv jywK‡q jywK‡q Kv‡iv K_v †kvbv
Aÿ‡i Aÿ‡i cwic~Y©fv‡e/m¤ú~Y©fv‡e
AvKvk Kzmyg Aev¯Íe Kíbv
A
AvKvk-cvZvj cÖPzi e¨eavb
AKvj Kz®§vÐ Ac`v_©, A‡K‡Rv AvKvk †f‡½ cov fxlY wec‡` cov
AKv‡j ev`jv AcÖZ¨vwkZ evav Av‡°j †mjvwg wbey©w×Zvi `Ð
evsjv fvlv 167 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
Av‡°j `vuZ DVv eyw×i cwic°Zv Avmv G‡jvcvZvwo wek„•Ljv
AvOyj dz‡j KjvMvQ nVvr eo‡jvK Gmcvi Imcvi gxgvsmv
AvKv‡ki Pvu` nv‡Z cvIqv `yj©f e¯‘ cÖvwß GKv`‡k e„n¯úwZ ‡m․fv‡M¨i welq
Av¸‡b wN Xvjv ivM evov‡bv Gjvwn KvÐ weivU Av‡qvRb
Avu‡Z Nv jvMv g‡b Kó cvIqv GK K_vi gvbyl wb‡Ri Ae¯’v‡b `„p msKí e¨vw³
Av`vq KvuPKjvq kÎæZv
Av`vi e¨vcvix mvgvb¨ wel‡q e¨vc„Z e¨w³ I J
Av`v Rj †L‡q jvMv cÖvYcY †Póv Kiv Iur ‡c‡Z _vKv my‡hv‡Mi cÖZxÿvq _vKv
Avw`‡L¨Zv b¨vKvwg Ilya cov cÖfve cov/Kv‡R jvMv
Av‡°j ¸o–g nZeyw×, ¯Íw¤¢Z Jly‡a aiv mwµq nIqv
Avcb cv‡q Kzovj gviv wb‡RB wb‡Ri me©bvk Kiv ISvi e¨vUv ebMiæ cwЇZi g~L© cyÎ
Avgov Mv‡Qi †XuwK Ac`v_© K
AvgZv AvgZv Kiv BZ¯ÍZ Kiv, wØav Kiv K-Aÿi †Mvgvsm AwkÿZ e¨w³
AvUKcv‡j nZfvM¨ K_v Pvjv NUbv e‡j †eov‡bv, iUbv Kiv
AvVvi gv‡m eQi `xN©m~wÎZv K_v †`qv cÖwZkÖæwZ †`qv
Avjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvj AwZ Av`‡i eo †jv‡Ki bó cyÎ
Kvb cvZjv ‡h me K_vq wek^vm K‡i
AvKv‡k †Zvjv AwZwi³ cÖksmv Kiv Kcv‡j nvZ †`qv fv‡M¨i †`vnvB †`qv
Avlv‡p Mí AvRMywe †K”Qv Kwji mÜv `yt‡Li m~Pbv/ïiæ
B Kjyi ej` GKUvbv LvUzwb
Bu`yi Kcv‡j wbZvšÍ g›` fvM¨ Kwji mܨv `yw`©‡bi, `yt‡Li ïiæ nIqv
BuP‡o cvKv AKvjcK¡ Kcvj †div ‡m․fvM¨ jvf
BZi we‡kl wbPz g‡bi e¨w³, e`†gRvRx ‡KZv`yi¯Í cwicvwU
C‡`i Puv` AwZ cÖZ¨vwkZ wRwbm KZ av‡b KZ Pvj wnmve K‡i Pjv
Bj‡k ¸wo ¸uwo ¸uwo e„wó nIqv Kovq MÐvq m¤ú~Y©, cy‡ivcwi
Ksm gvgv wbg©g/wb`©q AvZœxq
D KvK f~lwÐi m¤ú~Y© †fRv
DËg ga¨g cÖnvi, wcUzwb KvKwb`ªv AMfxi mZK ©wb`ªv
DobPÐx AwgZe¨qx Kvb Lvov Kiv g‡bv‡hvMx nIqv
Dfq msKU kv‡Li KivZ Kv‡b Zz‡jv †`qv ¸iZ¡ bv †`qv
Djye‡b gy³ Qov‡bv A¯’v‡b g~j¨evb `ªe¨ cÖ`vb Kvb KvUv wbj©¾/‡envqv
D‡ovwPwV ‡ebvwg cÎ Kvb fvix Kiv Kzcivgk© †`qv
D‡o G‡m Ry‡o emv AbwaKvixi AwaKvi Kv‡b †Zvjv ‡Kvb wKQz Dc¯’vcb Kiv
EbcvR‡i nZfvM¨ KvuPv cqmv bM` DcvR©b
D‡`vi wcwÐ ey‡avi Nv‡o wb‡Ri †`vl A‡b¨i Dci KPze‡bi KvjvPvu` Ac`v_©
Pvcv‡bv KuvUv w`‡q KuvUv †Zvjv kÎæ‡K w`‡q kÎæ Nv‡qj Kiv
DRv‡bi ‣K mnRjf¨, myweav‡fvMx e¨vw³ KvuVv‡ji AvgmË¡ Am¤¢e e¯‘
D‡V c‡o jvMv we‡klfv‡e Kv‡Ri †Póv Kiv K~cgÐzK NiKz‡bv, mxgve× Ávb m¤úbœ
Duwbk-wek mvgvb¨ cv_©K¨ ‡KZv`yi¯Í cwicvwU
Kv‡Vi cyZzj wbR©xe, Amvi
E K_vq wPu‡o †fRv dvuKv eywj‡Z Kvh©mvab
EbcÂvk evqy cvMjvwg KvQv wXjv Amveavb
Eb‡KvwU †P․lwÆ cÖvq Am¤ú~Y© ‡Kv‡j wc‡V gvbyl Kiv jvjb cvjb Kiv
G wKj †L‡q wKj Pzwi Acgvb mn¨ K‡i bxie _vKv
GKÿz‡i gv_v gyov‡bv GKB ¯^fv‡ei KvKZvjxq e¨vcvi ci¯úi m¤úK©nxb A_P nVvr
GK‡PvLv cÿcvwZZ¡, cÿcvZ`yó GKm‡½ NUv
GK gv‡N kxZ hvq bv wec` GKeviB Av‡m bv Kvj‡bwgi j¼vfvM gvÎvwZwi³ Avkv K‡i wbivk nIqv
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†cÖvwlZfZ…©Kv| ‡h bvix (weevwnZ ev AweevwnZ) wPiKvj GKB ¸iæi kxl© mZx_©
wcZ…M„nevwmbx- wPi›U| †h cyiæ‡li ¯¿x we‡`‡k _v‡K mv‡ci †Lvjm wb‡gv©K
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K. †eZme„wË L. cZ½e„wË b~cy‡ii aŸwb wb°Y
M. R‡j․Kve„wË N. Kzw¤¢jKe„wË DËi N hv K_vq cÖKvk/eY©bv Kiv hvq bv Awbe©Pbxq
‡h e¨w³ c~e©R‡b¥i K_v ¯§iY Ki‡Z cv‡i RvwZ¯§i
e¨vL¨v : mvwnZ¨ ev m½x‡Z A‡b¨i iPbv‡K wb‡Ri e‡j w`b I ivwÎi mwÜÿY ‡Mva~wj
Pvjv‡bv‡KB Kzw¤¢jZ¡ ev Kzw¤¢jKe„wË ejv nq| g„‡Zi gZ Ae¯’v hvi gyg~ly©
hvi †Kvb Dcvq bvB wbiæcvq
wewfbœ cixÿvq Avmv evK¨ ms‡KvPb
hvi Ab¨ †Kvb Dcvq bvB Ab‡b¨vcvq
g~j evK¨ cÖ`Ë kã hv K‡ó AR©b Kiv hvq KóvwR©Z
‡eu‡P _vKvi B”Qv wRRxwelv (40Zg) hv K‡ó Rq Kiv hvq `yR©q
‡h bvixi ¯^vgx we‡`‡k _v‡K †cÖvwlZfZ©„Kv-40Zg hv K‡ó jvf Kiv hvq `yj©f
‡h A‡b¨i †jLv wb‡Ri bv‡g Pvjvq Kzw¤¢jK (40Zg) hv `gb Kiv hvq bv A`g¨
‡h ¯^vgxi ¯¿x we‡`‡k _v‡K ‡cÖvwlZcZœxK hv `xwß cv‡”Q ‡``xc¨gvb
bó nIqv hvi ¯^fve/ hv wPi¯’vqx bq bk^i ‡h e¯Íx n‡Z DrLvZ n‡q‡Q DØv¯‘
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Awÿi Av‡MvP‡i/wcQ‡b c‡ivÿ is jyKvq ‡h
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‡h f~wg‡Z dmj Rb¥vq bv Eli Mfxi aŸwb g›`ª
hv c~‡e©/Av‡M wQj GLb/eZ©gv‡b bvB f~Zc~e© ‡kvbv hvq hv kÖæwZMvn¨
hv c~‡e© KL‡bv nqwb Af~Zc~e© 1evi ‡kvbvgvÎB g‡b ivL‡Z cv‡i †h kÖæwZai
hv ejv nqwb Aby³ kÎæ‡K `gb K‡i †h Awi›`g
ÿgvi †hvM¨ ÿgvn© hvi AvKvi KzrwmZ K`vKvi
hv KL‡bv bó/aŸsm nq bv/hv ¯’vqx Awebk^i nvwZi WvK e„swnZ
nq hv Aek¨B NU‡e Aek¨¤¢vex
evû‡Z fi K‡i P‡j †h fzR½ Avcbv‡K cwÐZ g‡b K‡i ‡h cwÐZgb¨
hv jvwd‡q P‡j cøeM- e¨vO jvf Kivi B”Qv wjáv
‡h cÖexb/eq¯‥ bq bexb g„wËKv w`‡q ‣Zwi g„b¥q
R‡qi Rb¨ †h Drme RqšÍx Ki `vb K‡i †h Ki` (Dcc`)
cuwPk eQi c~Y© nIqvi Drme †K e‡j iRZ RqšÍx (ci) AKv‡j hv‡K RvMiY Kiv nq AKvj‡evab
cÂvk eQi c~Y© nIqvi Drme †K myeY© RqšÍx (myc) BwZnvm wel‡q AwfÁ whwb BwZnvm‡eËv
e‡j ‡h eû welq Rv‡b/‡`‡L‡Q eû`kx©
lvU eQi c~Y© nIqvi Drme †K e‡j nxiK RqšÍx whwb A‡bK †`‡L‡Qb f~‡qv`kx©
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hvi `yBnvZ mgvbfv‡e P‡j me¨mvPx hvi Dcw¯’Z eyw× Av‡Q cÖZy¨rcbœgwZ
c‡¼ R‡b¥ hv c¼R (Dcc`) mgy`ª n‡Z wngvPj ch©šÍ Avmgy`ªwngvPj
‡h GKNi n‡Z Ab¨ N‡i wfÿv K‡i gvayKix Kg© AeZvi Ajm
Øv‡i _v‡K †h ‡`․evwiK hv evj‡Ki gv‡S my‡jvf evj¨my‡jvf
whwb AwaK K_v e‡jb bv wgZfvlx Kziæi eskRvZ ‡K․ie
whwb AíK_v e‡jb Aífvlx Kzqvi e¨vO/evB‡ii RMZ m¤ú‡K© K~cgÐ~K
‡h †ewk K_v e‡j evPvj Ávb/aviYv bvB hvi
‡h ‡ivM wbY©‡q nvZwo‡q g‡i nvZz‡o Mv‡Qi cvZvq •Zwi cU †K e‡j cÎcyU
nbb (nZ¨v) Kivi B”Qv wRNvsmv Ab¨ fvlvq iæcvšÍwiZ Ab~w`Z
hvi AvMg‡b †Kvb wZw_ bvB AwZw_ c_ Pjvi LiP cv‡_q
wek^R‡bi wnZKi wek^Rbxb nvwZi evm¯’vb MRM„n
‡fvRb Kivi B”Qv eyfzÿv ‡ejv‡K AwZµvšÍ D‡Øj (2q Zr)
GK wel‡q hvi wPË wbweó GKvMÖwPË ‡h cyiæ‡li G hveZ `vwo-‡Mvd MRvqwb ARvZk¥kÖæ
‡h Mv‡Q dj a‡i wKš‘ dzj a‡i bv eb¯úwZ (wbcvZ‡b) ‡Lqv cvi K‡i †h cvUwb
whwb e³…Zv `v‡b cUz evM¥x ivwÎi †klfvM ciivÎ
Aveÿ R‡j †b‡g ¯œvb AeMvnb hv AvNvZ cvq wb AbvnZ
hvi A‡bK eyw× Av‡Q Mfxi R‡ji gvQ cv ayBevi Rj cv`¨
wcÖq evK¨ e‡j †h bvix wcÖqse`v hvi wKQz bvB üZme©¯^
Kg© m¤úv`‡b AwZkq `ÿ whwb Kg©V ‡h bvix †Kvbw`b m~‡h©i gyL †`‡L wb Am~h©¯úk¨v
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‡h bvixi ¯^vgx I cyÎ bvB Aexiv mšÍv‡bi
hv fwel¨‡Z NU‡e fweZe¨ mÁv‡b Ab¨vq K‡i †h Ávbcvcx
‡h wel‡q †Kvb weZK©/we‡iva †bB Awemsev`x Kx Ki‡Z n‡e †f‡e cvq bv ‡h wKsKZ©e¨wegyp
hv wb›`vi‡hvM¨ bq Awb›`¨ AvKvk I c„w_exi AšÍiv‡jv‡K µ›`mx
mvg‡b AMÖmi n‡q Af¨_©bv cÖZz¨`Mgb ‡h e¨q Ki‡Z KzÉv‡eva K‡i K…cY
hvi evm¯’vb †bB Awb‡KZ/Awb‡KZb gyw³ †c‡Z B”QzK gygyÿz
A‡k^i WvK ‡n«lv whwb fvj e¨vKiY Rv‡bb ‣eqvKib
‡h mKj AZ¨vPv‡iB m‡q hvq me©smnv ‡`Levi B”Qv w``„ÿv
GKevi dj w`‡q †h MvQ g‡i hvq Ilwa hvi Pÿzj¾v bvB wbj©¾/Pkg‡Lvi
kÎæ‡K cxov †`q †h cišÍc hv ejv n‡e e³e¨
hv mvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ †`Lv hvq bv AmvaviY hv ejv DwPZ bq AK_¨
‡h DcKvixi DcKvi ¯^xKvi K‡i K…ZÁ
‡h DcKvixi DcKvi ¯^xKvi K‡i bv AK…ZÁ Ab¨vb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© evK¨ ms‡KvPb
‡h DcKvixi AcKvi K‡i K…ZNœ A
‡h fwel¨Z /mvg‡b I wcQb bv †f‡e Aweg„l¨Kvix AwZ K‡ó hv wbevib Kiv hvq `ywb©evi
KvR K‡i ‡h bvixi we‡q nq wb Abypv
hv memgq civi Dc‡hvMx AvU‡c․‡i-g›`fvM¨ Awi‡K/kÎæ‡K `gb K‡i †h Awi›`g
hv ecb Kiv n‡q‡Q Dß Ab¨ Dcvq †bB hvi Ab‡b¨vcvq
wZb †gvnbvi wgjb †hLv‡b ‡Z‡gvnbv Am~qv/wnsmv †bB †h bvixi Abm~qv
hv mn‡R AwZµg Kiv hvq bv `yivwZµg¨ AcKvi Kivi B”Qv AcwPKxl©v
ev‡Ni Pvgov AwRb AbymÜvb Kivi B”Qv AbymwÜrmv
`kR‡bi Pµv‡šÍ b¨vq †K Ab¨vq Kiv `kP‡µ fMevb f~Z AwZ ¸Yevb cy‡Îi Rbbx iZœMf©v
e„wói Rj kxKi AMfxi mZK© wb`ªv KvKwb`ªv
Bn‡iv‡K mvgvb¨ bq hv A‡jvKmvgvb¨ Ab¨ fvlvq iæcvšÍi Abyev`
G‡KB mg‡q eZ©gvb mgmvgwqK Ab¨ w`‡K gb ‡bB hvi Abb¨gbv
ci‡K cÖwZcvjb K‡i †h cif~Z (KvK) AbyKiY Kivi B”Qv AbywPKxl©v
‡Mvcb Kivi B”Qv Ry¸áv ANUb KvÐ NUvB‡Z cvi`kx© †h bvix ANUbNUbcUxqmx
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A‡MÖ R‡b¥‡Q †h AMÖR ÿqcªvß n‡”Q hv ÿxqgvb
Aby‡Z (cðv‡Z) R‡b¥‡Q †h AbyR ‡KvwK‡ji WvK Kzû
A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ cÖavb ‡kÖô Kv‡Pi •Zwi Ni wkkgnj
Av ‡Kvb wel‡q bZzb c_/iv¯Ív wb‡`©k cw_K…r
Av‡M hv wPšÍv Kiv nqwb AwPwšÍZc~e© K‡i †h
Avqbvq cÖwZdwjZ iæc cÖwZwe¤^ µgvMZ `yj‡Q Ggb ‡`v`yj¨gvb
Avg„Zz¨ hy× K‡i †h mskßK Kó mn¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i †h Kómwnòz
Avivabvi ‡hvM¨ whwb Aviva¨ wKQz †bB hvi wbt¯^
AvUgv‡m Rb¥ hvi AvUv‡k µgkB ewa©Z n‡”Q hv µgea©gvb
Avq ey‡S e¨q K‡i †h wgZe¨qx ÿY¯’vqx cÖfv hvi ÿYcÖfv
Avq ey‡S e¨q K‡i bv †h AwgZe¨qx Ki w`‡Z nq bv †h Rwgi wb®‥i
AvKv‡k (L) P‡i †h ‡LPi ‡Kvb wKQz‡ZB fxZ bq †h AKz‡Zvfq
AvKv‡k Mgb K‡i †h wenM/wen½ KÉ ch©šÍ AvKÉ -Ae¨qxfve
Avmgv‡bi gZ is hvi Avmgvbx/bxj ‡KD Rvb‡Z cv‡i bv Ggb AÁvZmv‡i
Avw` n‡Z AšÍ ch©šÍ Av`šÍ¨/Av‡`¨vcvšÍ L
Avo‡¤^i m‡½ eZ©gvb mvo¤^i LvIqvi B”Qv ÿzav
Avnevb Kiv n‡q‡Q hv‡K Avn~Z LvIqvi †hvM¨/Dchy³ Lv`¨
B,C ‡Lvk ‡gRvR hvi ‡Lvk‡gRvRx
Ck^‡i hvi wek^vm bvB bvw¯ÍK M
Ck^‡i hvi wek^vm Av‡Q Avw¯ÍK Mfxi ivwÎ wbkx_
Bó †K AwZµg bv K‡i h‡_ó ‡Mvcb Ki‡Z B”QzK Ry¸áy
Clr iæMœ ‡ivMv‡U ‡Mvjv‡ci gZ is hvi ‡Mvjvcx
B›`ª †K Rq K‡i †h B›`ªwRZ Mevw` ckyi cvj ev_vb -wmivRMÄ
Bw›`ªq‡K Rq K‡i †h wR‡Zw›`ªq ¸iæi cZœx ¸e©x
BwZnvm iPbv K‡ib whwb HwZnvwmK Miæi WvK i¤¢v
BwZnvm wel‡q AwfÁ whwb BwZnvm‡eËv MwZkxj Ggb R½g
D,E ¸iæi fve Mwigv
EY©v bvwf‡Z hvi (gvKomv-40Zg) EY©vbvf Mgb Kivi B”Qv wRMwglv
Dw`Z n‡”Q hv/Ggb D`xqgvb N
EaŸ© w`‡K wePiY K‡i †h EaŸ©MwZ Ni †bB hvi nv-Ni
DošÍ cvwLi SuvK ejvKv ‡Nvov ivLvi RvqMv Av¯Ívej
DcKvi Kivi B”Qv DcwPKxl©v Nvg Si‡Q Ggb Mj`Nvg
Dcw¯’Z eyw× Av‡Q hvi cÖZz¨rcbœgwZ N‡i cvwjZ †h RvgvB NiRvgvB
G, H,I,J N‡ii w`‡K gyL hvi Nigy‡Lv
GBgvÎ Rb¥ hvi m‡`¨vRvZ (evbvb) N„Yvi †hvM¨ N„Yvn©/N„Y¨
G‡KB gv‡qi cyÎ m‡nv`i/m`i P
GL‡bv hvi kÎæ Rb¥vq wb ARvZkÎæ ‡Pv‡L †`Lv hvq hv `„wó‡MvPi/Pÿz‡MvPi
G‡jv †Kk †h bvixi G‡jv‡Kk wPwe‡q †L‡Z nq hv Pe©¨
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Wze w`‡q Av‡b †h Wzeyix c Avbb hvi cÂvbb
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Z cÖwZKvi Kivi B”Q cÖwZwPKxl©v
wZb d‡ji mgvnvi wÎdjv cðv‡Z Mgb K‡i †h AbyMvgx
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wZb bqb hvi wÎbqbv c~Rvi DcKiY AN©¨
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gyw³ †c‡Z B”QzK gygyÿz ¯¿x mv‡_ eZ©gvb m¯¿xK
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hvi KvR Mvavi gZ nuv`v mrKz‡j RvZ Kzjxb
hv wejyß n‡”Q wejxqgvb m¤úªwZ we‡q n‡q‡‡Q †h bvixi b‡evpv
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‡h bvix Ab¨cyiæ‡li cÖwZ Avm³ nq bv Abb¨v
‡h †g‡qi we‡q nh wb Ab~pv weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ
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hv mn‡R g‡i bv `yg©i K. me©½ + Cb L. me© + A½xb
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hv mn‡R cvIqv hvq bv `y®úÖvc¨ 02. evsjv K…r-cÖZ¨q mvwaZ kã †KvbwU? (40Zg wewmGm)
i K. KviK L. wjwLZ
ivwÎi wZbfvM GK‡Î e‡j wÎhvgv M. ‡e`bv N. †Ljbv DËi N
ivwÎi †klfvM Kvjwbkv/ciivÎ e¨vL¨v : avZzi mv‡_ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡j Zv‡K ejv nq K…r
ie ï‡b G‡m‡Q †h ievn~Z cÖZ¨q| evsjv avZzi mv‡_ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q evsjv K…r
iv‡Zi wkwki kebg cÖZ¨q MwVZ nq| Ack‡bi cÖ`Ë k㸇jvi g‡a¨ †Lj&
ixwZ AwZµg bv K‡i h_vixwZ + Abv = †Ljbv n‡jv evsjv K…r cÖZ¨q| KviK, wjwLZ,
‡ivM fxwZ ‡K Rq K‡i hv ‡fRl †e`bv ms¯‥…Z K…r cÖZ¨q †hv‡M MwVZ kã| evsjv avZz
im Av‡Q hv‡Z imvj- Avj cÖZ¨q mgyn †Pbvi Dcvq nj- ÔZzBÕ w`‡q cÖkœ Kiv| †hgb- ZzB
jvf Kivi B”Qv wjáv hv, ZzB Lv, ZzB em, ZzB Pj, ZzB DV|
evsjv fvlv 177 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
03. wefw³hy³ kã I avZz‡K e‡j- [11Zg wewmGm] e¨v¨L¨v : ‡hme Ae¨qm~PK kã ev kãvsk K…`šÍ ev bvg
K. kã L. KviK k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m A‡_©i m¤úªmviY, ms‡KvPb I cwieZ©b
M. c` N. wµqvc` DËi : M NUvq Zv‡`i‡K DcmM© e‡j| †hgb- ÔAbvÕ DcmM©wU
e¨vL¨v : wefw³hy³ kã I avZz‡K e‡j c`| wefw³nxb Ôe„wóÕ k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m ÔAfveÕ A_© cÖKvk K‡i‡Q| †h
bvg kã‡K e‡j cÖvwZcw`K| avZz ev k‡ãi c‡i ‡h aŸwb ev aŸwbmgwó avZz ev bvgk‡ãi c‡i hy³ n‡q bZzb
mKj eY© ev eY©mgwó hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MVb K‡i kã MVb K‡i, Zv‡K cÖZ¨q e‡j|
†m¸‡jvB cÖZ¨q| 08. evsjv K…r-cÖZ¨q mvwaZ kã †KvbwU? [38Zg wewmGm]
04. Ô‡`vjbvÕ k‡ãi mwVK cÖK…wZ-cÖZ¨q †KvbwU? [18Zg K. Pvgvi L. aviv‡jv
wewmGm] M. †gvoK N. ‡cv÷vB DËi : M
K. `yj& + bv L. †`vj& + bv e¨vL¨v : GwU evsjv K…r cÖZ¨‡qi D`vniY| kãwU ÔAKÕ
M. †`vj& + Ab N. `yj& + Abv DËi : N cÖZ¨q †hv‡M MwVZ| †hgb- √gyo& + AK = †gvoK|
e¨vL¨v : Ô¸YÔ-Gi wbqgvbymv‡i Avw` ¯^‡ii cwieZ©b (ÔDÕ- 09. ÔkÖ×vÕ k‡ãi mwVK cÖK…wZ-cÖZ¨q †KvbwU? [38Zg
Gi ¯’‡j ÔIÕ n‡q‡Q) nq| GLv‡b `yj& GKwU avZz ev wewmGm]
wµqvg~j| Avi avZzi mv‡_ cÖZ¨q hy³ nq K…r cÖZ¨‡q| K. kÖr + av + A + Av
myZivs GwU K…r cÖZ¨‡qi GKwU D`vniY| L. ïr + av + Av
05. wefw³nxb bvg kã‡K wK e‡j? M. kÖ + av + Av
K. bvgc` L. Dcc` N. kÖæ + av + Av DËi : K
M. cÖvwZcw`K N. DcgwZ DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : ‡h mKj kã cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M •Zwi nq bv Ges `xN©
e¨vL¨v : bvg c‡`i g~j‡K ejv nq Ôbvg cÖK…wZÕ ev ¯^iaŸwb hy³ bq, †m¸‡jvi ¯¿xwj½evPK kã MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î
cÖvwZcw`K| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, wefw³nxb bvgc`‡K cÖ_‡g A (AO) cÖZ¨q hy³ Kiv nq, c‡i Gi mv‡_ Av
ejv nq cÖvwZcw`K| †hgb- evnv`yi + B = evnv`ywi| (Avc&) cÖZ¨q hy³ K‡i ¯¿xwj½evPK kã m„wó Kiv nq|
GLv‡b evnv`yi = cÖvwZcw`K ev bvg cÖK…wZ| cÖvwZcw`K ‡hgb- K_& (ejv) + A (AO) + Av (Uvc&) = K_v,
ev bvg cÖK…wZi mv‡_ †h eY© ev eY©¸”Q hy³ nq †mwUB
kÖr + av + A (AO) + Av (Uvc&) = kÖ×v|
ÔZw×Z cÖZ¨qÕ|
10. wb‡Pi †Kvb kãwU cÖZ¨q mvwaZ? [35Zg wewmGm]
06. wµqvc‡`i g~j Ask‡K ejv nq- K. cÖjq L. LwÐZ
K. wefw³ L. avZz M. wbtk^vm N. Abycg DËi : L
M. cÖZ¨q N. K…r DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : LwÐZ kãwU ms¯‥…Z K…r cÖZ¨‡qi D`vniY|
e¨vL¨v : wµqv c‡`i g~j‡K ejv nq Ôwµqv cÖK…wZÕ ev ms¯‥…Z K…r cÖZ¨q Ô³Õ hy³ n‡j wKQz wKQz avZzi †k‡l ÔB-
ÔavZÕz| avZz ev wµqv cÖK…wZi mv‡_ †h eY© ev eY©¸”Q hy³ KviÕ †hvM nq| †hgb- √cV& + ³ = cwVZ, √LÛ + BZ
nq Zv‡K e‡j ÔK…r cÖZ¨qÕ| †hgb- Kvu` + Ab = = LwÐZ| wbtk^vm wemM© mwÜi D`vniY Ges cÖjq,
Kvu`b| GLv‡b Kvu` = wµqv cÖK…w Zev avZz| Abycg DcmM©RvZ kã|
D`vniY¯^iƒc evsjv avZzi ZvwjKv wb‡P †`Iqv nj- 11. Ô‡g‡QvÕ k‡ãi cÖK…wZ-cÖZ¨q Kx? [27Zg wewmGm]
evsjv ZzB- w`‡q evK¨ MVb Ki‡Z PvIqv n‡j I ‡h K. gvQ + I L. gvwQ + Dqv ˃ I
avZz avZz¸‡jv cvIqv hvq Zv‡K evsjv avZz e‡j| M. †gQ + I N. gvQ + Dqv ˃ I DËi : N
†hgb- ZzB hv, ZzB Lv, ZzB em, ZzB Pj, ZzB
DV| jÿ¨ K‡ib, ZzB e‡mb/P‡jb/D‡Vb nq e¨vL¨v : Ô‡g‡QvÕ kãwU evsjv Zw×Z cÖZ¨‡qi D`vniY|
bv| A_©vr evsjv avZzmg~n- hv, Lv, em&, Pj&, kãwU‡Z DcRxweKv A‡_© ÔDqv ˃ IÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q‡Q|
DV&, ai&, gvi&,nvi&, wRZ&, Kvu`&, †`, `yj&, kãwUi cÖK…wZ cÖZ¨q- gvQ + Dqv ˃ I = gvQzqv ˃
†Lj&, ev`&, Wze&, co&, iva&, Po& | †g‡Qv|
12. ÔmvnPh©Õ k‡ãi ï× kã MVb †KvbwU? [30Zg wewmGm]
07. Dcm‡M©i m‡½ cÖZ¨‡qi cv_©K¨- [17Zg I 24Zg
wewmGm] K. mn + Pi + h© L. mnPi + h
K. Ae¨q I kãvsk M. mnPi + ¨ djv N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : M
L. bZzb kã MV‡b e¨vL¨v : GB cÖZ¨qwU ò¨ cÖZ¨q ev h cÖZ¨‡qi GKwU
M. DcmM© _v‡K mvg‡b, cÖZ¨q _v‡K wcQ‡b D`vniY| GB cÖZ¨‡qi ÔlÕ I ÔYÕ Br n‡q hvq| ÔhÕ †hvM
N. wfbœ A_© cÖKvk DËi : M nq| GB cÖZ¨q n‡j cÖK…wZi Avw` ¯^‡ii e„w× nq|
evsjv fvlv 178 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
†hgb- mnPi + h = mvnPh©, my›`i + h = †m․›`h©| G cÖZ¨q †hv‡M †h kã MwVZ nq, Zv‡K K…`šÍ kã ev K…`šÍ
iKg D`vniY- PvZzh©, J`vh©, †K․gvh©, †k․h© BZ¨vw`| c` e‡j|
cÖZ¨q → Zw×Z cÖZ¨q : bvg c‡`i g~j‡K ejv nq Ôbvg cÖK…wZÕ ev
→ wefw³hy³ kã I avZz‡K e‡j c`| wefw³nxb bvg cÖvwZcw`K| cÖvwZcw`K ev bvg cÖK…wZi mv‡_ †h eY© ev
kã‡K e‡j cÖvwZcw`K| avZz ev k‡ãi c‡i ‡h mKj eY© eY©¸”Q hy³ nq †mwUB ÔZw×Z cÖZ¨qÕ| cÖvwZcw`‡Ki
ev eY©mgwó hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MVb K‡i †m¸‡jvB mv‡_ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q †hv‡M †h kã MwVZ nq, Zv‡K
cÖZ¨q| †hgb- Zw×ZvšÍ kã e‡j| wb‡Pi D`vniY jÿ¨ Kiæb|
eo + AvB = eovB evnv`yi + B = evnv`ywi K… + Ze¨ = KZ©e¨
bvP& + Ab = bvPb
K… = wµqv cÖK…wZ ev avZz|
A_©vr g~j k‡ãi mv‡_ AwZwi³ eY© ev eY©mgwóB nj evnv`yi = bvg cÖK…wZ/cÖvwZcw`K|
ÔcÖZ¨qÕ| GLv‡b †R‡b ivLv Riæix, k‡ãi †k‡l wefw³I
hy³ nq| Zvn‡j cÖZ¨q I wefw³i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †Kv_vq? cÖZ¨q eyS‡Z AviI Rvb‡Z n‡e-----
Avmyb cÖZ¨q I wefw³i cv_©K¨ †R‡b wbB- Br ms¯‥…Z cÖZ¨‡qi Ask we‡k‡li ev` hvIqv‡K
cÖZ¨q wefw³ ejv nq ÔBrÕ| †hgb- mvnPh© + ò¨ (l+Y+h)
= mvnPh©| GLv‡b Ôò¨Õ cÖZ¨‡qi ÔlÕ I ÔYÕ ‡jvc
‡evSvi Avjv`v Avjv`v ev‡K¨i AšÍM©Z c‡`i
†c‡q ïay ÔhÕ hy³ n‡q‡Q| GB †jvc cvIqv ev
Rb¨ k‡ãi mv‡_ hy³ mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K wefw³|
nvwi‡q hvIqv AskwU‡K ejv nq ÔBrÕ n‡q
_v‡K cÖZ¨q|
hvIqv|
cy¯Í‡Ki ‡h aŸwb ev ev‡K¨i wewfbœ k‡ãi
cwieZ©b wKQz cªK…wZ Av‡Q hv‡`i †k‡l cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡j
fvlvq aŸwbmgwó †Kvb kã m‡½ Aš^q mva‡bi Rb¨
Zv‡`i †kl e‡Y©i ¯’v‡b Ab¨ e‡Y©i AvMgb N‡U
ev avZzi c‡i hy³ bvgc` ev wµqvc‡`i
_v‡K, GwU‡K cwieZ©b e‡j|
n‡q bZzb kã MVb mv‡_ †hme eY© ev
¸Y I cÖK…wZi †k‡l cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡j cÖK…wZi
K‡i Zv‡K cÖZ¨q eY©mgwó hy³ n‡q Zv‡K
e„w× Avw`¯^‡ii †h cwieZ©b N‡U, Zv‡K ¸Y I e„w×
e‡j| wefw³ e‡j|
D`vniY
e‡j|
K… + Ze¨ = KZ©e¨ Avwg ¯‥z‡j hvB|
¸Y wZbwU †ÿ‡Î ¸Y nq-
GLv‡b Ô K…Õ avZzi mv‡_ ÔZe¨Õ GLv‡b Ô¯‥zjÕ kãwUi mv‡_ ÔG- ↔ B, C-Gi ¯’‡j ÔGÕ nq| †hgb-
cÖZ¨q †hv‡M ÔKZ©e¨Õ kãwU wefw³Õ hy³ n‡q ¯‥z‡j cwiYZ wPb + Av = †Pbv (B-Gi ¯’‡j G n‡jv)
MwVZ n‡q‡Q| myZivs avZz ev n‡q‡Q| ev‡K¨i AšÍM©Z c‡`i
mv‡_ AwZwi³ †h eY© ev bx + Av = †bIqv (C-Gi ¯’‡j G n‡jv)
cÖvwZcw`‡Ki mv‡_ †h eY© ev
eY©mgwó hy³ nq, ZvB cÖZ¨q| eY©mgwó hy³ _v‡K, ‡m¸‡jvB ↔ D, E-Gi ¯’‡j ÔIÕ nq| †hgb-
wefw³| ay + Av = †avqv (D-Gi ¯’‡j I n‡jv)
→ cÖK…wZ I cÖZ¨‡qi cv_©K¨ ↔ F-Gi ¯’‡j ÔAiÕ nq| †hgb-
GKUv D`vniY jÿ¨ Kiæb, co + Dqv = coyqv| K… + Ze¨ = KZ©e¨ (F-Gi ¯’‡j Ai n‡jv)
Dc‡ii D`vniYwU‡Z cøvm (+) wP‡ýi evg ( co) e„w× PviwU †ÿ‡Î e„w× nq-
cv‡k^©i Ask‡K ejv nq ÔcÖK…wZÕ Ges Wvb (Dqv) cv‡k^©i ↔ ÔAÕ Gi ¯’‡j ÔAvÕ| †hgb-
Ask‡K ejv nq ÔcÖZ¨qÕ| A_©vr hvi mv‡_ cÖZ¨q hy³ nq cP& + A (YK) = cvPK (A Gi ¯’‡j Av)
Zv‡K ejv nq ÔcÖK…wZÕ| ↔ ÔBÕ I ÔCÕ Gi ¯’‡j ÔHÕ| †hgb-
wkï + A (ò) = •kke (B Gi ¯’‡j H)
wµqv c‡`i g~j‡K ejv nq Ôwµqv cÖK…wZÕ| ↔ ÔDÕ I ÔEÕ Gi ¯’‡j ÔJÕ| †hgb-
bvg c‡`i g~j‡K ejv nq Ôbvg cÖK…wZÕ| hye + Ab = hye + Ab = †h․eb
wµqv cÖK…wZ‡K ejv nq ÔavZÕz| (GLv‡b D Gi ¯’‡j ÔJÕ n‡jv)
bvg cÖK…wZ‡K ejv nq ÔcÖvwZcw`KÕ| ↔ ÔFÕ Gi ¯’‡j ÔAviÕ| †hgb-
avZz wPwýZ Kiv Rb¨ GKwU Avjv`v e¨vKiwYK K… + F (N¨vY) = Kvh© (F Gi ¯’‡j ÔAviÕ)
wPý ( ) e¨envi Kiv nq| m¤úªmviY Avw`¯^‡i bZzb k‡ã D`vniY
e D eP + Z = D³
→ K…r cÖZ¨q I K…`šÍ : wµqv c‡`i g~j‡K ejv nq Ôwµqv i F my›`i + ò¨ = ‡m․›`h©
cÖK…wZÕ ev ÔavZÕz| avZz ev wµqv cÖK…wZi mv‡_ †h eY© ev Avw`¯^‡ii ÔD-KviÕ e„w×i wbq‡g bZzb k‡ã ÔJ-KviÕ
eY©¸”Q hy³ nq Zv‡K e‡j ÔK…r cÖZ¨qÕ| avZzi mv‡_ K…r Ges ÔiÕ m¤úªmvi‡Yi wbq‡g F/‡id n‡q‡Q|
evsjv fvlv 179
→ avZz wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨ GKwU Avjv`v e¨vKiwYK wPý
(√) e¨eüZ nq| G‡K ejv nq avZz wPý| A_©vr √Pj
gv‡b ÔPj&Õ avZz wb‡`©k K‡i|
→ Dcm‡M©i mv‡_ cÖZ¨‡qi cv_©K¨ n‡jv : DcmM© _v‡K o AvB/AvI-cÖZ¨q : fveevPK we‡kl¨ MV‡b ÔAvIÕ
mvg‡b, cÖZ¨q _v‡K wcQ‡b|
K…r cÖZ¨q
→ evsjv fvlvq K…r cÖZ¨q 2 cªKvi| h_v :
evsjv K…r cÖZ¨q ms¯‥…Z K…r cÖZ¨q
evsjv K…r cÖZ¨q
o (0) k~b¨-cÖZ¨q : cÖZ¨q wPý Qvov †Kvb wµqv cÖK…wZ
we‡kl¨ ev we‡klY c` wn‡m‡e ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ n‡j
†mLv‡b k~b¨ cÖZ¨q aiv nq| †hgb- G †gvKÏgvq
†Zvgvi wRZ& n‡e bv, nvi&-B n‡e| MÖv‡g Lye ai& cvKo
Pj‡Q| GLv‡b wRZ&, nvi& Ges ai& cÖf…wZ we‡kl¨ I
we‡klY c` wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| hw`I wµqv
cÖK…wZi mv‡_ cÖZ¨q hy³ nevi K_v, wKš‘ nqwb| ZvB
GLv‡b k~b¨ cÖZ¨q wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
o A-cÖZ¨q : ‡Kej fveev‡P¨ A-cÖZ¨q hy³ nq
†hgb- √ai& + A = ai, √gvi + A = gvi|
AvaywbK evsjvq A-cÖZ¨‡qi me©Î D”PvwiZ nq bv|
†hgb- √nvi& + A = nvi, √wRZ& + A = wRZ|
‡Kvb †Kvb mgq K…`šÍ k‡ãi wØZ¡ cÖ‡qvM nq (Avmbœ
m¤¢ve¨Zv A‡_©)
‡hgb- √Kvu` + A = Kvu`Kvu`, coco, gigi
KL‡bv KL‡bv wØZ¡cÖvß K…`šÍ c‡` ÔDÕ cÖZ¨q nq|
√Wze& + D = WzeyWzey, √Do + D = DoyDoy
o Ab&-cÖZ¨q : wµqvevPK we‡kl¨ MV‡b ÔAbÕ cÖZ¨‡qi
e¨envi nq| †hgb-
√Kvu`& + Ab = Kvu`b (Kvbœvi fve)| Giƒc- bvPb,
evob, Szjb, †`vjb, Kvucb, LyuRb, evuab|
avZzi †k‡l ÔAv-KviÕ _vK‡j ÔAbÕ Gi cwie‡Z© ÔIbÕ
cÖZ¨q e¨eüZ nq| †hgb- √Lv + Ab = LvIb,
√‡` + Ab = †`Ib|
o Abv-cÖZ¨q : †hgb-
√`yj& + Abv = `yjbv ˃ †`vjbv| √‡Lj& + Abv =
†Ljbv (40Zg wewmGm)|
o Awb, (weK‡í) Dwb-cªZ¨q :
√wPi& + Awb = wPiwb ˃ wPiæwb| √evua + Awb =
evuawb ˃ evuawb| √AvuU + Awb = AvuUwb ˃ AvuUzwb|
o AšÍ-cÖZ¨q : we‡klY MV‡b ÔAšÍÕ cÖZ¨q nq| †hgb-
√Do& + AšÍ = DošÍ, √Wze& + AšÍ = WzešÍ|
o AK-cÖZ¨q :
√gyo& + AK = †gvoK [38Zg wewmGm], √Sj& +
AK = SjK|
o Av-cÖZ¨q : we‡kl¨ I we‡klY MV‡b ÔAvÕ cÖZ¨q nq|
Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
†hgb- √co& + Av = cov (cov eB)| Giƒc- ivua
(we‡kl¨), ivuav (we‡klY), √wKb& + Av = wKbv ˃
†Kbv, √‡eP& + Av = †ePv, †dvUv BZ¨vw`|
cÖZ¨q hy³ nq|
√Po& + AvB = PovB, √wmj& + AvB = wmjvB ˃
†mjvB, √cvKo& + AvI = cvKovI, √Po& + AvI
= PovI|
o Avwi ev Avix weK‡í wi/Dwi cÖZ¨q : †hgb-
√Wze&+Avwi / Dwi = Wzeyix| Giƒc- aybvix, c~Rvix
BZ¨vw`|
o Avj-cÖZ¨q :
√gvZ& + Avj = gvZvj, √wgk& + Avj = wgkvj
BZ¨vw`|
o B-cÖZ¨q
√fvR& + B = fvwR, √‡eo& + B = †ewo|
o Bqv ˃ B‡q-cÖZ¨q : we‡klY MV‡b Bqv ˃ B‡q cÖZ¨q
e¨eüZ nq|
√gi& + Bqv = gwiqv (gi‡Z cÖ¯‘Z), √ej& + B‡q
= ewj‡q (evKcUz); Giƒc- bvwP‡q, MvB‡q,
evwR‡q, wjwL‡q, KB‡q|
o D-cÖZ¨q : we‡kl¨ I we‡klY MV‡b D-cÖZ¨q cÖ‡qvM
nq| †hgb-
√WvK& + D = WvKz, √Svo& + D = Svo–, Do–|
wØZ¡ cÖ‡qv‡M-
√Do& + D = Do–Do–|
o ÔDqvÕ weK‡í ÔIÕ cÖZ¨q : we‡kl¨ we‡klY MV‡b
ÔDqvÕ Ges ÔIÕ cÖZ¨q nq| h_v-
√co& + Dqv = co–qv ˃ c‡ov, √Do + Dqv =
Doyqv ˃ D‡ov, √D‡o + I = D‡ov (wPwV)
o Zv-cÖZ¨q: we‡klY MV‡b ÔZvÕ-cÖZ¨q e¨eüZ nq|
†hgb-
√wdi& + Zv = wdiZv ˃ †diZv (¸Ym~‡Î)| Z`ªƒc,
coZv, enZv BZ¨vw`|
o wZ-cÖZ¨q : we‡kl¨ I we‡klY MV‡b wZ-cÖZ¨q hy³
nq| h_v-
√evo& + wZ = evowZ, √NvU + wZ = NvUwZ,
√KvU& + wZ = KvUwZ, √DV& + wZ = DVwZ|
o bv-cÖZ¨q : we‡kl¨ MV‡b ÔbvÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ nq| †hgb-
√Kvu` + bv = Kvu`bv ˃ Kvbœv, √ivua + bv = ivuabv
˃ ivbœv| Giƒc- Sibv BZ¨vw`|
ms¯‥…Z K…r cÖZ¨q
o AbU&-cÖZ¨q : (ÔUÕ Br (wejyß) nq, ÔAbÕ _v‡K) :
evsjv fvlv 180
†hgb- √bx + AbU& = √bx + Ab ˃ †b + Ab =
bqb (¸bm~‡Î), √kÖæ + AbU& = √kÖæ + Ab =
kÖeY (¸Y I mwÜi d‡j)| Giƒc- ¯’vb, †fvRb,
bZ©b (¸Ym~‡Î), `k©b (¸Ym~‡Î) BZ¨vw`|
o ³-cÖZ¨q : (ÔKÕ Br (wejyß) nq, ÔZÕ _v‡K)
√Áv + ³ (Áv + Z) = ÁvZ, √L¨v + ³ =
L¨vZ|
K) Ô³Õ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡j wKQz wKQz avZzi †k‡l ÔB-
KviÕ hy³ nq| †hgb- √cV& + ³ = cwVZ, √cZ& +
³ = cwZZ; Giƒc- wjwLZ, wew`Z, †ewóZ, PwjZ,
cwZZ, jywÉZ, ÿzwaZ, wkwÿZ, LwÐZ|
L) Ô³Õ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡j avZzi †k‡l ÔP/RÕ Gi ¯’‡j
ÔKÕ nq| †hgb- √gyP& + ³ = gy³, √wmP& + ³ =
wm³, √fzR& + ³ = fz³, √eP& + w³ = Dw³|
M) wbcvZ‡b wm×
√Mg& + ³ = MZ √gyn& + ³ = gy»
√MÖš’ + ³ = MÖw_Z √hya& + ³ = hy×
√Pzi& + ³ = P~Y© √jf& + ³ = jä
√wQ`& + ³ = wQbœ √eP& + ³ = D³
√Rb& + ³ = RvZ √ec& + ³ = Dß
√nb& + ³ = nZ √¯^c& + ³ = myß
√`v + ³ = `Ë √m„R + ³ = m„ó
√`n& + ³ = `»
o AO-cÖZ¨q : [ÔOÕ Br nq Ges ÔAÕ _v‡K]
‡h mKj kã cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M •Zwi nq bv Ges `xN©
¯^iaŸwb hy³ bq, †m¸‡jvi ¯¿xwj½evPK kã MV‡bi
†ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡g A (AO) cÖZ¨q hy³ Kiv nq, c‡i Gi
mv‡_ Av (Avc&) cÖZ¨q hy³ K‡i ¯¿xwj½evPK kã m„wó
Kiv nq|
√K_& (ejv) + A (AO) + Av (Uvc&) = K_v, kÖr
+ av + A (AO) + Av = kÖ×v, Av + fv
(`xwß) + A (AO) + Av (Uvc&) = Avfv, µxo
+ A (AO) + Av = µxov, cÖ + Áv + A (AO)
+ Av = cÖÁv, K…c + A (AO) + Av = e¨_v|
o w³-cÖZ¨q : [ÔKÕ Br ev jyß nq Ges ÔwZÕ _v‡K]
√Mg& + w³ = Mg + wZ = MwZ
K) Ôw³Õ-cÖZ¨q †hvM Ki‡j †Kvb †Kvb avZzi ‡k‡l
e¨Ä‡bi †jvc cvq| †hgb- √gb& + w³ = gwZ,
√ig& + w³ = iwZ|
L) Ôw³Õ-cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡j wKQz avZzi cÖ_g e¨Ä‡b
ÔAv-KviÕ hy³ nq| †hgb-
√kÖg& + w³ = kÖvwšÍ, √kg& + w³ = kvwšÍ
Dfq D`vni‡Y ÔgÕ Gi ¯’‡j ÔbÕ n‡q‡Q|
M) Ôw³Õ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡j avZzi †k‡l ÔP/RÕ _vK‡j
Zv ÔKÕ nq| †hgb- √eP& + w³ = Dw³, √gyP& + w³
= gyw³, √fR& + w³ = fw³|
Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
N) wbcvZ‡b wm×
√‣M + w³ = MxwZ √wma& + w³ = wmw×
√eya& + w³ = eyw× √kK& + w³ = kw³
o Ze¨ I Abxq cÖZ¨q : Kg© I fveev‡P¨i avZzi c‡i
(K) Ze¨ I (L) Abxq cÖZ¨q nq|
(K) Ze¨ : √K… + Ze¨ = KZ©e¨ (¸Y n‡q‡Q),
√`v +Ze¨ = `vZe¨, √cV& + Ze¨ = cwVZe¨|
L. Abxq : √K… + Abxq = KiYxq (¸Y n‡q‡Q),
√iÿ& + Abxq = iÿYxq| Giƒc- `k©bxq (¸Y
n‡q‡Q), cvbxq, kÖeYxq, cvjbxq BZ¨vw`|
o Z…P-cÖZ¨q : ÔPÕ †jvc cvq, Z… _v‡K| cÖ_gv GKeP‡b
ÔZ…Õ ¯’‡j ÔZvÕ nq| †hgb-
√`v + Z…P = √`v + Z… = √`v + Zv = `vZv, √gv
+ Z…P& = gvZv, √µX + Z…P& = †µZv|
√hya& + ZzP = √hya& + Zv = †hv×v [we‡kl wbqg]
o YK-cÖZ¨q : ÔYÕ Br nq ev †jvc cvq Ges ÔAKÕ _v‡K|
†hgb-
√cP + YK = √cP& + AK = cvPK (g~j ¯^‡ii
e„w× n‡q ÔAÕ Gi ¯’‡j ÔAvÕ n‡q‡Q|)
√cV& + YK = √cV& + AK = cvVK, √bx + YK =
•b + AK = bvqK (cÖ_g ¯^‡ii e„w× n‡q ÔCÕ Gi
¯’v‡b ÔHÕ n‡q‡Q), •M + YK = MvqK, √wjL& + YK
= †jLK (g~j ¯^‡ii ¸Y n‡q ÔBÕ Gi ¯’v‡b ÔGÕ
n‡q‡Q|
K) cÖ‡hvRK avZzi †k‡l ÔB-KviÕ (w) †jvc cvq-
√c~uwR + YK = c~RK, √Rwb + YK = RbK,
√Pvwj + YK = PvjK, √¯Ívwe + YK = ¯ÍveK|
L) avZzi †k‡l ÔAv-KviÕ (v ) _vK‡j AwZwi³ ÔqÕ
hy³ nq| †hgb- √`v + YK = `vqK, we + √av +
YK = weavqK|
o N¨Y-cÖZ¨q : [ÔNÕ I ÔYÕ Br nq ev †jvc cvq Ges Ôh-
djvÕ (¨ ) _v‡K| Kg© I fveev‡P¨ N¨vY cÖZ¨q nq|
†hgb-
√K… + N¨Y = Kvh©¨ ˃ Kvh©, cwi + √nvi + N¨Y =
cwinvh©; Giƒc- avh©, †hvM¨, evP¨, †fvR¨, nvm¨
BZ¨vw`|
we.`ª. AvaywbK evsjv evbv‡b †id ( © ) + h + h =
h¨© nq bv Ôh©Õ nq| e„w×i wbq‡g ÔFÕ _vK‡j ÔAviÕ
nq|
o h-cÖZ¨q : Kg© I fveev‡P¨ †hvM¨Zv/JwPZ¨ A‡_© e¨eüZ
nq|
K) ÔhÕ hy³ n‡j avZzi †k‡l ÔAv-KviÕ (v ) Gi ¯’‡j
ÔG-KviÕ nq Ges ÔhÕ Gi ¯’‡j ÔqÕ nq| †hgb- √`v
+ h = `v ˃ ‡` + h = †`q, √nv + h = †nq|
Giƒc- we‡aq, A‡Rq, cwi‡gq, Aby‡gq,
L) †k‡l e¨Äb _vK‡j h-djv (¨) nq| †hgb-
√Mg + h = Mg¨ √jf + h = jf¨
evsjv fvlv 181 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
o wYb-cÖZ¨q : ÔYÕ Br n‡q hvq Ges Bb& _v‡K| ÔBbÕ 02. we‡`wk Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
Avevi `xN©-C nq| 03. Zrmg ev ms¯‥…Z Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
√MÖn + wYb = √MÖn + C = MÖvnx, mZ¨ + √ev` +
01. evsjv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
wYb = mZ¨ev`x, √cv + wYb = √cv + C = cvqx,
o Av-cÖZ¨q
√K… + wYb = √K… + C = √K… ˃ Kvi + C = Kvix AeÁv‡_© :
Giƒ‡c- fvex,¯’vqx, Mvgx, †`ªvnx BZ¨vw`| †Pvi + Av = †Pviv, †Kó + Av = †Kóv
wKš‘ ÔnbÕ avZzi mv‡_ ÔwYbÕ hy³ n‡j ÔnbÕ-Gi ¯’‡j e„n`v‡_© :
ÔNvZÕ e‡m| ‡hgb- √nb + wYb = √NvZ + C = wWwO + Av = wWOv (mßwWOv gayKi)
NvZx, AvZ¥ + √nb + wYb = AvZ¥ + √NvZ + C m`„k A‡_© :
= AvZ¥NvZx| evN + Av = evNv, nvZ + Av = nvZv, Kvj + Av =
o Bb&-cÖZ¨q : Kvjv (wPKb Kvjv), Kvb + Av = Kvbv|
√kÖg + Bb& = kÖgx, √cv + Bb = cvqx ÔZv‡Z Av‡QÕ ev ÔZvi Av‡QÕ A‡_© :
o Aj-cÖZ¨q : [ÔjÕ Br n‡q hvq Ges ÔAÕ _v‡K] Rj + Av = Rjv, †Mv` + Av = †Mv`v| Giƒc :
√wR + Aj& = Rq, √wÿ + Aj& = ÿq| Giƒc- †ivM-‡ivMv, Pvj-Pvjv, jyb-jybv ˃ ‡jvbv|
fq, wbPq, webq, ‡f`, wejq| e¨wZµg : √nY& + mgwó A‡_© :
Aj& = ea| wek-wekv, evBk-evBkv (gv‡mi evBk ˃ evB‡k|
o Bòz-cÖZ¨q ¯^v‡_© :
√Pj + Bòz = Pwjòz, √ÿq + Bòz = ÿwqòz, RU + Av = RUv, †PvL + Av = ‡PvLv, PvK-PvKv|
√ea©& + Bòz = ewa©òz, √mn& + Bòz = mwnòz| wµqvevPK we‡kl¨ MV‡b :
o ei-cÖZ¨q nvwRi + Av = nvwRiv, Pvl + Av = Pvlv|
√Ck& + ei = Ck^i, √bk& + ei = bk^i, √fvm& RvZ I AvMZ A‡_© :
+ei = fv¯^i, √¯’v + ei = ¯’vei gwnl ˃ fBm + Av- fqmv (wN), `wLb + Av-`wLbv
o i-cÖZ¨q ˃ `L‡b (nvIqv)|
√wnb + m& + i = wns¯ª, √bg& + i = b¤ª o AvB-cÖZ¨q
o DK/EK-cÖZ¨q fveevPK we‡kl¨ MV‡b :
√fz + DK = †f․ + DK = fveyK eo + AvB = eovB, Pov + AvB = PovB|
√RvM„ + EK = √RvMi + EK = RvMiƒc Av`iv‡_© :
o kvbP&-cÖZ¨q : ÔkÕ I ÔPÕ Br n‡q hvq ÔAvbÕ ev ÔgvbÕ Kvby + AvB = KvbvB, wbg + AvB = wbgvB|
_v‡K| †hgb- ¯¿x/cyiælevPK k‡ãi wecixZ :
√`xc& + kvbP& = `xc¨gvb, √e„a + kvbP& = ea©gvb ‡evb + AvB = †evbvB, bb` + AvB = b›`vB, †RVv
(¸Y n‡q‡Q), √Pj + kvbP& = Pjgvb, √e„r + + AvB = †RVvB (gv)
kvYP = eZ©gvb| mg¸Y we‡kl¨ :
o NT&-cÖZ¨q : K…`šÍ we‡kl¨ MV‡b e¨eüZ nq| [ÔNÕ I wgVv + AvB = wgVvB
ÔTÕ Br n‡q hvq Ges ÔAÕ _v‡K|] RvZ A‡_© :
√em& + NT& = evm (e„w×i-Gi wbqg), √L`& + XvKv + AvB = XvKvB (Rvg`vwb), cvebv + AvB =
NT& = †L`, √wf`& + NT& = †f`, √hyR& + NT& = cvebvB (kvwo)
†hvM (¸Y-Gi wbq‡g), √µza& + NT& = †µva| we‡klY MV‡b :
we‡kl wbqg : ‡Pviv-‡PvivB (gvj), †gvMj-‡gvMjvB (c‡ivUv)|
√Z¨R + NT& = Z¨vM √cP& + NT& = cvK
o Avwg/Avg/Av‡gv/wg cÖZ¨q
√ïP& + NT& = †kvK √bw›` + Ab = b›`b
fve A‡_© :
BZi + Avwg = BZivwg, cvMj + Avwg =
 Zw×Z cÖZ¨q : bvg cÖK…wZi mv‡_ †h AwZwi³ eY© ev cvMjvwg, †Pvi + Avwg = †Pvivwg, evu`i + Avwg =
eY©¸”Q hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MVb K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K Zw×Z evu`ivwg, dvwRj + Av‡gv = dvRjv‡gv|
cÖZ¨q e‡j| Zw×Z cÖZ¨q¸‡jv ev‡K¨ wewfbœ A‡_© e„wË ev RxweKv A‡_© :
e¨eüZ nq| evsjv fvlvq Zw×Z cÖZ¨q wZb cÖKvi| VK + Av‡gv = VKv‡gv (V‡Ki e„wË), Ni + Avwg
01. evsjv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q = Nivwg|
evsjv fvlv 182 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
wb›`v Ávcb : `vuZ + Dqv = †`u‡Zv, Qvu` + Dqv = †Qu‡`v, †Zj
‡RVv + wg = †RVvwg, †Q‡j + wg = †Q‡jwg| + Dqv = †Z‡jv ˃ ‡Zjv, KzuR + Dqv = Kzu‡Rv|
o B/C-cÖZ¨q o ÔDÕ cÖZ¨q : we‡klY MV‡b
fve A‡_© : XvK + D = Xvjy, Kj + D = Kjy
evnv`yi + B = evnv`ywi, D‡g`vi-D‡g`vwi| o ÔDKÕ cÖZ¨q : we‡klY MV‡b
e„wË ev e¨emvq A‡_© :
jvR + DK = jvRyK, wgk + DK = wgïK, wg_¨v
Wv³vi + C = Wv³vwi, †gv³vi + C = ‡gv³vwi, + DK = wg_y¨K|
Giƒc- †cvÏvi-‡cvÏvwi, e¨vcvi-e¨vcvwi, Pvl-Pvwl|
gvwjK A‡_© :
o Avwi/Avix/Aviæ cÖZ¨q : we‡klY MV‡b
Rwg`vi + C = Rwg`vix, †`vKvb + C = †`vKvbx| wfL + Avix = wfLvix, KvU& + Avwi = KvUvwi,
mvuZ + Aviæ = mvuZviæ, kvuL + Avix = kvuLvix,
RvZ, AvMZ eySv‡Z
†evgv + Aviæ = †evgviæ|
fvMjcyi + C = fvMjcyix, gv`ªvR + C = gv`ªvRx,
o Avwj/Av‡jv/Avj ˃ Gj cÖZ¨q : we‡kl¨ I we‡klY
†ikg + C = †ikgx, miKvi + C = miKvix|
`vuZ + Avj ˃ `vuZvj, jvwV + Avj = jvwVqvj ˃
o Bqv ˃ G-cÖZ¨q ‡j‡Vj, †ZR + Avj = †ZRvj, avi + Avj =
ZrKvjxbZv †evSv‡Z : avivj, kvum + Avj = kvumvj, RgK + Av‡jv =
†mKvj + G = †m‡K‡j, GKvj + G = G‡K‡j, RgKv‡jv, `ya + Avj = `yavj ˃ `y‡aj, wng +
fv`i + Bqv = fv`wiqv ˃ fv`y‡i (KBgvQ)| Avj = wngvj ˃ wn‡gj, PZzi + Avwj = PZzivwj,
DcKiY †evSv‡Z : NUK + Avwj = NUKvwj, wmu` + Avj ˃ Gj =
cv_i + Bqv = cv_ywiqv ˃ cv_y‡i, gvwU + Bqv ˃ wmu‡`j, mvc + Dwoqv = mvcywoqv ˃ mvcy‡o|
‡g‡U, evwj- †e‡j| o Dwoqv ˃ Dwoqv /D‡o/ †i-cÖZ¨q
DcRxweKv A‡_© : nvU + Dwoq = nvUzwiqv ˃ nvUz‡i, mvc + Dwoqv =
Rvj + Bqv = Rvwjqv ˃ ‡R‡j, ‡gvU-gy‡U mvcywoqv ˃ mvcy‡o, KvV + Dwoq = KvVzwiqv ˃
‣bcyY¨ †evSv‡Z KvVz‡i|
Lyb + Bqv = Lywbqv ˃ Ly‡b, bv (‡b․Kv) + Bqv = o Do-cÖZ¨q : A_©nxb fv‡e
bvBqv ˃ ‡b‡q, †`gvK + G = †`gv‡K| ‡jR + Do = †jRyo
Ae¨qRvZ we‡klY MV‡b o AvwUqv/‡U-cÖZ¨q : we‡klY MV‡b
UbUb + G = UbU‡b (Ávb), KbKb + G = Zvgv + AvwUqv = ZvgvwUqv ˃ Zvgv‡U, fvov +
KbK‡b (kxZ), MbMb + G = MbM‡b (Av¸b), AvwUqv = fvovwUqv ˃ fvov‡U; Giƒc- SMov-
PKPK + G = PKP‡K (RyZv)| SMov‡U, fvov-fvov‡U, †ivMv-‡ivMv‡U|
o AU ˃ U- cÖZ¨q : ¯^v‡_©
o Dqv ˃ I cÖZ¨q fiv + U = fivU, Rgv + U = RgvU|
‡ivMMÖ¯Í A‡_© o jv-cÖZ¨q
R¦i + Dq = R¦iæqv ˃ R¦‡iv| evZ + Dqv ˃ ‡e‡Zv we‡klY MV‡b
(‡Nvov)| ‡gN + jv = †gNjv|
hy³ A‡_© ¯^v‡_©
UvK + Dqv = UvKzqv ˃ ‡U‡Kv| GK + jv = GKjv|
DcKi‡Y wbwgË A‡_© :
Lo + I = L‡ov (Lo w`‡q wbwg©Z Ni) 02. we‡`wk Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
RvZ A‡_© o Iqvjv ˃ Avjv (wnw›`)
avb + Dqv = ‡a‡bv| evwo-evwoIqvjv (gvwjK A‡_©), w`wjø-w`wjøIqvjv
(Awaevmx A‡_©), gvQ-gvQIqvjv (e„wË A‡_©), `ya-
mswkøó A‡_©
`yaIqvjv (e„wË A‡_©)|
gvV + Dqv = †g‡Vv, Mvu + Dqv = MvuBqv ˃ ‡Mu‡qv
o Iqvb ˃ Avb (wnw›`)
DcRxweKv A‡_©
Mvwo + Iqvb = Mv‡ovqvb, `vi + Iqvb =
gvQ + Dqv ˃ I = gvQzqv ˃ ‡g‡Qv| `v‡ivqvb|
we‡klY MV‡b
o Avbv ˃ Avwb (wnw›`)
evsjv fvlv
gybwk-gybwkqvbv, wewe-weweAvbv, wn›`y-wn›`yqvwb|
o mv ˃ ‡m (wnw›`)
cvwb + mv = cvbmv ˃ cvb‡m, GK + mv = GKmv,
Kvj (Kvj) + mv = Kvjmv ˃ Kvj‡m|
o Mi ˃ Ki (dviwm)
Kvwi + Mi = KvwiMi, evwR + Ki = evwRKi,
mI`v + Mi = mI`vKi|
o wMwi (e„wË A‡_©) (dviwm)
‡Kivwb + wMwi = †KivwbwMwi, evey + wMwi =
eveywMwi, wn‡iv + wMwi = wn‡ivwMwi, `v`v + wMwi =
`v`vwMwi|
o `vi (dviwm)
Zvu‡e + `vi = Zvu‡e`vi, Lei + `vi = Lei`vi;
Giƒc- eywU`vi, †`bv`vi, †P․wK`vi, cvnvi`vi|
o evR (`ÿ A‡_©-dviwm)
Kjg + evR = KjgevR, awo + evR = awoevR,
†avuKv + evR = †avuKvevR, Mjv + evR = MjvevR
+ B = MjvevwR (we‡kl¨)|
o g›` (dviwm)
Av‡°j + g›` = Av‡°jg›`, Mvj + g›` = Mvjg›`
o e›`x (e›`&- dviwm)
Revb + e›`x = Revbe›`x, mvwi + e›`x =
mvwie›`x, bRi + e›`x = bRie›`x, †Kvgi + e›`
= †Kvgie›`|
o evR (`ÿ A‡_©- dviwm)
Kjg + evR = KjgevR, awo + evR = awoevR,
†avuKv + evR = †avuKvevR, Mjv + evR = MjvevR
+ B = MjvevwR|
o ‡Lvi (Af¨¯Í)
my` + †Lvi = my`‡Lvi, nvivg + †Lvi =
nvivg‡Lvi; Giƒc- Avwdg‡Lvi, Nyl‡Lvi|
o mB-cÖZ¨q : g‡Zv A‡_©
RyZ + mB = RyZmB, gvbvbmB, PjbmB, †UKmB|
o cbv-cÖZ¨q : g‡Zv A‡_©
wMbœx + cbv = wMbœxcbv, †envqv + cbv =†envqvcbv|
03. ms¯‥…Z Zw×Z cÖZ¨q
o BZ-cÖZ¨q : DcKiYRvZ we‡klY MV‡b
Kzmyg +BZ = KzmywgZ, Zi½ + BZ = Ziw½Z,
KÈK +BZ = KÈwKZ|
o Bgb& cÖZ¨q : we‡kl¨ MV‡b
g~j cÖZ¨q- Bgb Ges hy³ nq- Bgv
bxj + Bgb = bxj + Bgv ˃ bxwjgv, gnr + Bgb
= gnr + Bgv ˃ gwngv|
o Bj&-cÖZ¨q : DcKiYRvZ we‡klY MV‡b
c¼ + Bj& = cw¼j, Dwg© + Bj& = Dwg©j, †dj +
Bj = †dwbj|
183 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
o Bô-cÖZ¨q : AwZkvq‡b
¸iæ + Bô = Mwiô, jNy + Bô = jwNô|
o B (C)- cÖZ¨q : mvaviY we‡klY MV‡b
Ávb + Bb = Ávwbb&, myL + Bb& = mywLb&, ¸Y& +
Bb = ¸wYb&, gvb + Bb = gvwbb& |
KZ©„Kvi‡Ki GK eP‡b ÔBbÕ-Gi ¯’‡j ÔC-KviÕ nq-
Ávb + Bb& (C) = Ávbx, ¸Y + Bb& (C) = ¸Yx,
mgv‡m ÔBbÕ cÖZ¨qvšÍ k‡ãi c‡i Zrmg kã _vK‡j
ÔBbÕ-Gi ÔbÕ †jvc cvq|
Ávb + Bb& = Ávwbb& + MY = ÁvbxMY,
gvb + Bb& = gvwbMY = gvwbMY,
¯¿x wj‡½ ÔBbÕ-Gi ¯’‡j ÔBbxÕ nq|
Ávb + Bbx = Ávwbbx, ¸Y + Bbx = BwYbx|
o Zv I Z¡ cÖZ¨q : we‡kl¨ MV‡b|
eÜz + Zv = eÜzZv, kÎæ + Zv = kÎæZv, eÜz + Zv
= eÜzZ¡, ¸iæ + Z¡ = ¸iæZ¡, Nb + Z¡ = NbZ¡,
gnr + Z¡ = gnZ¡|
o Zi I Zg cÖZ¨q : AwZkvq‡b|
gayi + Zi = gayiZg, wcÖq + Zi = wcÖqZi, wcÖq
+ Zg = wcÖqZg|
o bxb (Cb&)-cÖZ¨q : Zrm¤úwK©Z A‡_© we‡klY MV‡b
me©Rb + bxb (Cb&) = me©Rbxb, Kzj + bxb (Cb&)
= Kzjxb, be + bxb (Cb&) = Kzjxb, be + bxb
(Cb&) = bexb, me©v½ + Cb& (40Zg wewmGm)|
o bxq (Cq) cÖZ¨q : we‡klY MV‡b
Rj + bxq (Cq) = Rjxq, evqy + bxq (Cq) =
evqexq, el© + bxq (Cq) = elx©q|
o i-cÖZ¨q : we‡kl¨ MV‡b
gay + i = gayi, gyL + i = gyLi|
o eZzc& (er) Ges gZzc& (gr)-cÖZ¨q [cÖ_gvi GK eP‡b
h_vµ‡g Ôevb&Õ I Ôgvb&Õ nq] : we‡klY MV‡b|
¸Y + eZzc& (evb) = ¸Yevb, `qv + eZzc& (evb)
= `qvevb, kÖx + gZzc& (gvb) = kÖxgvb, ex + gZzc&
(gvb) = eyw×gvb|
o web (ex) cÖZ¨q : Av‡Q A‡_© we‡klY MV‡b|
‡gav + web& (ex) = ‡gavex, gvqv + web& (ex) =
gvqex, †ZRt + web& (ex) = †ZR¯^x, hkt + web&
(ex) = hk¯^x|
o ò (A) cÖZ¨q [e„w×i wbq‡g cwieZ©b]
AcZ¨ A‡_© :
gby + ò = gvbe, h`y + ò = hv`e
DcvmK A‡_© :
wke + ò = •ke, wRb + ò = ‣Rb| Giƒc :
kw³-kv³, ey×- †e․×, weò-‣eòe|
fve A‡_© :
wkk + ò = •kke, ¸iæ + ò = †M․ie, wK‡kvi +
ò = ‣K‡kvi|
evsjv fvlv
m¤úK© †evSv‡Z :
c„w_ex + ò = cvw_©e, †`e + ò = •`e, wPÎ
(GKwU bÿ‡Îi bvg) + ò = ‣PÎ|
wbcvZ‡b wm× mwÜ :
m~h© + ò = †m․i [mvaviY wbqg Abyhvqx myi + ò
(A) = ‡m․i]
j-cÖZ¨q :
kxZ + j = kxZj, erm + j = ermj
ò (h)-cÖZ¨q :
AcZ¨v‡_©
gbyt + ò¨ = gbyl¨, Rg`wMœ + ò¨ = Rvg`Mœ¨
fvev‡_©
GB cÖZ¨‡qi ÔlÕ I ÔYÕ Br n‡q hvq| GB cÖZ¨q †hvM
n‡j cÖK…wZi Avw` ¯^‡ii e„w× nq| ‡k‡l ÔiÕ _vK‡j
†id nq Ges Avw` eY© (cÖZ¨‡qi) e‡m|
my›`i + ò¨ = †m․›`h©, k~i + ò¨ = †k․h©, axi +
ò¨ = •ah©, Kzgvi + ò¨ = †K․gvh©, wewkó + ò¨ =
•ewkó¨| Giƒc- PvZzh©, gvayh©, mvnPvh© (30Zg
wewmGm), Avnvh©, †m․›`h©, e¨envh©, J`vh©, AvPvh©,
‡k․h©|
o wò (B)- cÖZ¨q : AcZ¨ A‡_©
iveY + wò = ivewY (ive‡Yi cyÎ), `ki_ + wò
= `kiw_|
o wòK (BK)-cÖZ¨q
mvwnZ¨ + wòK = mvwnwZ¨K, †e` + wòK =
•ew`K, weÁvb + wòK = •eÁvwbK|
welqK A‡_©
mgy`ª + wòK = mvgyw`ªK, bMi-bvMwiK, gvm-
gvwmK, ag©-avwg©K, mgi-mvgwiK, mgvR-
mvgvwRK|
o we‡klY MV‡b :
†ngšÍ + wòK = •ngwšÍK, AvK¯§vr + wòK =
AvKw¯§K|
o ‡òq (Gq)-cÖZ¨q :
fwMbx + †òq = fvwM‡bq, AwMœ + †òq =
Av‡Mœq, wegvZ… (wegvZv) + †òq = •egv‡Îq|
mwÜ
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ
01. Ôm‡`¨vRvZÕ k‡ãi mwÜwe‡”Q` †KvbwU? [38Zg wewmGm]
K. mr + RvZ L. m‡`¨v + RvZ
M. m`¨t + RvZ N. m`¨ + RvZ DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : GwU Ôm-RvZÕ wemM© mwÜi D`vniY| ÔA-KviÕ +
wemM© (t ) Gi ci cic‡` A/Av, e‡M©i 3q, 4_© Ges
5g A_ev h, I, j, e, n Giƒ‡c _vK‡j c~e©c‡`i wemM©
184 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
(t) n‡q hvq ÔI-KviÕ| †hgb- ZZt + AwaK =
Z‡ZvwaK, gbt + Mov = g‡bvMov, m`¨t + RvZ =
m‡`¨vRvZ|
02. Ôiex›`ªÕ Gi mwVK mwÜwe‡”Q` †KvbwU? [36Zg wewmGm]
K. iex + B›`ª L. iex + C›`ª
M. iwe + B›`ª N. iwe + C›`ª DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : GwU GKwU ¯^imwÜi D`vniY| cÖ_g c‡`i Ôn«¯-^
BÕ ev Ô`xN©-CÕ aŸwbi m‡½ wØZxq c‡`i cÖ_‡g Ôn«¯^- BÕ ev
Ô`xN©-CÕ aŸwbi wgj‡b Ô`xN©-CÕ n‡q c~‡e©eZ©x e¨Ä‡bi
mv‡_ hy³ nq| ‡hgb- AwZ + BZ = AZxZ, cÖwZ +
BwZ = cÖZxwZ, iwe + B›`ª, cwi + Cÿv = cixÿv
BZ¨vw`| [kU©KvU : B/C + B/C = C]
03. Ô‣ØcvqbÕ k‡ãi ï× mwÜwe‡”Q` †KvbwU? [35Zg
wewmGm]
K. Øxc + Avqb L. Øxc + Aqb
M. wØc + AbU N. Øxc + AbU DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : GwU GKwU ¯^imwÜi D`vniY| ÔA-KviÕ wKsev
ÔAv-KviÕ Gi ci ÔA-KviÕ wKsev ÔAv-KviÕ _vK‡j Df‡q
wg‡j ÔAv-KviÕ nq Ges ÔAv-KviÕ c~e©eZ©x e¨Ä‡bi mv‡_
hy³ nq| †hgb : be + Abœ = bevbœ, ¯^ + Aaxb =
¯^vaxb, wng + APj = wngvPj, Øxc + Aqb =
•Øcvqb| [kU©KvU : A/Av + A/Av = Av]
04.mwÜmvwaZ Ôci¯úiÕ †Kvb ai‡bi mwÜi `„óvšÍ? [32Zg
wewmGm]
K. e¨ÄbaŸwb L. ¯^iaŸwb
M. wbcvZ‡b wm× N. wemM© mwÜ DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : ci¯úi nj wbcvZ‡b wm× ¯^imwÜ Gi D`vniY|
mwÜi cÖPwjZ wbqg bv †g‡b †h mwÜ nq, Zv‡K wbcvZ‡b
wm× mwÜ e‡j| wbcvZ‡b wm× mwÜmg~n g‡b ivLyb
mn‡R : ÔAvðh© welq GKv`k e„n¯úwZ ev‡i eb¯úwZ I
Z¯‥i ci¯úi Mevÿ Pzwi K‡i AvmwQj| ZLb bvwqKv
†lvokx I gbxlvi Ab¨vb¨ evÜex‡`i mv‡_ †`Lv Kij
Ges cZÄwj‡K †W‡K ejj, GB KzjUv bvix cÖvqwðË
Ki‡j `y¨‡jv‡K hv‡e| mwÜwe‡”Q` : Av + Ph© = Avðh©,
GK + `k = GKv`k, e„nr + cwZ = e„n¯úwZ, eb& +
cwZ = eb¯úwZ, Zr + Ki = Z¯‥i, ci + ci =
ci¯úi, †Mv + Aÿ = Mevÿ, lU& + `k = †lvok,
gbm& + Clv = gbxlv, cZr + AÄwj = cZÄwj, Kzj +
AUv = KzjUv, cÖvq + wPË = cÖvqwðË, w`e& + †jvK =
`y¨‡jvK|
05. ÔevMvo¤^iÕ k‡ãi mwÜwe‡”Q`- [30Zg wewmGm]
K. evM + A¤^i L. evM + Avo¤^i
M. evK + A¤^i N. evK& + Avo¤^i DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : GwU GKwU e¨Ä‡b-¯^‡i mwÜi (e¨Äb mwÜ)
D`vniY| hw` †Kvb mwÜi c~e©c‡` †k‡l e‡M©i cÖ_g
e¨ÄbaŸwb (K/P/U/Z/c) _v‡K Ges cic‡`i cÖ_‡g
evsjv fvlv 185 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
¯^iaŸwb nq Zvn‡j e¨ÄbaŸwbwU H e‡M©i Z…Zxq aŸwb‡Z e¨vL¨v : GwU GKwU e¨Ä‡b-¯^‡i (e¨Äb mwÜ) mwÜi
cwiYZ nq| ‡hgb- evK& (†kl eY© e‡M©i cÖ_g D`vniY| hw` c~e©c‡`i †k‡l cÖ_g e¨Äb (K, P, U,
e¨ÄbaŸwb) + Avo¤^i (cic‡`i ïiæi ÔAvÕ GKwU Z, c) _v‡K, cic‡`i cÖ_gwU ¯^iaŸwb nq Zvn‡j K
e¨ÄbaŸwb) = evMvo¤^i| Giƒc- w`K& + AšÍ = w`MšÍ, Gi ¯’v‡b M A_ev P Gi ¯’v‡b R A_ev U Gi ¯’v‡b W
myc& + AšÍ = myešÍ, wYP& + AšÍ = wYRšÍ| [kU©KvU : (o) A_ev Z Gi ¯’v‡b ` Ges c Gi ¯’v‡b e nq Ges
K/P/U/Z/c + ¯^iaŸwb = M/R/W/`/e] cic‡`i ¯^iaŸwb M/R/W/o/`/c Gi mv‡_ hy³ nq|
06. ÔR‣bKÕ kãwUi mwÜ we‡”Q`- [29Zg wewmGm] †hgb- lU& + Avbb = lovbb, lU& + FZz = loFZz|
K. Rb + GK L. Rb + GK [kU©KvU : K/P/U/Z/c + ¯^iaŸwb = M/R/W (o)/`/e
M. R‣b + GK N. Rb + CK DËi : L + ¯^iaŸwb]
e¨vL¨v : GwU GKwU ¯^imwÜi D`vniY| mwÜi 12. Ô`y¨‡jvKÕ k‡ãi h_v_© mwÜwe‡”Q` †KvbwU? [15Zg
wbqgvbymv‡i, cÖ_g c‡`i †k‡l ÔA-aŸwbÕ ev ÔAv-aŸwbÕ wewmGm]
Gi ci cic‡` ÔG-KviÕ _vK‡j Df‡q wg‡j ÔH-KviÕ nq K. `yt + †jvK L. w`e& + †jvK
Ges Zv c~e©eZ©x e¨Ä‡bi mv‡_ hy³ nq| ‡hgb- wnZ + M. wØ + †jvK N. wØt + †jvK DËi : L
Glx = wn‣Zlx, Rb + GK = R‣bK| [kU©KvU : A/Av
+ G/H = H] e¨vL¨v : GwU GKwU wbcvZ‡b wm× mwÜi D`vniY| 04
bs cÖ‡kœi mgvav‡b wbcvZ‡b wm× mwÜi AviI D`vniY
07. ‡Kvb mwÜwU wbcvZ‡b wm× mwÜi D`vniY? [27Zg I e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wewmGm] 13. ÔiZœvKiÕ Gi mwÜwe‡”Q` †KvbwU? [10g wewmGm]
K. evK + `vb = evM`vb K. iZœv + Ki L. iZœ + Ki
L. Dr + †Q` = D‡”Q` M. iZœv + AvKvi N. iZœ + AvKi DËi : N
M. ci + ci = ci¯úi
N. mg + mvi = msmvi DËi : M e¨vL¨v : GwU GKwU ¯^imwÜi D`vniY| ÔA-KviÕ wKsev
ÔAv-KviÕ Gi ci ÔA-KviÕ wKsev ÔAv-KviÕ _vK‡j Df‡q
e¨vL¨v : 04 bs cÖ‡kœi mgvav‡b wbcvZ‡b wm× mwÜi wg‡j ÔAv-KviÕ nq Ges ÔAv-KviÕ c~e©eZ©x e¨Ä‡bi mv‡_
D`vniY I e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| hy³ nq| †hgb : be + Abœ = bevbœ, ¯^ + Aaxb =
08. ÔcÖvZivkÕ Gi mwÜ- [23Zg wewmGm] ¯^vaxb, wng + APj = wngvPj, iZœ + AvKi =
K. cÖvZ + ivk L. cÖvZt + ivk •Øcvqb| [kU©KvU : A/Av + A/Av = Av]
M. cÖvZt + Avk N. cÖvZ + Avk DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : GwU GKwU ms¯‥…Z wemM© mwÜi D`vniY| wemM© mwÜi cÖvmw½K wbqgm~‡ni eY©bv
mwÜi wbqgvbymv‡i, c~e©c‡`i †k‡l wemM© _vK‡j Ges mwÜ Kx I †Kb? : mwbœwnZ `ywU aŸwbi wgj‡bi bvg mwÜ| `ªæZ
cic‡` ¯^iaŸwb, e‡M©i Z…Zxq, PZz_© I cÂg eY© wKsev D”Pvi‡Yi d‡j ci¯úi mwbœwnZ `y‡Uv aŸwbi wgj‡b †h
h, i, j, e, n _vK‡j ÔA-Kv‡ii ciw¯’Z Ôi-RvZÕ aŸwbMZ cwieZ©b nq Zv‡KB mwÜ ejv nq| †hgb- Avkv +
wem‡M©i ¯’v‡b Ôi&Õ nq Ges Zv cic‡`i Av`¨e‡Y©i mv‡_ AZxZ = AvkvZxZ| wng + Avjq = wngvjq|
hy³ nq| ‡hgb- wbt + Aewa = wbiewa, wbt + AvKvi= o mwÜi D‡Ïk¨ ¯^vfvweK D”Pvi‡Y mnRcÖeYZv Ges
wbivKvi, cÖvZt + Avk = cÖvZivk| [kU©KvU : c~e©c‡`i aŸwbMZ gvayh© m¤úv`b| mwÜi wgjb K‡qK iKg n‡Z
†k‡l wemM© (t ) + ¯^iaŸwb = i& + ¯^iaŸwb] cv‡i-
- aŸwbi wgjb ev iƒcvšÍi
09. ÔmwÜÕ e¨vKi‡Yi †Kvb As‡ki Av‡jvP¨ welq? [18Zg - aŸwb-‡jvc
wewmGm] - aŸwb weK…wZ ev e`j ev cwieZ©b
K. iƒcZË¡ L. aŸwbZË¡
M. c`µg N. evK¨ cÖKiY DËi : L mwÜ †Kb cÖ‡qvRb? :
10. mwÜi cÖavb myweav Kx? [18Zg wewmGm] → aŸwb-cwieZ©‡bi †ÿ‡Î mwÜ we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
K. covi myweav L. †jLvi myweav → bZzb kã MV‡bi Rb¨ mwÜi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q|
M. D”Pvi‡Yi myweav N. †kvbvi myweav DËi : M → k‡ãi AvKvi †QvU Ki‡ZI mwÜi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q|
11. ÔloFZzÕ k‡ãi h_v_© mwÜwe‡”Q` †KvbwU? [15Zg → mwÜi d‡j fvlv mvejxj I kÖæwZgayi nq|
wewmGm] → m‡ev©cwi fvlvi D”Pvi‡Yi †m․›`h© I kÖæwZgvayh© e„w×,
K. lo + FZz L. lWz + FZz fvlv‡K cÖvÄj I mswÿß Ki‡Z mwÜi cÖ‡qvRb
M. lU + FZz N. lU& + FZz DËi : N Acwimxg|
evsjv fvlv
mwÜi cÖKvi‡f`
mwÜ g~jZ ms¯‥…ZvMZ; A_©vr ms¯‥…Z fvlvi mwÜ ev Zrmg
mwÜ| evsjv fvlvi wbR¯^ D”PviY Avjv`v e‡j evsjv fvlvi
mwÜi wbqgI Avjv`v •ewkó¨gwÐZ| evsjv †g․wLK fvlvi mwÜ
ev aŸwb cwieZ©‡bi †h wbR¯^ •ewkó¨ i‡q‡Q Zv ÔLvuwU evsjv
mwÜÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
evsjv mwÜ `yB iK‡gi| h_v-
K. ¯^imwÜ Ges L. e¨ÄbmwÜ
K. ¯^imwÜ L. e¨ÄbmwÜ
Zrmg mwÜ wZb cÖKvi| h_v-
K. ¯^imwÜ L. e¨ÄbmwÜ M. wemM© mwÜ
¯^imwÜ :
¯^iaŸwbi mv‡_ ¯^iaŸwb wg‡j †h mwÜ nq Zv‡K ¯^imwÜ e‡j|
01. mw܇Z `ywU mwbœwnZ ¯^‡ii GKwU †jvc cvq| †hgb-
A + G = G (ÔAÕ †jvc)
kZ + GK = k‡ZK, KZ + GK = K‡ZK|
Av + Av = Av (GKwU ÔAvÕ †jvc)
kvuLv + Avwi = kvuLvwi, iƒcv + Avwj = iƒcvwj
Av + D = D (ÔAvÕ †jvc)
wg_¨v + DK = wg_y¨K, wnsmv + DK = wnsmyK, wb›`yK
B + G = B (ÔGÕ †jvc)
Kzwo + GK = KzwoK, awbK, ¸wUK
02. ‡Kvb †Kvb ¯’‡j cvkvcvwk `ywU ¯^‡ii ‡k‡liwU †jvc
cvq| †hgb- hv + B”Qv + ZvB = hv‡”QZvB| GLv‡b
(Av+ B) Gi g‡a¨ B †jvc †c‡q‡Q|
e¨Äb mwÜ
¯^‡i Avi e¨Ä‡b, e¨Ä‡b Avi e¨Ä‡b Ges e¨Ä‡b Avi ¯^‡i
wgwjZ n‡q †h mwÜ nq Zv‡K e¨Äb mwÜ e‡j|
01. cÖ_g aŸwb A‡Nvl Ges cieZx© aŸwb †Nvl n‡j, `ywU
wg‡j ‡Nvl aŸwb wØZ¡ nq| †hgb- †QvU + `v = †Qvo`v|
02. Avi& + bv = Avbœv, Pvi +wU = PvwÆ, ai& + bv = abœv,
`yi& + QvB = `y”QvB|
03. bvZ + RvgvB = bv¾vgvB (Z& + R& = ¾), e`& +
RvZ= e¾vZ, nvZ + Qvwb = nv”Qvwb|
04. cvuP + k = cvukk| mvZ + k = mvk&k, cvuP + wmKv =
cvukwkKv|
05. ‡evb + AvB = †evbvB, Pzb + Avwi = Pzbvwi, wZj +
GK = wZ‡jK, evi + GK = ev‡iK, wZb + GK =
wZ‡bK|
06. KvuPv + Kjv = KvuPKjv, bvwZ + †e․ = bvZ‡e․, †Nvov
+ †`․o = †Nvo‡`․o, ‡Nvov + Mvwo = †NvovMvwo
BZ¨vw`|
 Zrmg k‡ãi mwÜ
186 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
01. ¯^imwÜ, 02. e¨ÄbmwÜ Ges 03. wemM© mwÜ
01. ¯^imwÜ : ¯^iaŸwbi m‡½ ¯^iaŸwbi wgj‡bi bvg ¯^imwÜ|
→ ÔA-KviÕ wKsev ÔAv-KviÕ Gi ci ÔA-KviÕ wKsev ÔAv-
KviÕ _vK‡j Df‡q wg‡j ÔAv-KviÕ nq Ges ÔAv-Kvi
c~e©eZx© e¨Ä‡bi mv‡_ hy³ nq| †hgb-
A + A = Av
bi + Aag = bivag, be + Abœ = bevbœ, ¯^ + Aaxb
= ¯^vaxb, m~h© + A¯Í = m~h©v¯Í, wngvPj, cÖvYvwaK,
n¯ÍvšÍi, wnZvwnZ BZ¨vw`|
A + Av = Av
wng + Avjq = wngvjq, `Ð + Av‡`k = `Ðv‡`k,
nZ + Avkv = nZvkv, †`evjq, iZœvKi [10g
wewmGm], wmsnvmb BZ¨vw`|
Av + A = Av
h_v + A_© = h_v_©, Avkv + AZxZ = AvkvZxZ,
Z¡iv + Awš^Z = Z¡ivwš^Z, K_v + Ag„Z = K_vg„Z,
gnv + AN© = gnvN© BZ¨vw`|
Av + Av = Av
we`¨v + Avjq = we`¨vjq, gnv + Avkq = gnvkq,
Kviv + AvMvi = KvivMvi, m`v + Avb›` = m`vb›`|
→ cÖ_g c‡`i †k‡l Ôn«¯^-BÕ ev Ô`xN-CÕ aŸwbi m‡½ wØZxq
c‡`i cÖ_‡g Ôn«¯^-BÕ ev Ô`xN-CÕ aŸwbi †hv‡M `xN© ÔC-
KviÕ n‡q Av‡Mi e‡Y© hy³ nq| †hgb-
B+B=C
AwZ + BZ = AZxZ, cÖwZ + BwZ = cÖZxwZ, AwZ +
B›`ª = AZx›`ª, iwe + B›`ª = iex›`ª [36Zg wewmGm]
BZ¨vw`|
B+C=C
cwi + Cÿv = cixÿv, cÖwZ + Cÿv = cÖZxÿv, Awa
+ Ck^i = Aaxk^i BZ¨vw`|
C+B=C
kPx + B›`ª = kPx›`ª, mZx + B›`ª = mZx›`ª, myax +
B›`ª = myax›`ª BZ¨vw`|
C+C=C
mZx + Ck = mZxk, gnx + Ck^i = gnxk^i, kÖx +
Ck = kÖxk|
→ cÖ_g c‡`i ‡k‡l Ôn«¯^-DÕ ev Ô`xN©-EÕ aŸwbi m‡½ wØZxq
c‡`i cÖ_‡g Ôn«¯^-DÕ ev Ô`xN©-EÕ aŸwbi wgj‡b Ô`xN©-EÕ
Kvi n‡q Av‡Mi e‡Y© hy³ nq|
D+D=E
KUz + Dw³ = KU~w³, my + Dw³ = m~w³, giæ +
D`¨vb = giƒ`¨vb BZ¨vw`|
evsjv fvlv
D+E=E
jNy + Ewg© = jN~wg©, Zby + EaŸ© = Zb~aŸ©, eû + EaŸ©
= en~aŸ© BZ¨vw`|
E+D=E
ea~ + Dw³ = ea~w³, ea~ + Drme = ea~rme, ea~ +
DwPr = ea~wPZ BZ¨vw`|
E + E = E | f~ + Ea٩ = f~a٩|
→ cÖ_g c‡`i †k‡l ÔA-aŸwbÕ ev ÔAv-aŸwbÕ Gi ci wØZxq
c‡`i cÖ_‡g Ôn«¯^-BÕ ev Ô`xN©-CÕ aŸwbi wgj‡b ÔG-KviÕ
n‡q c~‡e©i e‡Y© hy³ nq| †hgb-
A+B=G
mZ¨ + B›`ª = m‡Z¨›`ª, ¯^ + B”Qv = †¯^”Qv, ïf +
B”Qv = ï‡f”Qv BZ¨vw`|
Av + B = G
gnv + B›`ª = g‡n›`ª, h_v + Bó = h‡_ó, h_v +
B”Qv = h‡_”Qv BZ¨vw`|
A+C=G
Ac + Cÿv = A‡cÿv, MY + Ck = M‡Yk, cik +
Ck = ci‡gk BZ¨vw`|
Av + C = G
gnv + Ck, gnv + Ck^i = g‡nk^i BZ¨vw`|
→ cÖ_g c‡`i †k‡l ÔA-aŸwbÕ ev ÔAv-aŸwbÕ Gi ci wØZxq
c‡`i cÖ_‡g Ôn«¯^-DÕ ev Ô`xN©-EÕ aŸwbi wgj‡b ÔI-KviÕ
n‡q Av‡Mi e‡Y© hy³ nq| [kU©KvU : A/Av + D/E = I]
†hgb-
A+D=I
me© + D”P = m‡e©v”P, m~h© + D`q = m~‡hv©`q, cÖkœ +
DËi = cÖ‡kœvËi|
A+E=I
be + Ep = b‡evpv, M„n + EaŸ© = M„‡nvaŸ©, me© +
EaŸ© = m‡evaŸ© BZ¨vw`|
Av + D = I
h_v + DwPZ = h‡_vwPZ, K_v + DcK_b =
K‡_vcK_b, h_v + Dchy³ = h‡_vchy³ BZ¨vw`|
Av + E = I
M½v + Ewg© = M‡Ovwg©, gnv + Ewg© = g‡nvwg© BZ¨vw`|
→ cÖ_g c‡`i †k‡l ÔA-aŸwbÕ ev ÔAv-aŸwbÕ Gi ci wØZxq
c‡`i cÖ_‡g ÔG-aŸwbÕ ev ÔH-aŸwbÕ Gi wgj‡b ÔH-KviÕ
nq Ges Zv Av‡Mi e‡Y© hy³ n‡e| [kU©KvU : A/Av +
G/H = H]| †hgb-
A+G=H
Rb + GK = R‣bK, wnZ + Glx = wn‣Zlx|
187 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
A+H=H
gZ + HK¨ = g‣ZK¨, ivR + Hk^h© = iv‣Rk^h©|
Av + G = H
Z_v + GeP = Z‣_eP, Z_v + Ge = Z‣_e, m`v +
Ge = m‣`e BZ¨vw`|
Av + H = H
gnv + Hk^h© = g‣nk^h©, gnv + HK¨ = g‣nK¨|
→ cÖ_g c‡`i ‡k‡l ÔA-aŸwbÕ ev ÔAv-aewbÕ Gi ci wØZxq
c‡`i cÖ_‡g ÔI-aŸwbÕ ev ÔJ-aŸwbÕ Gi wgj‡b ÔJ-Kvi
n‡q Av‡Mi e‡Y© hy³ nq| [kU©KvU : A/Av + I/J =
J]| †hgb-
A+I=J
eb + Ilwa = e‡b․lwa|
Av + I = J
Gnv + Ilwa = g‡n․lwa|
A+J=J
cig + Jla = ci‡g․la, wPË + J`vh© = wP‡Ë․`vh©|
Av + J = J
gnv + Jla = g‡n․la|
→ cÖ_g c‡`i †k‡l ÔB-aŸwbÕ ev ÔC-aŸwbÕ Gi ci wØZxq
c‡`i ïiæ‡Z ÔBÕ I ÔCÕ Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb ¯^iaŸwb _vK‡j
B/C Gi ¯’v‡b Ôh-djv (¨)Õ nq Ges ¯^iaŸwb wPý
c~e©e‡Y©i mv‡_ hy³ nq| [kU©KvU : B/C + B/C wfbœ
Ab¨ ¯^iaŸwb = h/h-djv (¨) + ¯^iaŸwb]| †hgb-
B + A = h ev h-djv (¨) + A
AwZ + AšÍ = AZ¨šÍ, Awa + Aÿ = Aa¨ÿ, cÖwZ +
An = cÖZ¨n, cwi + AšÍ = ch©šÍ BZ¨vw`|
B + Av = h ev h-djv (¨) + Av
BwZ + Avw` = BZ¨vw`, cÖwZ + Avkv = cÖZ¨vkv,
AwZ + Avðh© = AZ¨vðvh©|
B + D = h ev h-djv + D
AwZ + Dw³ = AZz¨w³, Dcwi + Dcwi = Dch©ycwi,
cÖwZ + DËi = cÖZz¨Ëi BZ¨vw`|
B + G = h ev h-djv (¨) + G
cÖwZ + GK = cÖ‡Z¨K|
C + Av = h ev h-djv (¨) + Av
gmx + Avavi = gm¨vavi|
→ cÖ_g c‡`i †k‡l D/E aŸwb Ges wØZxq c‡`i cÖ_‡g
D/E Qvov Ab¨ ¯^iaŸwb _vK‡j, D/E aŸwb Gi ¯’‡j Ôe-
djvÕ nq Ges ¯^iaŸwb wPý c~e©eZx e¨Ä‡bi mv‡_ hy³
nq| [kU©KvU : D/E + Ab¨ ¯^iaŸwb = e-djv + D/E
wfbœ ¯^iaŸwb wPý] | †hgb-
D + A = e-djv + A
my + Aí = ¯^í, Aby + Aq = Aš^q|
evsjv fvlv 188 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
D + Av = e-djv + Av I + ¯^iaŸwb = Ae + ¯^iaŸwb
my + AvMZ = ¯^vMZ, cï + AvPvi = ck^vPvi| ‡fv + Ab = feb, †cv + Ab = ceb|
D + B = e-djv + B J + ¯^iaŸwb = Ave + ¯^iaŸwb
Aby + BZ = Awš^Z ‡c․ + Ae = cveK, †f․ + Ae = fveyK, †b․ + BK
D + C = e-djv + C = bvweK|
Zby + C = Zš^x|
D + G = e-djv + G → wbcvZ‡b wm× ev wbqg-ewnf~©Z mwÜ : mwÜi cÖPwjZ
Aby + GlY = A‡š^lY| wbqg bv †g‡b †h mwÜ nq, Zv‡K wbcvZ‡b wm× mwÜ
e‡j|
→ cÖ_g c‡`i †k‡l ÔF-aŸwbÕ Ges wØZxq c‡`i cÖ_‡g ÔF- ‡Mv + Aÿ = Mevÿ cÖ + Eo = †cÖ․p
aŸwbÕ Qvov Ab¨ ¯^iaŸwb _vK‡j, F-aŸwbi RvqMvq Ôi-
¯^ + Ci = •¯^i gvZ© + AÐ = gvZ©Ð
djvÕ nq Ges Ab¨ ¯^iaŸwbi wPý c~e©c‡`i †kl e‡Y©i
Kzj + AUv = KzjUv ‡Mv + Aw¯’ = Mevw¯’
mv‡_ hy³ nq|
‡Mv + B›`ª = M‡e›`ª ci + ci = ci¯úi
F + A = i-djv + A cÖ + GlY = †cÖlY ï× + I`b = ï‡×v`b
wcZ… + AbygwZ = wcÎbygwZ i³ + Iô = i‡³vô we¤^ + Iô = we‡¤^vô
F + Av = i-djv + Av
wcZ… + Avjq = wcÎvjq, gvZ… + Av‡`k = gvÎv‡`k g‡b ivLyb †K․k‡j : ‣¯^ikvmK M‡e›`ª KzjUv †cÖ․p Mevw`
F+B=i+B (Mevw¯’) cï Mevÿ‡K †cÖl‡Y †ev‡¤^‡Z (we‡¤^vô) i³
wcZ… + B”Qv = wcwΔQv (i‡³vô) kyw×i (ï‡×v`b) Rb¨ gvZ©Ð bvgK Wv³v‡ii
wbKU cvVv‡e wK bv Zv ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ Avjvc K‡i
→ cÖ_g c‡`i †k‡l A/Av aŸwb Ges wØZxq c‡`i cÖ_‡g wbj|
ÔFÕ _vK‡j Df‡q wg‡j AvZ© nq| [kU©KvU : A/Av + F
02. e¨ÄbmwÜ : ¯^‡i-e¨Ä‡b, e¨Ä‡b-¯^‡i I e¨Ä‡b-e¨Ä‡b †h
= Ai] | †hgb-
mwÜ nq Zv‡K e¨Äb mwÜ e‡j| e¨Äbmw܇K cÖavbZ
A + F = Ai
wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-
‡`e + Fwl = †`ewl©, DËg + FY = DËgY©, †kvK +
e¨Ä‡b-¯^‡i ¯^‡i-e¨Ä‡b e¨Ä‡b-e¨Ä‡b
FZ = †kvKvZ©|
Av + F
e¨Ä‡b-¯^‡i
ivRv + Fwl = ivRwl©, gnv + Fwl = gnwl©|
→ c~e©c‡`i †k‡l e‡M©i cÖ_g e¨Äb (K, P, U, Z, c)
→ cÖ_g c‡`i †k‡l A/Av aŸwb Ges wØZxq c‡` ÔFZÕ _vK‡j Ges cic‡`i cÖ_gwU ¯^iaŸwb n‡j e¨ÄbaŸwbwU
_vK‡j Df‡q wg‡j AvZ© nq| [kU©KvU : A/Av + FZ = H e‡M©i Z…Zxq aŸwb‡Z (ÔKÕ Gi ¯’v‡b ÔMÕ A_ev ÔPÕ Gi
AvZ©] | †hgb- ¯’v‡b ÔRÕ A_ev ÔUÕ Gi ¯’v‡b ÔW (o)Õ A_ev ÔZÕ Gi ¯’v‡b
Ô`Õ A_ev ÔcÕ Gi ¯’v‡b ÔeÕ) cwiYZ n‡e Ges cic‡`i
A + FZ = AvZ© ¯^iaŸwb e‡M©i Z…Zxq aŸwbi mv‡_ hy³ n‡e| [kU©KvU :
`y:L + FZ = `y:LvZ©, kxZ + FZ = kxZvZ©, †kvK + K/P/U/Z/c + ¯^iaŸwb = M/R/W(o)/`/e + ¯^iaŸwb]
FZ = †kvKvZ©, fq + FZ = fqvZ©| ‡hgb-
Av + FZ = AvZ© K+A=M+A
Z…òv + FZ = Z…òvZ©, ÿav + FZ = ÿyavZ©| w`K& + AšÍ = w`MšÍ
→ cÖ_g c‡`i †k‡l G/H/I/J aŸwb Ges wØZxq c‡`i K + Av = M + Av
cÖ_‡g ¯^iaŸwb _vK‡j h_vµ‡g Aq/Avq/Ae/Ave nq evK& + Avo¤^i = evMvo¤^i
Ges wØZxq c‡`i ¯^iaŸwb cÖ_g c‡`i mv‡_ hy³ nq| P+A=R+A
[kU©KvU : G/H/I/J + ¯^iaŸwb = Aq/Avq/Ae/Ave + wYP& + AšÍ = wYRšÍ, AP& + AšÍ = ARšÍ|
¯^iaŸwb]| †hgb- U + Av = W (o) + Av
lU& + Avbb = lovbb|
G + ¯^iaŸwb = Aq + ¯^iaŸwb U+F=o+F
‡k + Ab = kqb, †b + Ab = bqb| lU& + FZz = loFZz| [15Zg wewmGm]
H + ¯^iaŸwb = Avq + ¯^iaŸwb Z+A=`+A
‣b + AK = bvqK, •M + AK = MvqK| Zr + Aewa = Z`ewa|
evsjv fvlv 189 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
c+A=e+A Z/r + k = P + Q = ”Q
myc& + AšÍ = myešÍ| Dr + k^vm = D”Q¡vm, Pjr + kw³ = Pj”Qw³, Dr +
k„•Lj = D”Q„•Lj|
¯^‡i-e¨Ä‡b mwÜ
→ c~e©c‡`i †k‡l hw` ¯^iaŸwb _v‡K Ges cic‡`i cÖ_g → cÖ_g c‡`i †k‡l ÔZÕ ev Ô`Õ Ges cic‡`i ïiæ‡Z ÔW/XÕ
aŸwb hw` ÔQÕ nq Zv‡e mwÜi wbqgvbymv‡i ÔQÕ aŸwb n‡e _vK‡j Df‡q wg‡j ÔÇÕ/ÔWXÕ nq| [kU©KvU : Z/` +
Ô”QÕ Ges ¯^iaŸwb Ô”QÕ Gi c~‡e© n‡e| [kU©KvU : ¯^iaŸwb W/X = Ç/WX]| †hgb-
+ Q = ¯^iaŸwb] + ”Q| †hgb- Z/r + W = Ç
A + Q = A + ”Q Dr + Wxb = DÇxb|
cÖ + Q` = cÖ”Q`, e„ÿ + Qvqv = e„ÿ”Qvqv, gyL + Z + X = WX
Qwe = gyL”Qwe, GK + QÎ = GK”QÎ| e„nr + X°v = e„nWX°v|
Av + Q = Av + ”Q
Av + Qbœ = Av”Qbœ, Av + Qv`b = Av”Qv`b, K_v + → cÖ_g c‡`i †k‡l ÔZÕ ev Ô`Õ Ges cic‡`i ïiæ‡Z ÔnÕ
Q‡j = K_v”Q‡j| _vK‡j Df‡q wg‡j Ô×Õ nq| [kU©KvU : Z/` + n = ×]|
B + Q + B + ”Q †hgb-
cwi + †Q` = cwi‡”Q`, we + †Q` = we‡”Q` Z+n=×
Dr + nvi = D×vi, Dr + üwZ = D×…wZ, Dr + üZ
D + Q = D + ”Q
= D×…Z|
Ziæ + Qvqv = Ziæ”Qvqv|
`+n=×
e¨Ä‡b-e¨Ä‡b Z`& + wnZ = Zw×Z, c`& + nwZ = c×wZ|
→ cÖ_g c‡` ÔZ/rÕ ev Ô`Õ Ges cic‡`i ïiæ‡Z ÔPÕ ev ÔQÕ → cÖ_g c‡`i †k‡l ÔZ/rÕ ev Ô`Õ Ges cic‡`i ïiæ‡Z ÔjÕ
_vK‡j ÔZ/rÕ ev Ô`Õ Gi ¯’vb ÔPÕ nq| [kU©KvU : Z/r/` _vK‡j Df‡q wg‡j ÔjøÕ nq| [kU©KvU : Z/` + j = jø]|
+ P/Q = ”& + P/Q ]| †hgb- †hgb-
r + P = ”&P Z/r + j = jø
mr + PwiÎ = m”PwiÎ, Pjr + wPÎ = Pj”PwiÎ, kir Dr + jvm = Djøvm, Dr + †jL = D‡jøL, Dr +
+ P›`ª = ki”P›`ª, mr + wPšÍv = mw”PšÍv, | wjwLZ = DwjøwLZ, Dr + †jL¨ = D‡jøL¨|
` + P = ”P
wec` + wPšÍv = wecw”PšÍv, wec` + Pq = wec”Pq|
→ ‡Kvb A‡Nvl AícÖvY aŸwbi c‡i †Nvl aŸwb Avm‡j
r + Q = ”Q A‡Nvl AícÖvY aŸwbwU Zvi wb‡Ri e‡M©i †Nvl AícÖvY
Dr + wQbœ = Dw”Qbœ, Dr + †Q` = D‡”Q`| aŸwb nq| A_v©r A‡Nvl AícÖvY aŸwb (K/P/U/Z/c) +
` + Q = ”Q e‡M©i 3q/4_©/5g ev h, i, e = e‡M©i 3q + e‡M©i
Z` + Qwe = Z”Qwe, wec` + Qvqv = wec”Qvqv| 3q/4_©/5g ev h, i, e nq| [kU©KvU : e‡M©i cÖ_g aŸwb
→ cÖ_g c‡`i †k‡l ÔrÕ ev Ô`Õ Ges cic‡`i ïiæ‡Z ÔRÕ ev Z…Zxq aŸwb n‡q hvq]| †hgb-
ÔSÕ _vK‡j ÔrÕ ev Ô`Õ Gi ¯’vb ÔRÕ nq| [kU©KvU : r/` +
R/S = R&+ R/S ]| †hgb- K+`=M+`
evK& + `vb = evM`vb, evK& + †`ex = evM‡`ex|
r+R=¾ K+e=M+e
Dr + R¦j = D¾¡j, hver + Rxeb = hve¾xeb, w`K& + weRq = w`wM¦Rq|
RMr + Rxeb = RM¾xeb, Zr + Rb¨ = Z¾b¨, mr U+h=o+h
+ Rb = m¾b| lU& + hš¿ = hohš¿
`+R=¾ Z+M=`+M
wec` + RbK = wec¾bK, wec` + Rvj = wec¾vj Dr + Mvi = D`Mvi, Dr + wMiY = D`wMiY, m`¸iæ
r+S=À Z+N=`+N
Kzr + SwUKv = KzÀwUKv Dr + NvUb = D`&NvUb|
→ cÖ_g c‡`i †k‡l ÔZÕ ev Ô`Õ Ges cic‡`i ïiæ‡Z ÔkÕ Z+f=`+f
_vK‡j Df‡qi cwie‡Z© Ô”QÕ nq| [kU©KvU : Z/r/` + k Dr + fe = D™¢e|
= ”Q ]| †hgb- Z+h=`+h
evsjv fvlv 190 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
Dr + †hvM = D‡`¨vM, Dr + hg = D`¨g| mg& + hg = mshg mg& + iÿY = msiÿY
Z+i=`+i mg& + ev` = msev` mg& + mvi = msmvi
Zr + iƒc = Z`ªƒc| mg& + †hvRb = ms‡hvRb mg& + †kvab = ms‡kvab
Z+e=`+e Giƒc- wKsev, mskq, msjvc, mseiY, ms‡hvM,
Dr + eÜb = DØÜb| msnvi, evisevi, ¯^qseiv, me©smnv|
e¨wZµg : mg& + ivU = m¤ªvU|
→ bvwmK¨ aŸwb c‡i _vK‡j Ges c~e©eZx A‡Nvl AícÖvY
aŸwb †mB eM©xq †Nvl AícÖvY aŸwb ev bvwmK¨ aŸwb n‡q → Zvje¨ AícÖvY aŸwb (P/R) Gi ci bvwmK¨ aŸwb (O,
hvq| A_v©r K/P/U/Z/c + O/T/Y/b/g = T, Y, b, g) Avm‡j bvwmK¨ aŸwbwUI Zvje¨ bvwmK¨
M/R/W/`/e A_ev O/T/Y/b/g + O/T/Y/b/g nq| (T) n‡q hvq| [kU©KvU : P/R + O/T/Y/b/g = P/R
[kU©KvU : cÖ_g eM© Z…Zxq ev cÂg eM©xq aŸwb n‡q hvq] + T]| †hgb-
†hgb-
P+b=P+T
K + b = M/O + b hvP& + bv = hvÂv, ivR& + bx = ivÁx|
w`K& + wbY©q = w`MwbY©q/w`OwbY©q| R+b=R+T
K + g = M/O + g hR& + b = hÁ|
evK& + gq = evOgq|
Z + b = `/b + b → Ô`/aÕ Gi c‡i A‡Nvl eM©xq aŸwb _vK‡j Ô`/aÕ Gi
RMr + bv_ = RMbœv_, Dr + bqb = Dbœqb, DbœxZ RvqMvq A‡Nvl AícÖvY aŸwb (Z) n‡q hvq| †hgb-
Z + g = `/b + g Z`& + Kvj = ZrKvj Z`& + ci = Zrci
Zr + g‡a¨ = ZÙ‡a¨/Z`g‡a¨, g„r + gq = g„b¥q, ü` + K¤ú = ürK¤ú ÿza& + wccvmv = ÿzrwccvmv
Zr + gq = Zb¥q, wPr + gq = wPb¥q|
→ ‡Nvl `šÍ¨ aŸwb (`/a) Gi c‡i ÔmÕ (`šÍ¨ m aŸwb) _vK‡j
Ô`/aÕ Gi RvqMvq `šÍ¨ A‡Nvl AícÖvY aŸwb (Z) nq|
→ ÔgÕ Gi c‡i †Kvb eM©xq aŸwb ev ¯úk© aŸwb Avm‡j ÔgÕ †hgb-
Zvi c‡ii aŸwbi bvwmK¨ aŸwb n‡q hvq| [kU©KvU : g
wec`& + msKzj = wecrmsKzj Z`& + mg = Zrmg
aŸwb + eM©xq aŸwb/¯úk© aŸwb = bvwmK¨ aŸwb + eM©xq
aŸwb]| †hgb- → ÔlÕ (g~a©b¨ l aŸwb) Gi c‡i A‡Nvl `šÍ¨ aŸwb (Z, _)
_vK‡j †m¸‡jv A‡Nvl g~a©b¨ aŸwb (U, V) n‡q hvq|
g+K=O+K [kU©KvU : l + Z/_ = U/V] | †hgb-
kg& + Kv = k¼v| e„l& + wZ = e„wó K…l& + wZ = K…wó
g + f = g + f (ÔgÕ nj c eMx©q aŸwbi bvwmK¨ aŸwb) ll& + _ = lô
wKg& + f~Z = wK¤¢~Z|
g+P=T+P → wKQz wKQz mwÜ we‡kl wbq‡g mvwaZ nq| G¸‡jv‡K
mg& + Pq = mÂq| we‡kl wbq‡g mvwaZ mwÜ e‡j| †hgb-
g+b=b+b Dr + ¯’vb = DÌvb cwi + K…Z = cwi®‥…Z
wKg& + bi = wKbœi| Dr + ¯’vcb = DÌvcb cwi + Kvi = cwi®‥vi
g+Z=b+Z mg& + K…Z = ms¯‥…Z mg& + Kvi = ms¯‥vi
mg& + Zvc = mšÍvc, mg& + b¨vm = mbœ¨vm| g‡b ivLyb : DÌvb, DÌvcb
g+`=b+` cwi®‥…Z, cwi®‥vi
mg& + avb = mÜvb| ms¯‥…Z, ms¯‥…wZ, ms¯‥vi|
‡bvU : AvaywbK evsjvq ÔgÕ Gi ci KÉeM©xq aŸwb _vK‡j ÔgÕ → wbcvZ‡b wm× e¨ÄbmwÜ
Gi ¯’v‡b cÖvqB ÔOÕ bv n‡q Aby¯^vi (s) nq| †hgb- mg + MZ Av + Ph© = Avðh© †Mv + c` = †Mv®ú`
= msMZ, Ang + Kvi = AnsKvi, mg + MxZ = msMxZ, eb& + cwZ = eb¯úwZ e„nr + cwZ = e„n¯úwZ
mg + KxY© = msKxY©, mg + NvZ = msNvZ, mg + MVb = w`e& + †jvK = `y¨‡jvK Zr + Ki = Z¯‥i
msMVb, msL¨v| Av + c` = Av¯ú` lU& + `k = †lvok
cðvr + Aa© = cðva© gbm& + Clv = gbxlv
→ ÔgÕ Gi c‡i AšÍ:¯’ aŸwb (h, i, j, e) wKsev D®§ aŸwb
(k, l, m, n) _vK‡j ÔgÕ Gi ¯’‡j Aby¯^vi ÔsÕ nq| nwi + P›`ª = nwið›`ª wek^ + wgÎ = wek^wgÎ
evsjv fvlv
cZr + AÄwj = cZÄwj ci + ci = ci¯úi
GK + `k = GKv`k
03. ms¯‥…Z wemM© mwÜ
‡h `yBwU aŸwbi wgj‡b mwÜ n‡e, Zv‡`i GKwU hw`
wemM© nq, Z‡e Zv‡K wemM© mwÜ e‡j| wemM© mwÜi
wbqgmg~n ‡R‡b †bB -
→ c~e© c‡` wemM© Ô(t)Õ _vK‡j Ges cic‡` e‡M©i Z…Zxq,
PZz_©, cÂg eY© wKsev h, i, j, e, n _vK‡j wemM©
(ÔtÕ) Gi ¯’‡j I-Kvi (‡ v) nq Ges D³ I-Kvi c~e©c‡`
hy³ nq| ‡hgb-
At + R = I-Kvi (‡ v);
m`¨ t + RvZ = m‡`¨vRvZ, mit + R = m‡ivR, gbt
+ R = g‡bvR
At + M = I-Kvi (‡ v); gbt + MZ = g‡bvMZ
At + ` = I-Kvi (‡ v); Îqt + `k = ·qv`k
At + a = I-Kvi (‡ v); wZit + avb = wZ‡ivavb
At + e = I-Kvi (‡ v);
mit + ei = m‡ivei, Zct + eb = Z‡cveb
At + c = I-Kvi (‡ v); wkit + cwi = wk‡ivcwi
At + f = I-Kvi (‡ v); gbt + fve = g‡bvfve
At + g = I-Kvi (‡ v); Aat + gyL = A‡avgyL
At + h = I-Kvi (‡ v); gbt + †hvM = g‡bv‡hvM
At + i = I-Kvi (‡ v); gbt + ig = g‡bvig
At + j = I-Kvi (‡ v); hkt + jvf = h‡kvjvf
At + n = I-Kvi (‡ v); cyit + wnZ = cy‡ivwnZ
→ c~e© c‡`i wem‡M©i (t) c~‡e© ÔAÕ _vK‡j Ges cic‡`i
ÔAÕ e¨ZxZ Ab¨ ¯^ieY© _vK‡j wemM© (t) †jvc cvq Ges
mwÜ bv n‡q c~e©c` I cic` cvkvcvwk e‡m| †hgb-
At + Av = AAv; gbt + Avkv = gb-Avkv|
At + B = AB; hkt + B”Qv = hk-B”Qv|
At + D = AD; m`¨t + DwjøwLZ = m`¨-DwjøwLZ|
At + G = AG; AZt + Ge = AZGe|
→ c~e©c‡`i wem‡M©i (t) c~‡e© ÔB/DÕ _vK‡j Ges cic‡`i
cÖ_g eY© ÔiÕ n‡j, c~e©c‡`i wemM© †jvc cvq Ges B/D
Gi cwie‡Z© ÔCÕ nq| [kU©KvU : Bt/Dt + i = Ci/Ei]|
†hgb-
Bt + i = Ci; wbt + ie = bxie|
Dt +i = Ei; Pÿzt + †ivM = Pÿ~‡ivM|
→ c~e©c‡`i †k‡l wemM© (t) _vK‡j Ges cic‡`i ïiæ‡Z
e‡M©i ¯^ieY© _vK‡j, wemM© Gi ¯’‡j i& nq| †hgb-
wemM© (t) + A = i; wbt + Aewa = wbiewa|
wemM© (t) + Av = iv; wbt + AvKvi = wbivKvi|
wemM© (t) + B = wi; †R¨vwZt + B›`ª = †R¨vwZwi›`ª|
wemM© (t) + C = ix; AšÍt + Cÿ = AšÍixÿ|
191 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
wemM© (t) + D = iæ; Pÿzt + Db¥xjb = Pÿiæb¥xjb|
wemM© (t) + E = iƒ; `yt + iƒn = `yiƒn|
→ c~e©c‡`i †k‡l wemM© (t) _vK‡j Ges cic‡` e‡M©i
¯^ieY©, Z…Zxq, PZz_© I cÂg eY© wKsev h,i, j,e,n
_vK‡j A-Kv‡ii ciw¯’Z i-RvZ wem‡M©i ¯’v‡b i& nq
Ges Zv cic‡`i Av`¨e‡Y©i mv‡_ hy³ nq| ‡hgb-
Ant + An = Anin wbt + MZ = wbM©Z
`yt + NUbv = `yN©Ubv `yt + Rb = `yR©b
wbt + Si = wbS©i AšÍt + avb = AšÍa©vb
cybt + Avq = cybivq AšÍt + MZ = AšÍM©Z
`y t + fvM¨ = `yf©vM¨ cybt + Rb¥ = cybR©b¥
wbt + hvZb = wbh©vZb wbt + j¾ = wbj©¾
AšÍt + wnZ = AšÍwn©Z AšÍt + fz³ = AšÍf©y³
→ c~e©c‡`i †k‡l wemM© (t) _vK‡j Ges cic‡`i ïiæ‡Z
ÔP/QÕ _vK‡j c~e©c‡`i wemM© (t) Gi cwie‡Z© ÔkÕ nq|
†hgb-
wemM© (t) + P = k; wbt + Pq = wbðq
wemM© (t) + Q = k; wkit + †Q` = wki‡ñ`
→ c~e©c‡`i ïiæ‡Z wemM© (t) _vK‡j Ges cic‡` ÔU/VÕ
_vK‡j c~e©c‡`i wem‡M©i ¯’‡j ÔlÕ nq Ges ÔU/VÕ D³ ÔlÕ
Gi mv‡_ hy³ eY© •Zwi K‡i| †hgb-
wemM© (t) + U = ó;
PZzt + Uq = PZzóq, abyt + U¼vi = abyó¼vi|
wemM© (t) + V = ô; wbt + Vzi = wbôzi
→ c~e©c‡` ÔB/DÕ hy³ wemM© _vK‡j Ges cic‡`i cÖ_g eY©
K/L/c/d n‡j, wemM© g~a©Y¨-ÔlÕ †Z cwiYZ nq| †hgb-
Bt + K = ®‥;
Avwet + Kvi = Avwe®‥vi, wbt + Ki = wb®‥i|
Bt + c = ®ú; wbt + cwË = wb®úwË, wb®úvc|
Bt + d = õ; wbt + dj = wbõj
Dt + K = ®‥;
`yt + Ki = `y®‥i, `yt + K…wZ = `y®‥…wZ, PZz‡®‥vY|
Dt + c = ®ú; PZzt + c` = PZz®ú`, `y®úÖvc¨|
→ c~e©c‡` ÔA/AvÕ hy³ wemM© _vK‡j Ges cic‡`i cÖ_g eY©
K/L/c/d n‡j, wemM© `šÍ¨-ÔmÕ †Z cwiYZ nq| †hgb-
At + K = ¯‥;
bgt + Kvi = bg¯‥vi, cyit + Kvi = cyi¯‥vi, |
At + L = ö; c`t + Ljb = c`öjb|
Avt + c = ¯ú; evPt + cwZ = evP¯úwZ
Avt + K = ¯ú; fvt + Ki = fv¯‥i
→ c~e©c‡`i †k‡l wemM© _vK‡j Ges cic‡` ¯Í, ¯’, ¯ú
_vK‡j wemM© (t) †jvc cvq bv| †hgb-
wemM© (t) + ¯Í = ¯Í; wbt + ¯Íä = wbt¯ÍeÜ
wemM© (t) + ¯’ = ¯’; AšÍt + ¯’ = AšÍt¯’
evsjv fvlv 192 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
wemM© (t) + ¯ú = wbt + ¯ú›` = wbt¯ú›` → mgvmevK¨/e¨vmevK¨/weMÖnevK¨ : mg¯Í c`‡K †f‡O
→ ‡Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î mwÜi wemM© (t) †jvc cvq bv| †hgb- †h evK¨vsk Kiv nq, Zvi bvg mgvmevK¨, e¨vmevK¨
ev weMÖnevK¨| †hgb- gyL P‡›`ªi b¨vq = gyLP›`ª|
cÖvZt + Kvj = cÖvZtKvj, gbt + Kó = gbtKó
GLv‡b ÔgyL P‡›`ªi b¨vqÕ nj e¨vmevK¨ ev mgvmevK¨
wkit + cxov = wkitcxov ev weMÖnevK¨|
D‡jøL¨, GKB mg¯Í c` K‡qKfv‡e †f‡O K‡qKwU e¨vmevK¨
→ AviI wKQz wemM© mwÜ : •Zwi •Zwi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î mwVK e¨vmevK¨I
`yt +Zi = `y¯Íi `yt + _ = `y¯’ K‡qKwU n‡Z cv‡i| †m‡ÿ‡Î e¨vmevK¨ Abyhvqx †mwU †Kvb
Ant + wbkv = Anwb©k Avkxt + ev` = Avkxe©v` mgvm Zv wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡e †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e,
e¨vmev‡K¨i m‡½ mg¯Í c‡`i A_©m½wZ †hb wVK _v‡K|
†hgb- wec‡` Avcbœ = wec`vcbœ| GB mgvmwU‡K Gfv‡e
mgvm fvO‡j Zv fzj n‡e| GUv Ki‡Z n‡e, wec`‡K Avcbœ =
wec`vcbœ|
☼ mgvm fvl‡K- [11Zg wewmGm]
K. we¯Í…Z K‡i L. fvlviƒc K‡i  mgv‡mi cÖKvi‡f`
M. ms‡ÿcY K‡i N. A_©‡evaK K‡i DËi : M 01. Ø›Ø mgvm 02. Kg©aviq mgvm
03. Zrcyiæl mgvm 04. eûeªxwn mgvm
e¨vL¨v : mgvm gv‡b ms‡ÿc [ev‡K¨ k‡ãi e¨envi Kgv‡bvi 05. wظ mgvm 06. Ae¨qxfve mgvm
Rb¨ mgvm e¨envi Kiv nq], wgjb, GKvwaK c‡`i
GKc`xKiY| A_©m¤^Ü Av‡Q Ggb GKvwaK k‡ãi GK m‡½ A‡bK e¨vKiYwe` wظ mgvm‡K Kg©aviq mgv‡mi AšÍfz©³
hy³ n‡q GKwU bZzb kã MVb cÖwµqv‡K mgvm e‡j| K‡i _v‡Kb| Avevi A‡bK e¨vKiYwe` Kg©aviq mgvm‡K
→ mgvm Øviv `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK k‡ãi mgš^‡q bZzb Zrcyiæl mgv‡mi AšÍfy©³ K‡i _v‡Kb| mgm¨gvb c‡`i A_©
A_©‡evaK c` m„wó nq| c‡`i wefw³ †jvc cvq| we‡ePbv K‡i GB gZ w`‡q _v‡Kb| mgm¨gvb c` ev c~e©c`-
cic‡`i A_© we‡ePbv Ki‡j g~jZ mgvm Pvi (4) cÖKvi|
→ mgv‡mi ixwZ ms¯‥…Z †_‡K evsjvq G‡m‡Q| Z‡e LvuwU h_v- Ø›Ø mgvm, Zrcyiæl mgvm, eûeªxwn mgvm Ges
evsjv mgv‡mi `„óvšÍI cÖPzi cvIqv hvq|
Ae¨qxfve mgvm| GQvovI wKQz AcÖavb mgvm i‡q‡Q- cÖvw`
mwÜ I mgv‡mi cv_©K¨ mgvm, wbZ¨ mgvm, AjyK mgvm cÖf…wZ|
mwÜ cvkvcvwk Aew¯’Z `yBwU aŸwbi wgjb| †hgb- wng A_© cÖvav‡b¨i wfwˇZ (mgvm †Pbvi Dcvq)
+ Avjq = wngvjq| GLv‡b cÖ_g c‡`i ÔAÕ c~e©c‡`i cic‡`i A_© mgvm
aŸwbi mv‡_ wØZxq c‡`i cÖ_‡gi ÔAvÕ aŸwbi A_© cÖvavb¨ cÖvavb¨
wgjb n‡q Av-Kvi (v ) n‡q‡Q| Av‡Q Av‡Q Ø›Ø
mgvm GKvwaK k‡ã wgjb N‡U| †hgb- ‡`‡ki †mev = bvB Av‡Q Kg©aviq, Zrcyiæl, wظ
†`k‡mev| GLv‡b `yBwU kã‡K ms‡ÿc K‡i GK
Av‡Q bvB Ae¨qxfve
c‡` iæcvšÍwiZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
bvB bvB eûeªxwn
mgv‡mi cÖZxZx : 5 (cvuP) cÖKvi| e¨vmevK¨ †`‡L †Pbvi Dcvq
mg¯Í c` mgm¨gvb c` c~e©c` cic` e¨vmevK¨ e¨vmev‡K¨ _vK‡j mgvm n‡e
→ mg¯Í c` : mgv‡mi cÖwµqvq mgvme× ev mgvmwb®úbœ Ges, I, Avi Ø›Ø mgvm
c`wUi bvg mg¯Í c`| ‡hgb : wmsn wPwýZ Avmb = ‡h, whwb, †hwU Kg©aviq
wmsnvmb| GLv‡b ÔwmsnvmbÕ mg¯Í c`| wefw³ †jvc †c‡j Zrcyiæl
→ mgm¨gvb c` : mg¯Í c` ev mgvme× c`wUi AšÍM©Z mgvnvi _vK‡j wظ
c`¸‡jv‡K mgm¨gvb c` e‡j| Dc‡ii D`vni‡Y hvi, hv‡Z eûeªxwn
wmsn, wPwýZ, Avmb cÖ‡Z¨KUvB Avjv`v Avjv`v wefw³ †jvc bv †c‡j AjyK
mgm¨gvb c`|
01. Ø›Ø mgvm : †h mgv‡m cÖ‡Z¨KwU mgm¨gvb c‡`-
→ c~e©c` I cic` : mgvmhy³ c‡`i cÖ_g Ask-‡K
c~e©c` Ges cieZx© Ask-‡K DËic` ev cic` e‡j GKB ai‡bi wefw³ GKB c`
†hgb : †`‡ki †mev= †`k‡mev| GLv‡b Ô‡`‡kiÕ nj Dfq As‡ki A‡_©i cÖavb¨ (c~Y© A_©) _v‡K
c~e©c` Ges Ô‡mevÕ nj cic`| Zv‡K Ø›Ø mgvm e‡j| †hgb- Zvj I Zgvj = Zvj-
Zgvj, †`vqvZ I Kjg = †`vqvZ-Kjg|
evsjv fvlv
☼ ‡KvbwU Ø›Ø mgv‡mi D`vniY? [20Zg wewmGm]
K. wmsnvmb L. fvB-‡evb
M. KvbvKvwb N. MvQcvKv DËi : L
fvB I ‡evb = fvB-‡evb| GLv‡b c~e©c` ÔfvBÕ I cic`
Ô‡evbÕ| e¨vmev‡K¨ ÔfvBÕ I Ô‡evbÕ `yRb‡KB mgvb cÖavb¨
†`qv n‡q‡Q, `y‡Uv‡ZB k~b¨ wefw³ i‡q‡Q Ges `y‡Uv c`B
we‡kl¨ c`| A_v©r wZbwU kZ©B c~iY K‡i‡Q| ZvB GwU
Ø›Ø mgvm| GQvovI e¨vmev‡K¨ ÔIÕ i‡q‡Q|
 Ø›Ø mgvm K‡qK cÖKv‡i mvwaZ nq :
o wgjbv_©K kã‡hv‡M : gv I evc = gv-evc, fvB-‡evb
(20Zg wewmGm), gvwm-wcwm, wR¦b-cix, Pv-we¯‥zU
BZ¨vw`|
o we‡ivav_©K kã‡hv‡M : `v I Kzgov = `v-Kzgov, Awn I
bKzj = Awn-bKzj, ¯^M©-biK BZ¨vw`|
o wecixZv_©K kã‡hv‡M : Avq I e¨q = Avq-e¨q, Rgv-
LiP, †QvU-eo, †Q‡j-ey‡ov, jvf-‡jvKmvb BZ¨vw`|
o A½evPK kã‡hv‡M : nvZ-cv, bvK-Kvb, eyK-wcV,
gv_v-gyÐz, bvK-gyL BZ¨vw`|
o msL¨vevPK kã‡hv‡M : mvZ-cvuP, bq-Qq, mvZ-m‡Zi,
Dwbk-wek BZ¨vw`|
o mgv_©K kã‡hv‡M : nvU-evRvi, Ni-`yqvi, Kj-
KviLvbv, †gvjøv-‡g․jwf, LvZv-cÎ BZ¨vw`|
o cÖvq mgv_©K I mnPi : Kvco-‡Pvco, †cvKv-gvKo,
`qv-gvqv, a~wZ-Pv`i BZ¨vw`|
o `ywU me©bvg‡hv‡M : hv-Zv, ‡h-‡m, h_v-Z_v, Zzwg-
Avwg, GLv‡b-‡mLv‡b BZ¨vw`|
o `ywU wµqv‡hv‡M : †`Lv-‡kvbv, hvIqv-Avmv, Pjv-‡div,
†`Iqv-LvIqv BZ¨vw`|
o `ywU wµqv we‡klY‡hv‡M : ax‡i-my‡¯’, Av‡M-cv‡Q,
AvKv‡i-Bw½‡Z BZ¨vw`|
o `ywU we‡klY‡hv‡M : fvj-g›`, Kg-‡ewk, Avmj-bKj,
evwK-e‡Kqv BZ¨vw`|
☼ ÔR‡j-¯’‡jÕ Kx mgvm? [37Zg wewmGm]
K. mgv_©K Ø›Ø L. wecixZv_©K
M. AjyK Ø›Ø N. GK‡kl Ø›Ø DËi : M
 AjyK Ø›Ø : †h `¦›Ø mgv‡m †Kvb mgm¨gvb c‡`i wefw³
mg¯Í c‡` †jvc cvq bv, Zv‡K AjyK Ø›Ø e‡j| †hgb:
`y‡a-fv‡Z, R‡j-¯’‡j (37Zg wewmGm), †`‡k-we‡`‡k,
nv‡Z-Kj‡g|
 GK‡kl Ø›Ø : e¨vmev‡K¨i GKvwaK kã GKc‡` jyß nq
Ges eûePb nq| †hgb : gvbyl gvbyl gvbyl = eûgvbyl|
 eûc`x Ø›Ø : wZb ev eû c‡` Ø›Ø mgvm n‡j Zv‡K
eûc`x Ø›Ø mgvm e‡j| A_©vr GLv‡bI Ø›Ø mgv‡mi
‣ewkó¨mg~n [Dfq c` GKB n‡e, GKB wefw³ _vK‡e
Ges Dfq c‡`i A‡_©i cÖavb¨ _vK‡e] _vK‡e wKš‘ c‡`i
msL¨v wZb ev Z‡ZvwaK n‡e| †hgb : mv‡ne-wewe-
‡Mvjvg, nvZ-cv-bvK-gyL, jvj-bxj-njy` BZ¨vw`|
193 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
02. Kg©aviq mgvm : †hLv‡b we‡klY ev we‡klYfvevcbœ
c‡`i mv‡_ we‡kl¨ ev we‡kl¨fvevcbœ c‡`i mgvm nq
Ges cic‡`i A_©B cÖavb iƒ‡c cÖZxqgvb nq, Zv‡K
Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j| †hgb : bxj †h cÙ = bxjcÙ, kvšÍ
A_P wkó = kvšÍwkó, KvuPv A_P wgVv = KvuPvwgVv|
g‡b ivLyb- 02 (`yB) wU welq ‡Lqvj Ki‡Z n‡e
→ cic‡`i A_© cÖvavb¨ _vK‡e
→ Zzjbv
 ‡Kgb n‡Z cv‡i Kg©aviq mgvm?
`yBwU we‡klY GKwU we‡kl¨‡K wb‡`©k K‡i-
‡h PvjvK †m PZzi = PvjvK-PZzi| jÿ¨ Kiæb,
ÔPvjvKÕ I ÔPZziÕ kã `y‡Uv (we‡klY) GKwU e¨w³‡K
(we‡kl¨) wb‡`©k Ki‡Q| ZvB GwU Kg©aviq mgvm|
☼ ÔRR mv‡neÕ †Kvb mgv‡mi D`vniY? [35Zg wewmGm]
K. wظ L. Kg©aviq
M. Ø›Ø N. eûeªxwn DËi : L
`yBwU we‡kl¨ c` GKwU e¨w³‡K wb‡`©k K‡i-
whwb RR wZwb mv‡ne = RR mv‡ne [35Zg wewmGm]|
jÿ¨ Kiæb, ÔRRÕ I Ômv‡neÕ `y‡Uv we‡kl¨ c` GKwU
e¨w³‡KB wb‡`©k Ki‡Q| ZvB GwU Kg©aviq mgvm|
`ywU K…`šÍ c‡`i ms‡hvM
Av‡M †avqv c‡i †gvQv = †avqv‡gvQv| ci¤úiv
†evSv‡bvi †ÿ‡Î `ywU K…`šÍ c‡`i ms‡hvM n‡j †mwU‡K
Kg©aviq mgvm ejv nq|
c~e©c‡` ¯¿xevPK → mg¯Íc‡` cyiælevPK nq
my›`ix †h jZv = my›`ijZv| e¨vmev‡K¨i c~e©c‡`i
¯¿xevPK kã Ômy›`ixÕ mg¯Íc‡` cyiælevPK (my›`i)
n‡q‡Q|
gnr I gnvb → gnv
gnr †h Ávb = gnvÁvb; gnvb †h bex = gnvbex|
ÔgnrÕ I ÔgnvbÕ kã `y‡Uv mg¯Íc‡` ÔgnvÕ n‡q‡Q| ZvB
GwU GKwU Kg©aviq mgv‡mi D`vniY|
Kz + ¯^i aŸwb → Kr
Kz †h AvPvi = K`vPvi|
ivRv → ivR
gnvb †h ivRv = gnvivR| ivRv mvwaZ n‡q ivR nq|
we‡kl¨ Av‡M Ges we‡klY c‡i-
Aag †h bi = bivag, wm× †h Avjy = Avjywm×|
mg¯Íc‡` we‡kl¨ (bi, Avjy) Av‡M Ges (Aag,
wm×)|
Dc‡ii me¸‡jv K¨vUvMwi‡Z D`vniYmg~‡ni Ôcic‡`i
A_© cÖvavb¨Õ †c‡q‡Q Ges GKwU ÔZzjbvÕ †evSv‡bv
n‡q‡Q|
evsjv fvlv
 Kg©aviq mgv‡mi cÖKvi‡f` : (4 cÖKvi)
ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq Dcgvb Kg©aviq
DcwgZ Kg©aviq iƒcK Kg©aviq
o ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq : †h Kg©aviq mgv‡m e¨vmev‡K¨i
ga¨c‡`i †jvc cvq, Zv‡K ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq
mgvm e‡j| h_v- wmsn wPwýZ Avmb = wmsnvmb,
mvwnZ¨ welqK mfv = mvwnZ¨mfv, ¯§„wZ iÿv‡_© †m․a
= ¯§„wZ‡m․a, N‡i AvwkÖZ RvgvB = NiRvgvB, Svj
wgwkÖZ gywo = Svjgywo, cj wgwkÖZ Abœ = cjvbœ
(wewiqvwbi mgv_©K kã), cvbv fiv cyKzi = cvbv fiv
cyKzi, wkÿv welqK gš¿x = wkÿvgš¿x| cÖ‡Z¨KwU
mg¯Íc‡` e¨vmev‡K¨i gv‡Si c`wU wejyß n‡q ‡M‡Q|
☼ wb‡Pi †KvbwU ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq-Gi `„óvšÍ? [13Zg
wewmGm]
K. Ni †_‡K Qvov = NiQvov
L. Aiæ‡Yi gZ ivOv = AiæYivOv
M. ÿYKvj e¨vwcqv ¯’vqx = ÿY¯’vqx
N. nvwmgvLv gyL = nvwmgyL DËi : N
Dcgvb I DcwgZ Kg©aviq mgvm
wZbwU welq g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e-
→ Dcgvb : c‡ivÿ e¯‘ (hvi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq)
→ Zzjbv Kivi Rb¨ e¯‘i mvaviY ag©
→ Dc‡gq : cªZ¨ÿ e¨w³ ev e¯‘ (‡h e¯‘i Zzjbv Kiv
nq)
☼ cÖZ¨ÿ †Kvb e¯‘i mv‡_ c‡ivÿ †Kv‡bv e¯‘i Zzjbv Ki‡j
cÖZ¨ÿ e¯‘wU‡K ejv nq- [27Zg wewmGm]
K. DcwgZ L. Dcgvb
M. Dc‡gq N. iƒcK DËi : M
o Dcgvb Kg©aviq : Dcgvb A_© Zzjbxq e¯‘| cÖZ¨ÿ
†Kvb e¯‘i mv‡_ c‡ivÿ †Kv‡bv e¯‘i Zzjbv Ki‡j
cÖZ¨ÿ e¯ÍywU‡K Dc‡gq, Avi hvi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv
n‡q‡Q Zv‡K ejv nq Dcgvb| Dcgvb I Dc‡g‡qi
GKwU mvaviY ag© _vK‡e| †hgb- åg‡ii b¨vq K…ò
†Kk = ågiK…ò‡Kk| GLv‡b ågi Dcgvb Ges †Kk
Dc‡gq| K…òZ¡ n‡jv mvaviY ag©| mvaviY ag©evPK
c‡`i mv‡_ DcgvbevPK c‡`i †h mgvm nq Zv‡K
Dcgvb Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j| h_v- Zzlv‡ii b¨vq ïå =
Zzlviïå, Aiæ‡Yi b¨vq ivOv = AiæYivOv|
cÖZ¨ÿ e¯‘ ev Dcgv‡bi mv‡_ e¯‘i mvaviY a‡g©i
wgjb n‡j Zv‡K Dcgvb Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j|
‡hgb- Zzlv‡ii (Dcgvb) b¨vq ïå (mvaviY ag©)
‡hgb- Aiæ‡Yi b¨vq iv½v = AiæY iv½v|
o DcwgZ Kg©aviq : mvaviY ¸‡Yi D‡jøL bv K‡i Dc‡gq
c‡`i mv‡_ Dcgv‡bi †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K DcwgZ
Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j| (G ‡ÿ‡Î mvaviY ¸YwU‡K
194 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
Abygvb K‡i †bIqv nq) G mgv‡m Dc‡gq c`wU c~‡e©
e‡m| †hgb- gyL P‡›`ªi b¨vq = P›`ªgyL, cyiæl wms‡ni
b¨vq = wmsncyiæl|
Dcgv‡bi mv‡_ Dc‡gqi wgjb n‡j Ges mvaviY
ag©evPK ¸Y AbywgZ n‡j Zv‡K DcwgZ Kg©aviq
mgvm e‡j| D‡jøL¨ Dc‡gq c`wU Av‡M e‡m|
†hgb : gyL (Dc‡gq) P‡›`ªi (Dcgvb) b¨vq =
gyLP›`ª|
cyiæl (Dc‡gq) wms‡ni (Dcgvb) b¨vq = cyiælwmsn|
kU©KvU :
mZ¨ welq n‡j n‡e ÔDcgvb Kg©aviq mgvmÕ|
AmZ¨ welq n‡j n‡e ÔDcwgZ Kg©aviq mgvmÕ|
→ Zzlv‡ii b¨vq ïå = Zzlviïå (welqUv mZ¨)
→ gyL P‡›`ªi b¨vq = gyLP›`ª (welqUv AmZ¨, ïay Zzjbvi
Rb¨ e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| ZvB GwU DcwgZ Kg©aviq|
☼ ÔPvu`gyLÕ Gi e¨vmevK¨ n‡jv- [25Zg wewmGm]
K. Pvu` gy‡Li b¨vq
L. Pvu‡`i gZ gyL
M. Pvu` gyL hvi
N. Pvu` iƒc gyL DËi : L, N
e¨vL¨v : gyL Pvu‡`i b¨vq = Pvu`gyL A_ev Pvu‡`i gZ gyL
= Pvu` n‡j DcwgZ Kg©aviq mgvm n‡e| Pvu` iƒc gyL =
Pvu`gyL n‡j n‡e iƒcK Kg©aviq mgvm (Z‡e †m‡ÿ‡Î
iƒcK Kg©aviq mgv‡mi kZ©mg~n c~Y© K‡i bv)|
o iƒcK Kg©aviq : Dcgvb I Dc‡g‡qi g‡a¨ AwfbœZv
Kíbv Kiv n‡j iƒcK Kg©aviq mgvm nq| G mgv‡m
Dc‡gq c` c~‡e© e‡m Ges Dcgvb c` c‡i e‡m Ges
mgm¨gvb c‡` ÔiƒcÕ A_ev ÔBÕ †hvM K‡i e¨vmevK¨ MVb
Kiv nq| †hgb- †µva iƒc Abj = †µvavbj, welv`
iƒc wmÜz = welv`wmÜz, gb iƒc gvwS = gbgvwS|
kU©KvU : hw` c~e©c` †`Lv, aiv, †Qvuqv bv hvq; hw`
ïay Abyfe Kiv hvq Zvn‡j †mwU‡K ejv nq iƒcK
Kg©aviq mgvm| ‡hgb: Dc‡ii D`vniYmg~‡n
Ô‡µvaÕ, Ôwelv`Õ, ÔgbÕ cÖf…wZ ïay Abyfe Kiv hvq|
e¨wZµg : Pvu` iƒc gyL|
03. Zrcyiæl mgvm : c~e©c‡`i wefw³i †jv‡c †h mgvm nq
Ges †h mgv‡m cic‡`i A_© cÖavbfv‡e †evSvq Zv‡K
Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| †hgb- wec`‡K Avcbœ =
wec`vcbœ|
kU©KvU :
wefw³‡K ‡K›`ª K‡i M‡o I‡V (A_v©r c~e©c‡`i wefw³
†jvc cv‡e) Ges cic‡`i A_© cÖvavb¨ cvq †h mgv‡m
Zv‡K Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j|
 wewfbœ cÖKvi Zrcyiæl mgv‡mi D`vniY
evsjv fvlv
o wØZxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm : c~e©c‡`i wefw³ (‡K, ‡i)
BZ¨vw` †jvc n‡q †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K wØZxqv Zrcyiæl
mgvm e‡j| h_v- `ytL‡K cÖvß = `ytLcÖvß, wec`‡K
Avcbœ = wec`vcbœ, eB‡K cov = eB-cov|
e¨vwß A‡_©I wØZxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm nq| †hgb :
wPiKvj e¨vwcqv myLx = wPimyLx, ÿYKvj e¨vcxqv ¯’vqx
= ÿY¯’vqx| GiKg : Mv-XvKv, i_‡`Lv, exR‡evbv,
fvZivuav, †Q‡j-fzjv‡bv (Qov), b‡fj-cov, Avg-
Kzov‡bv, `ytLvZxZ, †`kZ¨vM, c„ôcÖ`k©b, we¯§qvcbœ,
f~uB‡dvuo, ¯^M©cÖvß, njy`evUv BZ¨vw`|
☼ Ôwe¯§qvcbœÕ mg¯Í c`wUi mwVK e¨vmevK¨ †KvbwU? [37Zg
wewmGm]
K. we¯§q Øviv Avcbœ L. we¯§‡q Avcbœ
M. we¯§q‡K Avcbœ N. we¯§‡q †h Avcbœ D : M
o Z…Zxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm : c~e©c‡` Z…Zxqv wefw³i (Øviv,
w`qv, KZ©„K BZ¨vw`) †jv‡c †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K Z…Zxqv
Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| h_v : gb w`‡q Mov = gbMov,
kÖg Øviv jä = kÖgjä, gay w`‡q gvLv = gaygvLv, Rb
Øviv AvKxY© = RbvKxY©, cy®ú w`qv AÄwj = cy®úvÄwj|
Giƒc- ¸Ygy», wPwbcvZv, QvBPvcv, Ávbk~b¨,
†Z‡jfvRv, Z…òvZ©, eb¨vZ©, evK-weZÐv, we`¨vnxb,
eyw×`xß, gbMov, gaygvLv, evM`Ëv, b¨vqm½Z,
¯^Y©gwÐZ, gš¿gy», kÖgjä, imvwfwl³, †gNk~b¨,
wkwkiwm³|
o PZz_x© Zrcyiæl mgvm : c~e©c‡` PZz_©x wefw³ (‡K,
Rb¨, wbwgË BZ¨vw`) †jv‡c †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K PZz_©x
Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| h_v- ¸iæ‡K fw³ = ¸iæfw³.
Aviv‡gi Rb¨ †K`viv= Avivg‡K`viv, em‡Zi wbwgË
evwo = emZevwo, we‡qi Rb¨ cvMjv = we‡qcvMj,
Z‡ci wbwgË eb = Z‡cveb BZ¨vw`| Giƒc- QvÎvevm,
WvKgvïj, †PvlKvMR, wkïg½j, gymvwdiLvbv,
nR¦hvÎv, gvj¸`vg, ivbœvNi, gvcKvwV, evwjKv-
we`¨vjq, cvMjvMvi`, †`e`Ë BZ¨vw`|
o cÂgx Zrcyiæl mgvm : c~e©c‡` cÂgx wefw³ (n‡Z,
†_‡K BZ¨vw`) †jv‡c †h Zrcyiæl mgvm nq, Zv‡K
cÂgx Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| h_v- LvuPv †_‡K Qvov =
LvuPvQvov, wejvZ n‡Z †diZ = wejvZ‡diZ, BwZ
n‡Z Avw` = BZ¨vw`, civ‡bi †P‡q wcÖq = civbwcÖq
BZ¨vw`| Giƒc- gyLåó, NiQvov, ‡gNgy³, †Rjgy³,
cvcgy³, `jQzU BZ¨vw`|
☼ Ôcy®ú‡m․ifÕ †Kvb mgv‡mi D`vniY? [38Zg wewmGm]
K. Zrcyiæl L. Kg©aviq
M. Ae¨qxfve N. eûeªxwn DËi : L
o lôx Zrcyiæl mgvm : c~e©c‡` lôx wefw³i (i, Gi)
†jvc n‡q †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K lôx Zrcyiæl mgvm
e‡j| h_v- Pv‡qi evMvb = PvevMvb, ivRvi cyÎ =
195 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
ivRcyÎ, †Lqvi NvU = †LqvNvU, we‡k^i Kwe =
wek^Kwe, An‡bi ga¨ = ga¨vý, A‡ýi Aci ev †kl
fvM = Acivnè, wek^we`¨vi Avjq = wek^we`¨vjq,
cy‡®úi †m․if = cy®ú‡m․if (38Zg wewmGm)| Giƒc-
QvÎmgvR, †`k‡mev, mܨvcÖ`xc, Aa©P›`ª, mvwnZ¨PP©v,
Aa©c_, w`jøxk^i, evu`ibvP, cvU‡ÿZ, QweNi,
†Nvo‡`․o, ivRc_, †LqvNvU, ivRnvum, MYZš¿,
Mí‡cÖwgK, ivRivbx, ¸YMÖvg, g„Mwkï, PvevMvb,
gvbeü`q, QvM`y×, gvZ…‡mev, So-SvcUv,
†fvUvwaKvi, avb‡ÿZ, bvZRvgvB, k^ïievwo,
weovjQvbv, mvwnZ¨wekvi`, c~RvN©, †c․imfv, wcZ…ab,
KY©Kzni, c~e©vnè BZ¨vw`|
o AjyK lôx Zrcyiæl mgvm : †Nvovi wWg, gvwUi gvbyl,
nv‡Zi cvuP, gvgvi evwo, mv‡ci cv, g‡bi gvbyl,
K‡ji Mvb, wN‡q fvRv BZ¨vw`| wKš‘, åvZvi cyÎ =
åvZz®úyÎ (wbcvZ‡b wm×)
o mßgx Zrcyiæl mgvm : c~e©c‡` mßgx wefw³ (G, q,
†Z) ‡jvc †c‡q †h Zrcyiæl mgvm nq, Zv‡K mßgx
Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| †hgb- i‡½ fiv = i½fiv, c~‡e©
AkÖæZ = AkÖæZc~e©, c~‡e© f~Z = f~Zc~e©, c~‡e© A`„ó =
A`„óc~e©| Giƒc- msL¨vjNy, MvQcvKv, bivag,
QvqvkxZj, RjgMœ, w`evwb`ªv|
o bT& Zrcyiæl mgvm : bv evPK bT Ae¨q (bv, †bB,
bvB, bq) c~‡e© e‡m †h Zrcyiæl mgvm nq, Zv‡K bT&
Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| h_v- b AvPvi = AbvPvi, b
KvZi = AKvZi, b †j․wKK = A‡j․wKK, bq ag© =
Aag©, b AwZ `xN© = bvwZ`xN©| Giƒc- Abv`i,
bvwZLe©, Afve, †eZvj, †eAvBbx, Aw¯’i, AmyL,
Abkb, AbywPr, A‡Pbv, †eZwgR, AKvj, Awbó,
bvwZ`~i, AvKvuov, A‣bK, Abv`i, Awek^vm, Avfv½v
BZ¨vw`|
LvuwU evsjv fvlvq A, Av, bv wKsev Abv nq| †hgb- b
Kvj = AKvj ev AvKvj| Z`ªƒc- Av‡avqv, bvgÄyi,
A‡K‡Rv, ARvbv, A‡Pbv, Avjywb, bv‡Qvo, Abvev`x,
bvevjK BZ¨vw`|
o Dcc` Zrcyiæl mgvm : †h c‡`i cieZx© wµqvg~‡ji
m‡½ K…r-cÖZ¨q hy³ nq †m c`‡K Dcc` e‡j| K…`šÍ
c‡`i m‡½ Dcc‡`i †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K e‡j Dcc`
Zrcyiæl mgvm| †hgb- R‡j P‡i hv = RjPi, Rj
†`q †h = Rj`, c‡¼ R‡b¥ hv = c¼R, L (AvKvk)
P‡i †h = †LPi, wMwi‡Z ‡h Ae¯’vb K‡i = wMixk, wcÖq
K_v e‡j †h bvix = wcÖqse`v, R‡j gMœ = RjgMœ|
Giƒc- M„n¯’, mZ¨ev`x, B›`ªwRr †Q‡jaiv, avgvaiv,
c‡KUgvi, cvZvPvUv, nvofv½v, gvwQgviv, Qvi‡cvKv,
Ni‡cvov, eY©‡Pviv, MjvKvUv, Rj`, †eZbfzMx, gayc,
k¥kvPvix, cv-PvUv, cvov‡eovwb, Qv-‡cvlv BZ¨vw`|
evsjv fvlv 196
kU©KvU : K…`šÍ c‡`i mv‡_ Dcc‡`i mgvm| cÖ_‡g
Dcc` Ges c‡i K…`šÍ c` hy³ nq|
K…`šÍ = K…r cÖZ¨q mvwaZ c`| wµqvg~j ev avZzi
mv‡_ cÖZ¨q hy³ nq K…r cÖZ¨q|
o AjyK Zrcyiæl mgvm : †h Zrcyiæl mgv‡m c~e©c‡`i
wefw³ †jvc nq bv, Zv‡K AjyK Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j|
†hgb- Mv‡q cov = Mv‡qcov| Giƒc- wN‡q fvRv, K‡j
QvuUv, K‡ji Mvb, Miæi Mvwo BZ¨vw`|
04. eûeªxwn mgvm : ‡h mgv‡m mgm¨gvb c`¸‡jvi †KvbwUi
A_© bv eywS‡q, Ab¨ †Kvb c`‡K †evSvq, Zv‡K eûeªxwn
mgvm e‡j| h_v- eû eªxwn (avb) Av‡Q hvi = eûeªxwn|
GLv‡b ÔeûÕ wKsev ÔeªxwnÕ †KvbwUiB A‡_©i cÖvavb¨ ‡bB,
hvi eû avb Av‡Q Ggb †jvK‡K †evSv‡”Q| wb‡Pi
D`vniY¸‡jv †`Lyb-
o AvqZ †jvPb hvi = AvqZ‡jvPb (¯¿x), gnvb AvZ¥v hvi
= gnvZ¥v, ¯^”Q mwjj hvi = ¯^”Qmwjjv, bxj emb hvi
= bxjembv, w¯’i cÖwZÁv hvi = w¯’icÖwZÁ, axi eyw×
hvi = axieyw×|
 eûeªxwn mgv‡mi cÖKvi‡f`
o mgvbvwaKiY eûeªxwn : c~e©c` we‡klY I cic` we‡kl¨
n‡j mgvbvwaKiY eûeªxwn mgvm nq| †hgb- nZ n‡q‡Q
kÖx hvi = nZkªx, †Lvk †gRvR hvi = †Lvk‡gRvR, bxj
A¤^i hvi = bxjv¤^i, K_v me©¯^ hvi = K_vme©¯^, `y Kvb
KvUv hvi = `y KvbKvUv, †evuUv L‡m‡Q hvi =
†evuUvLmv| Giƒc- üZme©¯^, D”Pwki, cxZv¤^i,
bxjKÉ, Rei`w¯Í, mykxj, mykÖx, e`eL&Z, KgeL&Z
BZ¨vw`|
o e¨vwaKiY eûeªxwn : eûeªxwn mgv‡mi c~e©c` Ges cic`
†KvbwUB hw` we‡klY bv nq, Z‡e Zv‡K e‡j
e¨vwaKiY eûeªxwn| †hgb- Avkx‡Z (`vu‡Z) wel hvi =
Avkxwel, K_v me©¯^ hvi = K_vme©¯^|
☼ ÔjvVvjvwVÕ kãwUi mgvm- [17Zg I 26Zg wewmGm]
K. cÖvw` L. e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn
M. Zrcyiæl N. Kg©aviq DËi : L
o e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn : wµqvi cvi¯úwiK A‡_© e¨wZnvi
eûeªxwn nq| h_v : nv‡Z nv‡Z †h hy× = nvZvnvwZ,
Kv‡b Kv‡b †h K_v = KvbvKvwb| Ggwb fv‡e- PyjvPzwj,
KvovKvwo, MvjvMvwj, †`Lv‡`wL, jvVvjvwV [17Zg I
26Zg wewmGm], nvmvnvwm, ¸uZv¸uwZ, NylvNywl BZ¨vw`|
☼ eûeªxwn mgvme× c` †KvbwU? [36Zg wewmGm]
K. RbkÖæwZ L. Abgbxq
M. Lvmgnj N. Z‡cveb DËi : L
o b&T& eûeªxwn : b (bvB) Ávb hvi = AÁvb, †e (bvB)
†nW hvi = †e‡nW, bv (bvB) Pviv (Dcvq) hvi =
Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
bvPvi| wb (bvB) fzj hvi = wbf©yj, bv (bq) Rvbv hv
= bvRvbv, ARvbv BZ¨vw`| GiKg- bvnK, wbiæcvq,
wbS©ÅvU, AeyS, A‡K‡Rv, †ec‡ivqv, †eûuk, †eZvi
Abgbxq BZ¨vw`|
o ga¨c`‡jvcx eûeªxwn : weov‡ji †Pv‡Li b¨vq †PvL †h
bvixi = weovj‡PvLx, nv‡Z Lwo †`Iqv nq †h Abyôv‡b
= nv‡ZLwo| Ggwb fv‡e- Mv‡q ûjy`, †gwbgy‡Lv
BZ¨vw`|
o cÖZ¨qvšÍ eûeªxwn : ‡h eûeªxwn mgv‡mi mg¯Íc‡` Av, G,
I BZ¨vw` cÖZ¨q hy³ nq Zv‡K ejv nq cÖZ¨qvšÍ
eûeªxwn| h_v- GK w`‡K †PvL (`„wó) hvi = GK‡PvLv
(†PvL + Av), N‡ii w`‡K gyL hvi = Nigy‡Lv (gyL
+I), wbt (‡bB) LiP hvi = wb-Li‡P (LiP+G)|
GiKg- †`vUvbv, †`vgbv, GK¸u‡q, A‡K‡Rv, GKN‡i,
†`vbjv, †`vZjv, EbcvuRy‡i BZ¨vw`|
o AjyK eûeªxwn : †h eûeªxwn mgv‡m c~e© ev cic‡`i †Kvb
cwieZ©b nq bv, Zv‡K AjyK eûeªxwn e‡j| AjyK
eûeªxwn mgv‡m mg¯Í c`wU we‡klY nq| h_v : gv_vq
cvMwo hvi = gv_vqcvMwo, Mjvq MvgQv hvi =
MjvqMvgQv (‡jvKwU), gy‡L fvZ (wkï‡K) †`qv nq
†h Abyôv‡b = gy‡L-fvZ| Giƒc- nv‡Z-Qwo, Kv‡b-
Kjg, Mv‡q-cov, nv‡Z-‡ewo, gv_vq-QvZv, Kv‡b-
Lv‡Uv BZ¨vw`|
o msL¨vevPK eûeªxwn : c~e©c` msL¨vevPK Ges cic`
we‡kl¨ n‡j Ges mgmÍc`wU we‡klY †evSv‡j Zv‡K
msL¨vevPK eûeªxwn ejv nq| G mgv‡m mg¯Íc‡` ÔAvÕ
ÔBÕ hy³ nq| h_v- `k MR cwigvY hvi = `kMwR, †P․
(Pvi) Pvj †h N‡ii = †P․Pvjv| Giƒc- GK¸‡q,
mvZbwi, GK‡ivLv, PZz‡®‥vY, †`vZjv, †`vjbv,
GKZviv, †mZvi, w`Pµ, Pvi‡c‡q, wÎk~j, Pvi‡c‡q,
`knvwZ, kZg~jx, PvinvwZ, †Zcvqv BZ¨vw`|
kU©KvU :
hvi mg¯Í c` we‡klY n‡e Ges c~e©c` msL¨vevPK
Zv‡K msL¨vevPK eûeªxwn e‡j| wظ mgv‡m mg¯Í c`
nq we‡kl¨|
o wbcvZ‡b wm× : `y w`‡K Ac hvi = Øxc, AšÍM©Z Ac
hvi = AšÍixc, bivKv‡ii cï †h = bicï, RxweZ
†_‡KI †h g„Z = Rxeb¥„Z, cwÐZ n‡qI †h g~L© =
cwÐZg~L© BZ¨vw`|
☼ ‡h mgv‡mi c~e©c` msL¨vevPK Ges mg¯Í c‡`i Øviv
mgvnvi †evSvq Zv‡K e‡j- [25Zg wewmGm]
K. Ø›Ø mgvm L. eûeªxwn mgvm
M. iƒcK N. wظ DËi : N
05. wظ mgvm : mgvnvi (mgwó) ev wgjb A‡_© msL¨vevPK
k‡ãi m‡½ we‡kl¨ c‡`i †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K wظ mgvm
e‡j| wظ mgv‡m mgvmwb®úbœ c`wU we‡kl¨ c` nq|
evsjv fvlv 197
†hgb- wZb Kv‡ji mgvnvi = wÎKvj, †P․iv¯Ívi mgvnvi=
†P․iv¯Ív, wZb gv_vi mgvnvi = †Zgv_v, kZ A‡ãi
mgvnvi = kZvãx, cÂe‡Ui mgvnvi- cÂeUx, wÎ
(wZb) c‡`i mgvnvi = wÎc`x BZ¨vw`| Giƒc- AóavZz,
PZzfz©R, PZzi½, w·gvwnbx, †Zib`x, cÂf~Z, mvZmgy`ª
BZ¨vw`|
kU©KvU :
hvi mg¯Í c` we‡kl¨ n‡e Ges c~e©c` msL¨vevPK n‡e
Zv‡K wظ mgvm e‡j| msL¨vevPK eûeªxwn‡Z mg¯Íc`
nq Ôwe‡klYÕ|
06. Ae¨qxfve mgvm : c~e©c‡` Ae¨q‡hv‡M wb®úbœ mgv‡m hw`
Ae¨‡qiB A‡_©i cÖvavb¨ _v‡K, Zv‡K Ae¨qxfve mgvm
e‡j|
g‡b ivLyb :
↔ Ôc~e©c‡`Õ Ae¨q‡hv‡M wb®úbœ mgvm|
↔ ÔAe¨qÕ ej‡Z †evSvq, Ggb wKQz kã hv‡Z
wefw³ †hvM Kiv hvq bv, cyiæl ev gwnjvevPK
Kiv hvq bv, GKePb ev eûePb Kiv hvq bv|
kU©KvU :
GKwU evK¨ g‡b ivLyb : Avnv wbivciva †ewe‡`i
DcKv‡ii cÖwZ h_v_© Drmvn AbyMÖn _vKv DwPZ| [hw`
†Kvb mgv‡mi cÖ_g eY© ev eY© `y‡Uv ÔAvÕ, ÔnvÕ, ÔwbiÕ,
Ô†eÕ, ÔweÕ, ÔDcÕ, ÔcÖÕ, ÔcÖwZÕ, Ôh_vÕ, ÔDrÕ ÔAbyÕ cÖf…wZ
nq, Zvn‡j ‡mB mgvmwU Ae¨qxfve nq|]
 wb‡Pi D`vniY¸‡jv‡Z Ae¨qxfve mgvm †`Lv‡bv n‡jv :
o ch©šÍ (Av) : mgy`ª †_‡K wngvPj ch©šÍ =
Avmgy`ªwngvPj, cv †_‡K gv_v ch©šÍ = Avcv`g¯ÍK,
AvMv †_‡K cvQ I Zjv ch©šÍ = AvMvcvQZjv, giY
ch©šÍ = AvgiY, Rxeb ch©šÍ = AvRxeb, •kk‡ei m~Pbv
†_‡K †kl ch©šÍ = Av‣kke|
o Clr (Av) : Clr bZ = AvbZ (31Zg wewmGm), Clr
iw³g = Aviw³g| [e¨wZµg : Clr j¤^v = j¤^v‡U]
o Afve (nv) : fv‡Zi Afve = nv-fv‡Z|
o Afve (wbt = wbi) : Avwg‡li Afve = wbivwgl,
fvebvi Afve = wbf©vebv, R‡ji Afve = wbR©j,
Drmv‡ni Afve = wbiærmvn|
o Afve (‡e) : gvbv‡bi Afve = †egvbvb, nvqvi Afve
= †envqv|
o mvgxc¨ (Dc) : K‡Éi mgx‡c = DcKÉ, K~‡ji mgx‡c
= DcK~j|
o mv`„k¨ (Dc) : kn‡ii m`„k = Dckni, MÖ‡ni Zzj¨ =
DcMÖn, e‡bi m`„k = Dceb, K_vi m`„k = DcK_v,
b`xi m`„k = Dcb`x, †Rjvi m`„k = Dc‡Rjv,
AvPv‡h©i m`„k = DcvPvh©, fvlvi m`„k = Dcfvlv|
[e¨wZµg : we‡¤^i m`„k = cÖwZwe¤^]
o ÿz`ª A‡_© (Dc) : DcMÖn, Dcb`x|
o `~ieZx© A‡_© (cÖ, ci) : Awÿi A‡MvP‡i = c‡ivÿ|
Giƒc- cÖwcZvgn|
Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
o cÖwZwbwa A‡_© (cÖwZ) : cÖwZ”Qvqv, cÖwZ”Qwe, cÖwZwe¤^|
o cÖwZØ›Øx A‡_© (cÖwZ) : weiæ× cÿ = cÖwZcÿ, weiæ×
K~j = cÖwZK~j, cÖZz¨Ëi|
o wec&mv (Aby, cÖwZ, wd, ni) : w`b w`b = cÖwZ w`b,
ÿ‡Y ÿ‡Y = cÖwZÿ‡Y, ÿY ÿY = AbyÿY, nßv nßv
= wdnßv, †ivR †ivR = ni‡ivR|
o we‡iva (cÖwZ) : weiæ× ev` = cÖwZev`, weiæ× K~j =
cÖwZK~j|
o AbwZµg¨Zv (h_v) : ixwZ‡K AwZµg bv K‡i =
h_vixwZ, mva¨‡K AwZµg bv K‡i = h_vmva¨, A_©‡K
AwZµg bv K‡i = h_v_©, Bó‡K AwZµg bv K‡i =
h‡_ô, B”Qv‡K AwZµg bv K‡i = h‡_”Qv| Giƒc-
h_vwewa, h_v‡hvM¨ BZ¨vw`|
o AwZµvšÍ (Dr) : †ejv‡K AwZµvšÍ = D‡Øj, k„•Ljv‡K
AwZµvšÍ = D”Q…•Lj, †eM‡K AwZµvšÍ = D`&‡eM|
[e¨wZµg : gvÎv‡K AwZµvšÍ = AwZgvÎ]
o cðvr (Aby) : cðvr Mgb = AbyMgb, cðvr aveb =
Abyaveb, Zv‡ci cðvr = AbyZvc, gv‡bi cðvr =
Abygvb|
o c~Y© ev mgMÖ A‡_© : cwic~Y©, m¤ú~Y©|
 cÖvw` mgvm : cÖ, cÖwZ, Aby cÖf…wZ Ae¨‡qi m‡½ hw` K…r
cÖZ¨q mvwaZ we‡k‡l¨i mgvm nq, Z‡e Zv‡K cÖvw`
mgvm e‡j| h_v- cÖ (cÖK…ó) †h ePb = cÖePb| Giƒc-
cwi (PZzw`©‡K) †h ågY = cwiågY, Aby‡Z (cðv‡Z)
†h Zvc = AbyZvc, cÖ (cÖK…ó iƒ‡c) fvZ (Av‡jvwKZ)
= cÖfvZ, cÖ (cÖK…ó iƒ‡c) MwZ = cÖMwZ BZ¨vw`|
☼ ‡h mgv‡mi e¨vmevK¨ nq bv wKsev Ki‡Z †M‡j Ab¨
c‡`i mvnvh¨ wb‡Z nq, Zv‡K ejv nq- [23Zg wewmGm]
K. Ø›Ø mgvm L. Ae¨qxfve mgvm
M. wbZ¨ mgvm N. Kg©aviq mgvm DËi : M
 wbZ¨mgvm : †h mgv‡m mgm¨gvb c`¸‡jv wbZ¨ mgvme×
_v‡K, e¨vmev‡K¨i `iKvi nq bv, Zv‡K wbZ¨mgvm
e‡j| Z`_©KevPK e¨vL¨vg~jK kã ev evK¨vsk †hv‡M
G¸‡jvi wek` Ki‡Z nq| †hgb-
mn‡R g‡b ivLyb : mg¯Í c‡` ÔAšÍiÕ I ÔgvÎÕ kã `y‡Uv
jyKv‡bv _vK‡j †mwU‡K ejv nq wbZ¨mgvm| GLv‡b AšÍi
= Ab¨ Ges gvÎ = †Kej|
ʘ mg¯Í c‡` ÔAšÍiÕ kãwU jyKvwqZ _vK‡j : Ab¨ MÖvg =
MÖvgvšÍi, Ab¨ MÖn = M„nvšÍi, Ab¨ fvlv = fvlvšÍi, Ab¨
†`k = †`kvšÍi|
ʘ mg¯Í c‡` ÔgvÎÕ kãwU jyKvwqZ _vK‡j : †Kej `k©b =
`k©bgvÎ, †Kej †`Lv = ‡`LvgvÎ, †Kej †kvb = †kvbv
gvÎ, †Kej ejv = ejvgvÎ|
ʘ Ab¨vb¨ wbZ¨ mgvm
Zzwg Avwg I †m = Avgiv `yB Ges beŸB = weivbeŸB
Kvj (hg) Zzj¨ mvc = Kvjmvc