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wkÿK-wkÿv civgk©K, wcBwWwc-3
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gvP©, 2013
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 Awa‡ekb cwiPvjbvi avc Abyhvqx ch©vqµ‡g DcKiYmg~n mvwR‡q ivLv

 Awa‡ekb Kÿ cwi‛Qbœ I web¨¯Í Kiv
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 AskMÖnYKvix‡ì aviYv / AwfÁZv‡K eënvi Kiv
 AskMÖnYKvix‡ì ej‡Z DrmvwnZ Kiv
 AskMÖnYKvix‡ì K_v g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q †kvbv

 avc Abyhvqx Awa‡ekb cwiPvjbv Kiv
 mK‡ji mv‡_ `„wó ms‡hvM K‡i K_v ejv
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 AskMÖnYKvix‡ì cÖwZ mgvb ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv
 wba©vwiZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ Awa‡ek‡bi KvR †kl Kiv
 Awa‡ek‡b DÏxc‡Ki eë¯’v Kiv|
 cÖwkÿYK‡ÿi wbqgvewj cÖwZcvj‡bi eë¯’v Kiv|

 evsjv wel‡qi c«wkÿ‡Yi mvwe©K D‡Ïk¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv|
 cÖ‡Z¨K Awa‡ek‡bi wkLbdj I Kvh©vewji we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY Rvbv|

 cÖm‡½ ‡_‡K Awa‡ek‡bi g~j wel‡qi Dci ¸i‛Z¡ Av‡ivc Kiv|
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 cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì KvR¸‡jv‡K c«`k©‡bi eë¯’v Kiv|
 `jMZ Kv‡Ri mgq cwiexÿY Kiv Ges g‡b Kiv †h c«wkÿK wb‡RB `‡ji
GKRb m`m¨|
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 `j wefvR‡bi Rb¨ AvKl©Yxq †K․kj eënvi Kiv|

 `j MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î mgZvi cªwZ ¸iæZ¡ †Ìqv|
 nvwmLywk _vKv I K_v ejvi mgq h_vh_ kvixwiK fvlv c«‡qvM Kiv|
 kªeY‡hvM¨ ¯^‡i PwjZ ixwZ‡Z K_v ejv
Awa‡ekb Awa‡ekb cwiPvjbvi ci

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 Awa‡ekb m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb K‡i KZ…©cÿ‡K AewnZ Kiv
 cwiPvwjZ Awa‡ekb m¤ú‡K© ¯^-AbywPšÍb (Self reflection) Kiv
evsjv cÖwkÿ‡Y eënvh© DcKiYmg~n

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 cÖ‡R±i
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 cvV cwiKíbv QK
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evsjv wel‡qi cvV¨cy¯ÍK ch©v‡jvPbv
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fvlv`ÿZv AR©b †KŠkj: †kvbv I ejv
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wkkyi m„RbkxjZvq fvlv
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wkÿ‡Ki ejvi `ÿZv Dbœq‡bi †KŠkj
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cvVcwiKíbv
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fvlv †kLv‡bv ch©‡eÿY, ¯^-AbywPšÍb, djveZ©b I Dbœqb

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cÖwkÿ‡YvËi g~j¨vqb I mgvcb
cÖwkÿYm~wP
cÖ_g w`b
Awa‡ekb mgq welqe¯‘

08:30-09:00 †iwR‡÷ªkb
1 09:00-10:30 cwiwPwZ, cÖwkÿ‡Yi D‡Ïk¨, cÖwkÿ‡Yi wbqgvewj I AbywPšÍb
10:30-11:00 Pv weiwZ
2 11:00-01:00 wkÿvµg: evsjv wel‡qi cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv, AR©‡bvc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv I wkLbdj
01:00-02:00 ga¨vý weiwZ
3 02:00-03:30 evsjv wel‡qi cvV¨cy¯ÍK ch©v‡jvPbv
03:30-03:45 Pv weiwZ
03:45-05:00 evsjv wel‡qi cvV¨cy¯ÍK ch©v‡jvPbv (Pjgvb)
wØZxq w`b

09:00-09:30 c~e© w`‡bi ch©v‡jvPbv
1 09:30-11:00 fvlv †kLvi mgwš^Z c×wZ
11:00-11:30 Pv weiwZ
2 11:30-01:00 fvlv`ÿZv AR©b †K․kj: †kvbv I ejv
01:00-02:00 ga¨vý weiwZ
02:00-03:30 fvlv`ÿZv AR©b †K․kj: †kvbv I ejv (Pjgvb)
03:30-03:45 Pv weiwZ
3 03:45-05:00 fvlv`ÿZv AR©b †K․kj: cov I †jLv
Z…Zxq w`b

09:00-09:30 ch©v‡jvPbv
1 09:30-11:00 fvlv`ÿZv AR©b †K․kj: cov I †jLv (Pjgvb)
11:00-11:30 Pv weiwZ
2 11:30-01:00 wkkyi m„RbkxjZvq fvlv
3 12:00-01:00 cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i evsjv wkL‡b fvwlK KvR
01:00-02:00 ga¨vý weiwZ
02:00-02:30 cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i evsjv wkL‡b fvwlK KvR (Pjgvb)
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4 02:30-04:00 fvlv wkL‡b m¤ú~iK DcKiY

04:00-04:15 Pv weiwZ
5 04:15-05:00 wkÿ‡Ki ejvi `ÿZv Dbœq‡bi †K․kj
PZz_© w`b

09:00-09:30 ch©v‡jvPbv
1 09:30-10:30 welqe¯‘ Abymv‡i wkLb †kLv‡bv †K․kj
10:30-11:00 Pv weiwZ
11:00 -01:00 welqe¯‘ Abymv‡i wkLb †kLv‡bv †K․kj (Pjgvb)
01:00-02:00 ga¨vý weiwZ
2 02:00-03:30 cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv wel‡q wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vqb
03:30-03:45 Pv weiwZ
03:45-05:00 cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv wel‡q wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vqb (Pjgvb)
cÂg w`b

1 09:00-09:30 ch©v‡jvPbv
10:30-11:00 Pv weiwZ
01:00-02:00 ga¨vý weiwZ
2 02:00-03:30 cvVcwiKíbv
03:30-03:45 Pv weiwZ
03:45-05:00 cvVcwiKíbv(Pjgvb)
lô w`b

09:00-09:30 ch©v‡jvPbv
1 09:30-11:00 fvlv †kLv‡bv ch©‡eÿY, ¯^-AbywPšÍb, djveZ©b I Dbœqb
11:00-11:30 Pv weiwZ
2 11;00-01:00 †kLv‡bv Abykxjb
01:00-02:00 ga¨vý weiwZ
02:00-03:45 †kLv‡bv Abykxjb (Pjgvb)
03:45-04:00 Pv weiwZ
3 04:00-05:00 cÖwkÿ‡YvËi g~j¨vqb I mgvcb
7
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-abrajbangla.blogspot.com
cÖ_g w`b cÖ_g Awa‡ekb
cwiwPwZ, cÖwkÿ‡Yi D‡Ïk¨, cÖwkÿ‡Yi wbqgvewj I AbywPšÍb

f~wgKv: AskMÖnYKvix‡ì AvšÍwiKZv, mngwg©Zv I mn‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve cÖwkÿ‡Y Kvh©Ki f~wgKv iv‡L| G Kvi‡Y Awa‡ek‡bi ïiæ‡ZB
cÖwkÿ‡Yi cwi‡ek‡K mnR, ¯^vfvweK I Avb›`Nb Kivi Rb¨ GKwU †QvU cwim‡ii Kvh©µ‡gi eë¯’v Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvQvov
AskMÖnYKvix‡ì cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g †ckvMZ `ÿZv Dbœq‡b cÖwkÿYc~e© g~j¨vqb I cÖwkÿ‡YvËi g~j¨vqb we‡kl f~wgKv iv‡L|
cÖwkÿ‡YvËi g~j¨vq‡bi mv‡_ cÖwkÿYc~e© g~j¨vq‡b cÖvß mvdj¨vs‡Ki Zyjbv K‡i AskMÖnYKvixi †ckvMZ `ÿZv Dbœq‡bi gvÎv wbiƒcY
Kiv hvq| evsjv wel‡qi cÖwkÿ‡YI G eë¯’v ivLv n‡q‡Q|
†Kv‡bv Kg©wkwe‡ii D‡Ïk¨ Rvbv _vK‡j AskMÖnYKvixMY Zv av‡c av‡c Rvbvi Rb¨ AMÖmi n‡Z cv‡ib| AbywPšÍb cÖwkÿ‡Y cÖvß
Z_¨mg~n Abycy“L we‡køl‡Yi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i | evsjv welqwfwËK cÖwkÿ‡Y AbywPšÍb wjwce× Kivi GKwU Kvh©µg ivLv n‡q‡Q|
mgq: 1 NÈv 30 wgwbU

wkLbdj: G Awa‡ekb †k‡l cÖwkÿv_©xiv
1. cwiwPwZi gva¨‡g RoZvgy³ cwi‡ek m„wó Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. cÖwkÿ‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
3. cÖwkÿ‡Yi wbqgvewj wia©viY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
4. cÖwkÿ‡Yi wel‡qi Ici AbywPšÍb wjwce× Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
c×wZ/†KŠkj: cvIqvi c‡q›U Dc¯’vcb, cVb, `‡j KvR I Dc¯’vcb|
DcKiY: †bgKvW©/wfwRwUs KvW©, j¨vcUc, cÖ‡R±i, †cv÷vi †ccvi, gvK©vi, mv`v KvMR, wecixZ k‡ãi KvW©, welqe¯‘i KvW©|
Awa‡ek‡bi weeiY:
KvR-1: cwiwPwZi gva¨‡g RoZvgy³ cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv mgq: 30 wgwbU
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 Awa‡ekb ïiæi c~‡e© AskMÖnYKvixi msL¨v Abyhvqx wb¤œiƒc kã I wecixZ k‡ãi KvW© •Zwi K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K‡K GKwU K‡i wb‡Z
ejyb|
8
9
Mig VvÐv †mvRv euvKv †Q‡j †g‡q
†cÖg wein QvÎ QvÎx †QvU eo
†gvUv wPKb j¤^v †eu‡U †Rvqvi fvUv
ivZ w`b nvwm Kvbœv wbKU `~i
 cÖ‡Z¨K‡K wbR wbR KvW© cÖ`k©b c~e©K †Rvov wg‡j‡q wb‡Z mnvqZv Kiæb| cÖ‡Z¨K †Rvovi GKRb‡K G‡m wb‡¤œ DwjøwLZ KvW©
†_‡K •è Pq‡bi wfwË‡Z GKwU KvW© wb‡Z ejyb|
cvwLi WvK †dwiIqvjvi Awfbq cv‡c‡Ui my‡i Qov ejv g~Kvwfbq Kiv
K‡_vcK_b Awfbq Kiv Mí ejv †eu‡`bxi Awfbq Kiv
†cÖ‡gi wQwV cov Mvb cwi‡ekb Kiv Ave„wË Kiv †K․ZzK cwi‡ekb
 †Rvovq G‡K Ac‡ii bvg, c`we I Kg©¯j

’ †R‡b wb‡Z Ges cÖvß Kv‡W©i welqe¯‘ Kxfv‡K Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq Zv wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv I cwiKíbv Ki‡Z ejyb|
 cÖ‡Z¨K †Rvov‡K wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx cwiPq Ges welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ejyb|
 cÖ‡Z¨K AskMÖnYKvix‡K c~‡e© d‡UvKwc Kiv GKwU K‡i g~j¨vqbcÎ weZiY Kiæb|
 g~j¨vqbc‡Î †Ìqv wb‡`©kbv c‡o DËi cÖ`vb Ki‡Z ejyb|
 DËicÎ msMÖn Kiæb Ges Aemi mg‡q g~j¨vqbc~e©K Zv msiÿY Kiæb|
KvR-2: cÖwkÿ‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ ejv mgq: 10 wgwbU

mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 mKj‡K g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i †`L‡Z e‡j c~‡e© wjwLZ G cÖwkÿ‡Yi D‡Ïk¨mg~n gvwëwgwWqv cÖ‡R±‡ii gva¨‡g cÖ`k©b Kiæb|
 †Kv‡bv D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv e¨vL¨vi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j ms‡ÿ‡c Zv Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g ¯úó Kiæb|
KvR-3: Kg© wkwe‡ii wbqgvewj wba©viY Kiv mgq: 30 wgwbU
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 AskMÖnYKvix‡ì cÖwkÿY PjvKvwjb cvjbxq wbqgvewj Kx n‡e Zv wb‡q wPšÍv Ki‡Z ejyb|
 cÖ‡Z¨K‡K GKwU K‡i wbqg ej‡Z ejyb|
 mK‡ji wbqg¸‡jv mgš^q K‡i GKwU ZvwjKv •Zwi‡Z mvnvh¨ Kiæb|
9
10
 ZvwjKvwU cÖwkÿYK‡ÿi Ggb ¯’v‡b Uvwb‡q ivLyb †hb mK‡j GwU †`L‡Z cvb|
 mKj‡K wbqg cÖwZcvj‡bi Rb¨ AvnŸvb Rvbvb|
KvR-4: cÖwkÿ‡Yi wel‡qi Ici AbywPšÍb wjwce× Kiv mgq: 30 wgwbU
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 AskMÖnYKvix‡ì D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖkœ Kiæb - cÖwkÿ‡Y Dc¯’vwcZ welqe¯‘ Kxfv‡e AvZ¥¯’ Kiv hvq ?
 AskMÖnYKvix‡ì ejyb, cÖ‡Z¨K‡K Avjv`vfv‡e cÖwkÿ‡Yi wel‡qi Ici AbywPšÍb wjwce× Ki‡Z n‡e| †jLvwU mv`v KvM‡Ri
GK c„ôvq n‡e|
 cÖwkÿ‡Yi wel‡qi Ici AbywPšÍb wjwce× Kivi wbqgvewj I †h Q‡K GwU wjL‡Z n‡e Zvi †cv÷vi cÖ`k©b K‡i †jLvi
†K․kj e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
 c‡ii w`b ch©v‡jvPbvg~jK Awa‡ek‡b GwU Dc¯’vcb K‡i welq m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYv cÖ`v‡bi eë¯’v MÖnY Kivi cwiKíbv
Kiæb|
Z_¨cÎ cÖ_g w`b

cÖ_g Awa‡ekb
cÖwkÿ‡Yi D‡Ïk¨
 Ávbg~jK D‡Ïk¨
 cÖvKcÖv_wgK I cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv wel‡qi welqe¯‘ ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 fvlv †kLvi mgwš^Z c×wZ AvqZ¡ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 fvlv`ÿZv AR©‡bi †K․kj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkkyi m„RbkxjZvq fvlvi ¸iæZ¡ Dcjwä Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 fvlv wkL‡b m¤ú~iK DcKiY wbiƒcY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv wel‡q wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vqb †K․kj AvqZ¡ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cvVcwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi †K․kj AvZ¡¯’ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖ‡qvMg~jK D‡Ïk¨
 cÖvKcÖv_wgK I cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv wel‡qi wkLbdj wba©viY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 fvlv †kLvi mgwš^Z c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 fvlv`ÿZv AR©‡bi †K․kj Abykxjb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv wel‡q wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vqb †K․kj cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cvVcwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cvVcwiKíbv AbymiY K‡i cvV Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
10
11
cÖwkÿ‡Yi wbqgvewj
 mgq †g‡b Pjv
 g‡bv‡hvMx nIqv
 cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡j nvZ †Zvjv
 cÖwgZ PwjZ ixwZ‡Z K_v ejv
 `jMZ Kv‡R mwµq AskMÖnY Kiv
 A‡bï K_v ejvi mgq K_v bv ejv
 †Kv‡bv welq bv eyS‡j wbtm‡¼v‡P Rvb‡Z PvIqv
 cÖwkÿYK‡ÿi cwi‡ek cwi‛Qbœ ivLv
 cÖwkÿY PjvKvwjb †bgKvW© eënvi Kiv
g~j¨vqbcÎ
mgq-10 wgwbU c~Y¨gvb-8
AskMÖnYKvixi bvg: ...................................................... wbeÜb b¤î: .............
[cÖkœc‡ÎB DËi w`‡Z n‡e]
1| cÖ_g †kÖwYi evsjv eB‡qi 2wU •ewkó¨ wjLyb|
2| fvlv †kLvi †g․wjK W×wZ¸‡jv wK wK ?
3| cov`ÿZvi 2wU ¸iæZ¡ wjLyb|
4| ejvi `ÿZv e„w×i 2wU †K․kj wjLyb|
5| fvlv †kLvi 2wU m„Rbkxj Kv‡Ri bvg wjLyb|
6| fvlv †kLvi 2wU m¤ú~iK DcKi‡Yi bvg wjLyb|
7| •be©¨w³K cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi 2wU wbqg wjLyb|
8| evsjv eY©gvjv KqwU ?
AbywPšÍb wjwce× Kivi QK
AskMÖnYKvixi bvg: wbeÜb b¤î: ZvwiL:
w`‡bi Av‡jvwPZ g~j welqe¯‘mg~n Kx wQj ?


11
12


wkÿv_©xi fvlv `ÿZv e„w×i Rb¨ wkLb †kLv‡bv Kv‡R GUv KZUv cÖ‡qv‡hvM¨ e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib?





Avcwb G¸‡jv Kxfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Ki‡eb ?





w`‡bi Av‡jvwPZ welq¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †KvbwU Avcbvi Kv‡Q A¯úó wQj ?





AbywPšÍb wjwce× Kivi wbqgvewj
 cÖwkÿY PjvKvwjb cÖwZw`b cÖwkÿY †k‡l Aemi mg‡q 20/30 wgwbU mgq †e‡Q wb‡eb|
 AbywPšÍb wjwce× Kivi QKwU fv‡jvfv‡e co‡eb|
 H w`‡bi Av‡jvwPZ welq wb‡q GKUz fve‡eb|
 Av‡jvwPZ welq¸‡jv wb‡q we`¨vj‡qi †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿv_©xi mvg‡b wb‡R‡K Kíbv Ki‡eb|
 wkÿv_©x‡ì Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Awa‡ekb¸‡jvi ¸iæZ¡ Dcjwä Kivi †Póv Ki‡eb|
 wkÿv_©xi fvlvMZ `ÿZv e„w×‡Z welq¸‡jv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z Kx ai‡bi †cÖiYv A_ev evav m„wó n‡Z cv‡i Zv †f‡e Q‡K wjL‡eb|
 †jLv n‡Z n‡e mswÿß, my¯úó Ges cÖvmw½K|
 c‡ii w`b cybiv‡jvPbvg~jK Awa‡ek‡b mnvq‡Ki wb‡`k©bv Abyhvqx welqwU `‡j Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb A_ev mnvq‡Ki mv‡_
Av‡jvPbv K‡i aviYv ¯úó Ki‡eb|
12
13
, ও
wØZxq w`b cÖ_g Awa‡ekb
fvlv †kLv‡bvi mgwš^Z c×wZ
fywgKv: fvlvweÁvbxMY eûavwef³| Z‡e †gvUvgywUfv‡e Zviv GKgZ †h, AvbyôvwbK ch©v‡q bvbvfv‡e wkÿv_©x fvlv wkL‡jI Zv g~jZ
wZbwU c×wZ‡K wN‡iB AvewZ©Z nq| G¸‡jv n‡jv - evK¨vbyµwgK, kãvbyµwgK Ges eY©vbyµwgK c×wZ| evK¨vbyµwgK c×wZ my`xN©Kvj
†_‡K cÖPwjZ| G c×wZ Abyhvqx mywbw`©ó Abyµg iÿv K‡i wkï‡ì ¯î I e¨Äb aŸwb¸‡jv †kLv‡bv nq| eY©¸‡jvi Abykxjb †gvUvgywU
†kl n‡j †kLv‡bv nq ¯îwPý I hy³vÿi¸wj| Zvici †kLv‡bv nq kã MVb| kã MV‡bi KvR P‡j `xN© mgq a‡i Ges evK¨ •Zwii
KvR Av‡m me †k‡l| kãvbyµwgK c×wZ‡Z cv‡Vi cÖ_‡g †kLv‡bv nq kã| kã‡K wfwË K‡i G c×wZ M‡o D‡V‡Q e‡j GK
kãvbyµwgK ev ms‡ÿ‡c kãµwgK c×wZ e‡j| cv‡Vi Rb¨ kã evQvB Ki‡Z wM‡q wkï‡ì cwiwPZ kã¸‡jvi Ici †Rvi w`‡Z n‡e|
d‡j cv‡Vi wkïi Avb›` I Drmvn ev‡o| †h mKj k‡ãi Rb¨ Qwe AuvKv hvq ïi‛‡Z †m¸wj †kLv‡bv n‡j Drmvne¨ÄK mvov †g‡j| G
Awa‡ek‡b GB wZbwU c×w` m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wkLbdj: G Awa‡ekb †k‡l cÖwkÿYv_©xiv-
1. fvlv wkÿv`v‡bi †g․wjK c×wZmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. fvlv wkÿv`v‡bi c×wZi Av‡jv‡K †kLv‡bv †K․kj cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
c×wZ/†KŠkj: GKvKx wPšÍv Kiv, cÖkK
œ iY, Aby‡‛Q` cVb, cvIqvi c‡q›U Dc¯’vcb,`‡j KvR I hvPvB, Dc¯’vcb,djveZ©b|
DcKiY: cÖ_g †_‡K cÂg †kÖwYi evsjv eB, †cv÷vi †ccvi, gvK©vi/mvBb‡cb
Awa‡ek‡bi weeiY
KvR-1: fvlv wkÿv`v‡bi †gŠwjK c×wZmg~n e¨vL¨v Kiv mgq: 20wgwbU
13
14
 fvlv †kLv‡bvi †g․wjK c×wZ KqwU I KxKx ? cÖkwœ U †ev‡W© wj‡L w`b Ges mKj‡K †`L‡Z ejyb|
 cv‡ki R‡bi mv‡_ Avjvc Kivi my‡hvM w`b Ges †Rvovq Avjvc K‡i DËi w`‡Z ejyb|
 cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì wZbwU `‡j fvM n‡Z ejyb|
 cÖ‡Z¨K `‡j wb¤œiƒc mnvqK Z_¨cÎ weZiY Ki‛b
`j Z_¨cÎ
1 eY©µwgK c×wZi Z_¨cÎ
2 kãµwgK c×wZi Z_¨cÎ
3 evK¨µwgK c×wZi Z_¨cÎ
 `jMZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i †Kvb c×wZ‡Z †kLv‡bvi cÖwµqv Kx Zv eyS‡Z mnvqZv w`b
 AZtci AvMÖ‡ni wfwË‡Z A_ev •èPq‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwZ `j †_‡K GKRb K‡i AskMÖnYKvix‡K cÖvß fvlv †kLvi c×wZi
weeiY D`vniYmn e¨vL¨ Ki‡Z ejyb| cÖ‡qvR‡b †evW© ev wd¬cPv‡U© D³ c×wZi bgybv/D`vniY cÖ`vb Ki‛b
 wb‡R e¨vL¨v w`b|
KvR-2: fvlv wkÿv`v‡bi c×wZi Av‡jv‡K †kLv‡bv †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM Kiv mgq: 1 NÈv
 AskMÖnYKvix‡ì PviwU `‡j fvM n‡Z ejyb
 cÖ‡Z¨K `‡j cÖ_g †kªwYi Avgvi evsjv eB Gi Ici wb‡Pi ewY©Z Q‡K cÖ`Ë KvR Abyhvqx wmgy¨‡jk‡bi Rb¨ cÖ¯w‘ Z wb‡Z ejyb
`j cvV bs c„ôv
1 cvV -8 12
2 cvV-14 20
3 cvV-32 44
4 cvV-37 49
 `jMZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i †Kvb cvV †Kvb c×wZ‡Z cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi Rb¨ cÖwµqv wba©viY Ki‡Z mnvqZv w`b
 cvV wmgy¨‡jk‡bi Rb¨ Ggb eë¯’v wbb †hb GK `‡ji mnvqK Ab¨ `yB `‡ji m`m¨‡ì wb‡q cvV cÖ`k©b K‡ib Ges evwK
m`m¨MY mnvqK Z‡_¨ cÖ`Ë ch©‡eÿY Q‡Ki Av‡jv‡K cvV ch©‡eÿY K‡ib
 ch©‡eÿY QKwU c~‡e©B †cv÷vi †ccv‡i eo K‡i wj‡L cÖwkÿY K‡ÿi Ggb ¯’v‡b cÖ`k©b Ki‛b †hb mK‡j †`L‡Z cvb
14
15
 cÖ‡Z¨K cvV wmgy¨‡jk‡bi ciB ch©‡eÿY Q‡Ki Av‡jv‡K cvV ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡Z AvnŸvb Rvbvb
 fvlv †kLv‡bvi DwÏó c×wZ Abyhvqx GwU KZUv mdj Zv wb‡q cÖ‡kœvË‡i Av‡jvPbvi Ki‛b
g~j¨vqb: mgq: 10 wgwbU

1. fvlv †kLv‡bvi †g․wjK c×wZ KqwU I Kx Kx ?
2. †Kvb c×wZ fvlv †kLv‡bvi Rb¨ †ewk Kvh©Ki e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib Ges †Kb ?
¯^-AbywPšÍbg~jK cÖk:œ evK¨vbyµwgK c×wZ‡Z cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ cÖ_g †kÖwYi GKwU cv‡Vi Ici cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‛b|
Z_¨cÎ wØZxq w`b

cÖ_g Awa‡ekb
fvlv †kLv‡bvi mgwš^Z c×wZ

wkïiv Kxfv‡e fvlv †k‡L - G cÖ‡kœ fvlvweÁvbxMY eûavwef³| Z‡e †gvUvgywUfv‡e Zviv GKgZ †h, AvbyôvwbK ch©v‡q bvbvfv‡e
wkÿv_©x fvlv wkL‡jI Zv g~jZ wZbwU c×wZ‡K wN‡iB AvewZ©Z nq| G¸‡jv n‡jv - evK¨vbyµwgK, kãvbyµwgK Ges eY©vbyµwgK
c×wZ| wb‡P c×wZ¸‡jvi •ewkó¨ †Ìqv n‡jv:
1. eY©µwgK c×wZ
 eY©µwgK c×wZ‡Z cÖ_‡g wkÿv_©x‡ì e‡Y©i g~jaŸwb D‛Pvi‡Y Af¨¯’ Kiv nq|
 eY© wP‡b co‡Z ejv nq|
 Zvici e‡Y©i mv‡_ KviwPý hy³ K‡i cov‡bv nq
 e‡Y©i mv‡_ eY© hy³ K‡i k‡ãi D‛PviY Abykxjb Kiv‡bv nq
 k‡ã GKB e‡Y©i wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Ae¯’v‡bi Rb¨ D‛Pvi‡Yi Kx cv_©K¨ nq Zv Abykxjb Kiv‡bv nq| †hgb- ej, Lei, Av`ve
BZ¨vw`
 kã mn‡hv‡M evK¨ cVb
 wjL‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI Abyiƒc µg AbymiY
2. kãµwgK c×wZ
G c×wZ‡Z cv‡Vi cÖ_‡g †kLv‡bv nq kã| kã‡K wfwË K‡i G c×wZ M‡o D‡V‡Q e‡j GK kãvbyµwgK ev ms‡ÿ‡c kãµwgK c×wZ
e‡j| cv‡Vi Rb¨ kã evQvB Ki‡Z wM‡q wkï‡ì cwiwPZ kã¸‡jvi Ici †Rvi w`‡Z nq| d‡j cv‡V wkïi Avb›` I Drmvn ev‡o| †h
mKj k‡ãi Rb¨ Qwe AuvKv hvq ïi‛‡Z †m¸wj †kLv‡bv n‡j Drmvne¨ÄK mvov †g‡j| G c×wZ‡Z †kLv‡bvi Abyµg n‡jv-
15
16
kã cov‡bv
 D‛PviY Abyhvqx k‡ãi AšÍM©Z eY©¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb Rvbv Ges Zv cov‡bv
 D‛PviY Abyhvqx eY© kbv³ Kiv‡bv
 k‡ã e‡Y©i Ae¯’vb Abyhvqx D‛PviY Abykxjb Kiv‡bv
 kã wgwj‡q evK¨ cov‡bv
 †jLvi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g eY©, Zvici kã I †k‡l evK¨ †jLv‡bv
3. evK¨µwgK c×wZ
my`xN©Kvj †_‡K G c×wZ cÖPwjZ| G c×wZ Abyhvqx mywbw`ó Abyµg iÿv K‡i wkï‡ì ¯î I e¨Äb aŸwb¸‡jv †kLv‡bv nq| eY©¸‡jvi
Abykxjb †gvUvgywU †kl n‡j †kLv‡bv nq ¯îwPý I hy³vÿi¸wj| Zvici †kLv‡bv nq kã MVb| kã MV‡bi KvR P‡j `xN© mgq a‡i
Ges evK¨ MV‡bi KvR Av‡m me †k‡l| Gi AbymiYxq avç‡jv wb¤œiƒc-
 cÖ_‡g evK¨ cov
 ev‡Kï ga¨w¯’Z k‡ãi Ae¯’vb wbiƒcY K‡i kã cov I D‛PviY Abykxjb Kiv
 k‡ãi D‛PviY Abyhvqx kã †f‡O eY© kbv³ Kiv I eY© wP‡b cov
 k‡ã GKB e‡Y©i wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Ae¯’v‡bi Rb¨ D‛Pvi‡Yi Kx cv_©K¨ nq Zv Abykxjb Kiv‡bv nq| †hgb- Kgjv, gq~i, ev`vg
BZ¨vw`
 †jLvi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g eY©, Zvici kã I †k‡l evK¨ †jLv‡bv
cvV ch©‡eÿY QK
wkÿ‡Ki bvg :.......................................... cv‡Vi welq- ..................................

cv‡Vi AbywgZ wkLbdj
1.
2.
3.
wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj
wkÿK †h ch©v‡q †h KvR K‡i‡Qb Avcwb n‡j hv Ki‡Zb
Dc¯’vcb
Abykxjb
g~j¨vqb
16
17
we‡kl †Kv‡bv gšÍe¨ (hw` _v‡K)
mnvqK MÖš’ :
1| evsjv, wcwUAvB.cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì Rb¨, cÖv_wgK wkÿv cwi`ßi,evsjv‡`k, XvKv| c„: 62-64

2| cÖv_wgK wkÿvq evsjv wel‡q wkÿK mnvwqKv, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv|
3| English for C-in-Ed Trainees, NAPE, DPE, Dhaka.
Z…Zxq w`b cÖ_g Awa‡ekb
f~wgKv: (c~ee© Z©x w`‡bi Z…Zxq Awa‡ek‡bi Pjgvb Ask)

1. †jLvi `ÿZv Dbœq‡bi †K․kj¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. cov I †jLv `ÿZv AR©‡bi †K․kj cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
c×wZ/†KŠkj: GKvKx wPšÍv, cÖkK
œ iY, Aby‡‛Q` cVb, cvIqvi c‡q›U Dc¯’vcb, `‡j KvR, mie cvV, bxie cvV, Dc¯’vcb, djveZ©b|
DcKiY: j¨vcUc, cÖ‡R±i, cÖ_g †_‡K cÂg †kÖwYi evsjv eB, †cv÷vi †ccvi, gvK©vi/mvBb‡cb
KvR-1: †jLvi `ÿZv Dbœq‡bi †KŠkj¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiv mgq: 30 wgwbU
17
18
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì Pvi `‡j fvM n‡Z ejyb
 cÖ‡Z¨K `‡j cÖ_g †kÖwYi GKwU K‡i evsjv eB weZiY Ki‛b
 evsjv eB‡qi c„ôv 9 I 10 G cÖ`Ë cvVwUi D‡Ïk¨ `‡j Av‡jvPbv K‡i ej‡Z ejyb
m¤¢ve¨ DËi - eY© †jLvi c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ
 †jLvi c~e© cÖ¯w‘ Zg~jK KvR eY© †jLvq Kxfv‡e mnvqZv K‡i ? cÖkœw& U mKj `‡ji Rb¨ Ki‛b Ges `‡j Av‡jvPbv K‡i Gi
DËi †h‡Kv‡bv GKR‡bi LvZvq wjL‡Z ejyb
 DËi¸‡jv †ev‡W© wjLyb Ges AuvKvAuvwKi mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb †Kvb eY© †jLv hvq Zvi GKwU PvU© cÖ`k©b Ki‛b
 eY© †jLv AvqËKi‡Y wkÿ‡Ki KvR Kx ? cÖkwœ U mK‡ji D‡Ï‡k¨ Ki‛b Ges AwfÁZv †_‡K K‡qKRb‡K ej‡Z ejyb
 cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì K‡qKR‡bi KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ cvIqvi ci eY© †jLvi †K․k‡ji PvU© cÖ`k©b K‡i aviYvi mv‡_ wgj Ki‡Z ejyb
 †jLvi `ÿZv Dbœq‡bi †K․kj m¤^wjZ AskUzKz mKj‡K co‡Z ejyb Ges cÖkœ _vK‡j Zv ey‡S wb‡Z mnvqZv w`b
 D`vniY mnKv‡i e¨vL¨v w`b
KvR-2: cov I †jLv `ÿZv AR©‡bi †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM Kiv mgq: 55 wgwbU
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì PviwU `‡j fvM n‡Z ejyb
 cÖ‡Z¨K `‡j wb¤œiƒc KvR eÈb Ki‛b

`j †kÖwY welqe¯‘
1 cÖ_g †fvi n‡jv
2 wØZxq Rjcwi I KvVz‡i
3 Z…Zxq fvlv kwn‡ì K_v
4 cÂg A‡cÿv
 cÖ‡Z¨K `‡j wbw`©ó eB, †cv÷vi †ccvi, gvK©vi BZ¨vw` weZiY Ki‛b
 `jMZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i cov I †jLvi Rb¨ Kx Kx KvR wkLb †kLv‡bv Kh©µ‡g m¤úbœ Kiv hvq Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv •Zwi Ki‡Z
ejyb
 cÖYxZ ZvwjKvi Av‡jv‡K cÖ‡Z¨K `j‡K AbywkÿY Ki‡Z ejyb| cÖ‡Z¨K `‡ji Rb¨ 6 wgwbU mgq eivÏ Ki‛b
 mKj `‡ji Dc¯’vcb †kl n‡j †cøbvwi Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g Kxfv‡e wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj‡Z cov I †jLv `ÿZvi mdj
cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq Zv Av‡jvPbvq Avb‡Z ejyb
 wb‡R mnvqZv w`b
18
19

1. †jLvi `ÿZv Dbœq‡bi 2wU †K․kj ejyb|
¯^-AbywPšÍbg~jK cÖk:œ †hgb Lywk AvuwK/wnwRwewR AvuKv eY© †jLvi `ÿZv AR©‡b Kx f~wgKv iv‡L ?
Z_¨cÎ Z…Zxq w`b

cÖ_g Awa‡ekb
†jLvi `ÿZv:
fvlv †kLvi †h PviwU `ÿZv i‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ †jLv Ab¨Zg| †jLvi gva¨‡gB Z_¨ msMÖn, msiÿY, weZiY I cÖKvk Ki‡Z nq| †jLvi
`ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡j cÖPzi Abykxjb ìKvi| †jLv †kLvi cÖwZ wkï‡ì AvMÖn m„wó I mwVK Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g †jLvi `ÿZv AR©b
Kiv‡Z n‡j wkÿK‡K h‡_ó †K․ïjx I hZœevb n‡Z n‡e| wkÿK wb‡Ri nv‡Zi †jLv hv‡Z h_vm¤¢e my›ì I ¯úó nq †mw`‡K †Lqvj
ivL‡eb|
†jLvi `ÿZv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wkÿK †h †K․kj¸‡jv eënvi Ki‡eb, †m¸‡jv‡K mvaviYZ wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq:
wbqwš¿Z †jLv
 †Kv‡bv kã ev evK¨ wjL‡Z w`‡q Zv Abykxjb Kiv‡bv|
 KZ¸‡jv wbw`©ó kã w`‡q k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Ki‡Z †Ìqv|
 mywbw`©ó Z_¨ Rvb‡Z cÖ‡kœvËi wjL‡Z †Ìqv|

 G‡jv‡g‡jv kã/evK¨ mvwR‡q wjL‡Z †Ìqv|
 my›ì †jLvi AbyKi‡Y nv‡Zi †jLv wjL‡Z †Ìqv|


wb‡`©wkZ †jLv
wkÿv_©x‡K wKQz m~Î w`‡q †Ìqv hv‡Z H m~Î a‡i Zviv wKQz wjL‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-
 †Kv‡bv Am¤ú~Y© evK¨ m¤ú~Y© Ki‡Z †Ìqv|
 Qwe †`‡L eY©bv wjL‡Z †Ìqv|
 wbw`©ó evK¨ KvVv‡gv eënvi K‡i GKvwaK evK¨ •Zwi Ki‡Z †Ìqv|
 †Kv‡bv cÖk‡œ K Ab¨fv‡e K‡i Zvi DËi wjL‡Z †Ìqv|


19
20
gy³ †jLv
†Kv‡bv GKwU welq ev e¯‘i Dci wkÿv_©x‡K wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i g‡bi fve ¸wQ‡q wjL‡Z †Ìqv hv‡Z wkÿv_©xi wPšÍvkw³ I m„RbkxjZvi
weKvk N‡U| †hgb-
 Aby‡‛Q` wjLb|
 wPwV wjLb|
 iPbv wjLb|
 eY©bv|
 Mí •Zwi|
 e¨vL¨v|
 ZyjbvKiY|
 we‡kølY|
AuvKvAvuwK: c„-79
eY© †jLvi †K․kj: c„-80,81,84,
mnvqK MÖš’ :
1| evsjv, wcwUAvB. cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì Rb¨, cÖv_wgK wkÿv cwi`ßi, evsjv‡`k, XvKv| c„: 41-104
2| cÖv_wgK wkÿvq evsjv wel‡q wkÿK mvnvwqKv, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv|
4| Browne, Ann, Developing Language and Literacy 3-8, P-25, 91
PZz_© w`b cÖ_g Awa‡ekb
welqe¯‘ Abymv‡i wkLb †kLv‡bv ‡KŠkj
20
21
f~wgKv: cÖv_wgK wkÿvi cwigvYMZ w`K e…w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ Gi ¸YMZ gvb e…w×i j‡ÿ¨ ‡hvM¨ZvwfwËK wkÿvµg c«eZ©b Kiv n‡q‡Q| G
wkÿvµ‡g wkïiv Kx I KZUyKy wkL‡e Ges ‡kLvi d‡j Zvi Ávb, `ÿZv, I `…wófw½i Kx ev KZUyKy cwieZ©b NU‡e Zv mywbw`©ófv‡e
wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hvM¨ZvwfwËK wkÿvµ‡g †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv AR©‡bi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ i‡q‡Q †kÖwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv| Avevi
†kÖwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv AR©‡bi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q wba©vwiZ wkLbdj| Avi GB wkLbdj¸‡jv AR©‡bi Rb¨ c«wZ ‡k«wYi
evsjv wel‡qi cvV¨cy¯Í‡K Qov, KweZv, I M`¨vsk ¯’vb ‡c‡q‡Q| welqe¯Íy ‣ewPZª¨ Ges Dc¯’vcbvi PgrKvwi‡Z¡ cvV¨cy¯Í‡K msKwjZ
c«wZwU iPbvB •ewkó¨gwÛZ| msKwjZ iPbvmg~n cVb-cvV‡bi ga¨ w`‡q wkÿv_©xiv hv‡Z ‡k«wYwfwËK wkLbdj AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i ‡mB
j‡ÿ¨ wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nIqv c«‡qvRb| GKwU wkÿvµg c«eZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q GKwU c«Z¨vkvi c«Kvk N‡U; c«K…Z A‡_©
‡mB c«Z¨vkvi mdj cwiYwZ ‡k«wYK‡ÿ wkLbµg ev¯Íevqb‡i ga¨ w`‡q| Avi G ev¯Íevq‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib wkÿKMY| ZvB
wkÿKMY‡K welqe¯Íy Abymv‡i wkLb ‡kLv‡bv ‡K․kj Rvbv I Zv c«‡qvM Kiv GKvšÍ c«‡qvRb| eZ©gvb Awa‡ek‡b welqe¯Íy Abymv‡i
wkLb ‡kLv‡bv ‡K․kj kbv³Kiv Ges Zv c«‡qv‡Mi w`K wb‡`©kbv †Ìqv n‡q‡Q|
mgq: 3 NÈv
wkLbdj: G Awa‡ekb ‡k‡l cÖwkÿv_©xMY-
1. c«v_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki welqe¯Íy kbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. welqe¯Íy Abymv‡i wkLb †K․kj wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3. wPwýZ wkLb †K․kj Aej¤^‡b wkLb †kLv‡bv †K․kj c«‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
c×wZ/‡KŠkj: cvIqvi c‡q›U Dc¯’vcb, `‡j KvR I hvPvB, Dc¯’vcb, djveZ©b|

DcKiY: Z_¨cÎ, j¨vcUc, c«‡R±i, c«_g ‡_‡K cÂg †k«wYi evsjv eB, †cv÷vi †ccvi, wfcKvW©, gvK©vi/mvBb‡cb BZ¨vw`|
KvR-1: cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki welqe¯Íy kbv³ Kiv mgq: 30 wgwbU
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì ï‡f‛Qv Rvwb‡q Awa‡ekb ïi‛ Ki‛b|
 Awa‡ek‡bi g~jfve cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì wbKU Zy‡j ai‛b|
- c«kœ Ki‛b: cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki welqe¯Íy ej‡Z Kx eySvq ?
 GKvKx wPšÍv Ki‡Z w`b Ges cvkvcvwk Avjvc Ki‡Z ejyb|
 cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì KvR ‡_‡K DËi wbb I ‡ev‡W© wjLyb| Avcbvi gZvgZ e¨³ Ki‛b|
 AZtci cÖwkÿYv_©x‡Ì 5wU `‡j fvM Ki‛b|
 GK GK `‡j GK GK †k«wYi cvV¨cy¯ÍK I `jxq Kv‡Ri Rb¨ c«‡qvRbxq DcKiY w`b|
 Gevi `‡j Av‡jvPbv K‡i cvV¨cy¯ÍK‡K ms‡hvwRZ welqe¯Íy mg~‡ni bvg wjL‡Z ejyb|
 †h‡Kv‡bv GK `‡ji KvR Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ejyb|
 Ab¨‡ì bZzb wKQz _vK‡j Zv ms‡hvRb Ki‡Z ejyb|
 cÖ‡qvR‡b djveZ©b w`b|
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22
KvR-2: welqe¯Íy Abymv‡i wkLb‡KŠkj wPwýZ Kiv mgq: 55 wgwbU

mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 cÖwkÿv_©x‡ì c~‡e©i `‡j wb‡Pi wefvRb Abyhvqx KvR eywS‡q w`b|

`j-1: Qov
`j-2: Mí
`j-3: KweZv
`j-:4 c«eÜ
`j-5: wPwVcÎ/digc~iY
 `‡j Av‡jvPbv K‡i c«`Ë welqe¯Íi wkLb‡K․kj wjL‡Z ejyb|
 c«‡qvR‡b mnvqZv c«`vb Ki‛b|
 `jxq KvR †kl n‡j Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ejyb|
 `jxq KvR m¤ú‡K© gy³ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z ejyb|
 c«wZ `‡ji Dc¯’vcb †k‡l Z_¨c‡Îi mnvqZvq Avcbvi c«¯Z Í K…Z mswkøó welq¯Íyi wkLb‡K․k‡ji PvU© †`Lvb Ges Av‡jvPbv
Ki‛b|
KvR-3: wPwýZ wkLb‡KŠkj Aej¤^‡b wkLb †kLv‡bv †KŠkj c«‡qvM Kiv mgq: 85wgwbU
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì cvV Dc¯’vc‡bi c«¯ywÍ Zi Rb¨ 10 wgwbU mgq w`b Ges c«¯ywÍ Z wb‡Z ejyb|
 c«wZ `‡ji cvV Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ 10 wgwbU mgq
 c«_g †h‡Kv‡bv GK `j‡K cvV Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ WvKyb|
 Dc¯’vcb †k‡l Ab¨‡ì gZvgZ wbb I civgk© w`‡Z ejyb|
 Avcbvi gZvgZ w`b| Gfv‡e cq©vqµ‡g mKj `‡ji Dc¯’vcb ‡`Lyb I Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ civgk© w`b|

mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 wb‡P ewY©Z cÖk¸

œ ‡jvi gva¨‡g G Awa‡ek‡bi mdjZv hvPvB Ki‡eb-
1. welqe¯Íy ej‡Z Kx eySvq ?

2. KweZv cv‡Vi ga¨ w`‡q fvlvi KqwU `ÿZv cwigvc Kiv DwPr ?
3. c«eÜ cv‡Vi K‡qKwU w`K D‡jøL Ki‛b hv Avcbvi wbKU fv‡jv g‡b n‡q‡Q
22
23
Z_¨cÎ PZz_© w`b

cÖ_g Awa‡ekb
cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ cvV‡K welqe¯‘ wnmv‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki welqe¯Íy Qov, Mí, KweZv, K‡_vcK_b, bvwUKv, c«eÜ, wPwVcÎ, digc~iY , Qwei cvV BZ¨vw`|
Qov wkLb †kLv‡bv ‡KŠkj

 c«¯ywÍ Z c‡e© †k«wY Dc‡hvMx bvbviKg Qov †kvbv‡bv Ges wkÿv_©x‡ì Øviv ejv‡bv|
 mwVK Q›` AbymiY K‡i Ave…wË Kiv|
 ¯^vfvweK ¯îZi½ eRvq ‡i‡L ï×fv‡e Ave…wË Kiv|
 Ave…wËi mgq Qovq eëüZ c«wZwU k‡ãi aŸwbmylgv hv‡Z cwiùyU nq Zv jÿ ivLv|
 wkÿv_©x‡ì w`‡q k‡ãi ï× D‛PviY Abykxjb Kiv‡bv|
 c«vmw½K wPÎ eënvi Kiv|
 Qovi AšÍM©Z A_©-†M․i‡ei c«wZ g‡bv‡hvMx nIqv|
 mgag©x Ab¨vb¨ Qov Ave…wË K‡i †kvbv‡bv|
 `jMZ/GKKfv‡e wbe©vwPZ Qov Ave…wË Abykxjb |
 L¨vwZgvb Ave…wËKvi‡ì Ave…wËi K¨v‡mU evwR‡q ‡kvbv‡bv|
KweZv wkLb †kLv‡bv †KŠkj

 KweZvi welqe¯Íy Kwe †h `…wó‡KvY †_‡K †`‡L‡Qb Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv|
 wbe©vwPZ KweZvi Q›` eRvq †i‡L ï× I ¯úó D‛Pvi‡Y Ave…wË Kiv|
 KweZvi AšÍwb©wnZ aŸwbgvayh©, imvbyf~wZ I fve eRvq †i‡L Ave…wË Kiv |
 wbe©vwPZ KweZvi mv‡_ c«vmw½K Ab¨vb¨ KweZv Ave…wË Kiv|
 welq mswkøó DcKiY eënvi Kiv|
 wbe©vwPZ KweZvi kã we‡kølY Abykxjb Kiv‡bv|
 wkÿv_©x‡ì `jMZ/GKK cvV I Ave…wË Kiv‡bv|
 wewkó Ave…wËKvi KZ©„K †k«wY Dc‡hvMx Ave…wË K¨v‡mU evwR‡q †kvbv‡bv|
Mí wkLb ‡kLv‡bv ‡KŠkj
 mwVK I ï× D‛Pvi‡Y ejv
 KÉ¯^‡ii ¯úóZv I mvejxjZv †i‡L ejv
 ¯îfw½ ev ¯^‡ii IVvbvgv eRvq ivLv
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24
 we‡kl NUbvi Dci †Rvi †Ìqv

 †k«vZvi mvov jÿ Kiv
 bvUKxqZv eRvq †i‡L ejv
 msjvc AvKv‡i ejv
 h_vm¤¢e ‡QvU Mí ejv|
 DcKiY eënvi Kiv|
 gv‡S gv‡S c«kœ Kiv|
 M‡íi PwiÎ hv‡Z Kg nq †m w`‡K jÿ ivLv|
 avivevwnKfv‡e ejv|
 AcwiwPZ ev KwVb kã¸‡jv eywS‡q ejv|
c«eÜ wkLb †kLv‡bv †KŠkj

 cvVcwiKíbvi gva¨‡g wbw`©ó †k«wYi wbe©vwPZ M`¨vskwU cVb-cvV‡bi AvPiwYK D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiv‡bv|
 h_vh_ weivgwPý AbymiY K‡i ï×, ¯úó I c«wgZ D‛Pvi‡Y wbe©vwPZ AskUyKy c‡o †kvbv‡bv|
 c«‡qvR‡b ¯Íi‡f‡` †k«wY Dc‡hvMx K‡i wbe©vwPZ cv‡Vi †jLK m¤ú‡K© wKQy aviYv †Ìqv|
 wkÿv_©x‡ì w`‡q `jxq/GKKfv‡e wbe©vwPZ k‡ãi Abykxjb Kiv‡bv|
 A‡cÿvK…Z KwVb I RwUj kã¸‡jv †ev‡W© wj‡L eywS‡q †Ìqv|
 we‡kl we‡kl kã, evK¨/evK¨vs‡ki A_© †ev‡W© wj‡L e¨vL¨v Kiv‡bv|
 wkÿv_©x‡ì w`‡q mie cv‡Vi Abykxjb Kiv‡bv|
 g~j cv‡Vi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L Ab¨ †jLK‡ì †jLv c‡o †kvbv‡bv|
 cvV mswkøó DcKiY eënvi Kiv|
 cwVZ wel‡qi gg© Dcjwä Kivi Rb¨ bxie cv‡Vi eë¯’v Kiv|
 c«‡kœi gva¨‡g cy‡iv cv‡Vi g~j¨vqb Kiv|
 wb‡R‡ì cQ›` Abymv‡i †QvU †QvU Aby‡‛Q` wjL‡Z †Ìqv|
mnvqK M«š’:
1. Kexi kvgmyj I Ab¨vb¨, 1997, gvZ…fvlv wkÿv`vb c×wZ, evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq, MvRxcyi|
2. W. nvwjgv LvZyb I Ab¨vb¨, 1997, evsjv wm-Bb-GW, evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq|
3. nvRiv W. bxièiY, 1987, Ave…wË †Kvl, c«KvkK myaxi Kygvi gÛj, KwjKvZv |
4. c«v_gwK wkÿK c«wkÿY g¨vbyqvj:evsjv, c«Kvkbvq-wØZxq c«v_gwK wkÿv Dbœqb Kg©m~wP (wcBwWwc), c«v_wgK wkÿv Awa`ßi,
XvKv, esjv‡`k|
4. kvgmyj Kwei, (g~j¨vqb we‡klÁ:evsjv), c«wkÿY wb‡`©wkKv, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK ‡evW©, c«Kvkbvq-wØZxq c«v_wgK
wkÿv Dbœqb Kg©m~wP(wcBwWwc), 2000|
5. evsjv welqÁvb I wkÿYweÁvb, cÖv_wgK wkÿK wkÿv wWwcGW, RvZxh cÖv_wgK wkÿv GKv‡Wgx,gqgbwmsn, 2012|
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25
cÂg w`b cÖ_g Awa‡ekb
f~wgKv:wkLb †kLv‡bv AMÖMwZ hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ g~j¨vqb GKwU Acwinvh© c«wµqv| g~j¨vqb wkLb †kLv‡bv c«wµqvi Awe‡‛Q`¨ AskI
e‡U| mwVK g~j¨vq‡bi Øviv GKRb wkÿv_©x‡K Zvi †gav I k«‡gi mwVK ¯^xK…wZ c«`vb Kiv hvq| g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g `ye©j wkÿv_©xi
AcviMZv I `ye©jZv wPwýZ K‡i c«‡qvRbxq eë¯’v M«nY K‡i cviM wkÿv_©xi ch©v‡q DbœxZ Kiv m¤¢e | wkLb †kLv‡bv Kg©Kv‡Ði
mv_©KZv, mdjZv I wedjZv hvPvB‡qi GKgvÎ DcvqB g~j¨vqb| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki eZ©gvb g~j¨vqb c×wZ ¯§…wZwbf©i| G c«wµhvq
g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wkÿv_©x‡ì ¯§…wZwbf©iZvi Ici ‡Rvi †Ìqv nq | Zviv Z_¨ g‡b ivLv wb‡q e¨¯Í n‡q c‡o| d‡j
wkÿv_©x‡ì Abyaveb, c«‡qvM, ms‡kølY, we‡kølY, g~j¨vqb I wb‡R¯^ fvebv wPšÍv c«‡qvM Kivi my‡hvM Kg _v‡K| djkÖ‛wZ‡Z wkÿv_©xiv
c«v_wgK ¯Íi DËxY© nIqvi ciI G ¯Í‡ii Rb¨ wba©vwiZ †hvM¨Zv AR©b Ki‡Z mg_© nq bv| G mgm¨v `~i Kivi Rb¨ wkLbdjwfwËK
g~j¨vqb GLb mg‡qi `vwe| eZ©gvb Awa‡ek‡b Áv‡bi wewfbœ ¯Í‡i c«kœ Kivi †K․kj I wewfbœ c«‡kœi •ewkó¨ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡q‡Q| Avkv Kiv hvq †h, G Awa‡ekbwU c«v_wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿK‡ì Rb¨ Avkvbyiƒc dj e‡q Avb‡e|
mgq: 3 NÈv
wkLbdj: G Awa‡ekb †k‡l cÖwkÿYv_©xMY-
1. wkLbdjwfwËK c«kœ c«Yq‡bi †K․kj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
2. wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ c«kœ c«Yqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
c×wZ/‡KŠkj: cvIqvi c‡q›U Dc¯’vcb, `‡j KvR I hvPvB, Dc¯’vcb, djveZ©b BZ¨vw`|
DcKiY: Z_¨cÎ, j¨vcUc, c«‡R±i, c«_g ‡_‡K cÂg †k«wYi evsjv eB, c«v_wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿvµg, †cv÷vi †ccvi, wfcKvW©, gvK©vi /
mvBb‡cb BZ¨vw`|
KvR-1: wkLbdjwfwËK c«kœ c«Yq‡bi †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Kiv mgq: 20 wgwbU
25
26
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 c~‡e©i Awa‡ek‡b cÖwkÿYv_©xiv †h `‡j KvR K‡iwQ‡jb Zv‡ì †m †gvZv‡eK `‡j em‡Z ejyb|
 Gevi c«wZ `‡j mswkøó Z_¨c‡Îi Ask weZiY Ki‛b|
 `‡j c‡o I Av‡jvPbv K‡i Z_¨c‡Îi welqe¯‘ eyS‡Z mnvqZv Ki‛b|
 †h‡Kv‡bv GK `j ‡_‡K GKRb‡K Z_¨c‡Îi welq Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ejyb|
 Zv‡ì Dc¯’vcb †k‡l Ab¨ `‡ji †Kv‡bv bZyb welq _vK‡j Zv ms‡hvRb Ki‡Z ejyb|
 mK‡ji gZvgZ wbb Ges Avcbvi gZvgZ w`‡q G KvR †kl Ki‛b|
KvR-2: wkLbdjwfwËK cÖkc

œ Î cÖYqb mgq: 2NÈv 30 wgwbU
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì c~‡e©i `‡j em‡Z e‡j GK GK `j‡K GK GK †k«wYi evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK, †cv÷vi †ccvi, gvK©vi mswkøó
†k«wYi wkÿvµg I c«‡qvRbxq Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY miein Ki‛b|
 c«wZ `j‡K wkLbd‡ji Dci wfwË K‡i Áv‡bi c«wZ ¯Íi (Áb, Abyaveb, c«‡qvM, ms‡kølY, we‡kølY I g~j¨vqb) †_‡K
GKwU K‡i c«kœ c«Yqb Ki‡Z ejyb|
 c«‡kœi aib n‡e iPbvg~jK I •be¨©wËK (eûwbe©vPbx, k~Y¨¯’vb c~iY I wgjKiY) e‡j w`b|
 c«wZ `‡j c«‡qvRbxq mnqZv c«`vb Ki‛b|
 `jxq KvR †kl n‡j Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ c«¯w‘ Z wb‡Z ejyb|
 †h‡Kv‡bv GK `‡ji KvR Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ejyb|
 Gfv‡e ch©vqµ‡g mKj `‡ji KvR Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ejyb|
 c«wZ `‡ji Dc¯’vcb †k‡l mK‡ji gZvgZ wbb I Avcbvi gZvgZ w`b|
 †Kv‡bv welq A¯úó _vK‡j ¯úó Ki‛b|
g~j¨vqb mgq: 10 wgwbU

mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 wb‡P ewY©Z cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g G Awa‡ek‡bi g~j¨vqb Ki‡eb-

1. MZvbyMwZK g~j¨vqb †_‡K wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vq‡bi cv_©K¨ Kx?
2. wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z wM‡q Avcwb Kx Kx mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Qb?
3. Ávbg~jK †ÿ‡Îi wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii cÖkœ cÖYqb Ki‡Z †Kvb †Kvb welq we‡ePbv Kiv ìKvi Ges †Kb ?
26
27
lô w`b cÖ_g Awa‡ekb
evsjv fvlv †kLv‡bv Kvh©µg ch©‡eÿY, ¯^-AbywPšÍb, djveZ©b I

Dbœqb mvab
f~wgKv: Avgiv Rvwb †h, hyrmB DcKiY mn‡hv‡M cÖYxZ cvVcwiKíbv Abyhvqx †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbvi gva¨‡g
wkÿv_©xi wkLb‡K Z¡ivwš^Z Kiv m¤¢e| Avi Gi mdjZv hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj ch©‡eÿY, ¯^ -AbywPšÍb I djveZ©‡bi f~wgKv
Awb¯^xKvh©| GB we‡ePbv †_‡KB G Awa‡ek‡b †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj ch©‡eÿY, ¯^-AbywPšÍb I djveZ©b cÖ`vb ev MÖn‡Yi eë¯’v ivLv
n‡q‡Q| Avkv Kiv hvq †h, G Awa‡ekbwU wkÿKM‡Yi †ckvMZ `ÿZv Dbœq‡b h‡_ó f~wgKv ivL‡e|
wkLbdj: G Awa‡ekb †k‡l cÖwkÿYv_©xiv
1. evsjv fvlv †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2.¯^-AbywPšÍb QK c~iYc~e©K djveZ©b Abyhvqx evsjv fvlv †kLv‡bv †K․kj Dbœqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
c×wZ/†KŠkj: cÖ‡kœvËi, GKK KvR, `jxq KvR, Dc¯’vcb|

DcKiY: j¨vcUc, gvwë wgwWqv cÖ‡R±i, †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj ch©‡eÿY I ¯^-AbywPšÍb QK|
Awa‡ek‡bi weeiY
KvR-1: evsjv fvlv †kLv‡bv Kvh©µg ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z cviv| mgq: 1 NÈv
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 evsjv fvlv †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj ch©‡eÿY I ¯^-AbywPšÍb QK †cv÷vi †ccv‡i wj‡L ev cvIqvi c‡q‡›U Dc¯’vcb Kiyb|
 c~‡e©i Awa‡ek‡bi †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU `j‡K jUvwii gva¨‡g †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wbe©vPb Ki‛b|
 mswkøó DcKiY mn‡hv‡M cÖYxZ cvVcwiKíbv Abyhvqx wbe©vwPZ wkÿK‡K †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbv I `‡ji Ab¨‡ì
wkÿv_©xi f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z ejyb|
 †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewjAbyhvqx Ab¨‡ì `‡j †kLv‡bv ch©‡eÿY QK c~iY Ki‡Z ejyb|
27
28
KvR-2: ¯^-AbywPšÍb QK c~iYc~e©K djveZ©b Abyhvqx evsjv fvlv †kLv‡bv †KŠkj Dbœqb Ki‡Z cviv
mgq: 20 wgwbU
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 †kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi ci mswkøó wkÿK‡K SUcU ¯^-AbywPšÍb QK c~iY Ki‡Z ejyb|
 cvVcwiKíbvi †cv÷viwU †ev‡W© Szwj‡q c~iYK…Z ¯^-AbywPšÍb Q‡Ki mv‡_ wgj K‡i me `‡ji djveZ©b Abyhvqx
cvVcwiKíbvwU Dbœqb Ki‡Z ejyb|
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 wb‡P ewY©Z cÖkwœ Ui gva¨‡g cÖwkÿYv_©x‡Ì AR©b g~j¨vqb Ki‛b|
- wkÿ‡Ki †ckvMZ `ÿZv Dbœq‡b †kLv‡bv Kvh©µg ch©‡eÿY, m¦-AbywPšÍb I djveZ©b Kxfv‡e mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb
Ki‡e?
Z_¨cÎ lô w`b
cÖ_g Awa‡ekb
†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg ch©‡eÿY QK
wkÿ‡Ki bvg: ZvwiL:
†kÖwY: welq:
cvV¨vsk:
wkLbdj:
1.
2.
3.
4.
cvV ïi‛i mgq: cvV †k‡li mgq: †gvU mgq:
28
29
fvlv`ÿZv †kLv‡bvi Rb¨ wkÿK hv K‡i‡Qb g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wkÿK hv K‡i‡Qb
†kvbv
ejv
cov
†jLv
djveZ©b
¯^-AbywPšÍb QK
fvlv`ÿZv cvVcwiKíbvq ewY©Z cvVcwiKíbvq ewY©Z hv Ki‡j AviI fv‡jv n‡Zv

†kLv‡bv †K․kj Avwg g~j¨vqb †K․kj Avwg
eënvi K‡iwQ (wUK wPý eënvi K‡iwQ (wUK wPý
w`B) w`B)
†kvbv
ejv
29
30
cov
†jLv
cÖ_g w`b wØZxq Awa‡ekb
wkÿvµg : evsjv wel‡qi cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv, AR©‡bvc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv I wkLbdj
f~wgKv: fvlvi gva¨‡g Avgiv g‡bi fve cÖKvk K‡i _vwK| ZvQvov †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖavb evnbI fvlv| g‡bi fve cÖKvk I †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
Rb¨ Avgiv †kvbv, ejv, cov I †jLv- GB PviwU fvlv`ÿZv eënvi K‡i _vwK| ZvB GB PviwU fvlv`ÿZvq wkïi mgvb cvi`k©x
nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| ZvQvov Ab¨vb¨ welq †kLvi gva¨g wn‡m‡eI evsjvfvlvi ¸i‛Z¡ Awb¯^xKvh©| GRb¨ evsjv wel‡qi wkÿvµg m¤ú‡K©
wkÿKM‡Yi mg¨K aviYv _vKv ìKvi|
eqm I mvg_©¨ Abyhvqx wkïi kvixwiK, gvbwmK, Av‡ewMK, mvgvwRK, eyw×e„Ëxq I fvlve„Ëxq weKvk mvab Kiv cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkÿvi
Ab¨Zg jÿ¨| G jÿ¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L PviwU g~j weKv‡ki †ÿÎ wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi G¸‡jv weKv‡ki Rb¨ AvUwU wkLb‡ÿÎ
wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avgiv Rvwb †h, cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkÿv wkïi cÖv_wgK wkÿvi wfwË| ZvB cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkÿvi mdj ev¯Íevqb Z_v
wkÿv_©xi Kvw“ÿZ AR©‡b mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ wkÿKM‡Yi wkÿvµg m¤ú‡K© Rvbv LyeB Ri‛wi| Z‡e welqwfwËK evsjv wel‡qi
¯^íKvjxb cÖwkÿ‡Y Avgiv cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkÿvi Rb¨ †Kej wkLb‡ÿÎ fvlv I †hvMv‡hvM m¤úwK©Z wkÿvµg m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡ev| Avi
cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_©x‡ì fvlv`ÿZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ Avgiv evsjv wel‡qi we¯Í„Z wkÿvµg m¤ú‡K© my¯úó aviYv jvf Ki‡ev|
mgq: 2 NÈv
wkLbdj: G Awa‡ekb †k‡l cÖwkÿv_©xiv
1. cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv wel‡qi cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. cÖvK-cÖv_wgK †kÖwY I cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv wel‡qi AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv Abyhvqx wkLbdj ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
3. cÖvK-cÖv_wgK †kÖwY I cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv wel‡q wkLbd‡ji mv‡_ cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki welqe¯‘i m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
c×wZ/†KŠkj: cvIqvi c‡q›U Dc¯’vcb, cVb, `‡j KvR I Dc¯’vcb|
30
31
DcKiY: j¨vcUc, cÖ‡R±i, †cv÷vi †ccvi, gvK©vi, cÖvK-cÖv_wgK I cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿvµg Ges mswkøó cvV¨cy¯ÍK|
KvR-1: cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv wel‡qi cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv ejv mgq: 25 wgwbU
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 cvIqvi c‡q‡›U evsjv wel‡qi cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv msewjZ ¯øvBW cÖ`k©b Kiæb|
 Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g welqwU ¯úó Ki‛b|
KvR-2: cÖvK-cÖv_wgK †kÖwY I cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv wel‡qi AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv Abyhvqx
wkLbdj ejv mgq: 45 wgwbU
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq

œ ‡jv cvIqvi c‡q‡›U GK GK K‡i cÖ`k©b K‡i Av‡jvPbv Ki‛b|
- cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv I welqwfwËK cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zvi g‡a¨ m¤úK© Kx ?
- cÖvK-cÖv_wgK †kÖwY‡Z cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv bv _vKvi KviY Kx ?
- welqwfwËK cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv I †kÖwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zvi g‡a¨ m¤úK© Kx ?
- †kÖwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv I wkLbd‡ji g‡a¨ m¤úK© Kx ?
 cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì‡K QqwU `‡j fvM K‡i cÖwZ `‡j GKwU K‡i wba©vwiZ cvV¨vsk w`b|
`j †kÖwY welqe¯‘ cvV¨vsk
1 cÖvK-cÖv_wgK Qov †h‡Kv‡bv
2 cÖ_g Kjg awi| Kjg K j g K
3 wØZxq Rjcwi I KvVz‡i GK e‡b wQj .... Kuv`‡Z jvMj|
4 Z…Zxq ZvjMvQ ZvjMvQ GKcv‡q .... cv‡e cvLv †m|
5 PZz_© †gv‡ì evsjv †gv‡ì †`‡ki .... evsjv fvlv|
fvlv
6 cÂg AevK Rjcvb cw_K| bvt GKUz Rj .... ej‡Z nq|
 cÖ‡Z¨K `‡j cvV¨cy¯ÍK, †cv÷vi KvMR, gvK©vi, †¯ø BZ¨vw` cÖ‡qwRbxq mvgwMÖ weZiY Kiæb|
 `‡j Av‡jvPbv K‡i mswkøó cvV¨vs‡ki fvlv`ÿZv I †m Abyhvqx wkLbdj¸‡jv wb‡P cÖ`Ë Q‡K †cv÷vi †ccv‡i wjL‡Z ejyb|
fvlv`ÿZv wkLbdj
 †jLv †k‡l `jxq KvR Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ejyb|
31
32
 cÖ‡qvR‡b gy³ Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv wkLbdj ev` c‡o‡Q wKbv Zv wVK Ki‡Z ejyb| ev` co‡j Zv ms‡hvRb Ki‡Z
ejyb|
KvR- 3: cÖvK-cÖv_wgK †kÖwY I cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv wel‡q wkLbd‡ji mv‡_ cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki welqe¯‘i m¤úK© wbY©q Kiv
mgq: 45 wgwbU
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 `j wVK †i‡L cÖwZ `‡j †kÖwYwfwËK we¯ÍvwiZ wkÿvµg I mswkøó cvV¨cy¯ÍK w`b|
 `‡j Av‡jvPbv K‡i †Kvb †kÖwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zvi Rb¨ †Kvb welqe¯‘ wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv kbv³ Ki‡Z
ejyb|
 †mB mv‡_ mswkøó †kÖwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv Abyhvqx wkÿv_©xi wkLbdj AR©‡b welqe¯‘ KZUv msMwZc~Y© Zv c‡q›U
AvKv‡i wjL‡Z ejyb|
 `jxq KvR Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ejyb| cÖ‡qvR‡b djveZ©b w`b|
 me‡k‡l wb‡P ewY©Z GKwU cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zvi †ÿ‡Î †kÖwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zvi Dj¤^ I Avbyf~wgK web¨v‡m cwimi
e„w×i welqwU cvIqvi c‡q›U/ †cv÷vi cÖ`k©‡bi gva¨‡g Av‡jvPbv K‡i ¯úó Ki‛b| †hgb,
fvlv`ÿZv : †kvbv- 1. evsjv fvlvi MVb-•ewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Kiv|
†kÖwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zvi cwimi e„w×

Avbyf~wgK
cÖ_g †kÖwY wØZxq †kÖwY Z…Zxq †kÖwY PZz_© †kÖwY cÂg †kÖwY
1.1 evK¨ I k‡ã 1.1 evK¨ I k‡ã 1.1 evsjv eY© I 1.1 evsjv hy³eY© 1.1 evsjv hy³eY©
Dj eëüZ evsjv eY©gvjvi eëüZ evsjv hy³eY© mn‡hv‡M mn‡hv‡M MwVZ kã mn‡hv‡M MwVZ
¤^ aŸwb I wbe©vwPZ hy³e‡Y©i aŸwb MwVZ kã ï‡b ï‡b eyS‡Z cvi‡e| kã ï‡b eyS‡Z
hy³e‡Y©i aŸwb g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i eyS‡Z cvi‡e| cvi‡e|
g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i ïb‡e|
ïb‡e|
1.2 KviwPýnxb I 1.2 wewfbœ kã I 1.2 cwiwPZ I 1.2 mnR evK¨ 1.2 mnR evK¨
KviwPýhy³ kã Ges †QvU †QvU evK¨ cv‡V eëüZ kã ï‡b eyS‡Z cvi‡e| ï‡b eyS‡Z
Abyiƒc kã‡hv‡M evK¨ ï‡b eyS‡Z cvi‡e| w`‡q MwVZ evK¨ cvi‡e|
ïb‡e| ï‡b eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
1.3 wb‡`©kbv, cÖk,œ 1.3 wb‡`©kbv, 1.3 wb‡`©kbv, cÖk,œ 1.3 wb‡`©kbv, cÖk,œ 1.3 wb‡`©kbv,
Aby‡iva BZ¨vw` ï‡b cÖk,œ Aby‡iva Aby‡iva, †NvlYv Aby‡iva, †NvlYv, cÖk,œ Aby‡iva,
eyS‡Z cvi‡e| ï‡b eyS‡Z ï‡b eyS‡Z cvi‡e| Av‡`k ï‡b eyS‡Z †NvlYv, Av‡`k,
cvi‡e| cvi‡e| Dc‡`k ï‡b
eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
32
33
 †kvbv, ejv, cov, †jLv fvlv`ÿZvi Ab¨ GKwU K‡i cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zvi †ÿ‡Î †kÖwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zvi cwimi
e„w× `‡j kbv³ K‡i ej‡Z ejyb|
 mKj‡K g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i jÿ Ki‡Z ejyb|
 wb‡Pi cÖkwœ Ui DËi K‡qKR‡bi KvQ †_‡K Rvb‡eb|

¯^-AbywPšÍbg~jK cÖk:œ †Kv‡bv †hvM¨Zvi Avbyf‚wgK I Dj¤^ web¨vm †R‡b Avcbvi jvf Kx ?
Z_¨cÎ cÖ_g w`b
wØZxq Awa‡ekb
†Kv‡bv fvlv AvqË Kivi A_© n‡‛Q fvlvi PviwU †g․wjK `ÿZvq mgvb cvi`wk©Zv _vKv| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e Gi e¨wZµg †`Lv hvq| ZvB
Avgv‡ì AviI hZœevb nIqv ìKvi| wkÿv_©x‡K evsjvfvlvq `ÿZv AR©‡b mnvqZv Kivi A_© n‡‛Q †kvbv, ejv, cov I †jLvq
mgvbfv‡e cvi`k©x K‡i †Zvjv| Avgiv Rvwb †h, fvlv`ÿZv AR©‡bi GKwU me©RbMÖvn¨ µg i‡q‡Q| wkïi fvlv`ÿZv AR©‡bi GB
µgwU n‡‛Q- †kvbv ejv cov †jLv
mvaviYZ †Kv‡bv fvlv †kLvi Rb¨ wkï cÖ_‡gB †mB fvlvwU †kv‡b| c‡i AbyKiY K‡i ûeû e‡j| Zvici Zvi cwiwPZ RM‡Zi Ici
bvbv ai‡bi †jLv ax‡i ax‡i co‡Z †k‡L| me‡k‡l wjL‡Z †k‡L| myZivs †`Lv hv‡‛Q †h, wkïi †kvbvi `ÿZvi mv‡_ ejv I covi
`ÿZvi mv‡_ †jLvi m¤úK©wU IZcÖ‡Zvfv‡e RwoZ| ZvB fvlv †kLvi eB¸‡jv‡Z Avgiv wb‡`©kbv †`L‡Z cvB- ïwb I ewj; ïwb, ewj,
cwo I wjwL| Avevi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv wb‡`©kbvB _v‡K bv| Gi A_© n‡‛Q, cvVwU ïwb, ewj, cwo I wjwL fvlv`ÿZv Øviv
wb‡`©wkZ| Z‡e G K_v g‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb †h, fvlv`ÿZv †gvUvgywUfv‡e AR©b n‡q †M‡j †kvbvi `ÿZv hvPvB‡qi †ÿ‡Î †hgb ejv I
†jLv `ÿZv eënvi Kiv hvq †Zgwb cov `ÿZv hvPvB‡qi †ÿ‡ÎI ejv I †jLv `ÿZv eënvi Kiv hvq| GRb¨B ejv n‡q _v‡K, me
fvlv`ÿZvq mgvbfv‡e †Rvi †Ìqv cÖ‡qvRb|
ï‡b I c‡o wkï †Kv‡bv welq m¤ú‡K© mvaviY aviYvmn wKQz Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i _v‡K| ZvB †kvbv I cov `ÿZv‡K MÖnYg~jK `ÿZv ejv
nq| Avevi e‡j I wj‡L wkï kÖ‛Z ev cwVZ wel‡qi †evaMg¨Zv cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K| ZvB ejv I †jLv `ÿZv‡K cÖKvkg~jK `ÿZv ejv
nq| GB PviwU `ÿZvi mgvb Abykxj‡bi my‡hvM wkï‡K fvlv †kLvq cvi`k©x K‡i| GRb¨ cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿvµ‡g ewY©Z evsjv
wel‡qi welqwfwËK cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv fvlv`ÿZv Abyhvqx wba©vwiZ|
GKUz †Lqvj Ki‡jB †`Lv hv‡e †h, cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv‡K g~j a‡i cÖ‡hvR¨
†hvM¨Zvmg~n bvbvfv‡e wel‡qi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx AviI we¯Í…Zfv‡e welqwfwËK cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zvq web¨vm Kiv n‡q‡Q| A_©vr cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii
cvV¨cy¯ÍK¸‡jv fv‡jvfv‡e c‡o wkÿv_©xiv welqwfwËK †hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g g~jZ GB ¯Í‡ii cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zvmg~nB AR©b Ki‡Q|
33
34
cÖvK-cÖv_wgK †kÖwY n‡‛Q cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii cÖ‡ekK| ZvB GwU‡K †Kv‡bv ¯Í‡i we‡ePbv Kiv nqwb| GwU‡K GKwU †kÖwY wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv
K‡i AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| G Kvi‡YB cÖvK-cÖv_wgK †kÖwY‡Z †Kv‡bv cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv †bB|
Avgiv Rvwb †h, wkÿvµg Abyhvqx cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zmg~n AR©‡bi Rb¨ Avgvi evsjv eB, Englis for Today, MwYZ,
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq BZ¨vw` cvV¨cy¯ÍK welq wn‡m‡e wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU wel‡qi Rb¨ †h wba©vwiZ †hvM¨Zv Zv n‡jv
welqwfwËK cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv| Avevi wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv wel‡qi KZUzKy †Kvb †kÖwY‡Z AR©b Ki‡e Zv wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q †kÖwYwfwËK AR©b
Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zvq| Avevi †kÖwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv Abyhvqx wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv †kÖwY‡Z wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv cv‡V wkÿv_©x Kx KZUzKz
wkL‡e Zv wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q wkLbd‡ji gva¨‡g| wb‡P ewY©Z Q‡Ki gva¨‡g welqwU AviI ¯úó Kiv n‡jv|
cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv
†kÖwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv
welqwfwËK cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv
wkLbdj
evsjv fvlv : cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv
34
35
†kvbv
1. evsjv fvlvi MVb-•ewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Kiv|

2. Qov, KweZv, iƒcK_v, Mí BZ¨vw` kÖ‚wZMÖvn¨ mvwnZ¨ ï‡b eyS‡Z cviv I Avb›` jvf Kiv|
3. K‡_vcK_b, eY©bv BZ¨vw` kÖ‚wZMÖvn¨ welq ï‡b eyS‡Z cviv|
ejv
1. evsjv fvlvi MVb-•ewkó¨ m¤úwK©Z aviYv cÖ‡qvM K‡i K_v ej‡Z cviv|
2. Qov, KweZv, iƒcK_v, Mí, K‡_vcK_b, eY©bv BZ¨vw` ey‡S ej‡Z cviv|
3. mncvVx I Ab¨‡ì m‡½ cÖwgZ D‛Pvi‡Y K_v ej‡Z cviv|
4. wewfbœ wel‡q gZvgZ cÖ`vb I Abyf~wZ e¨³ Ki‡Z cviv|
cov
1. ¯úó, ï× I cÖwgZ D‛Pvi‡Y mvejxjfv‡e co‡Z cviv|

2. Qov, KweZv, iƒcK_v, Mí, K‡_vcK_b, eY©bv BZ¨vw` c‡o g~jfve eyS‡Z cviv|
3. nv‡Zi †jLv I gyw`ªZ †jLv co‡Z cviv|
†jLv
1. ¯úó, cwi‛Qbœ I ï×fv‡e wjL‡Z cviv|

2. Qov, KweZv, iƒcK_v, Mí, K‡_vcK_b, eY©bv BZ¨vwì welqe¯‘ I g~jfve ey‡S
wjL‡Z cviv|
3. ch©‡e¶Y, AwfÁZv I g‡bvfve BZ¨vw` ï× I ¯úófv‡e wb‡Ri fvlvq wj‡L cÖKvk Ki‡Z cviv|
4. mvaviY wPwV I ìLv¯Í wjL‡Z cviv Ges dig c~iY Ki‡Z cviv
35
36
Avek¨Kxq wkLbµg
welqwfwËK †kªwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv

cÖvwšÍK cÖ_g †kªwY wØZxq †kªwY Z…Zxq †kªwY PZz_© †kªwY cÂg †kªwY
†hvM¨Zv
fvlv`¶Zv :
†kvbv
36
37
1. evsjv fvlvi 1.1 evK¨ I k‡ã 1.1 evK¨ I 1.1 evsjv eY© I 1.1 evsjv hy³eY© 1.2 evsjv hy³eY© mn‡hv‡M
MVb-•ewkó¨ eëüZ evsjv k‡ã hy³eY© mn‡hv‡M MwVZ mn‡hv‡M MwVZ kã MwVZ kã ï‡b eyS‡Z
m¤ú‡K© aviYv eY©gvjvi aŸwb I eëüZ kã ï‡b eyS‡Z ï‡b eyS‡Z cvi‡e| cvi‡e|
jvf Kiv| wbe©vwPZ hy³e‡Y©i evsjv cvi‡e|
aŸwb g‡bv‡hvM hy³e‡Y©
mnKv‡i ïb‡e| i aŸwb
g‡bv‡h
1.2 KviwPýnxb I vM
KviwPýhy³ kã 1.2 mnR evK¨ ï‡b 1.2 mnR evK¨ ï‡b eyS‡Z
mnKv‡
Ges Abyiƒc 1.2 cwiwPZ I cv‡V eyS‡Z cvi‡e| cvi‡e|
i
kã‡hv‡M evK¨ eëüZ kã
ïb‡e|
ïb‡e| w`‡q MwVZ
evK¨ ï‡b
eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
1.2 wewfbœ 1.3 wb‡`©kbv, cÖkœ, 1.3 wb‡`©kbv, cÖkœ, Aby‡iva,
1.3 wb‡`©kbv, cÖkœ, kã I Aby‡iva, †NvlYv, †NvlYv, Av‡`k, Dc‡`k
Aby‡iva BZ¨vw` †QvU Av‡`k ï‡b ï‡b eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
ï‡b eyS‡Z †QvU eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
cvi‡e| evK¨ 1.3 wb‡`©kbv, cÖkœ,
ï‡b Aby‡iva,
eyS‡Z †NvlYv ï‡b
cvi‡e| eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
1.3
wb
‡`©
k
bv,
cÖ
kœ,
A
by‡
iv
a
ï‡
b
ey
S‡
Z
cv
37
i‡
e|
38
2. Qov, KweZv, 2.1 Qov I KweZv ï‡b 2.1 Qov I 2.1 Qov I KweZv 2.1 Qov I KweZv 2.1 Qov I KweZv ï‡b g~j
iƒcK_v, Mí Avb›` jvf Ki‡e| KweZv ï‡b g~j welq ï‡b g~j welq I welq I fve Abyaveb
BZ¨vw` ï‡b eyS‡Z cvi‡e| fve eyS‡Z Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
kÖ‚wZMÖvn¨ eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
mvwnZ¨ ï‡b cvi‡e
eyS‡Z cviv I 2.2 MíK_v ï‡b eyS‡Z I
Avb›` jvf Kiv| cvi‡e I Avb›` Avb›` 2.2 Mí I DcK_v 2.2 Mí I iƒcK_v ï‡b NUbv,
jvf Ki‡e| jvf ï‡b g~j welq 2.2 Mí I iƒcK_v g~j welq I fve eyS‡Z I
Ki‡e| eyS‡Z cvi‡e| ï‡b g~j welq I Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
fve eyS‡Z
cvi‡e|
2.2 Mí
ï‡b
eyS‡Z
cvi‡e
I
Avb›`
jvf
Ki‡e|
38
3. K‡_vcK_b, 3.1 cwiPqg~jK 3.1 3.1 cwiwPZ wel‡q 3.1 wba©vwiZ wel‡q 3.1 bvU‡Ki msjvc I eY©bv ï‡b
eY©bv, msjvc K‡_vcK_b I cwi K‡_vcK_b I K‡_vcK_b I eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
BZ¨vw` ï‡b eY©bv ï‡b eyS‡Z Pqg~j eY©bv ï‡b eY©bv ï‡b eyS‡Z
39 eyS‡Z cviv| cvi‡e K eyS‡Z cvi‡e| cvi‡e|
K‡_vc
3.2 mncvVx I cwiwPZ K_b I 3.2 - 3.2 - 3.2 -
e¨w³i bvg ï‡b eY©bv
g‡b ivL‡Z ï‡b
cvi‡e| eyS‡Z
3.3 cvwLi eY©bv 3.3 - 3.3 -
cvi‡e
3.3 cwiwPZ dzj, dj, ï‡b eyS‡Z
|
is, cïcvwL cvi‡e|
BZ¨vwì bvg ï‡b 3.2
g‡b ivL‡Z -
cvi‡e| 3.4 evsjv‡`‡ki 3.4 mnR wel‡q Av‡jvPbv
cÖvK…wZK ï‡b g~jfve eyS‡Z
3.4 mvZ w`‡bi bvg ï‡b cvi‡e|
3.4 - •ewP‡Îï eY©bv
g‡b ivL‡Z 3.3 cwiwPZ
ï‡b eyS‡Z
cvi‡e| dzj,
cvi‡e|
dj,
is, 3.5 cÖ_g †_‡K 3.5 cv‡V I Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡Î
cïcvw `kg ch©šÍ eëüZ msL¨vevPK kã
L, µgevPK kã 3.5 cÖ_g †_‡K wesk ï‡b eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
MvQcv ï‡b eyS‡Z ch©šÍ µgevPK
3.5 GK †_‡K wek ch©šÍ
jv, cvi‡e| Ges GK †_‡K
MYbvevPK kã
b`x `k ch©šÍ
ï‡b eyS‡Z cvi‡e
BZ¨vw` ZvwiLevPK kã
i eY©bv ï‡b eyS‡Z
ky‡b cvi‡e|
eyS‡Z
cvi‡e
|
3.4 evsjv
evi
gvm I
Qq
FZzi
bvg
ï‡b
g‡b
ivL‡Z
I welq
eyS‡Z
cvi‡e
|
3.5 GK 39
†_‡K
GK k
ch©šÍ
MYbvev
40
fvlv`¶Zv : ejv
40
41
1. evsjv 1.1 evK¨ I k‡ã 1.1 evK¨ I 1.1 hy³eY© 1.1 hy³eY© 1.1 hy³eY© mn‡hv‡M •Zix
fvlvi eëüZ evsjv k‡ã mn‡hv‡M •Zix mn‡hv‡M •Zix kã I Abyiƒc kãhy³
MVb- eY©gvjvi aŸwb I eëü kã I kãhy³ kã I Giƒc evK¨ ¯úó I ï×fv‡e
•ewkó¨ wbe©vwPZ hy³e‡Y©i Z evK¨ ¯úó I kãhy³ evK¨ ej‡Z cvi‡e|
m¤úwK©Z aŸwb ¯úó I evsjv ï×fv‡e ¯úó I
aviYv ï×fv‡e ej‡Z hy³e‡ ej‡Z cvi‡e| ï×fv‡e
cÖ‡qvM cvi‡e| Y©i ej‡Z cvi‡e|
K‡i aŸwb 1.2 -
K_v 1.2 KviwPýnxb I ¯úó I
ej‡Z KviwPýhy³ kã ï×fv‡
cviv ej‡Z cvi‡e| e 1.2
1.2 -
ej‡Z
cvi‡e 1.3 wb‡`©k w`‡Z Ges
| Aby‡iva, cÖkœ I †NvlYv
1.3 Aby‡iva I cÖkœ
Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
1.3 Aby‡iva, cÖkœ I
1.3 Aby‡iva I cÖkœ †NvlYv Ki‡Z
1.2 Ki‡Z cvi‡e| cvi‡e|
-
1.3
Aby‡
iva
I
cÖkœ
Ki‡
Z
cvi‡
e|
41
2. Qov, 2.1 cvV¨ I cvV- 2.1 cvV¨ I 2.1 cvV¨ I cvV- 2.1 cvV¨ I cvV- 2.1 cÖwgZ D‛Pvi‡Y I Q›`
KweZv, ewnf©~Z Qov I cvV- ewnf©~Z Qov I ewnf©~Z Qov I eRvq †i‡L KweZv Ave„wË
iƒcK_v, KweZv ¯úófv‡e ewnf©~Z KweZv KweZv mwVK Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
42 Mí, ej‡Z cvi‡e| Qov I kÖeY‡hvM¨ Q‡›` Ave„wË
K‡_vcK KweZv ¯^‡i Ave„wË Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
_b, 2.2 - Ave„wË Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
eY©bv Ki‡Z 2.2 KweZv m¤úwK©Z cÖ‡kœi
BZ¨vw` cvi‡e DËi Ges KweZvi g~jfve
ey‡S [ | 2.2 KweZv m¤úwK©Z ej‡Z cvi‡e|
ej‡Z 2.2 Qov I cÖ‡kœi DËi Ges
2.3 Qwe †`‡L Mí ej‡Z KweZvi g~j KweZvi g~jfve 2.3 -
cviv| 2.2 Qov I
cvi‡e| welq ej‡Z ej‡Z cvi‡e|
KweZv
i cvi‡e|
2.4 Mí m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z 2.3 -
cvi‡e| welqe 2.4 Mí I iƒcK_vi g~j welq
¯‘ I fve ej‡Z cvi‡e|
2.5 cwiPqg~jK m¤ú‡K© 2.3 Qwe †`‡L Mí
K‡_vcK_‡b ej‡Z ej‡Z cvi‡e| 2.4 Mí I iƒcK_vi 2.5 bvU‡Ki msjvc ej‡Z
AskMÖnY Ki‡Z I cvi‡e g~j welq I fve cvi‡e I wbw`©ó welq
eY©bv Ki‡Z | 2.4 Mí I DcK_vi ej‡Z cvi‡e| eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
cvi‡e| g~j welq
[ ej‡Z cvi‡e| 2.5 K‡_vcK_‡b
2.6 cwiwPZ dzj, dj, [ AskMÖnY Ki‡Z
is, cïcvwL 2.5 K‡_vcK_‡b I wewfbœ welq 2.6 -
BZ¨vwì bvg ej‡Z 2.3 Qwe AskMÖnY eY©bv Ki‡Z
cvi‡e| †`‡L Ki‡Z I mnR cvi‡e|
Mí welq eY©bv
ej‡Z Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
cvi‡e
2.7 mvZ w`‡bi bvg | 2.6 -
ej‡Z cvi‡e| 2.7 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK
2.4 Mí 2.6 cvwLi eY©bv •ewPÎ¨ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z
2.8 GK †_‡K wek ch©šÍ m¤ú‡K© Ki‡Z cvi‡e cvi‡e|
MYbvevPK kã ej‡Z I mswk-ó
ej‡Z cvi‡e| cvi‡e cÖkœ Ki‡Z I 2.8 cv‡V I Ab¨vb¨ iPbvq
| DËi w`‡Z 2.7 evsjv‡`‡ki
eëüZ msL¨vevPK kã
cvi‡e| cÖvK…wZK •ewPÎ¨
ej‡Z cvi‡e|
2.5 m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z
K‡_vc cvi‡e|
K_‡b
AskMÖ 2.7 - 2.8 cÖ_g †_‡K wesk
nY ch©šÍ µgevPK
Ki‡Z I GK †_‡K `k
I ch©šÍ ZvwiLevPK
wewfbœ 2.8 cÖ_g †_‡K kã ï×fv‡e
welq `kg ch©šÍ ej‡Z cvi‡e|
eY©bv µgevPK kã
Ki‡Z ï×fv‡e
cvi‡e ej‡Z cvi‡e|
42
|
43
3. mncvVx 3.1 cÖwgZ PwjZ 3.1 cÖwgZ 3.1 †kªwYK‡¶ 3.1 cÖwgZ PwjZ 3.1 cÖwgZ PwjZ D‛Pvi‡Y
I D‛Pvi‡Y K_v ejv PwjZ wb‡Ri I D‛Pvi‡Y Rvbv mK‡ji m‡½ K_v ej‡Z
Ab¨‡ì Abykxjb Ki‡Z D‛Pvi‡ mncvVx‡ì welqe¯‘ eywS‡q cvi‡e|
m‡½ cvi‡e| Y K_v cwiPq cÖwgZ ej‡Z cvi‡e|
cÖwgZ ej‡Z PwjZ D‛Pvi‡Y
D‛Pvi‡Y cvi‡e ej‡Z cvi‡e|
K_v | 3.2 AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK
ej‡Z 3.1 m¤§vbm~PK m‡¤^vab 3.2 web‡qi mv‡_ 3.2 m¤§vb cÖ`k©b K‡i cwi‡e‡k †g․wLK Avè-
cviv| Ki‡Z cvi‡e| m‡¤^vab K‡i web‡qi m‡½ Kvq`vmn K_v ej‡Z
AbygwZ PvB‡Z cÖwgZ PwjZ cvi‡e|
3.2 I K_v ej‡Z D‛Pvi‡Y K_v
m¤§vbm~ cvi‡e| ej‡Z cvi‡e|
PK
m¤¢vlY
Ki‡Z
cvi‡e
|
4. wewfbœ 4.1 mnR wel‡q Abyf~wZ 4.1 4.1 †`Lv NUbv 4.1 †`Lv NUbvi 4.1 wewfbœ wel‡q Abyf~wZ I
wel‡q e¨³ Ki‡Z cvi‡e| †kÖwYK‡ m¤ú‡K© K_v wel‡q gZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
gZvgZ ¶ ej‡Z cvi‡e| Awfe¨w³mn gZ
cÖ`vb I cwVZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z
Abyf~wZ welq cvi‡e|
e¨³ m¤ú‡K©
Ki‡Z wb‡Ri
cviv| Abyf~wZ
e¨³
Ki‡Z
welq : evsjv fvlv cvi‡e
|
43
44
welqwfwËK cÖvwšÍK †kªwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv

†hvM¨Zv cÖ_g †kªwY wØZxq †kªwY Z…Zxq †kªwY PZz_© †kªwY cÂg †kªwY
fvlv`¶Zv : cov
1. ¯úó, ï× I 1.1 evsjv eY©gvjv 1.1 - 1.1 - 1.1 - 1.1 -
cÖwgZ D‛Pvi‡Y co‡Z cvi‡e|
mvejxjfv‡e
co‡Z cviv| 1.2 e‡Y©i m‡½ KviwPý
hy³ K‡i co‡Z 1.2 - 1.2 - 1.2 - 1.2 -
cvi‡e|
1.3 wbe©vwPZ K‡qKwU

1.3 hy³e¨Äb co‡Z
hy³e¨Äb co‡Z
cvi‡e|
cvi‡e| 1.3 hy³e¨Äb ¯úó I ï× 1.3 hy³e¨Äb-msewjZ 1.3 cv‡V I mggv‡bi eB‡q
D‛Pvi‡Y co‡Z kã I evK¨ ï×fv‡e eëüZ hy³e¨Äb-
1.4 cvV¨cy¯ÍK I
cvi‡e| co‡Z cvi‡e| msewjZ kã I evK¨
mggv‡bi eB‡qi 1.4 cvV¨cy¯ÍK I ky×fv‡e co‡Z cvi‡e|
kã I evK¨ co‡Z mggv‡bi eB‡qi kã 1.4 cvV¨cy¯ÍK I 1.4 cvV¨cy¯ÍK I mggv‡bi
cvi‡e| I evK¨ cÖwgZ mggv‡bi eB‡qi kã eB‡qi kã I evK¨ 1.4 cvV¨cy¯ÍK I mggv‡bi
I evK¨ kªeY‡hvM¨ kªeY‡hvM¨ ¯úó ¯^‡i I eB‡qi cvV kÖeY‡hvM¨
D‛Pvi‡Y co‡Z
¯^‡i I cÖwgZ cÖwgZ D‛Pvi‡Y ¯úó ¯^‡i I cÖwgZ
cvi‡e|
D‛Pvi‡Y co‡Z h_vm¤¢e ¯^vfvweK D‛Pvi‡Y mvejxjfv‡e
1.5 ùvwo weivgwPýwU
co‡Z cvi‡e|
wP‡b evK¨ co‡Z [ cvi‡e| MwZ‡Z co‡Z cvi‡e|
cvi‡e| [ 1.5 weivgwPý †`‡L 1.5 weivgwPý †`‡L A_©hwZ
mvejxjfv‡e ¯ÍeK I I k¦vmhwZ eRvq †i‡L
1.5 ùvwo, cÖk‡œ evaK, 1.5 wewfbœ weivgwPý wP‡b ¯ÍeK I Aby‡‛Q` co‡Z
Aby‡‛Q` co‡Z
Kgv weivgwPý wP‡b ¯^vfvweKfv‡e evK¨ I cvi‡e|
cvi‡e|
evK¨ co‡Z cvi‡e| PiY co‡Z cvi‡e|
44
45

2. Qov, KweZv, 2.1 mnR Qov KweZv 2.1 cÖwgZ D‛Pvi‡Y Qov 2.1 cÖwgZ D‛Pvi‡Y Qov I 2.1 Q›` wVK †i‡L cÖwgZ 2.1 cvVëB I mggv‡bi
iƒcK_v, Mí, co‡Z cvi‡e| I KweZv co‡Z KweZv co‡Z cvi‡e| D‛Pvi‡Y, ¯^vfvweK eB‡qi Qov I KweZv
K‡_vcK_b, cvi‡e| MwZ‡Z Qov I KweZv c‡o g~jfve eyS‡Z
eY©bv BZ¨vw` co‡Z cvi‡e I cvi‡e|
c‡o g~jfve g~jfve eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
eyS‡Z cviv|
2.2 - 2.2 cÖwgZ D‛Pvi‡Y Qov I 2.2 Qov I KweZv mwVK
2.2 cÖwgZ D‛Pvi‡Y Qov KweZv Ave„wË Ki‡Z Q‡›`, ¯îfw½‡Z, cÖwgZ 2.2 cvVëB I mggv‡bi
D‛Pvi‡Y, ¯^vfvweK eB‡qi Qov I KweZv
I KweZv Ave„wË cvi‡e| mvejxjfv‡e Ave„wË
MwZ‡Z Ave„wË Ki‡Z
Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
cvi‡e|
2.3 - 2.3 - 2.3 -
2.4 MíK_v c‡o 2.3 -
2.4 MíK_v I DcK_v c‡o 2.4 MíK_v I iƒcK_v 2.3 -
eyS‡Z cvi‡e| 2.4 MíK_v I iƒcK_v eyS‡Z cvi‡e| c‡o welq I fve 2.4 MíK_v I iƒcK_v c‡o
c‡o eyS‡Z cvi‡e| eyS‡Z cvi‡e| g~j welq I fve eyS‡Z
2.5 K‡_vcK_b I eY©bv cvi‡e|
2.5 K‡_vcK_b I 2.5 K‡_vcK_b I eY©bv c‡o welq I fve
eY©bv co‡Z 2.5 K‡_vcK_b I eY©bv cÖwgZ D‛Pvi‡Y c‡o eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
cvi‡e| c‡o eyS‡Z cvi‡e| eyS‡Z cvi‡e| 2.5 bvU‡Ki msjvc I wbw`©ó
2.6 - wel‡qi eY©bv c‡o eyS‡Z
2.6 cvwLi eY©bv co‡Z I
welqe¯‘ eyS‡Z cvi‡e| cvi‡e|
2.6 cwiwPZ dzj, dj, 2.6 cwiwPZ dzj, dj,
is, cïcvwL is, cïcvwL, 2.6 -
BZ¨vwì bvg MvQcvjv, b`x BZ¨vw`
co‡Z cvi‡e| wel‡q co‡Z I welq 2.7 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK
eyS‡Z cvi‡e| •ewPÎ¨ wel‡q eY©bv
2.7 mvZ w`‡bi bvg 2.7 - eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
co‡Z cvi‡e| 2.7 evsjv ev‡iv gvm I 2.7 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK
Qq FZzi bvg co‡Z 2.8 cÖ_g †_‡K wesk ch©šÍ •ewPÎ¨ wel‡q eY©bv
I welq eyS‡Z 2.8 µgevPK I GK
cÖ_g †_‡K `kg ch©šÍ eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
†_‡K `k ch©šÍ 45
2.8 GK †_‡K wek cvi‡e| µgevPK kã co‡Z
ZvwiLevPK kã co‡Z 2.8 cv‡V I Ab¨vb¨ iPbvq
ch©šÍ MYbvevPK cvi‡e|
cvi‡e|
kã co‡Z cvi‡e| 2.8 GK †_‡K GK k eëüZ msL¨vevPK kã
ch©šÍ MYbvevPK kã co‡Z cvi‡e|
46

3. nv‡Zi †jLv I 3.1 wb‡Ri †jLv eY©, 3.1 wb‡Ri I A‡bï 3.1 wb‡Ri I A‡bï †jLv 3.1 wb‡Ri I A‡bï †jLv 3.1 wb‡Ri I A‡bï †jLv
gyw`ªZ †jLv kã I evK¨ co‡Z †jLv kã I evK¨ Aby‡‛Q` co‡Z cvi‡e| wPwVcÎ I ìLv¯Í wPwVcÎ, ìLv¯Í I dig
co‡Z cviv| cvi‡e| co‡Z cvi‡e| co‡Z cvi‡e| co‡Z cvi‡e|
3.2 wewfbœ ai‡bi mnR
3.2 - 3.2 - ms‡KZ/wb‡`©k, e¨w³ I 3.2 wewfbœ ai‡bi mnR 3.2 wewfbœ ai‡bi mnR
cÖwZôv‡bi bvgdjK ms‡KZ/wb‡`©k, e¨w³ I ms‡KZ/wb‡`©k, e¨w³ I
co‡Z cvi‡e| cÖwZôv‡bi bvgdjK, cÖwZôv‡bi bvgdjK,
weÁvcb, †`qvjcÎ, weÁvcb, †`qvjcÎ,
cÖPvicÎ BZ¨vw` co‡Z cÖPvicÎ BZ¨vw` co‡Z
cvi‡e| I eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
3.3 cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki 3.3 cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki mggvbm¤úbœ
3.3 cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki 3.3 cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki 3.3 cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki mggvbm¤úbœ wkï‡Zvl wkï‡Zvl eB I cÎ-
mggvbm¤úbœ mggvbm¤úbœ mggvbm¤úbœ wkï‡Zvl I Ab¨vb¨ eB co‡Z cwÎKvi wkï‡ì cvZv
wkï‡Zvl eB wkï‡Zvl eB co‡Z I Ab¨vb¨ eB co‡Z cvi‡e| c‡o eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
co‡Z cvi‡e| cvi‡e| cvi‡e|
46
47
cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv †kªwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv

cÖ_g †kªwY wØZxq †kªwY Z…Zxq †kªwY PZz_© †kªwY cÂg †kªwY
fvlv`¶Zv : †jLv
1. ¯úó, cwi‛Qbœ 1.1 ¯úó I mwVK 1.1 - 1.1 - 1.1 - 1.1 -
AvK…wZ‡Z evsjv
I ï×fv‡e eY©gvjv wjL‡Z
wjL‡Z cviv| cvi‡e|
1.2 KviwPý mwVK
AvK…wZ‡Z wjL‡Z 1.2 - 1.2 - 1.2 - 1.2 -
cvi‡e|
1.3 KviwPýnxb I
KviwPýhy³ eY©- 1.3 1.3 - 1.3 - 1.3 -
mn‡hv‡M kã
wjL‡Z cvi‡e|
1.4 wbe©vwPZ hy³e¨Äb 1.4 hy³e¨Äb eënvi 1.4 hy³e¨Äb eënvi K‡i 1.4 hy³e¨Äb eënvi K‡i 1.4 hy³e¨Äb eënvi K‡i
†f‡O wjL‡Z I K‡i kã wjL‡Z kã MVb Ki‡Z I ev‡K¨ bZzb bZzb kã MVb bZzb bZzb kã MVb
hy³e¨Äb mn‡hv‡M cvi‡e| cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e| K‡i ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM K‡i ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM
kã wjL‡Z cvi‡e| Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
1.5 cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki kã I 1.5 1.5 cvV I cvV-ewnf©~Z kã

evK¨ wjL‡Z cv‡V eëüZ kã 1.5 cv‡V eëüZ kã 1.5 cvV I cvV-ewnf©~Z eënvi K‡i bZzb bZzb
cvi‡e| w`‡q evK¨ wjL‡Z eënvi K‡i bZzb evK¨ kã eënvi K‡i bZzb evK¨ wjL‡Z cvi‡e|
cvi‡e| wjL‡Z cvi‡e bZzb evK¨ wjL‡Z
1.6 weivgwPý - ùvwo cvi‡e|
eënvi K‡i evK¨ 1.6 weivgwPý - ùvwo, 1.6 cvV¨cy¯Í‡K eëüZ 1.6 weivgwPý eënvi K‡i
Kgv I cÖk‡œ evaK weivgwPý eënvi K‡i 1.6 evK¨ I PiY wjL‡Z
wjL‡Z cvi‡e| evK¨ I PiY wjL‡Z cv‡V eëüZ cvi‡e|
wPý eënvi K‡i weivgwPý eënvi K‡i
evK¨ wjL‡Z cvi‡e| cvi‡e| evK¨ I PiY wjL‡Z 1.7 cv‡V I Ab¨vb¨ iPbvq
1.7 cÖ_g †_‡K `kg ch©šÍ cvi‡e| eëüZ msL¨vevPK kã
1.7 GK †_‡K wek 1.7 GK †_‡K GK k µgevPK kã wjL‡Z wjL‡Z cvi‡e|
ch©šÍ MYbvevPK ch©šÍ MYbvevPK kã cvi‡e| 1.7 GK †_‡K `k ch©šÍ
kã wjL‡Z cvi‡e wjL‡Z cvi‡e| µgevPK Ges GK 1.8 cvV I cvV-ewnf©~Z
1.8 - †_‡K `k ch©šÍ kÖ‚Zwjwc wjL‡Z
1.8 - 1.8 - ZvwiLevPK kã wjL‡Z cvi‡e|
cvi‡e|
1.8 msw¶ß kÖ‚Zwjwc wjL‡Z
cvi‡e|
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48

2. Qov, KweZv, 2.1 - 2.1 cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Qov I 2.1 cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Qov I 2.1 cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Qov I 2.1 cvV¨cy¯ÍK I mggv‡bi
iƒcK_v, Mí, KweZv wjL‡Z KweZv wjL‡Z cvi‡e| KweZv wjL‡Z cvi‡e| Qov I KweZv wjL‡Z
K‡_vcK_b, eY©bv cvi‡e| cvi‡e|
BZ¨vwì welqe¯‘ 2.2 - 2.2 -
I g~jfve ey‡S 2.2 wb‡Ri I 2.2 wb‡Ri I we`¨vj‡qi 2.2 -
wjL‡Z cviv| wcZvgvZvi bvg
wjL‡Z cvi‡e| bvg-wVKvbv wjL‡Z
cvi‡e| 2.3 Qov, KweZv, DcK_v, 2.3 Qov, KweZv, iƒcK_v,
2.3 Qov, KweZv, Mí 2.3 Mí, K‡_vcK_b, eY©bv Mí, K‡_vcK_b, eY©bv 2.3 Qov, KweZv, iƒcK_v,
Qov, KweZv, Mí, BZ¨vw` wel‡q ï×fv‡e BZ¨vw` wel‡q ï×fv‡e Mí, K‡_vcK_b, eY©bv
BZ¨vw` †_‡K mnR K‡_vcK_b I eY©bv wjL‡Z cvi‡e| wjL‡Z cvi‡e| BZ¨vw` wel‡qi g~jfve
kã I evK¨ wjL‡Z m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z wjL‡Z cvi‡e|
cvi‡e| cvi‡e| 2.4 cvwLi eY©bv I mswk-ó 2.4 -
cÖ‡kœi DËi wjL‡Z 2.4 -
2.4 cwiwPZ dzj,dj, cvi‡e|
2.4 cwiwPZ dzj,dj,
is,cïcvwL,MvQcvjv,
is,cïcvwL
b`x BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K©
BZ¨vwì bvg
wjL‡Z cvi‡e| 2.5 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK
wjL‡Z cvi‡e|
•ewPÎ¨ welqK eY©bv 2.5 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK
2.5 evsjv ev‡iv gvm I 2.5 - wjL‡Z cvi‡e| •ewPÎ¨ welqK eY©bv I
2.5 mvZ w`‡bi bvg cÖ‡kœvËi wjL‡Z cvi‡e|
Qq FZzi bvg I
wjL‡Z cvi‡e|
cvVmswkó cÖ‡kœi
DËi wjL‡Z cvi‡e| 2.6 cÖ_g †_‡K `kg ch©šÍ 2.6 cÖ_g †_‡K wesk ch©šÍ
µgevPK msL¨v wjL‡Z µgevPK msL¨v I GK 2.6 cv‡V I Ab¨vb¨ iPbvq
2.6 GK †_‡K wek cvi‡e| †_‡K `k ch©šÍ eëüZ msL¨vevPK kã
ch©šÍ MYbvevPK ZvwiLevPK msL¨v wjL‡Z cvi‡e|
kã wjL‡Z cvi‡e| 2.6 GK †_‡K GK k wjL‡Z cvi‡e|
ch©šÍ MYbvevPK kã
wjL‡Z cvi‡e|
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49

3. ch©‡e¶Y, 3.1 Qwe †`‡L kã 3.1 Qwe †`‡L `„ó welq 3.1 Qwe‡Z †`Lv NUbv mnR 3.1 Qwe †`‡L `„ó wel‡q 3.1 Qwe †`‡L `„ó wel‡q
AwfÁZv I wjL‡Z cvi‡e| wb‡Ri fvlvq wjL‡Z eY©bvq wjL‡Z cvi‡e| Aby‡‛Q` wjL‡Z iPbv wjL‡Z cvi‡e|
g‡bvfve BZ¨vw` cvi‡e| cvi‡e|
ï× I ¯úófv‡e 3.2 - 3.2 †`Lv NUbv wj‡L cÖKvk 3.2 AwfgZmn cwiwPZ
wb‡Ri fvlvq 3.2 - Ki‡Z cvi‡e| 3.2 cwiwPZ cwi‡ek I cwi‡ek I AwfÁZvi
wj‡L cÖKvk Ki‡Z Avb›``vqK AwfÁZvi weeiY wjL‡Z cvi‡e|
cviv| 3.3 - 3.3 - K_v wjL‡Z cvi‡e|
3.3 - 3.3 mnR fvlvq iPbv wjL‡Z
3.3 mnR wel‡q Aby‡‛Q` cvi‡e|
wjL‡Z cvi‡e|
3.4 - 3.4 - 3.4 †h‡Kv‡bv wel‡q wb‡Ri
3.4 - 3.4 - g‡bvfve wjL‡Z cvi‡e|
4. mvaviY wPwV, 4.1 - 4.1 - 4.1 - 4.1 mnR fvlvq wPwV I 4.1 mnR fvlvq wPwV, ìLv¯Í
ìLv¯Í wjL‡Z ìLv¯Í wjL‡Z wjL‡Z cvi‡e|
cviv Ges dig 4.2 - 4.2 - 4.2 mnR dig c~iY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
c~iY Ki‡Z cviv| cvi‡e|
4.2 - 4.2 dig c~iY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
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50
mnvqK MÖš’
1. cÖvK-cÖv_wgK †kÖwYi RvZxq wkÿvµg, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv, 2011|
2. cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii RvZxq wkÿvµg, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv, 2011|
3. evsjv welqÁvb I wkÿYweÁvb, cÖv_wgK wkÿK-wkÿv, wWwcGW, RvZxq cÖv_wgK wkÿv
GKv‡Wgx, gqgbwmsn, 2012|
4. cÖv_wgK wkÿvq evsjv wel‡qi cÖwkÿY g¨vbyqvj, cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awa`ßi, evsjv‡`k, 2003|
wØZxq w`b wØZxq Awa‡ekb
fvlv`ÿZv AR©b †KŠkj: †kvbv I ejv
f~wgKv: we`¨vjq A_ev we`¨vj‡qi evB‡i wkï‡ì †kvbv Ges ejvi cvi`wk©Zv AR©b Zv‡ì •`bw›`b Rxeb hvc‡bi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq| mvaviYZ
†`Lv hvq wkïiv cov I †jLvi Kv‡R hZUv mgq e¨q K‡i Zvi †P‡q A‡bK mgq e¨q K‡i †kvbv Ges ejvi †ÿ‡Î| cÖvK-cÖv_wgK †_‡K wØZxq †kªwY
ch©šÍ wkï‡ì wkLb †kLv‡bv KvR Ges g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿ‡Î †kvbv Ges ejv Lye Riywi| †Kbbv G chv©‡q wkïiv cvV¨wel‡qi †P‡q wkÿ‡Ki wb‡`©kbv,
cÖ‡kœvËi, e¨vL¨v BZ¨vw` Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wk‡L _v‡K| wb‡Ri c„w_ex‡K Dcjwä Ges Avwe®‥v‡ii mv‡_ wkïi fvlvi weKvk I‡Zv‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| ï‡b,
Abygvb K‡i, cÖkœ K‡i Ges AviI bvbv cÖKvi fvlvMZ KvR hv Zvi Pvicv‡ki gvby‡li KvQ †_‡K †c‡q _v‡K Zvi gva¨‡g †m A‡bK wKQz ‡k‡L| e¯‘Z
Zvi G eq‡m mKj cÖKvi wkLb wbf©i K‡i Zvi cÖkœ Kiv, hyw³ cÖ`k©b Kiv, wewfbœ aviYvi m„wó Ges m¤¢ve¨ cÖKí •Zwi Kiv BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© mÿgZv
jv‡fi Dci| wkïi kvixwiK Ges gvbwmK weKv‡ki mv‡_ Zvi fvlvMZ weKvk A½vw½fv‡e RwoZ| G †ÿ‡Î †kvbv I ejv `ÿZv we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb
K‡i _v‡K| GK ch©v‡q wkï Zvi gvevev A_ev cwiev‡ii Ab¨ Kv‡iv Ici Zvi •`bw›`b cÖ‡qvRb h_v- LvIqv, Nygv‡bv, †Ljvayjv Kiv BZ¨vw` wel‡q
m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wbf©i K‡i| wKš‘ hLb Zvi eqm 3/4 eQi nq ZLb Zv‡K ¯^vaxbfv‡e Gme `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z nq| †hgb-wccvmv A_ev ÿzav jvM‡j
Zv‡K ej‡Z nq Ôcvwb LveÕ A_ev Ôÿzav †j‡M‡QÕ BZ¨vw`| Gfv‡e µgvš^‡q hLb †m AviI eo nq ZLb Zv‡K Zvi A‡bK cÖ‡qvRb Z_v AwaKvi
†gUv‡bvi Rb¨ hyw³ cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z nq, wPšÍv Ki‡Z nq, B‛Qv, AvMÖn I AwfÁZv BZ¨vwì K_v ej‡Z nq| GB gvbwmK cÖwµqv cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ wkï‡K
A‡bKvs‡kB †kvbv I ejv `ÿZvi Dci wbf©ikxj n‡Z nq| wkÿv_©xi kvixwiK I gvbwmK weKv‡ki cÖwµqv‡K mwµqfv‡e mnvqZv Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ Ggb
wKQz KvR cwiKíbv Ki‡Z n‡e hv Zvi †kvbv I ejvi `ÿZv e„w× K‡i| †hgb- wkïiv †hb †h‡Kv‡bv wKQz ï‡b Zv ¯^íZg mg‡q ey‡S †m Abymv‡i Zvi
gvbwmK cÖwZwµqv ejvi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i| †mRb¨ †Kv‡bv GKwU NUbv e‡j ZvrÿwYKfv‡e Zv‡ì gšÍe¨ AvniY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
wkÿv_x©‡ì kÖyZwjwc wjL‡Z w`‡q Zv‡ì †kvbv `ÿZvi Dbœqb NUv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| GKwU bvwUKv †`‡L, Mvb ï‡b A_ev Kv‡iv †Kvb e³e¨ ï‡b
wjwLZfv‡e A_ev gy‡L ej‡Z w`‡q cÖwZwµqv cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM w`‡j Zvi †kvbv I ejvi `ÿZv e„w× cvq| Gfv‡e †kvbv I ejvi `ÿZv mgwš^Zfv‡e
PP©v Ki‡j fv‡jv dj cvIqv hvq(David Wray and Jane Medwell: 19-20)|
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51
mgq: 3 NÈv
1. †kvbv I ejvi `ÿZv AR©‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. †kvbvi `ÿZv e„w×i †K․kj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3. ejvi `ÿZv AR©‡bi †K․kj¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
4. †kvbv I ejvi `ÿZv mgwš^Zfv‡e e„w×i †K․kj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
5. †kvbv I ejvi `ÿZv e„w×i †K․kj cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
c×wZ/†KŠkj :GKvKx wPšÍv, cÖkK

œ iY, Aby‡‛Q` cVb, cvIqvi c‡q›U Dc¯’vcb,`‡j KvR I hvPvB, Dc¯’vcb,djveZ©b|
DcKiY : j¨vcUc, cÖ‡R±i, cÖ_g †_‡K cÂg †kÖwYi evsjv eB, †cv÷vi †ccvi, gvK©vi/mvBb‡cb
Awa‡ek‡bi weeiY
KvR-1: †kvbv I ejvi `ÿZv AR©‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv ej‡Z cviv mgq: 15wgwbU
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 eûj cÖPwjZ bq GiKg GKwU KweZvi K¨v‡mU ïwb‡q (cÖ‡qvR‡b wb‡R Ave„wË Ki‛b) cÖwkÿv_x©‡ì‡K cÖkœ Kiyb, Zviv Kx KweZvwU
ï‡b‡Qb? KweZvmswkøó K‡qKwU cÖkœ Kiyb| DËi w`‡Z bv cvi‡j wR‡Ám Kiyb †Kb cvi‡Qb bv?
 Gevi KweZv †_‡K Av‡Mi wbe©vwPZ cÖk¸
œ ‡jv cÖwkÿYv_x©‡K ejyb Ges KweZvwU Avevi K¨v‡m‡U evwR‡q †kvbvb A_ev Ave„wË Ki‛b| Gevi
cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z ejyb|
 Av‡M †Kb Zviv DËi w`‡Z cv‡ibwb Zvi m¤¢ve¨ DËi w`‡Z ejyb|
 Gevi cÖkœ Kiyb Zvn‡j †kvbv I ejvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Kx ?
 cÖwkÿv_x©‡ì cÖ`Ë DËi †ev‡W© wjLyb I †cøbvwi‡Z Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g welqwU ¯úó Kiyb|
KvR-2: †kvbvi `ÿZv e„w×i †KŠkj eY©bv Kiv mgq: 30wgwbU

mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 cÖwkÿv_x©‡ì g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y K‡i wb‡Pi Aby‡‛Q`wU c‡o †kvbvb|
meyR k¨vgwjgvq †Niv we¯Í…Z mgZj f~wg Qwo‡q Av‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki ü`q Ry‡o| Ab¨w`‡K Av‡Q Nb meyR Mv‡Q
†Niv cvnvwo wUjv| ivOvgvwU, LvMovQwo, ev›ìev‡b evm K‡i wewfbœ ÿz`ª RvwZmËvi gvbyl, G‡ì g‡a¨ cÖavb n‡jv
PvKgv, gyis, gvigv, jymvB, Mv‡iv BZ¨vw`| Giv cvnv‡o Ryg Pvl K‡i| Avi emev‡mi Rb¨ †QvU †QvU Ni euv‡a
wUjvq| G‡ì Av‡Q wbR¯^ ms¯‥…wZ|
 cÖwkÿv_x©‡ì‡K Kv‡iv mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv bv K‡i Aby‡‛Q`wU cÖ‡Z¨K‡K wj‡L wb‡Z ejyb| †jLv †k‡l cÖwkÿv_x©‡ì‡K ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ LvZv
cwieZ©b Ki‡Z ejyb|
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52
 c‡o †kvbv‡bv Aby‡‛Q‡ì mv‡_ cÖwkÿv_x©‡ì †jLvi cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY Ki‡Z I fyj kbv³ Ki‡Z ejyb|
 cÖwkÿv_x©‡ì‡K wR‡Ám Kiyb- GwU †Kvb `ÿZv Dbœq‡bi Abykxjb?

 †kvbvi `ÿZv Abykxj‡b Avi Kx †K․kj cÖ‡qvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Zv cÖwkÿv_x©‡ì‡K †Rvovq Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z ejyb I †m¸‡jv †ev‡W© wjLyb|
Z_¨c‡Îi Av‡jv‡K Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z ejyb|
 †cøbvwi Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g wel‡qi aviYv ¯úó Kiyb|

 cÖ‡qvR‡b gvwëwgwWqvq †kvbv `ÿZv AR©‡bi †K․kj¸‡jv †`wL‡q cÖwkÿv_x©‡ì aviYvi mv‡_ mgš^q Kiyb|
KvR-3: ejvi `ÿZv AR©‡bi †KŠkj¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiv mgq: 30wgwbU
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 `yRb cÖwkÿv_x©‡K †kªwYi mvg‡b †W‡K †h‡Kv‡bv f~wgKvq GKRb‡K Avi GKR‡bi mvÿvrKvi MÖnY Ki‡Z ejyb|
 †kªwYi mevB‡K wR‡Ám Kiyb- G Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g †Kvb `ÿZvi Abykxjb n‡q‡Q?
 Gevi cÖwkÿv_x©‡ì‡K PviwU `‡j fvM K‡i ejv `ÿZv AR©‡bi AviI Kx †K․kj Av‡Q Zv †cv÷vi †ccv‡i wjL‡Z ejyb|
 `jxq KvR Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ejyb|
 Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g aviYv ¯úó Kiyb|

 Z_¨cÎ †_‡K ejvi `ÿZvi Abykxjb †K․kj¸‡jv gvwëwgwWqv‡Z cÖ`k©b Kiyb Ges cÖwkÿv_x©‡ì mn‡hvwMZvq Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
KvR-4: †kvbv I ejvi `ÿZvi mgwš^Z weKv‡ki †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Kiv| mgq: 45wgwbU
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 GKwU cÖ`k©b cv‡Vi eë¯’v Kiyb, †hLv‡b Z_¨c‡Î D‡jøwLZ KvíwbK †kªwYK‡ÿ wkÿK Ges wkÿv_x©i g‡a¨ K‡_vcK_b _vK‡e|
 wkÿK I wkÿv_x©i K‡_vcK_‡bi •ewkó¨ cÖwkÿv_x©‡ì wjL‡Z ejyb|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
 wkÿK wkÿv_x©‡ì‡K K_v ej‡Z DrmvwnZ K‡i‡Qb|
 AwfÁZv wewbgq Ki‡Z w`‡q‡Qb|
 aviYv m„wói †ÿ‡Î G‡K Ac‡ii AwfÁZv wewbgq K‡i‡Qb|
 wkÿv_x©‡ì gZvg‡Zi g~j¨ w`‡q‡Qb|
 wewfbœ ai‡bi bZzb k‡ãi eënvi n‡q‡Q|
 AvÂwjK kã †_‡K cÖwgZ fvlvi eënvi n‡q‡Q|
 e¨vKiYMZfv‡e ï× fvlvi cÖ‡qvM K‡i‡Qb|
 wPšÍvi mv‡_ K_¨ fvlvi ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb BZ¨vw`
 †Rvovq Av‡jvPbv K‡i cÖwkÿv_x©‡ì‡K wjL‡Z ejyb| †Rvov †_‡K cÖvß aviYv †ev‡W© wjLyb Ges cÖwkÿv_x©‡ì aviYvi mv‡_ mgš^q mvab
Kiyb|
52
53
KvR- 5: †kvbv I ejvi `ÿZv e„w×i †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cviv| mgq: 45 wgwbU
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 cÖwkÿv_x©‡ì‡K 4wU `‡j fvM K‡i †kvbv I ejvi †K․kj fvM K‡I w`b| Abykxj‡bi mgq w`b Ges Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ejyb|
 †kvbv I ejv `ÿZv e„w×i Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ wb¤œiƒc KvR cÖ`vb Ki‛b †K․kj
1g `j- Mí ejv
2q `j- K‡_vcK_b Kiv
3q `j- avivevwnK Mí ejv
4_© `j- Qwe †`‡L msjvc ejv
 Dc¯’vcb †k‡l djveZ©b w`b Ges Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|

mnvq‡Ki KiYxq

œ ‡jvi gva¨‡g G Awa‡ek‡bi mdjZv hvPvB Ki‡eb-
- †kvbvi `ÿZv Dbœq‡bi KwZcq †K․kj ejyb
- †kvbv I ejvi `ÿZvi mgwš^Zfv‡e e„w×i 2wU †K․kj eY©bv Ki‛b
¯^-AbywPšÍbg~jK cÖk:œ K‡_vcK_b Kxfv‡e ejvi `ÿZv Dbœq‡b f~wgKv iv‡L Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‛b
Z_¨cÎ wØZxq w`b

wØZxq Awa‡ekb
fvlv`ÿZv AR©b †KŠkj: †kvbv I ejv `ÿZv
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54
we`¨vjq A_ev we`¨vj‡qi evB‡i wkï‡ì †kvbv Ges ejvi cvi`wk©Zv AR©b Zv‡ì •`bw›`b Rxeb hvc‡bi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq| mvaviYZ †`Lv
hvq wkïiv cov I †jLvi Kv‡R hZUv mgq e¨q K‡i Zvi †P‡q A‡bK mgq e¨q K‡i †kvbv Ges ejvi †ÿ‡Î| cÖvK-cÖv_wgK †_‡K wØZxq †kªwY ch©šÍ
wkï‡ì wkLb †kLv‡bv KvR Ges g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿ‡Î †kvbv Ges ejv Lye Riywi| †Kbbv G chv©‡q wkïiv cvV¨wel‡qi †P‡q wkÿ‡Ki wb‡`©kbv, cÖ‡kœvËi,
e¨vL¨v BZ¨vw` Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wk‡L _v‡K|
wb‡Ri c„w_ex‡K Dcjwä Ges Avwe®‥v‡ii mv‡_ wkïi fvlvi weKvk I‡Zv‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| ï‡b, Abygvb K‡i, cÖkœ K‡i Ges AviI bvbv cÖKvi
fvlvMZ KvR hv Zvi Pvicv‡ki gvby‡li KvQ †_‡K †c‡q _v‡K Zvi gva¨‡g †m A‡bK wKQz ‡k‡L| e¯‘Z Zvi G eq‡m mKj cÖKvi wkLb wbf©i K‡i
Zvi cÖkœ Kiv, hyw³ cÖ`k©b Kiv, wewfbœ aviYvi m„wó Ges m¤¢ve¨ cÖKí •Zwi Kiv BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© mÿgZv jv‡fi Dci|
wkïi kvixwiK Ges gvbwmK weKv‡ki mv‡_ Zvi fvlvMZ weKvk A½vw½fv‡e RwoZ| G †ÿ‡Î †kvbv I ejv `ÿZv we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
GK ch©v‡q wkï Zvi gvevev A_ev cwiev‡ii Ab¨ Kv‡iv Ici Zvi •`bw›`b cÖ‡qvRb h_v- LvIqv, Nygv‡bv, †Ljvayjv Kiv BZ¨vw` wel‡q m¤ú~Y©fv‡e
wbf©i K‡i| wKš‘ hLb Zvi eqm 3/4 eQi nq ZLb Zv‡K ¯^vaxbfv‡e Gme `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z nq| †hgb-wccvmv A_ev ÿzav jvM‡j Zv‡K ej‡Z
nq Ôcvwb LveÕ A_ev Ôÿzav †j‡M‡QÕ BZ¨vw`| Gfv‡e µgvš^‡q hLb †m AviI eo nq ZLb Zv‡K Zvi A‡bK cÖ‡qvRb Z_v AwaKvi †gUv‡bvi Rb¨
hyw³ cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z nq, wPšÍv Ki‡Z nq, B‛Qv, AvMÖn I AwfÁZv BZ¨vwì K_v ej‡Z nq| GB gvbwmK cÖwµqv cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ wkï‡K A‡bKvs‡kB
†kvbv I ejv `ÿZvi Dci wbf©ikxj n‡Z nq|
wkïi kvixwiK I gvbwmK weKv‡ki cÖwµqv‡K mwµqfv‡e mnvqZv Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ Ggb wKQz KvR cwiKíbv Ki‡Z n‡e hv Zvi †kvbv I ejvi `ÿZv
e„w× K‡i| †hgb- wkïiv †hb †h‡Kv‡bv wKQz ï‡b Zv ¯^íZg mg‡q ey‡S †m Abymv‡i Zvi gvbwmK cÖwZwµqv ejvi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i| †mRb¨
†Kv‡bv GKwU NUbv e‡j ZvrÿwYKfv‡e Zv‡ì gšÍe¨ AvniY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wkï‡ì kÖyZwjwc wjL‡Z w`‡q Zv‡ì †kvbv `ÿZvi Dbœqb NUv‡bv
†h‡Z cv‡i| GKwU bvwUKv †`‡L, Mvb ï‡b A_ev Kv‡iv †Kvb e³e¨ ï‡b wjwLZfv‡e A_ev gy‡L ej‡Z w`‡q cÖwZwµqv cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM w`‡j Zvi
†kvbv I ejvi `ÿZv e„w× cvq| Gfv‡e †kvbv I ejvi `ÿZv mgwš^Zfv‡e PP©v Ki‡j fv‡jv dj cvIqv hvq (David Wray and Jane Medwell:
19-20)|
†kvbvi `ÿZv e„w×i †KŠkj
†kvbvi `ÿZv AR©‡bi †h cÖwµqv¸‡jv i‡q‡Q Zvi •ewkó¨ Dcjwä Kivi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì Aek¨B K_¨ fvlvi wewfbœ •ewkó¨ we‡ePbv Kiv ìKvi, hv
†jLvi `ÿZv †_‡K m¤ú~Y© wfbœ| †Kv‡bv GKwU †jLv evi evi c‡o Zvi A_© D×vi Kiv m¤¢e nq; wKš‘ †Kv‡bv K_v GKevi ejv n‡q †M‡j Zv Avi
†kvbvi Dcvq _v‡K bv| myZivs †kªvZv‡K Aek¨B e³vi K_v ï‡b ZvrÿwYKfv‡e Zvi A_© ey‡S wb‡Z n‡e| mvaviYZ †iwWI‡Z ev †Uc Kiv †Kv‡bv
e³‡e¨ wgwb‡U 160 wU kã ejv nq| wKš‘ K_v ejvi mgq A_ev AvjvcPvwiZvq wgwb‡U 220 wU kã D‛PvwiZ n‡q _v‡K|
AvjvcPvwiZv A_ev †Kv‡bv K_v ejvi mgq †kªvZv †hb †m K_vi ZvrÿwYKfv‡e g‡g©v×vi Ki‡Z cv‡i †m welqwU wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ wkï‡ì wewfbœ
Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g mÿg K‡i †Zvjv †h‡Z cv‡i| GKRb ej‡e, Ab¨Rb Zv ï‡b wjL‡e, Avi `yRb Zv cwigvR©b Ki‡e, Gfv‡e hw` avivevwnKfv‡e
wkï‡ì KvR †Ìqv hvq Zvn‡j G ai‡bi KvR †_‡K wkïiv Aek¨B †kvbv `ÿZvi Dbœqb Ki‡Z mÿg n‡e| G †cÖ wÿ‡Z wb‡Pi KvR¸‡jv we‡klfv‡e
Abykxjb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i
 Av‡`k/ wb‡`©k cvjb Ki‡Z w`‡q|
 Mí/M‡íi Ask ïwb‡q cÖkœ K‡i Zvi DËi ej‡Z I wjL‡Z w`‡q|
 mswÿß weeiY †_‡K cÖkœ Ki‡Z w`‡q|
 bvwUKv I bvU¨vsk ïwb‡q ev †`wL‡q cÖkœ K‡i Zvi DËi ej‡Z I wjL‡Z w`‡q|
 †iwWI, wUwf I K¨v‡mU ïwb‡q cÖkœ K‡i Zvi DËi ej‡Z I wjL‡Z w`‡q|
 K‡_vcK_b/ e³…Zv ïwb‡q cÖkœ K‡i Zvi DËi ej‡Z I wjL‡Z w`‡q|
 †Kv‡bv wKQz ïwb‡q Zvi Dci †Kv‡bv KvR m¤úv`b Ki‡Z w`‡q|
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ejvi `ÿZv AR©‡bi †KŠkj

wkïKvj †_‡K ch©vß mnvqZv w`‡q wkÿv_©xi ejvi `ÿZvi Dbœqb mvab Kiv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi wbwi‡L ch©vß mnvqZv
†`‡eb| †hgb- wkÿv_x© hw` c~Y©ev‡K¨ A_ev A_©enfv‡e †Kv‡bv K_v bv e‡j Zvn‡j A_©enfv‡e K_vwU e‡j †`‡eb| Z‡e fyj ms‡kva‡bi †ÿ‡Î
mveavbZv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e| fyj kã, evK¨ ï×fv‡e cybivq ej‡eb| cÖm½ ewnf~©Zfv‡e †Kv‡bv kã eënvi Kiv n‡j cÖm½ A_ev †ÿÎwU D‡jøL
Ki‡eb| ejvi `ÿZv AR©‡bi KwZcq †K․kj
 cÖkœ Ki‡Z I DËi ej‡Z w`‡q
 Qwe/wP‡Îi welqe¯‘ ej‡Z ev cÖkœ K‡i DËi ej‡Z w`‡q
 Mí ï‡b ej‡Z w`‡q
 MíwfwËK cÖ‡kœi DËi ej‡Z w`‡q
 Qwe mvwR‡q Mí ej‡Z w`‡q
 Qwe †`‡L msjvc ej‡Z w`‡q
 AwfÁZv eY©bv Ki‡Z w`‡q
 wb‡`©k cÖ`vb Ki‡Z w`‡q
 Qov/KweZv Ave„wË Ki‡Z w`‡q
 wb‡Ri m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z w`‡q
 avivevwnK Mí ej‡Z w`‡q
 Dcw¯’Z e³…Zv Ki‡Z w`‡q
 wba©vwiZ e³…Zv Ki‡Z w`‡q
 Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z w`‡q
 Lei cvV Ki‡Z w`‡q
†kvbv I ejv `ÿZv mgwš^Zfv‡e e„w×i †KŠkj
1. Mí ejv: wkï‡ì Mí †kvbv‡Z n‡e| GK mgq Zviv wb‡RivI Mí ej‡e| Gfv‡e `‡j wkïiv Mí ej‡e Ges GKB Mí wewfbœfv‡e KLbI Awfbq
K‡i, KLbI bvUKxq fw½‡Z, KLbI ev K_¨ fvlvq cÖ_g cyiyl ( †hgb Avwg wQjvg w`jøxi ev`kv, Avgvi gš¿x wQj AwZ PvjvK...) wn‡m‡e Mí ejvi
Abykxjb Kiv‡Z n‡e| Mí ejv I †kvbvi `ÿZv e„w×i Rb¨ MíwU cybivq ejvi mgq B‡‛Q K‡i bvg fyj K‡i, †Kv‡bv fyj Z_¨ w`‡q Zv wkï‡ì w`‡q
mwVK bvg A_ev mwVK Z_¨ wkÿ‡Ki ejv‡Z n‡e|
2. K_v ejv: †kvbv I ejv `ÿZv e„w×i †ÿ‡Î wkï‡ì K_v ej‡Z †ÌqvUv AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZc ¡ ~Y©| Avgv‡ì we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z †`Lv hvq wkÿKMY wkï‡ì
K_v ej‡Z †`b bv| mvaviYZ †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkï‡ì Pzc K‡i _vKvi wb‡`©kbv w`‡q _v‡Kb| mevB K_v ej‡j †h †kÖwYK‡ÿ †kvi‡Mvj nq Zv k„“Ljvi
cwicš’x e‡j wkÿKMY g‡b K‡ib| A_P wkïi fvlvi cÖK…Z weKvk nq G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ wewfbœ welq wb‡q K_v ejvi ga¨ w`‡q|----- c„ôvq
DwjøwLZ D`vniY †_‡K Avgiv †`‡LwQ wkïiv K_v ejvi ga¨ w`‡q Kxfv‡e Zv‡ì wPšÍv I aviYv‡K weKwkZ K‡i _v‡K|
3. wkïi K_vi g~j¨ cÖ`vb: wkï‡K w`‡q K_v ejv‡bvi †ÿ‡Î wkÿ‡Ki we‡kl f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| cÖ_‡g Zv‡K Dcjwä Ki‡Z n‡e wkïiv G‡K Ac‡ii
mv‡_ K_v ej‡j Zvi djvdj Kx nq? wØZxqZ, wkï‡ì aviYv, gZvgZ, civgk©, Z_¨cÖ`vb BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î h‡_vwPZ g~j¨ w`‡Z nq|
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wkïiv K_v ejvi gva¨‡g cÖgvY K‡i †h, Zviv mwµqfv‡e †kLvi Kv‡R AskMÖnY K‡i Ges wb‡R‡ì Ávb wb‡Riv wewbgv©Y K‡i| G †ÿ‡Î wkï‡ì
mvejxjfv‡e K_v ej‡Z †Ìqvi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì †K․Zznj wbe„Ë Kiv A_ev †h‡Kv‡bv cÖ‡kœi DËi cvIqv BZ¨vw` welq‡K wkÿK mwµqfv‡e mnvqZv
w`‡Z cv‡ib|
e¯‘Z, wkïi fvlv`ÿZv e„w×i †ÿ‡Î Ges Zv‡ì Ávb jv‡fi cÖwµqvq wkÿ‡Ki f~wgKv A_©en n‡Z cv‡i hw` Zviv wkky‡ì mv‡_ GK‡Î Ávb jvf
Z_v wkLb cÖwµqvq GK‡Î KvR K‡ib| G‡Z wkÿv_x©iv cÖvß Z‡_ï wbwnZ A_© Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv‡ì AwfÁZv‡K m¤cÖmvwiZ
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4. wkÿ‡Ki we‡kl f~wgKv: wkÿK wkïi †kvbv I ejvi `ÿZv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wKQz wba©vwiZ Kv‡Ri GKRb wbweo mnvqK| wkÿK cÖwZwbqZ wkï‡ì
mv‡_ K_v ej‡eb Zv‡ì K_v ejv‡bvi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì AwfÁZv, Av‡eM, gZvgZ BZ¨vw` cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM †`‡eb|
GQvov wkï‡ì †kvbv I ejvi `ÿZv e„w×i †ÿ‡Î wbgœwjwLZ welq¸‡jv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e-
1. wkïiv AvZ¥wek¦v‡mi mv‡_ K_v ej‡Z cvi‡e hw` Zv‡ì K_v ejvi aib A_©vr †Kv_vq ej‡e I KLb _vg‡e BZ¨vw` welq‡K cwic~Y©fv‡e
¯^xK…wZ †Ìqv nq|
2. Zviv hw` fyj K‡i Zvn‡jI †hb Zviv ¯^v‛Q›`¨‡eva K‡i A_©vr g‡b K‡i fyj †Zv n‡ZB cv‡i| Z‡e ï× †KvbUv Zv Zv‡ì †R‡b wb‡Z n‡e|
3. fv‡jvfv‡e K_v ej‡Z cviv †h cov I †jLvi g‡ZvB ¸iyZ¡c~Y© †m welqwU wkï‡K eyS‡Z w`‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b Zv‡K fv‡jvfv‡e K_v ej‡Z
cviv‡K hZ`~i m¤¢e DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
mnvqK MÖš’
1. Browne, Ann, Developing Language and Literacy 3-8, p 6-10
2. David Wray and Jane Medwell, Literacy and language in the Primary Years 1991) London and New York. |p4
Z…Zxq w`b wØZxq Awa‡ekb
wkïi m„RbkxjZvq fvlv
f~wgKv: gvZ…Mf© †_‡K f~wgô nevi ci µgweKv‡ki m‡½ m‡½ wkï †h fvlv †k‡L Zv n‡jv Zvi gvZ…fvlv| G fvlvi mvnv‡h¨ wkï Zvi AšÍ‡ii Avb›`,
†e`bv cªKvk K‡i| Zvi wPšÍvfvebv, •`bw›`b Rxe‡bi fvecÖKvk, †hvMv‡hvM, †jb‡`b, wnmvewbKvk G fvlvi gva¨‡g N‡U _v‡K| GB gvZ…fvlv wkïmn
Avgv‡ì mK‡ji e¨w³Rxe‡bi fvlv, mgvRRxe‡bi fvlv, †m․›`h© m„wói fvlv| iex›`ªbv_ Zuvi GK cÖe‡Ü (wkÿvi ¯^v½xKiY) wkÿvq gvZ…fvlvi ¸i‛Z
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cÖm‡½ e‡j‡Qb, wkÿvq gvZ…fvlvB gvZ…`y», RM‡Z GB me©Rb ¯^xK…Z wbiwZkq mnR K_vUv eûKvj c~‡e© GKevi e‡jwQ‡jg, AvRI Zvi cybive„wË
Kie|
gvZ…fvlv •`bw›`b Rxe‡bi fvlv| •kk‡e wkï Zvi cwiev‡i cÖ_g †h fvlvi m‡½ cwiwPZ n‡Z _v‡K, Zv Zvi cÖ_g fvlv ev gvZ„fvlv| Rb¥jMœ †_‡K
gvZ…fvlvi m‡½ wkïi Rxe‡bi ms‡hvM NU‡Z _v‡K| we`¨vj‡q cÖ‡ek Kivi c~‡e©B wkï gvZ…fvlvi gva¨‡g cwievi Ges wbKU cwi‡e‡ki m‡½ fv‡ei
Av`vb cÖ`vb ïi‛ K‡i| G fvlv‡K wN‡iB Zvi m„RbkxjZv weKwkZ n‡Z ïi‛ K‡i Ges g‡bi fve cÖKvk K‡i| wb‡`©kbv ey‡S A‡bï m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM
Kivi †K․kjI †m AvqË K‡i| myZivs wkïi weKvkgvb Rxe‡b gvZ…fvlvi ¸i‛Z¡ Acwimxg|
mgq: 1NÈv 30wgwbU
1. wkïi m„RbkxjZvq fvlvi f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡K m„RbkxjZvi †ÿÎ kbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3. KwZcq m„Rbkxj Kv‡Ri cÖ‡qvM‡K․kj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

œ iY, Aby‡‛Q` cVb, cvIqvi c‡q›U Dc¯’vcb, `‡j KvR, mie cvV, wbie cvV, Dc¯’vcb, djveZ©b|
KvR-1: wkïi m„RbkxjZvq fvlvi f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Kiv mgq: 20wgwbU
 mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì `yB `‡j fvM n‡Z ejyb
 cÖwkÿYK‡ÿi `ywU Avjv`v RvqMvq `ywU †cv÷vi †ccvi Szwj‡q w`b
 `y&wU †cv÷vi †ccv‡ii mvg‡b `yB `j‡K jvBb n‡q ùvov‡Z ejyb
 cÖ‡Z¨K `‡ji mvg‡b ùvov‡bv cÖwkÿYv_©xi nv‡Z GKwU K‡i gvK©vi‡cb w`b
 cÖwZ `‡ji m`m¨‡ì wb¤œiƒc wb‡`©kbv w`b

ejyb, GKwU ms‡KZ cÖ`v‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ wkïi m„RbkxjZv weKv‡k fvlvi f~wgKv Kx ? GK/`yB k‡ã Zv
wjL‡Z n‡e| ch©vqµ‡g mKj m`m¨ cybive„wË cwinvi K‡i wjL‡eb| †Kv‡bv `j G m¤ú‡K© KZ¸‡jv Z_¨
w`‡Z cv‡ib Zv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
 mgq 5wgwbU wba©viY K‡i w`b

 †jLv †k‡l cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì em‡Z ejyb
 cvkvcvwk e‡m _vKv 3 Rb‡K w`‡q GK GKwU `j MVb K‡i †cv÷v‡i kã/Z_¨ eënvi K‡i c‡q›U AvKv‡i wkïi m„RbkxjZvq fvlvi
f~wgKv wjL‡Z ejyb
 K‡qKRb‡K ej‡Z ejyb Ges e¨vL¨v Ki‛b
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KvR-2: cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡K m„RbkxjZvi †ÿÎ kbv³ Kiv mgq: 45wgwbU
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì 5 `‡j fvM n‡Z ejyb
 wb‡Pi wefvRb Abyhvqx cÖwZ `j‡K evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡K wb‡`©wkZ wkï‡ì Rb¨ m„Rbkxj Kv‡Ri †ÿÎ kbv³ Ki‡Z ejyb
`j †kÖwY
1 cÖ_g †kÖwY
2 wØZxq †kÖwY
3 Z…Zxq †kÖwY
4 PZz_© †kÖwY
5 cÂg †kÖwY
 cÖ‡Z¨K `‡j †cv÷vi †ccvi, †¯‥j, gvK©vi, wbav©wiZ †kÖwYi evsjv eB weZiY Ki‛b
†kÖwY
c„ôv m„Rbkxj Kv‡Ri aib
 `jMZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i ewY©Z Q‡K KvR Ki‡Z AvnŸvb Ki‛b
 `jMZ KvR cÖ`k©‡bi eë¯’v wbb

 KvR¸‡jvi mv‡_ fvlvi m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki‛b
 aviYv ¯úó n‡Z mnvqZv w`b
KvR-3: KwZcq m„Rbkxj Kv‡Ri cª‡qvM‡KŠkj e¨vL¨v Kiv mgq: 20wgwbU

mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 AskMÖnYKvix‡ì wb‡Pi welq¸‡jv wb‡q wKfv‡e †kÖwYK‡ÿ m„Rbkxj KvR cwiPvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i Zvi †K․kj cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z ejyb| †hgb, wKš
k‡ã hy³eY© š‘| GiKg šÍ hy³eY© wewkó Avi Kx Kx kã n‡Z cv‡i Zv ejv| avivevwnKfv‡e Mí ejv| 4/8 jvB‡bi GKwU Qov/KweZv
†jLv‡i Abykxjb Kiv BZ¨vw`|
- kã ejvi †Ljv
- Mí ejv
- wb‡R wb‡R KweZv †jLv
- Awfbq Kiv
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 wkïi m„RbkxjZv weKv‡k G¸‡jvi cÖfve ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z ejyb

mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 G Awa‡ek‡bi mdjZv hvPvB Ki‡Z wb‡Pi cÖk¸œ ‡jv Ki‡eb-
- wkïi m„RbkxjZv D‡b¥‡l fvlvi f~wgKvi 2wU D`vniY w`b?
- cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv cvVëB‡Z Giƒc 2wU †K․kj eY©bv Ki‛b|
¯^-AbywPšÍbg~jK cÖk:œ wkïi m„RbkxjZv weKv‡k cvV¨cy¯Í‡K ewY©Z Kv‡Ri cÖfve ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
Z_¨cÎ Z…Zxq w`b

wØZxq Awa‡ekb
wkïi m„RbkxjZvq fvlv

gvZ…Mf© †_‡K f~wgô nevi ci µgweKv‡ki m‡½ m‡½ wkï †h fvlv †k‡L Zv n‡jv Zvi gvZ…fvlv| G fvlvi mvnv‡h¨ wkï Zvi AšÍ‡ii Avb›`, †e`bv
cªKvk K‡i| Zvi wPšÍvfvebv, •`bw›`b Rxe‡bi fvecÖKvk, †hvMv‡hvM, †jb‡`b, wnmvewbKvk G fvlvi gva¨‡g N‡U _v‡K| GB gvZ…fvlv wkïmn
Avgv‡ì mK‡ji e¨w³Rxe‡bi fvlv, mgvRRxe‡bi fvlv, †m․›`h© m„wói fvlv| iex›`ªbv_ Zuvi GK cÖe‡Ü (wkÿvi ¯^v½xKiY) wkÿvq gvZ…fvlvi ¸i‛Z
cÖm‡½ e‡j‡Qb, wkÿvq gvZ…fvlvB gvZ…`y», RM‡Z GB me©Rb¯^xK…Z wbiwZkq mnR K_vUv eûKvj c~‡e© GKevi e‡jwQ‡jg, AvRI Zvi cybive„wË
Kie|
gvZ…fvlv •`bw›`b Rxe‡bi fvlv| •kk‡e wkï Zvi cwiev‡i cÖ_g †h fvlvi m‡½ cwiwPZ n‡Z _v‡K, Zv Zvi cÖ_g fvlv ev gvZ„fvlv| Rb¥jMœ †_‡K
gvZ…fvlvi m‡½ wkïi Rxe‡bi ms‡hvM NU‡Z _v‡K| we`¨vj‡q cÖ‡ek Kivi c~‡e©B wkï gvZ…fvlvi gva¨‡g cwievi Ges wbKU cwi‡e‡ki m‡½ fv‡ei
Av`vb cÖ`vb ïi‛ K‡i| G fvlv‡K wN‡iB Zvi m„RbkxjZv weKwkZ n‡Z ïi‛ K‡i Ges g‡bi fve cÖKvk K‡i| wb‡`©kbv ey‡S A‡bï m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM
Kivi †K․kjI †m AvqË K‡i| myZivs wkïi weKvkgvb Rxe‡b gvZ…fvlvi ¸i‛Z¡ Acwimxg|
Jcb¨vwmK kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq Zuvi ÔgvZ…fvlv I mvwnZ¨Õ cÖe‡Ü wj‡L‡Qb, Ôfve I wPšÍv †hgb fvlvi Rb¥`vb K‡i, fvlvI †Zgwb m„Rbx mË¡ v‡K
wbqwš¿Z, mym¤^Ü I k„“LwjZ K‡i| ...fvlv Qvov mym¤^Ü wPšÍvI nq bv| . . . Zvnv nB‡j GB ùvovq evOvwj evsjv Qvov wPšÍv Kwi‡Z cv‡i bv, Bs‡iR
Bs‡iwR Qvov fvwe‡Z cv‡i bv| Zv‡ì c‡ÿ gvZ…fvlv wfbœ h_v_© wPšÍv †hgb Am¤¢e, evOvwji c‡ÿI †Zgwb| ...evsjvfvlv Qvov ¯^vaxb, †g․wjK eo
wPšÍv †Kvb g‡ZB m¤¢e nB‡e bv|Õ
cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i evsjv cvVëB‡Z m„Rbkxj Kv‡Ri †ÿÎ¸‡jv wb‡P †Ìqv n‡jv-
 Qwe‡Z Mí
 †iLv †hvM K‡i Qwe AuvKv
 Qwe †`‡L kã ejv
 Qwe †_‡K cvIqv kã wb‡q evK¨ †jLv
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60
 is Kiv
 mvZ w`‡b Kx KvR Kwi Zv †jLv
 kã ejvi †Ljv
 Qwe w`‡q evK¨ ejv
 wb‡Ri g‡Zv msjvc •Zwi K‡i ejv
 †h․w³Kfv‡e wb‡`©kbv mvRv‡bv
 Mí ejv
 †kÖwYKiY Kiv
 †Kv‡bv wKQz m¤ú‡K© evK¨ †jLv
 wb‡R wb‡R cÖkœ Kiv
 †Kv‡bv FZz m¤ú‡K© †jLv
 wb‡R wb‡R KweZv †jLv
 weZK© Kiv
 ZvwjKv •Zwi Kiv
 wb‡Ri Abyf~wZ e¨³ Kiv
 Qwe †`‡L Mí †jLv
 Awfbq Kiv
 ågY Kvwnwb †jLv
mnvqK MÖš’
1. W. †kvqvBe wReivb I Ab¨vb¨, evsjv wkÿY, wUwKDAvB-†mc cÖKí, wkÿv gš¿Yvjq, XvKv|
2. Kexi, kvgmyj; W. gÄykªx †P․ayix, W. nvwjgv LvZzb, W. †eMg Rvnvb Aviv; fvlv I gvZ…fvlv,¯‥zj Ae GWy‡Kkb, evsjv‡`k,Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq|
PZ…_© w`b wØZxq Awa‡ekb
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61
f~wgKv: wkÿvi ¸YMZ gvb AR©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q wkïiv wkL‡bi †ÿ‡Î mywbw`©ó †hvM¨Zv AR©b K‡i| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki c«v_wgK ¯Í‡ii c«PwjZ wkÿvµg
wkï‡ì wkL‡bi GB mywbw`©ó gvb wbwðZ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ c«YxZ| cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii Rb¨ wba©vwiZ †hvM¨Zv‡K wefvwRZ K‡i †k«wYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx
†hvM¨Zv cybwe©b¨vm Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avevi †k«wYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zvmg~n AR©‡bi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q wba©vwiZ wkLbdj| G wkLbdj¸‡jv AR©‡bi
Rb¨ evsjv wel‡q welqe¯ÍyI wba©vwiZ †hgb- Mí/Qov/KweZv BZ¨vw` | Z‡e Gi A_© GB bq †h, c~e©wba©vwiZ welqe¯ÍyB wkLbdj AR©‡bi GKgvÎ
Dc`vb| GKB ai‡bi Mí/Qov/KweZv BZ¨vw` w`‡qI Zv cwigvc Kiv hvq| wkLb †kLv‡bv AMÖMwZ hvPvB Kivi wbwg‡Ë g~j¨vqb GKwU Acwinvh©
c«wµqv| mwVK g~j¨vq‡bi Øviv GKRb wkÿv_©x‡K Zvi †gav I k«‡gi mwVK ¯^xK…wZ c«`vb Kiv hvq| g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g `ye©j wkÿv_©xi AcviMZv I
`ye©jZv wPwýZ K‡i c«‡qvRbxq eë¯’v M«nY K‡i cviM wkÿv_©xi ch©v‡q DbœxZ Kiv m¤¢e| wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g g~j¨vqb GKwU Awe‡‛Q`¨ c«wµq|
wkLb †kLv‡bv Kg©KvÐi mv_©KZv, mdjZv I wedjZv hvPvB‡qi GKgvÎ DcvqB g~j¨vqb| wkÿKMY hv‡Z wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vqb m¤ú‡K© cwic~Y
aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨B G Awa‡ek‡bi AeZviYv
mgq: 2NÈv 45 wgwbU
wkLbdj: G Awa‡ekb ‡k‡l cÖwkÿv_©xMY-
1. wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vqb Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vqb †Kb Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3. wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿÎ kbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
4. wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ c«kœ c«Yq‡bi †K․kj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
c×wZ/‡KŠkj: cvIqvi c‡q›U Dc¯’vcb, `‡j KvR I hvPvB, Dc¯’vcb, djveZ©b BZ¨vw`|
DcKiY: Z_¨cÎ, j¨vcUc, c«‡R±i, c«_g ‡_‡K cÂg †k«wYi evsjv eB, wkÿK ms¯‥iY, c«v_wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿvµg, †cv÷vi †ccvi, wfcKvW©, gvK©vi /
mvBb‡cb BZ¨vw`|
Awa‡ek‡bi weeiY
KvR-1: wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vqb m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Kiv mgq: 20wgwbU
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì ï‡f‛Qv Rvwb‡q RoZvf½ K‡i Awa‡ekb ïi‛ Ki‛b| Awa‡ek‡bi wkLbdj cÖ`k©b Ki‛b|
 wb‡Pi cÖkwœ U †ev‡W©/gvjwUwgwWqvq cÖ`k©b Ki‛b-
- wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vqb ej‡Z Kx eySvq ?
 cÖkwœ U m¤ú‡K© GKvKx wPšÍv I †Rvovq Av‡jvPbv K‡i †h‡Kv‡bv GKR‡bi †bvUey‡K wjL‡Z n‡e|
 cÖwZ †Rvov †_‡K DËi wb‡q †nvqvBU‡ev‡W© wjL‡Z ejyb|
 †jLv †k‡l GKRb‡K c‡o †kvbv‡Z ejyb|
 Z_¨c‡Îi mnvqZvq c~‡e© wjwLZ †cv÷vi cÖ`k©b Ki‛b|
 mvims‡ÿc K‡i KvR-1 †kl Ki‛b|
KvR-2: wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vq‡bi c«‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Kiv mgq: 40 wgwbU

mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì 5wU `‡j fvM Ki‛b| `jxq Kv‡Ri Rb¨ c«‡qvRbxq DcKiY w`b|
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62
 wb‡gœi cÖkwœ U †ev‡W© wjLyb A_ev gvjwUwgWqvq c«`k©b Kiyb|

- wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vq‡bi c«‡qvRbxqZv Kx?
 `‡j Av‡jvPbv K‡i †cv÷vi †ccv‡i wjL‡Z ejyb|
 `jxq KvR Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ c«¯ywÍ Z wb‡Z ejyb|
 c«¯ywÍ Z †k‡l †h‡Kv‡bv GK `j‡K Zv‡ì KvR Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ejyb|
 Ab¨ `‡ji bZzb wKQz _vK‡j Zv ms‡hvRb Ki‡Z ejyb|
 gvjwUwgwWqvq wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vq‡bi c«‡qvRbxqZv m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ c«`k©b Ki‛b|
 cybivq c«kœ Ki‛b-c«v_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv wel‡qi wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vq‡bi c«‡qvRbxqZv Kx ?
 mK‡ji wbKU †_‡K DËi wbb|
 cÖ‡qvR‡b djveZ©b w`‡q KvR †kl Ki‛b|
KvR-3: wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿÎ kbv³KiY mgq: 50 wgwbU

mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì 4wU `‡j fvM Ki‛b|

 wb‡gœi wefvRb Abyqvqx Z_¨cÎ e›Ub Ki‛b|
`j-1: †kvbvi `ÿZv g~j¨vq‡bi wbwg‡Ë c«YxZ wkLbdjwfwËK c«kœ
`j-2: ejvi `ÿZv g~j¨vq‡bi wbwg‡Ë c«YxZ wkLbdjwfwËK c«kœ
`j-3: covi `ÿZv g~j¨vq‡bi wbwg‡Ë c«YxZ wkLbdjwfwËK c«kœ
`j-4: †jLvi `ÿZv g~j¨vq‡bi wbwg‡Ë c«YxZ wkLbdjwfwËK c«kœ
 c«wZ `j‡K c«‡qvRbxq †cv÷vi †ccvi, gvK©vi, wkÿvµg, cvV¨cy¯ÍK BZ¨vw` miein Ki‛b|
 `jxq KvR Kivi Rb¨ c«‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kbv w`b| mgq wba©viY K‡i w`b|
 c«`Ë bgybv c«kœ c‡o g~j welq †cv÷vi †ccv‡i wjL‡Z c«‡qvRbxq mnvqZv w`b|
 `jxq KvR Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ c«¯w‘ Z wb‡Z ejyb|
 c«_g `j‡K Zv‡ì `jxq KvR Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ejyb|
 `‡ji Dc¯’vcb †k‡l mK‡ji gZvgZ wbb Ges Avcbvi gZvgZ Zy‡j ai‛b|
 Gfv‡e ch©vqµ‡g mKj `‡ji Dc¯’vcb †kl Kiyb|
KvR-4: wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ c«kœ c«Yq‡bi †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Kiv| mgq: 45 wgwbU
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 c«‡Z¨K c«wkÿYv_©x‡K GKwU K‡i wfcKvW© I GKwU K‡i mvBb‡cb/gvK©vi w`b|
 wb‡Pi c«kwœ U †ev‡W© wjLyb/ gvjwUwgwWqvq c«`k©b Ki‛b|
- c«kœ c«Yqb Ki‡Z †Kvb †Kvb w`K we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq ?
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63
 †jLv ‡kl n‡j KvW©¸‡jv msM«n K‡i wfc‡ev‡W© ¯’vcb Ki‛b|

 GKRb‡K co‡Z ejyb I Av‡jvPbv Ki‛b|
 Gevi Z_¨c‡Î ewY©Z c«kœ Kivi mvaviY wbqgvewj c«`k©b Ki‛b| c«‡qvR‡b e¨vL¨v w`b|
 cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì 5wU `‡j fvM K‡i wb‡gœi e›Ub Abymv‡i Z_¨cÎ weZiY Ki‛b|
`j-1: eûwbe©vPbx c«kœ Kivi wbqgvewj
`j-2: k~b¨¯’vb c~iY c«kœ Kivi wbqgvewj
`j-3: wgjKiY c«kœ Kivi wbqgvewj
`j-4: ï× Aï× c«kœ Kivi wbqgvewj
`j-5: iPbvg~jK c«kœ Kivi wbqgvewj
 Z_¨cÎ c‡o `‡j Av‡jvPbv K‡i Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ c«¯w‘ Z wb‡Z ejyb|
 c«¯w‘ Z †k‡l GK GK `j‡K Zv‡ì wba©vwiZ welq Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ejyb|
 c«wZ `‡ji Dc¯’vcb †k‡l mK‡ji gZvgZ wbb|
 c«‡qvRbxq mnvqZv w`b I e¨vL¨v Ki‛b|
 AvMvgxw`bI G wel‡q KvR Ki‡Z n‡e Zv e‡j w`b

mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 wb‡P ewY©Z cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g G Awa‡ek‡bi g~j¨vqb Ki‡eb-
1. c«kœ c«Yqb Ki‡Z †Kvb †Kvb w`K we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq ?

2. †Kb Avgiv wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vqb Kie ?
Z_¨cÎ PZy_© w`b
wØZxq Awa‡ekb
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cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv wel‡qi wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vqb

 wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vqb n‡‛Q cv‡Vi wba©vwiZ wkLbd‡ji AR©‡bi gvÎv wbiƒcY|
 wba©vwiZ wkLbdj KZUyKy AwR©Z n‡q‡Q Zv hvPvB KivB wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vqb|
 †k«wYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv AR©‡bi Rb¨ †h mKj wkLbdj wba©viY Kiv nq †m¸‡jv AwR©Z n‡q‡Q wKbv Zv hvPvB KivB
wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vqb|
wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vqb c«‡qvRbxqZv

 AcviM wkï wPwýZ Kiv hvq|
 cy‡ivcywi wkLb wbwðZ Kiv hvq|
 wkÿ‡Ki AvZ¥g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq|
 wkÿv_©xi mej I `ye©j w`Kmg~n wPwýZ Kiv hvq|
 wkL‡b mywbw`©ó †hvM¨Zv AR©b Kiv‡bvi NvUwZ kbv³ Kiv hvq|
 wkÿvi ¸YMZgvb AR©‡bi Rb¨ c«‡qvRbxq eë¯’v M«nY Kiv hvq|
 †hvM¨ZvwfwËK wkÿv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq|
 ¯ÍiwfwËK wkÿv wbwðZ Kiv hvq
 wbivgqg~jK eë¯’v wbwðZ Kiv hvq|
 D‛P wkÿvi wfZ gReyZ Kiv hvq
 wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿ‡Ki †k«wYwfwËK AR©‡bvc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv kbv³ Kiv mnR nq|
 wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g wkLb NvUwZ wPwýZ K‡i wbivgq w`‡q cy‡ivcywi wkLb wbwðZ Kiv hvq|
wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ fvlvi `ÿZvwfwËK c«kœ

`ÿZv: †kvbv
cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv-2: evsjvq Qov, KweZv, iƒcK_v, Mí, K‡_vcK_b, BZ¨vw` k«ywZM«vn¨ mvwnZ¨ ï‡b eyS‡Z cviv I Avb›` jvf Kiv|
AR©b Dc‡hvMx ‡hvM¨Zv- 2.2: Mí I DcK_v ï‡b g~j welq eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
wkLbdj: 2.2.1 I 2.2.3
wb‡`©k: Avwg MíwU ‡Zvgv‡ì `yÕevi c‡o ïbve | †Zvgiv g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q ïb‡e | Zvici †Zvgv‡ì KZ¸‡jv c«kœ Kie| c«k¸
œ ‡jvi mwVK DËi w`‡Z
n‡e|
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GKw`b GKwU wcuc‡o cyKy‡i cvwb †L‡Z ‡Mj| nVvr GKwU †XD G‡m wcuc‡o‡K fvwm‡q wbj| cyKyi cv‡o Rv‡gi Wv‡j e‡m wQj GKwU NyNy| wcuc ov‡K
fvm‡Z †`‡L NyNy GKwU cvZv cvwb‡Z †d‡j w`j| wcuc‡o cvZvq P‡o Zx‡i D‡V G‡jv| Zvici GK w`b GK wkKvix NyNywU‡K Zxi Qyo‡Z †Mj|
wcuc‡o Zv †`Lv gvÎB Zvi cv‡q Kvgo ewm‡q w`j| Zxi ‡Mj †eu‡K| c«v‡Y †eu‡P ‡Mj NyNywU|
1. wcuc‡o cyKy‡i ‡Mj ‡Kb ?
2. wcuc‡o ‡Kgb K‡i cyKy‡i cv‡o wMqvwQj ?
3. G MíwU ‡_‡K Avgiv Kx wkL‡Z cvwi ?
4. G M‡íi GKwU bvg `vI|
`ÿZv: †kvbv
cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv- 2: evsjvq Qov, KweZv, iƒcK_v, Mí,K‡_vcK_b, BZ¨vw` k«ywZM«vn¨ mvwnZ¨ ï‡b
eyS‡Z cviv I Avb›` jvf Kiv|
wkLbdj: 2.2.2 I 2.2.4
wb‡`©k: Avwg MíwU ‡Zvgv‡ì `yÕevi c‡o ïbve | †Zvgiv g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q ïb‡e | Zvici ‡Zvgv‡ì KZ¸‡jv c«kœ Kie| Gi mwVK DËi w`‡Z n‡e|
A‡bK w`b Av‡Mi K_v| K‡qK Rb bvweK Rvnv‡R P‡o mgy`« hvÎv ïi‛ Kij| Mfxi mgy‡`« Zv‡ì RvnvR S‡o Wy‡e ‡Mj| fvm‡Z fvm‡Z Zv‡ì
K‡qK Rb GKwU c«vYnxb Øx‡c G‡m †c․uQj| Zv‡ì Kv‡Q wQj wewfbœ ai‡bi Mv‡Qi exR| Zviv exR ecb Kij, MvQ n‡jv, MvQ eo n‡jv, dyj n‡jv|
†fvgi G‡jv, cvwL G‡jv| Mv‡Q dj n‡jv| mey‡R mey‡R †Q‡q ‡Mj Øxc| RvnvR wfo‡Z ïiÒ Kij Øx‡c| Zviv Øx‡ci ivRv n‡jv | my‡L kvwšÍ‡Z
emevm Ki‡Z jvMj |
1. RvnvR Kxfv‡e Wy‡e wM‡qwQj?
2. c«vYnxb Øx‡c c«vYxi AvMg‡Y Kvi Ae`vb me‡P‡q ‡ewk?
3. Zv‡ì Kv‡Q exR bv _vK‡j Kx n‡Zv?
welqe¯‘: K‡_vcK_b
`ÿZv: †kvbv
cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv- 3: K‡_vcK_b, eY©bv BZ¨vw` k«wZM«vn¨ welq ï‡b eyS‡Z cviv |
AR©b Dc‡hvMx ‡hvM¨Zv: 3.1: cwiwPZ welq K‡_vcK_b I eY©bv ï‡b eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
wkLbdj: 3.1.1
wb‡`©kbv: Rvwn` I mxgv K_v ej‡Q| Zviv Kx K_v ej‡Q Zv †Zvgv‡ì c‡o ‡kvbve| †kvbvi ci ‡Zvgv‡ì KZ¸‡jv c«‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|
Rvwn`: †Kv_vq hv‛Q mxgv? AvR †h QywU| †Zvgvi nv‡Z Mv‡Qi Pviv †Kb?
mxgv: ¯‥y‡j hvw‛Q| Mv‡Qi Pviv ¯‥y‡ji gv‡Vi av‡i jvMve| Avgv‡ì K¬v‡mi mK‡j Avm‡e|
Rvwn`: AvwgI †Zvgvi mv‡_ hve| `yR‡b wg‡j MvQ jvMve|
wgZy: Rv‡bv fvBqv, MvQ Avgv‡ì A‡bK DcKvi K‡i| MvQ Avgv‡ì Qvqv †`q| dyj †`q, dj †`q|
Rvwn`: wVK e‡jQ| m¨vi e‡j‡Qb, MvQ Avgv‡ì Aw·‡Rb †`q| evZvm †_‡K ZvB Avgiv Aw·‡Rb wb‡Z cvwi|
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cÖkœ
1. mxgvi nv‡Z Kx wQj?
2. Rvwn` ¯‥y‡j wM‡q Kx Ki‡e?
3. Avgv‡ì †eu‡P _vK‡Z MvQ Kxfv‡e mvnvh¨ K‡i?
4. MvQ bv _vK‡j Kx n‡Zv?
`ÿZv: †kvbv
AR©b Dc‡hvMx ‡hvM¨Zv- 3.5: c«_g ‡_‡K `kg ch©šÍ µgevPK kã ï‡b eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
wkLbdj: 3.5.1
wb‡`©k: Avwg welqwU ‡Zvgv‡ì `yÕevi eje | ‡Zvgiv g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q ïb‡e | Zvici ‡Zvgv‡ì KZ¸‡jv c«kœ Kie| Zvi mwVK DËi w`‡Z n‡e|
iwng, Kwig I nvwmbv GKm‡½ cv‡q †nu‡U ¯‥zj †_‡K evwo‡Z †d‡i| nvwmbvi evwo ch©šÍ †cu․Q‡Z Zv‡Ì 25 wgwbU mgq jv‡M| Gici Kwi‡gi
evwo‡Z †cu․Q‡Z iwng I Kwi‡gi AviI 10 wgwbU jv‡M| †mLvb †_‡K cv‡q †nu‡U iwn‡gi evwo ch©šÍ †cu․Q‡Z jv‡M AviI 5 wgwbU|
c«k:œ
1. Kvi evwo me‡P‡q `~‡i/Z…Zxq Ae¯’v‡b ?
2. Kvi evwo me‡P‡q Kv‡Q/c«_g ¯’v‡b ?
3. Kvi evwo `~i‡Z¡i w`K †_‡K gvSvgvwS/wØZxq Ae¯’v‡b?
`ÿZv: †kvbv
cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv- 1: evsjv fvlvi MVb- •ewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡e |
AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv- 1.3: wb‡`©kbv, c«k,œ ‡NvlYv, Aby‡iva ï‡b eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
wkLbdj: 1.3.2, 1.3.4, 1.3.6, 1.3.9
wb‡`©k: Avwg 4wU evK¨ cowQ | †Zvgiv g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q ïb‡e | ej‡Z n‡e †Kvb ev‡K¨ c«kœ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
K) Avgvi bvg c«vPx|
L) †L‡Z e‡mv|
M) †Zvgv‡ì ¯‥y‡ji bvg Kx?
N) `qv K‡i KjgUv `vI|
wb‡`©k: Avwg 4wU evK¨ cowQ| †Zvgiv g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q ïb‡e| ej‡Z n‡e †Kvb ev‡K¨ Aby‡iva Kiv n‡q‡Q|
K) Kx my›ì `…k¨|
L) AbyMn« K‡i †Zvgvi eBUv `vI|
M) †Zvgvi evwo ‡Kv_vq?
66
67
N) Pyc K‡i e‡mv|

wb‡`©k: Avwg 4wU evK¨ cowQ| †Zvgiv g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q ïb‡e| ej‡Z n‡e †Kvb ev‡K¨ wb‡`©k †Ìqv n‡q‡Q|
K) †ev‡W©i gvSvgvwS ‡jL|
L) Zywg †Kvb †k«wY‡Z co |
M) `vjvbUv †`L‡Z my›ì|
N) Avwg c«xZg|
wb‡`©k: Avwg 4wU evK¨ cowQ| †Zvgiv g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q ïb‡e | ej‡Z n‡e †Kvb ev‡K¨ †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
K) gb w`‡q co|
L) AvMvgxKvj ¯‥yj eÜ _vK‡e|
M) †Zvgvi evevi bvg Kx?
N) †m hv‡e bv|
`ÿZv: ejv
cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv- 2: Qov, KweZv, iƒcK_v, Mí, K‡_vcK_b, eY©bv BZ¨vw` ey‡S ej‡Z cviv|
AR©b Dc‡hvMx ‡hvM¨Zv- 2.5: K‡_vcK_b AskM«nY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
wkLbdj: 2.5.1, 2.5.1
welqe¯‘: mvÿvrKvi
- †Zvgvi bvg Kx?
- Zywg mKv‡j Nyg †_‡K D‡V Kx Kx KvR Ki?
- †Zvgvi evsjv wkÿ‡Ki bvg Kx?
- Zywg †h welq¸‡jv co Zvi g‡a¨ †Kvb welqwU †Zvgvi fv‡jv jv‡M?
- †Kb fv‡jv jv‡M?
wb‡`©kbv: wb‡Pi ‡jLvUyKy ‡Zvgv‡ì c‡o ‡kvbve| †Zvgiv ï‡b Zv †Zvgv‡ì g‡Zv K‡i ej‡e|
•P‡Îi `ycyi| ïK‡bv cvZviv D‡o hvq Mig evZv‡m| Mv‡Qi Qvqvq e‡m AvwQ| gv_vUv Mv‡Qi Dci Gjv‡bv| Rxe‡bi K_v fve‡Z fve‡Z `~i †_‡K
wgDwR‡Ki g‡Zv †f‡m Avm‡Q GKwU NyNy cvwLi WvK| Avgvi gb ZrÿYvZ Luy‡R †d‡i my‡ii Drm| evwoi cv‡ki GKwU Mv‡Qi Wv‡j e‡m Mvb MvB‡Q
GKwU NyNy cvwL| bv, GKwU bv, GB‡Zv AviI GKwU NyNy myi a‡i‡Q| GKwU _vg‡Z Ab¨wU MvB‡Q Ny-Ny-†iv-†Nv-†Nv-†Nv| Avb‡›` f‡i †Mj gbUv|
`ÿZv: ejv
AR©b Dc‡hvMx ‡hvM¨Zv- 2.6: cvwLi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e I mswkøó c«‡kœ Ki‡Z cvi‡e I DËi w`‡Z cvi‡e|
wkLbdj: 2.6.1, 2.6.2
67
68
wb‡`©kbv: wb‡Pi QwewU †`L Qwei cvwL m¤ú‡K© Zywg hv Rvb ej:
wb‡Pi c«‡kœi DËi `vI:

1. NyNy cvwL Kx Lvq?
2. G cvwL ‡Kv_vq evmv euv‡a?
3. NyNy cvwL Avgv‡ì Kx DcKvi K‡i?
4. Kxfv‡e G‡ì Avgiv evuwP‡q ivL‡Z cvwi?
`ÿZv: cov
cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv- 2: Qov, KweZv, iƒcK_v, Mí,K‡_vcK_b, eY©bv BZ¨vw` c‡o g~jfve eyS‡Z cviv|
AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv- 2.4: Mí I DcK_v c‡o eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
wkLbdj: 2.4.3 I 2.4.4
wb‡`©kbv: MíwU gb w`‡q co| Zvici wb‡Pi c«k¸
œ ‡jvi DËi `vI:
A‡bK w`b Av‡Mi K_v| K‡qK Rb bvweK Rvnv‡R P‡o mgy`« hvÎv ïi‛ Kij| Mfxi mgy‡`« Zv‡ì RvnvR S‡o Wy‡e †Mj| fvm‡Z fvm‡Z Zv‡ì
K‡qK Rb GKwU c«vYnxb Øx‡c G‡m †VKj| Zv‡ì Kv‡Q wQj wewfbœ ai‡bi Mv‡Qi exR| Zviv exR ecb Kij, MvQ n‡jv, MvQ eo n‡jv, dyj n‡jv|
†fvgi G‡jv, cvwL G‡jv| Mv‡Q dj n‡jv| mey‡R mey‡R †Q‡q †Mj Øxc| bvwe‡Kiv †bvOi ‡dj‡Z ïi‛ Kij| Zviv Øx‡ci ivRv n‡jv | my‡L kvwšÍ‡Z
emevm Ki‡Z jvMj |
K. BwÄb weKj n‡q |
L. S‡o c‡o |
M. av°v ‡L‡q |
N. KvZ n‡q c‡i|
2. c«vYnxb Øx‡c c«vYxi AvMg‡Y Kvi Ae`vb me‡P‡q †ewk ?
68
69
K. gvby‡li
L. bvwe‡Ki
M. MvQcvjvi
N. Rvnv‡Ri
3. Zv‡ì Kv‡Q exR bv _vK‡j Kx n‡Zv ?
K. Ab¨Î P‡j †hZ
L. gviv ‡hZ
M. gvQ ‡g‡i ‡LZ
N. ivRv n‡Z cviZ bv
`ÿZv: cov
cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv- 2: Qov, KweZv, iƒcK_v, Mí, K‡_vcK_b, eY©bv BZ¨vw` c‡o g~jfve eyS‡Z cviv|
wkLbdj: 2.4.1 I 2.4.2
wb‡`©kbv: MíwU gb w`‡q co| Zvici wb‡Pi c«k¸
œ ‡jvi DËi `vI:
GKw`b GKwU wcuc‡o cyKy‡i cvwb †L‡Z ‡Mj| nVvr GKwU †XD G‡m wcuc‡o‡K fvwm‡q wbj| cyKyi cv‡o Rv‡gi Wv‡j e‡m wQj GKwU NyNy| wcuc‡o‡K
fvm‡Z †`‡L NyNy GKwU cvZv cvwb‡Z †d‡j w`j| wcuc‡o cvZvq P‡o Zx‡i D‡V G‡jv| Zvici GK w`b wkKvix NyNywU‡K Zxi Qyo‡Z ‡Mj| wcu c‡o Zv
†`Lv gvÎB Zvi cv‡q Kvgo ewm‡q w`j| Zxi †Mj †eu‡K| c«v‡Y †eu‡P †Mj NyNywU|
1. wcuc‡o cyKy‡i †Mj †Kb?
K. Zvi ÿyav †c‡qwQj|
L. Zvi wccvmv †c‡qwQj|
M. †m Ny‡i †eovw‛Qj|
N. †m KvR KiwQj|
2. wcuc‡o †Kgb K‡i cyKy‡i c‡o wM‡qwQj?

K. cv wcQ‡j
L. QyU‡Z wM‡q
M. c_ Pj‡Z wM‡q
N. †XD‡qi †Zv‡o
69
70
3. G MíwU †_‡K Avgiv Kx wkL‡Z cvwi?

K. DcKvixi DcKvi Kie
L. AcKvixi ÿwZ Kie bv
M. c‡ii `yt‡L KvZi ne
N. mveav‡b c_ Pje
welqe¯Í: K‡_vcK_b
wb‡`©kbv: Rvwn` I mxgv K_v ej‡Q| Zviv Kx K_v ej‡Q Zv †Zvgv‡ì c‡o eyS‡Z n‡e| covi ci †Zvgv‡ì KZ¸‡jv c«‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|
Rvwn`: †Kv_vq hv‛Q mxgv? AvR †h QywU| †Zvgvi nv‡Z Mv‡Qi Pviv †Kb?
mxgv: ¯‥y‡j hvw‛Q| Mv‡Qi Pviv ¯‥y‡ji gv‡V av‡i jvMve| Avgv‡ì K¬v‡mi mK‡j Avm‡e|
Rvwn`: wVK e‡jQ| m¨vi e‡j‡Qb, MvQ Avgv‡ì Aw·‡Rb ‡`q| evZvm †_‡K ZvB Avgiv Aw·‡Rb wb‡Z cvwi|
c«k:œ 1. mxgvi nv‡Z Kx wQj?
2. Rvwn` ¯‥y‡j wM‡q Kx Ki‡e?
`ÿZv: †jLv
cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv- 3: ch©‡eÿY, AwfÁZv I g‡bvfve BZ¨vw` ï× I ¯úó fvlvq wj‡L c«Kvk Ki‡Z cviv|
AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv- 3.1: Qwe‡Z †`Lv NUbv mnR eY©bvq wjL‡Z cvi‡e|
wkLbdj: 3.1.1
wb‡`©kbv: wb‡Pi QwewU fv‡jv K‡i †`L| Zvici QwewU m¤ú‡K© 5wU evK¨ ‡jL|
70
71
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
`ÿZv: †jLv
cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv- 3: mvaviY wPwV Ges ìLv¯Í wjL‡Z cviv Ges wewfbœ dig c~iY Ki‡Z cviv|
AR©b Dc‡hvMx ‡hvM¨Zv- 4.3: mnR dig c~iY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
wkLbdj: 4.3.1
wb‡`©kbv: G Ask c~iY K‡i †Zvgvi cwiPq `vI|

bvg: ------------------------------------------------------------|
wcZvi bvg: ------------------------------------------------------|
gvZvi bvg:
we`¨vj‡qi bvg: --------------------------------------------------|
evwoi wVKvbv: ----------------------------------------------------|
c«kc
œ Î c«Yq‡bi mvaviY wbqgvewj-
71
72
 wkÿv_©xi ¯Íi we‡ePbvq †i‡L c«kœ Kiv|

 c«‡kœi fvlv I c«vw_©Z DËi wbw`©ó wkLbdj Abyqvqx n‡e|
 c«k¸
œ ‡jv wkÿv_©xi †k«wY/welqwfwËK †hvM¨Zv ev wbw`©ó AvPiY‡K cwigvc Ki‡e|
 c«‡kœ †Kv‡bv iK‡gi A¯úóZv ev `y‡e©va¨Zv _vK‡e bv|
 GKwU c«kœ GKwU mgm¨v‡K Zy‡j ai‡e|
 wkÿv_©x weåvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i Ggb c«kœ Kiv hv‡e bv|
 †bwZevPK evK¨ cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
 e¨vKiYMZ ï×Zv eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e|
 c«‡kœi wb‡`©kbv mnR n‡e hv‡Z wkÿv_©xiv mn‡R eyS‡Z cv‡i|
 c«‡kœ cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki fvlv AweKj eënvi bv Kiv fv‡jv|
 c«kœ mvRv‡bvi †ÿ‡Î mnR †_‡K KwVb Abyµ‡g mvRv‡j fv‡jv nq|
 ïaygvÎ Ávb cwigv‡ci Rb¨ c«kœ bv K‡i Abyaveb, c«‡qvM, ms‡kølY, we‡kølY BZ¨vw` ¯Íi cwigv‡ci wbwg‡Ë c«kœ Kiv ìKvi|
 Afxÿvq c«kœ mvRv‡bv GKw`‡K †hgb weÁvb Ab¨ w`‡K GwU wkíKjvI e‡U- Dw³wU ¯§iY ‡i‡L c«kœ mvRv‡Z n‡e|
 •be¨©w³K I iPbvg~jK c«‡kœi g‡a¨ fvimg¨ ivL‡Z n‡e|
•be©¨w³K c«kœ c«Yq‡bi wbqgvewj

eû wbe©vPbx c«kœ -
 c«‡Z¨K c«‡kœi DË‡i PviwU weKí DËi _vK‡e|
 weKí DËi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwUgvÎ ï× DËi _vK‡e|
 weKí DËi¸‡jv AvcvZ `„wó‡Z wKQyUv mwVK e‡j g‡b n‡Z n‡e hvi c«‡Z¨KwU DËiB wkÿv_©x‡K AvKl©Y Ki‡e|
 c«‡kœi fvlv mgm¨v‡K my¯úó I mswÿßfv‡e Zy‡j ai‡e| cixÿv_©x c«‡kœi fvlv †_‡K mgm¨vwUi ¯îƒc m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 c«k¸
œ ‡jv hZUv m¤¢e mswÿß Ki‡Z n‡e| Ac«‡qvRbxq I evievi eëüZ kã eënvi bv Kiv fv‡jv|
 cÖ‡kœi fvlv Am¤ú~Y© Dw³, m¤ú~Y© Dw³ I c«kœ AvKv‡i n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e c«kœ AvKv‡i nIqv DËg|
 weKí DËi¸‡‡jvi •`N¨© mgvb n‡e|
 c«‡Z¨KwU DËi AvKl©Yxq I mgvb †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ n‡e|
 weKí DËi¸‡jv fvlvMZ w`K †_‡K Lye KwVb n‡e bv|
 †÷‡gi •`N¨© wePjK/mwVK DË‡ii †P‡q eo n‡e|
 mwVK DËi¸‡jv GKB Ae¯’v‡b †Ìqv hv‡e bv|
k~b¨¯’vb c~iY c«kœ

 DËi¸‡jv mswÿß I `…pe× n‡e|
 GKwU c«‡kœ GKvwaK evK¨ bv _vKvB mgxPxb|
 GKwU c«‡kœ GKwUi †ewk k~Y¨¯’vb bv _vKvB fv‡jv|
 cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki fvlv/AweKj D×…wZ eënvi bv Kiv fv‡jv |
72
73
 k~Y¨¯’vb c~i‡Yi wbw`©ó DË‡i GKwU ev `ywU kã ev msL¨vi ¯’vb dvuKv _vK‡e|
 Lvwj RvqMv ev‡KÏ †h‡Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e ïi‛‡Z Lvwj RvqMv bv ivLvB fv‡jv |
 G ai‡bi c«kœ •Zwi Kivi mgq GKwU h‡_vchy³ evK¨ ev Dw³ ev wee…wZ wbe©vPb K‡i Zv †_‡K c«avb GKwU kã ev` w`‡q Lvwj RvqMv †ei
Ki‡Z n‡e|
wgjKiY c«kœ
 Wvb cv‡k cÖkœ A_©vr †÷g I evg cv‡k DËi A_©vr wePjK _vK‡e|
 †÷g ev cÖkœ I wePjK ev weKí DË‡i me mgq GKB RvZxq welq AšÍf©y³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
 DË‡ii •`N¨© †÷‡gi †P‡q †QvU nIqv DwPZ|
 †÷‡gi msL¨vi †P‡q wePjK ev weKí DËi‡ii msL¨v †ewk _vKv DwPZ|
 DË‡i Kjv‡gi ZvwjKv ‡h․w³Kfv‡e mvRv‡Z n‡e|
 c«‡Z¨K †÷‡gi GKwU gvÎ DËi _vK‡e| Z‡e GKwU DËi G‡Ki †P‡q †ewk †÷‡gi wVK DËi wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i|
 wb‡`©kbvq wb‡`©k _vK‡Z n‡e †h GKwU DËi c«‡qvR‡b GKev‡ii †P‡q †ewk eënvi n‡Z cv‡i|
 c«‡Z¨K †÷g GKwU c«kœ wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e, c«‡qvR‡b µwgK b¤î †Ìqv †h‡Z cv‡i|
 wb‡`©kbvq D‡jøL _vK‡Z n‡e Kxfv‡e wgj Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb- `vM †U‡b/ `yB Kjvg‡K hy³ K‡i/ †÷‡gi Kjv‡gi cv‡k DËi wj‡L|
iPbvg~jK c«kœ
 †h welqe¯Íy wjL‡Z †Ìqv n‡e Zv †hb †mB ¯Í‡ii Dc‡hvMx nq|

 DËi †jLvi Rb¨ c«‡qvRbxq mgq w`‡Z n‡e|
 c«‡kœ b¤î c«`vb Kivi Rb¨ c«kœ c«Yq‡bi mgqB †f‡e c«k‡œ K myweb¨¯Í Ki‡Z n‡e|
 †Kvb As‡k KZ b¤î Zv wba©viY K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|
 wkÿv_©x‡ì DË‡i Kx Kx wRwbm Avkv Kiv n‡‛Q Zvi wb‡`©kbv c«‡kœ w`‡q w`‡Z n‡e| †hgb- mwVK e¨KiYMZ kã, evK¨, nv‡Zi †jLv,
f~wgKv, Av‡jvPbv BZ¨vw`|
 c«k¸œ ‡jv mnR †_‡K KwVb Abyµ‡g mvRv‡Z n‡e|
 c«‡kœi fvlv n‡e mnR I mvejxj| Zv †hb e¨vL¨vi `vwe bv iv‡L|
 Afxÿvq c«kœ mvRv‡bv GKw`‡K †hgb weÁvb Ab¨ w`‡K GwU wkíKjvI e‡U- Dw³wU ¯§iY †i‡L c«kœ mvRv‡Z n‡e|
 fvlv Afxÿvi wb‡`©kK mviYx AbymiY K‡i Áv‡bi wewfbœ ¯Íi †_‡K c«kœ wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
 mg‡qi e¨vwßi mv‡_ c«‡kœi cwim‡ii wgj _vK‡Z n‡e|
Ávbg~jK †ÿÎ (Cognitive Domain)

¯Íi (Level) eënvh© wµqvc` (Acceptable verbs)
Ávb †K, Kx, KLb, †Kv_vq, †KvbwU, bvg Ki, ZvwjKv Ki, g‡b Ki, evbvb Ki, D‡jøL Ki, msÁv `vI, kbv³
Ki, ¯§iY Ki, ¯^xK…wZ `vI|
73
74
Dcjw× Kiv cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki, e¨vL¨v Ki, KviY `k©vI, `…óvšÍ `vI, c«`k©b Ki, Zyjbv Ki, gZvgZ `vI, Dcmsnvi Uvb,
cÖgvY Ki, c„_K Ki, A¼b Ki, D`vniYmn e¨vL¨v Ki, wb‡Ri fvlvq ej, Abyev` Ki, c~Ywe©b¨vm Ki,
ev eySv
gšÍe¨ Ki|
cÖ‡qvM •Zwi Ki, wbg©vY Ki, cixÿv Ki, wPwýZ Ki, KvR †`LvI, evQvB Ki, cÖ‡qvM Ki, †kÖwYweb¨vm Ki, ea©b
Ki, m¤úªmviY Ki, Dbœqb Ki, m¤úK© wbY©q Ki, c~YM©Vb Ki, eënvi Ki, mgvavb Ki|
we‡kølY Rwic Ki, AskM«nY Ki, cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY Ki, mij Ki, fvM Ki, m¤^Ü wbY©q Ki, we‡kølY Ki,
†kÖwYweb¨vm Ki, Zzjbv Ki, wPwýZ Ki, Abygvb Ki, wm×všÍ Ki, Av›`vR Ki|
ms‡kølY msKjb Ki, ms‡kvab Ki, bK&kv •Zwi Ki, iPbv Ki, mgvavb Ki, cwieZ©b Ki, Abygvb Ki, D™¢veb Ki,
•Zwi Ki, Av‡jvPbv Ki, Kx NU‡e ej, mse× Ki, wbg©vY Ki, me©vqb Ki, MVb Ki, ms‡køl Ki, we¯Ívi
Ki, mvi ms‡ÿc ev mvivsk Ki, Dcmsnvi Uvb, wjwLZfv‡e cÖKvk Ki|
g~j¨vqb wm×všÍ `vI, gZvgZ `vI, mycvwik Ki, ¯^c‡ÿ I wec‡ÿ hyw³ `vI, cwigvc Ki, AM«MY¨Zv wePvi Ki,
g~j¨vqY Ki, Av›`vR Ki, wePvi Ki, gvb wewkó Ki|
fvev‡e‡Mi †ÿÎwU GKwU A‡cÿvK…Z ¯úk©KvZi w`K| †kLv I †kLv‡bvi ga¨ w`‡q wkÿv_©xi g‡b †Kv‡bv welq AvM«n I DÏxcbv m…wó Kiv, fv‡jv-
g›` wePvi Kivi ÿgZv m…wó Kiv Av‡ewMK weKv‡ki c«avb w`K| fvev‡e‡Mi ga¨ w`‡q wkÿv_©xi wbR¯^ `…wófw½ I g~j¨‡eva M‡o I‡V| c«v_wgK ¯Í‡ii
wkï‡ì †ÿ‡Î `…wófw½ I g~j¨‡ev‡ai w`K¸‡jv cwigvc Kiv KwVb KvR| KviY wkïi weKvkgvb Rxe‡b `…wófw½ I g~j¨‡ev‡ai weKvk Ggvš^‡q N‡U|
wKš‘ fvlvi weKv‡ki m‡½ m‡½ wPšÍv I Kíbvkw³i weKvk N‡U e‡jB wkïi RMr I Rxe‡bi c«wZ wbR¯^ fvev‡eM c«Kvk cvq|
g‡bv‡ckxR †ÿ‡Î gb I †ckx GKB mv‡_ KvR K‡i| Z‡e kvixwiK `ÿZvB g~L¨| cov, †jLv, AuvKv, †Rvov †Ìqv, IRb Kiv, wgj Kiv, wbg©vY
Kiv,¯’vcb Kiv BZ¨vw` g‡bv‡ckxR Kv‡Ri AšÍfy³
© |
mnvqK M«š’:
1. kvgmyj Kwei, (g~j¨vqb we‡klÁ:evsjv), c«wkÿY wb‡`©wkKv, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK ‡evW©, c«Kvkbvq-wØZxq c«v_gwK wkÿv Dbœqb
Kg©m~wP (wcBwWwc), 2000|
2. W. nvwjgv LvZyb I Ab¨vb¨, 1997, evsjv wm-Bb-GW evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq|
3. c«v_gwK wkÿK c«wkÿY g¨vbyqvj:evsjv, c«Kvkbvq-wØZxq c«v_gwK wkÿv Dbœqb Kg©m~wP (wcBwWwc), c«v_wgK wkÿv Awa`ßi, XvKv,
esjv‡`k|
4. cwigvwR©Z ms¯‥iY cÖv_wgK wkÿK c«wkÿY g¨vbyqvj:evsjv, c«Kvkbvq-wØZxq c«v_gwK wkÿv Dbœqb Kg©m~wP (wcBwWwc), c«v_wgK wkÿv
Awa`ßi, XvKv, esjv‡`k, c«KvkKvj- 2008|
5. Kexi kvgmyj I Ab¨vb¨ 1997, gvZ…fvlv wkÿv`vb c×wZ, evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq, MvRxcyi|
6. wW‡cøvgv Bb c«vBgvwi GWy‡Kkb, evsjv eB- 2012|
7. eûgyLx wkLb ‡kLv‡bv I g~j¨vqb, RvZxh wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK ‡evW©|
8. Charls F. Yokomoto, An Overview of Outcomes Assessment , Revised- 2004.
9. RvZxq K…wZZ¡ Awfÿv- 2006|
10. cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿvµg- 2012|
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75
cÂg w`b wØZxq Awa‡ekb
cvVcwiKíbv
f~wgKv: cvVcwiKíbv cÖYqb I mswkøó DcKiY •Zwi wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi GKwU c~e© cÖ¯w‘ Zg~jK KvR| mdjfv‡e wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©µg
cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cvVcwiKíbv cÖYqb I DcKiY •Zwi LyeB ¸i‛Z¡c~Y©| gvbm¤úbœ cvVcwiKíbv cÖYqb I cvVmswkøó DcKiY •Zwii Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki
cÖPzi †gav I mgq e¨q nq| ZvQvov G KvRwU myPvi‛fv‡e m¤úbœ Ki‡Z wkÿ‡Ki cÖPzi AbykxjbI ìKvi| wkÿ‡Ki †ckvMZ `ÿZv Dbœq‡b G
Abykxjb ¸i‛Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| ZvQvov hyrmB DcKiY mn‡hv‡M cÖYxZ cvVcwiKíbv Abyhvqx †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj
cwiPvjbvi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xi wkLb‡K Z¡ivwš^Z Kiv m¤¢e| Gme wKQzi we‡ePbvq G Awa‡ek‡b cvVcwiKíbv cÖYqb I DcKiY •Zwii eë¯’v ivLv
n‡q‡Q| Avkv Kiv hvq †h, G Awa‡ekbwU wkÿKM‡Yi †ckvMZ `ÿZv Dbœq‡b h‡_ó f~wgKv ivL‡e|
wkLbdj: G Awa‡ekb †k‡l cÖwkÿYv_©xiv
1. cvVcwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi †K․kj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. cvVcwiKíbv cªYqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3. cvVcwiKíbv Abyhvqx DcKiY •Zwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
DcKiY: j¨vcUc, gvwë wgwWqv cÖ‡R±i, †cv÷vi †ccvi, AvU© †ccvi, gvK©vi †cb, †cwÝj, wewfbœ i‡Oi mvBb‡cb|
KvR-1: cvVcwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cviv| mgq: 1 NÈv
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 cvVcwiKíbvi QKwU †cv÷vi †ccv‡i wj‡L ev cvIqvi c‡q‡›U Dc¯’vcb Kiyb|

 mKj‡K QKwU fv‡jvfv‡e †`L‡Z ejyb|
 cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g Q‡K ewY©Z welq¸‡jv ¯úó Ki‛b|
 Gevi Dc¯’vc‡bi avcmg~n †jLvi g~j welqwU wb‡P ewY©Z cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g eywS‡q w`b|
- †Kv‡bv cvV/cvV¨vsk m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_©xi mvaviY aviYv jv‡f Kx Kx Kiv hvq?
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
Qwe †`Lv‡Z w`‡q, GKvKx wPšÍv Ki‡Z w`‡q, cov ïb‡Z w`‡q, Ave„wË ïb‡Z w`‡q, Av‡jvPbv ïb‡Z w`‡q, Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z w`‡q, co‡Z
w`‡q, Awfbq w`‡q BZ¨vw`|
75
76
- †Kv‡bv cvV/cvV¨vsk wkÿv_©xiv KZUzKz ey‡S‡Q Zv Kxfv‡e g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq?

m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ej‡Z w`‡q, wjL‡Z w`‡q, Awfbq Ki‡Z w`‡q, Ave„wË Ki‡Z w`‡q, Kg©c‡Î KvR Ki‡Z w`‡q|
- †Kv‡bv cvV/cvV¨vsk Dc¯’vc‡b Avgiv avcmg~n Kxfv‡e wjL‡Z cvwi?
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
avc-1: Qwe †`L‡Z w`‡q, GKvKx wPšÍv I `‡j Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z w`‡q Qwei welqe¯Í ej‡Z wè|
avc-2: cvV¨vskUzKz cÖwgZ D‛Pvi‡Y c‡o †kvbv‡ev I Avgvi cov AbymiY K‡i K‡qKRb‡K co‡Z wè|
 Ic‡i ewY©Z cÖkœ wZbwU Kxfv‡e Dc¯’vc‡bi GKwU avc wjL‡Z mnvqZv K‡i Zv wb‡Pi welqwU D‡jøLc~e©K eywS‡q w`b|
cÖ_g cÖ‡kœi DËi (Qwe †`L‡Z w`‡q, GKvKx wPšÍv Ki‡Z w`‡q) Dc¯’vc‡bi av‡c ms‡hvR‡bi d‡j
wkÿv_©xi Z_¨ msMÖn Kivi my‡hvM m„wó n‡q‡Q| wØZxq cÖ‡kœi DËi (`‡j Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z w`‡q)
Dc¯’vc‡bi av‡c ms‡hvR‡bi d‡j wkÿv_©xi Z_¨ we‡køl‡Yi my‡hvM m„wó n‡q‡Q| Avi Z…Zxq cÖ‡kœi
DËi (Qwei welqe¯Í ej‡Z wè) Dc¯’vc‡bi av‡c ms‡hvR‡bi d‡j wkÿv_©xi wewkøó Z_¨ ev¯Í‡e
cÖ‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM m„wó n‡q‡Q| wkÿv_©xi wkL‡bi Rb¨ G wZbwU welq Dc¯’vc‡bi cÖwZwU av‡c _vKv LyeB
Ri‛wi| †mB mv‡_ cÖwZwU avc †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv wkLbdj AR©‡bi Rb¨ †h †jLv nq ZvI fv‡jvfv‡e
eywS‡q w`‡eb|
 Gevi bgybv cvVcwiKíbvwU cvIqvi c‡q‡›U Dc¯’vcb K‡i cvVcwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi LuywUbvwU welq¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Ki‛b|
KvR-2: cvVcwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡Z cviv| mgq: 1 NÈv 10 wgwbU

mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 cÖwkÿYv_©xMY‡K QqwU `‡j fvM K‡i wb‡P ewY©Z wefvRb Abyhvqx cvVcwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡Z ejyb|
`j †kÖwY cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki c„ôv b¤î cvV¨vsk
Rev cÖvK-cÖv_wgK †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU Qov
†ejx cÖ_g 20 Kjg awi------ Lei cwo|
†Mvjvc wØZxq 21 kZ dz‡ji †`k------†`vjbPuvcv I wkDwj|
kvcjv Z…Zxq 72 Avgv‡ì †`‡k-------GB hvi cY|
iRbxMÜv PZz_© 49 Aš‘ Lye nvwkLywk------GgbwU Ki‡Z cv‡i|
wkDwj cÂg 116 i‛gv I i‛ev-------Pviw`K f‡i †M‡Q|
 cÖ‡Z¨K `‡j mswkøó †kÖwYi evsjv wel‡qi wkÿvµg, cvV¨cy¯ÍK, †cv÷vi †ccvi, gvK©vi †cb w`b|
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77
 †cv÷vi †ccv‡i cvVcwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi mgq cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZv w`b|

 cÖYxZ cvVcwiKíbvi †cv÷vi Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ejyb|
 Dc¯’vc‡bi ci cvVcwiKíbvwU Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Ab¨ `‡ji civgk© AvnŸvb Ki‛b|
 †Kv‡bv civgk© _vK‡j Zv ms‡hvRb Ki‡Z ejyb|
KvR-2: cvVcwiKíbv Abyhvqx DcKiY •Zwi Ki‡Z cviv| mgq: 30 wgwbU

mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 cÖYxZ cvVcwiKíbv Abyhvqx DcKiY •Zwii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq AvU© †ccvi/†cv÷vi †ccvi, †cwÝj, wewfbœ i‡Oi mvBb‡cb cÖwZ `‡j mieivn
Ki‛b|
 DcKiY •Zwii mgq cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZv w`b|
 DcKiY •Zwii ci cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z ejyb|
 Ab¨ `‡ji †Kv‡bv civgk© _vK‡j cÖ‡qvR‡b Dbœqb mvab Ki‡Z ejyb|
 me‡k‡l `‡j Av‡jvPbv K‡i †h‡Kv‡bv GKRb‡K †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wbe©vPb Ki‛b|
 cÖYxZ cvVcwiKíbv Abyhvqx wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ `‡j cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖ¯w‘ Z wb‡Z ejyb|

mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 wb‡P ewY©Z cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g G Awa‡ek‡bi g~j¨vqb Ki‛b|
¯^-AbywPšÍbg~jK cÖk:œ wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î G Awa‡ek‡bi AR©b Avgv‡ì Kxfv‡e mnvqZv Ki‡e?
Z_¨cÎ cÂg w`b

wØZxq Awa‡ekb
bgybv cvVcwiKíbvi QK
†kÖwY : welq:
cv‡Vi wk‡ivbvg:
cvV¨vsk:
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78
wkLbdj: G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
†kvbv
ejv
cov
†jLv
DcKiY:
wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj:
(K) wbivcË¡v‡eva cwi‡ek m„wó:
(L) Av‡eM m„wó:
(M) Dc¯’vc‡bi avcmg~n
1|
2|
3|
4|
g~j¨vqb:
bgybv cvVcwiKíbv
†kÖwY : cÖ_g
welq: evsjv
cv‡Vi wk‡ivbvg: Qwe‡Z Mí (KvK I Kjwm)
cvV¨vsk: cy‡iv Mí
†kvbv- 2.2.1: MíK_v ï‡b eyS‡Z cvi‡e|

2.2.2: MíK_v ï‡b ey‡S Avb›` jvf Ki‡e|
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79
ejv- 2.3.2: Qwe †`‡L Mí ej‡Z cvi‡e|

2.4.1: MíK_v ej‡Z cvi‡e|
DcKiY: cvV¨cy¯Í‡K cÖ`Ë MíwUi †jLvmn ...wU eo d‡UvKwc ev AvuKv Qwe ch©vqµ‡g mvwR‡q GKwU M‡íi eo eB|
 Kzkj wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xi e¨w³MZ †LuvRLei wbe|

 cvVmswkøó Qov/Mvb/†K․Zz‡Ki gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xi cvV MÖn‡Yi AbyK~j cwi‡ek m„wó Kie|
cvV-1:
 Kfvi c„ôvi QwewU †`L‡Z w`‡q, GKvKx wPšÍv K‡i I `‡j Av‡jvPbv K‡i M‡íi welqe¯‘ ej‡Z mnvqZv Kie|
 M‡íi wk‡ivbvgwU Kx n‡Z cv‡i Zv †Rvovq Av‡jvPbv K‡i K‡qKRb‡K ej‡Z mnvqZv Kie| cÖ‡qvR‡b Avwg e‡j wè|
 Kfvi c„ôvi c‡ii cÖwZwU Qwe‡Z †K Kx Ki‡Z cv‡i †m m¤ú‡K© Abygvb Ki‡Z w`‡q I `‡j Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z w`‡q Qwei NUbv ej‡Z mnvqZv
Kie|
 Gici cÖwZwU c„ôv Dwë‡q wkÿv_©xi e³‡eï mv‡_ wgj K‡i Qwei wb‡P ewY©Z †jLv wb‡Ri fvlvq MívKv‡i A½fw½mn Awfb‡qi gva¨‡g
ej‡Z mnvqZv Kie|
cvV-2:
 cy‡iv MíwU Dc¯’vc‡bi ci wb‡P ewY©Z cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g MíwU wb‡Ri fvlvq ej‡Z mnvqZv Kie|
- MíwUi wk‡ivbvg Kx wQj?
- M‡í †K †K wQj?
- M‡íi cÖ_‡g Kx n‡qwQj? †K Kx K‡iwQj/e‡jwQj?
- Gici Kx n‡qwQj? Zvici Kx n‡qwQj?
- MíwU †kl n‡qwQj Kxfv‡e?
- Gfv‡e †kl nIqv‡Z Zzwg wK Lywk? †Kb?
- MíwU Avi Kxfv‡e †kl n‡Z cviZ?
cvV-3:
 M‡í ewY©Z PwiÎ ev NUbv Abyhvqx wkÿv_©x‡ì `vwqZ¡ fvM K‡i msjvc I KiYxq welq eywS‡q w`‡q f~wgKvwfbq/ gyKvwfb‡qi Rb¨ `‡j
cÖ¯w‘ Z wb‡Z eje|
 cÖ¯w‘ Z †k‡l cÖ‡Z¨K `j‡K `jxq KvR Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z eje I Ab¨‡ì Zv †`Lvi ci MívK‡i ej‡Z eje|
 me `‡ji Dc¯’vcb †`Lvi ci MíwU †_‡K Zviv Kx wkLj ev Dc‡`k †cj Zv GKB `‡j Av‡jvPbv K‡i ej‡Z mnvqZv Kie|
g~j¨vqb: cvVKvjxb I cvV †k‡l †g․wLK (wb‡`©kbv: cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki -- b¤î c„ôvq -- b¤î QwewUi wb‡Pi †jLv Qvov ïay QwewU wbb| Ic‡ii As‡k KvK
I Kjwm wj‡L Kfvi c„ôv •Zwi Ki‛b| c‡i NUbvi µg Abyhvqx †jLvmn Qwe¸‡jv mvwR‡q GKwU M‡íi eo eB •Zwi Kiyb|)
79
80
lô w`b wØZxq Awa‡ekb
†kLv‡bv Abykxjb
f~wgKv: GKRb wkÿK‡K Zvi †ckvwfwËK Kv‡R `ÿ I cvi`k©x nIqvi Rb¨ welqRÁvb AR©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv cÖ‡qv‡Mi †K․kj iß Kivi Rb¨ cÖPzi
Abykxjb Ki‡Z nq| †Kbbv c~Y©v½ I ¯’vqx wkL‡b Abykxj‡bi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB| wkÿKZv †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ nIqvi ci †_‡K wkÿKMY bvbvfv‡e
Zv‡ì `ÿZv jv‡fi my‡hvM †c‡q _v‡Kb| wkÿK ms¯‥i‡Yi cvkvcvwk AfxÁ wkÿ‡Ki civgk© Zv‡ì GB `ÿZv jv‡f †hgb mnvqZv K‡i †Zgwb
welqmswkøó †ckvwfwËK cÖwkÿY Zv‡ì `ÿZv Dbœq‡b Abb¨ f~wgKv iv‡L|
GB ¯^íKvjxb evsjv welq‡qi cÖwkÿ‡Y wkÿKMY Zv‡ì `ÿZv Dbœq‡bi †h my‡hvM jvf Ki‡eb Zvi cÖwZdjb †kªwYK‡ÿ NU‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq
| G Awa‡ek‡b wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbvi Abykxjb Kivi gva¨‡g wkÿKM‡Yi †ckvMZ `ÿZv Dbœq‡bi cÖ‡Póv †bIqv n‡q‡Q|
wkLbdj: G Awa‡ekb †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY :
1. cÖYxZ cvVcwiKíbv Abyhvqx wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv I djveZ©b cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
c×wZ/†KŠkj: `jxq KvR, cÖ`k©b, Av‡jvPbv
DcKiY: gvwëwgwWqv, cªv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK, ch©‡eÿY QK|
KvR-1: cÖYxZ cvVcwiKíbv Abyhvqx wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv I djveZ©b cÖ`vb Kiv|
mgq: 4 NÈv 10wgwbU
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 gvwëwgwWqvq c~‡e© †`Lv‡bv ch©‡eÿY QKwU cybivq cÖ`k©b Ki‛b|

 c~‡e© evwK cuvPwU `j‡K ch©vqµ‡g cvV Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ AvnŸvb Rvbvb|
 g‡Wj ¯‥zj †_‡K mswkøó †kÖwYi wkÿv_©x‡ì Avbvi eë¯’v Ki‛b|
 cÖwZwU cv‡Vi wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©µg 40 wgwb‡U Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ejyb|

 Ab¨ `j‡K ch©‡eÿY K‡i QK Ki‡Z ejyb|
 c~iYK…Z ch©‡eÿY QK Abyhvqx cÖwZwU cvV Dc¯’vc‡bi ciciB 10 wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨ djveZ©b w`b|
 GB duv‡K Ab¨ `‡ji Rb¨ mswkøó †kÖwYi wkÿv_©x‡ì Avbvi eë¯’v Ki‛b|
 ch©vqµ‡g me¸‡jv `j‡K GKB cÖwµqvq cvV Dc¯’vcb I djveZ©b w`b|

 †Kv‡bv wKQz Rvbvi _vK‡j Av‡jvPbv K‡i welqwU my¯úó Ki‛b|
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81

mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 Awa‡ek‡bi welqe¯‘ cwi®‥vifv‡e eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Qb wKbv Zv hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ wb‡gœi cÖk¸
œ ‡jv Kiyb|
1. wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi `ÿZv Dbœq‡b Abykxjb Avcbv‡K Kxfv‡e mnvqZv Ki‡e ?
2. cvV`vb Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi `ÿZv AR©‡bi ga¨ w`‡qB GKRb `ÿ wkÿK •Zwi nq- | Kxfv‡e e¨vL¨v Ki‛b|
¯^-AbywPšÍbg~jK cÖk:œ GB Awa‡ek‡bi Abykxjb Avcbvi †ckvMZ `ÿZv Dbœq‡b KZUv mnvqK ?
cÖ_g w`b Z…Zxq Awa‡ekb
cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK ch©v‡jvPbv
f~wgKv: mKj wkkyi wkÿv jv‡fi AwaKvi GKwU mvsweavwbK AwaKvi n‡jI A‡bK wkkyi †ÿ‡Î cªv_wgK wkÿvB cÖvwšÍK wkÿv| ZvB G wkÿvi gva¨‡g
hv‡Z wkï Zvi fwel¨Z Rxe‡bi wfwË my`„pfv‡e Mo‡Z cv‡i Zv wbwðZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G Rb¨ wkïi evsjv fvlvq wPšÍv †PZbv cÖKv‡ki j‡ÿ¨ †kvbv,
ejv, cov I †jLvi †hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨ evsjv wel‡qi cvV¨cy¯ÍK h_vh_ nIqv Avek¨K| mvaviYZ cvV¨cy¯Í‡K RvZxq `k©b, bxwZgvjv, Av`k© ,
†`‡ki K…wó, ms®‥…wZ, BZ¨vw` eûwea welq cÖwZdwjZ nq| GRb¨ bvbvwea fvee¯‘ welqK welqe¯‘ bvbv Avw½‡K cvV¨cy¯Í‡K AšÍf©~³ Kiv nq| GKRb
wkÿK‡K ZvB cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki welqe¯‘, welqe¯‘i AšÍwb©wnZ fvee¯‘, m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z nq| Aciw`‡K evsjv fvlvi PviwU `ÿZvmswkøó cvV I
cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki wb‡`©kbv wkÿ‡Ki Rvbv DwPr | GK K_vq GKwU Ab¨Zg wkLb mnvqK mvgMÖx n‡jv cvV¨cy¯ÍK | Gi h_vh_ eënv‡ii Ici mdj I
Kvh©Ki wkLb †kLv‡bv wbf©ikxj | wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvq wkÿKMY‡K mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© wkÿK
mnvwqKv I wkÿK ms¯‥iYI cÖYqb K‡i‡Q| G Awa‡ek‡b cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wkLbdj: GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l cÖwkÿYv_©xiv Ñ
1. cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii cÖ_g †_‡K cÂg †kªwYi evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
c×wZ /†KŠkj: mswÿß e³e¨, cÖ‡kœvËi, GKK wPšÍv, †Rvovq KvR, `jxq KvR, cÖ`k©b, Av‡jvPbv
DcKiY: Z_¨cÎ, gvwëwgwWqv, Avek¨Kxq wkLbµg, cªv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK, QK, mvBb‡cb, †cv÷vi †ccvi|
81
82
Awa‡ek‡bi weeiY
KvR-1: cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cviv mgq : 2 N›Uv 15 wgwbU
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 cÖwkÿv_©x‡ì D‡Ï‡k¨ ejyb, Avgiv wewfbœ †kªwYi evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK¸‡jv †`‡LwQ I c‡owQ| cy¯ÍK¸‡jv‡Z wewfbœ aviYvwfwËK wewfbœ welqe¯
i‡q‡Q| G welqe¯‘ Avevi mvwn‡Zï wfbœ wfbœ Avw½‡K ev K_ve¯‘ Abymi‡Y †jLv| †hgb ågb Kvwnwb, iƒcK_v, bvUK, K‡_vcK_b, KweZv
BZ¨vw`|
g~jZ †h g~j aviYv ev fve‡K Avkªq K‡i welqe¯‘ †jLv Zv n‡jv fvee¯Í‘ | †hgb : •bwZKZv, g~j¨‡eva, PwiÎ MVb, wkóvPvi, RvZxq wèm,
gvZ…fvlv, DÏxcbv/msKí,¯^vaxbZv, †Ljvayjv, MÖvgxY I bMiRxeb, mgvRRxeb, gyw³hy×, wek¦åvZ…Z¡ wbivc` Rxebhvcb, gvZ…fvlv, ms¯‥…wZ,
HwZn¨, fvlv Av‡›`vjb, RvZxq wèm, cÖK…wZ, †`k-cwiPq BZ¨vw`|
fvee¯‘ I K_ve¯‘i wfbœZvi Rb¨ wkLb †kLv‡bv †K․kjI wfbœ nq| G Rb¨ GKRb wkÿ‡Ki cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki welqe¯‘i fvee¯‘ I K_ve¯‘
m¤ú‡K© cwi®‥vifv‡e Rvbv ìKvi|
 cÖwkÿ_x©‡ì 5wU `‡j wef³ Ki‛b| cÖ‡Z¨K `‡j cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii cÖ_g †_‡K cÂg †kªwYi cvV¨cy¯ÍK, †cv÷vi †ccvi gvK©vi mieivn Ki‛b|
 cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii cÖ_g †_‡K cÂg †kªwYi cvV¨cy¯ÍK `‡j ch©v‡jvPbv c~e©K Av‡jvPbvq cÖvß Z_¨ wb‡gœi QK Abyhvqx †cv÷vi †ccv‡i wjL‡Z
ejyb
cvV¨cy¯ÍK ch©v‡jvPbv QK
†kªwY welqe¯‘ fvee¯‘ K_ve¯‘ cvV wkwL AbvbyôvwbK e¨vKiY
cÖvK-cÖv_wgK
cÖ_g
wØZxq
Z…Zxq
PZz_©
cÂg
 cÖ‡Z¨K `‡ji cÿ †_‡K `jxq KvR Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ejyb|

 ch©vqµ‡g cÖ‡Z¨K `j †_‡K GKRb K‡i cÖwkÿYv_©x‡K n¨vÛAvDU ‡_‡K •ewkó¨vewj I mswkøó Ask co‡Z ejyb I `jxq Kv‡Ri m‡½
wgwj‡q †`L‡Z ejyb|
 cÖwkÿ_x©‡ì KvQ †_‡K cÖkœ AvneŸvb Ki‛b cÖ‡qvR‡b Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g welqwU my¯úó Ki‛b|
g~j¨vqb : mgq: 30 wgwbU

 Awa‡ek‡bi welqe¯‘ cwi®‥vifv‡e eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Qb wKbv Zv hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ wb‡gœi cÖk¸
œ ‡jv Ki‛b|
82
83
- wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g cvV¨cy¯ÍK Avcbv‡K Kxfv‡e mnvqZv Ki‡e ?

- evsjv wel‡qi welqe¯‘, fvee¯‘ I K_ve¯‘ Rvbv Ri‛wi †Kb?
- wkÿK mnvwqKv I wkÿK ms¯‥i‡Yi †Kvb †Kvb welq wkLb †kLv‡bv Kv‡R mnvqK e‡j g‡b K‡ib Ges †Kb g‡b K‡ib ?
¯^-AbywPšÍbg~jK cÖk:œ wkÿK ms¯‥iY I wkÿK mnvwqKv m¤úwK©Z ch©v‡jvPbv Avcbvi †ckvMZ Rxe‡b Kx cÖfve †dj‡e ?
Z_¨cÎ cÖ_g w`b

Z…Zxq Awa‡ekb
cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK ch©v‡jvPbv

RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© KZ©„K 2013 mv‡j cwigvwR©Z wkÿvµ‡gi Ici wfwË K‡i cÖ_g †_‡K cÂg †kÖwYi bZzb cvV¨cy¯ÍK cÖYqb Kiv
n‡q‡Q| evsjv wel‡qi cÖvwšÍK I †kªwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv Ges welqwfwËK †hvM¨Zv I wkLbdj‡K wfwË K‡i fvee¯‘ I K_ve¯‘ wba©viY
Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi GB fvee¯‘ I K_ve¯‘i Ici wfwË K‡i cÖ_g †_‡K cÂg †kªwYi cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki welqe¯‘ wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
evsjv wel‡q KZ¸‡jv g~j aviYvwfwËK welqe¯‘ i‡q‡Q| G welqe¯‘ Avevi mvwn‡Zï wfbœ wfbœ Avw½‡K ev K_ve¯‘ Abymi‡Y †jLv| †hgb- ågb
Kvwnwb, iƒcK_v, bvUK, K‡_vcK_b, KweZv BZ¨vw`|
g~jZ †h g~j aviYv ev fve‡K Avkªq K‡i welqe¯‘ †jLv Zv n‡jv fvee¯Í‘ | †hgb- •bwZKZv, g~j¨‡eva, PwiÎ MVb, wkóvPvi, RvZxq wèm, gvZ…fvlv,
DÏxcbv/msKí,¯^vaxbZv, †Ljvayjv, MÖvgxY I bMiRxeb,mgvRRxeb, gyw³hy×, wek¦åvZ…Z¡ wbivc` Rxebhvcb, gvZ…fvlv, ms¯‥…wZ, HwZn¨, fvlv
Av‡›`vjb, RvZxq wèm, cÖK…wZ, †`k-cwiPq BZ¨vw`|
fvee¯‘ I K_ve¯‘i wfbœZvi Rb¨ wkLb †kLv‡bv †K․kjI wfbœ nq | G Rb¨ GKRb wkÿ‡Ki cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki welqe¯‘, fvee¯‘ I K_ve¯‘ m¤ú‡K©
cwi®‥vifv‡e Rvbv ìKvi|
cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_©xiv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Qov, KweZv, Mí BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g wkLbdj Z_v †kªwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv AR©b K‡i | GB AR©b
wkÿv_©xi fvlv `ÿZvmg~n (†kvbv, ejv, cov I †jLv) AvqË Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| Avi Gfv‡eB wkÿv_©x‡K evsjv wel‡qi cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi
gva¨‡g cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii wba©vwiZ D‡Ïk¨ I j‡ÿï Kvw“ÿZ ¯’v‡b †cuv‡Q †Ìqvi eë¯’v Kiv nq|
Z…Zxq †_‡K cÂg †kÖwYi Rb¨ evsjv, Bs‡iwR, MwYZ, cÖv_wgK weÁvb Ges evsjv‡`k I wek¦ cwiPq wel‡qi cvV¨cy ¯ÍK i‡q‡Q| cÖ_g I wØZxq †kÖwYi
Rb¨ evsjv, Bs‡iwR I MwYZ wel‡qi cvV¨cy¯ÍK Av‡Q| wKš‘ mgvR I weÁvb wel‡qi †Kv‡bv cvV¨cy¯ÍK †bB| Avevi cÖvK-cÖv_wgK †kÖwYi RbÏ
cvV¨cy¯ÍK Av‡Q|
Avgiv Rvwb †h, †hme wel‡q cvV¨cy¯ÍK i‡q‡Q †mme wel‡qi wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©µg gvbm¤§Z Kivi Rb¨ wkÿK ms¯‥iY Avi †hme wel‡q cvV¨cy¯ÍK
†bB †mme wel‡qi Rb¨ wkÿK mnvwqKv cÖYqY Kiv n‡h‡Q| G Rb¨ cwigvwR©Z wkÿvµg Abyhvqx wkÿK‡K wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbvq
mnvqZv`v‡bi Rb¨ mgvR I weÁvb‡K mgš^q K‡i cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ wel‡qi wkÿK mnvwqKv iwPZ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e e¨wZµg ïay cÖvK-cÖv_wgK †kÖwYi
†ÿ‡Î| G †kÖwYi Rb¨ evsjv wel‡qi cvV¨cy¯ÍK _vK‡jI wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wkÿK mnvwqKv i‡q‡Q|
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84
wkÿK ms¯‥i‡Y cÖwZwU welqe¯‘i Rb¨ AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv, wkLbdj wPwýZc~e©K cvV wefvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvQvov wefvwRZ cÖwZwU cv‡Vi
cvV¨vs‡ki Rb¨ wkLbdj wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB wkLbdj¸‡jv wkÿv_©xiv hv‡Z ¯^‛Q‡›` AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ mswkøó DcKiY wPwýZc~e©K wkLb
†kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj I g~j¨vqb †K․kj my¯úó I avivevwnfv‡e wkÿK ms¯‥i‡Y ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| †mB mv‡_ wbivgqg~jK eë¯’v Ges cwiKwíZ Kv‡Ri
wb‡`©kbvI mwbœ‡ek Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvov †h welqe¯‘i Rb¨ GZ Av‡qvRb †mB welqe¯‘I wkÿK ms¯‥i‡Y cvV¨cy¯ÍK n‡Z ûeû †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| d‡j
wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbvi mgq GKRb wkÿK‡K Avjv`vfv‡e cvV¨cy¯ÍK wb‡Z nq bv|
wkÿK mnvwqKv‡ZI cvV wefvRbc~e©K cÖwZwU cv‡Vi cvV¨vsk I wkLbdj wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| †m Abyhvqx wkÿv_©xiv hv‡Z ¯^‛Q‡›` wkLbdj¸‡jv
AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ mswkøó cvV¨vs‡ki Rb¨ wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj I g~j¨vqb †K․kj my¯úó I avivevwnfv‡e wkÿK mnvwqKvq ewY©Z n‡q‡Q|
cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki fvee¯‘ I K_ve¯‘
cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡K PqbK…Z welqe¯‘mg~n wewfbœ fvee¯‘‡K wfwË K‡i iwPZ| iPbvK…Z GKwU welqe¯‘‡Z GK ev GKvwaK fvee¯‘ _vK‡Z
cv‡i| c~‡e©B Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, fvee¯‘ n‡‛Q †jLvi g~j aviYv| †hgb: †`k‡cÖg GKwU fvee¯‘| G fvee¯‘i Ici wewfYœ Avw½‡Ki ev wewfb
ai‡Yi welqe¯‘ †jLv n‡Z cv‡i| fvee¯‘ Dc¯’vc‡bi ev cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ gva¨g cÖ‡qvRb| †mwUB n‡‛Q K_ve¯‘| †hgb : Qov, KweZv, Mí, cÖeÜ, bvUK
K‡_vcK_b, wPwV, ìLv¯Í BZ¨vw`| Avevi GKwU †jLvq GKvwaK fvee¯‘I ¯’vb †c‡Z cv‡i| †hgb gyw³hy‡×i †jLvq bxwZK_vI _vK‡Z cv‡i| †Kv‡bv
welqe¯‘i GB wewfbœZv wkÿ‡Ki wkLb †kLv‡bv Kjv †K․k‡j †hgb •ewPÎ¨ Avb‡Z cv‡i †Zgwb GKvwaK wkLbdj Z_v †hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi gva¨‡gI
cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv AR©‡b mnvqK nq|
84
85
evsjv wel‡q welqe¯‘mswkøó fvee¯‘ I K_ve¯‘

welqe¯‘ K_ve¯‘ fvee¯‘
wØZxq †kªwY Z…Zxq †kªwY PZz_© †kªwY cÂg †kªwY
1.Qwei 1.Qwe I K_v 1.evsjv‡`‡ki 1.GB †`k GB gvbylevsjv‡`k,†`k‡cÖ
msjvc, wPwV‡Z
g,`ytmvnwmK
Mí, Awfhvb,Avwe®‥vi Kvwnbx,gnr
Mí:my›ìeb 2.nv‡U hve cÖK…wZ 2.†deª‛qvwii Mvb KweZvq gyw³hy×Rxeb,cÖ
, K…wZ I Rxeb, †`k-we‡`‡ki wkï
2.Avgv‡ì †`k 3.ivRv I Zvi wZb 2.cvjwKi Mvb 3.my›ì e‡bi cÖvYx cÖK…wZ M‡íi gwa¨‡g†jvKK_v,nvmïm,ms‡KZ wb‡`©k,m‡Li KvR,
3.kx‡Zi mKvj Kb¨v 3.eo ivRv †QvU 4.msKí Dc¯’vcb, KvwnwbcwiwPZ cvwL RxeRšÍz
4.Avwg ne 4.Avgv‡ì GB ivRv 5.nvwZ Avi †kqv‡ji KweZvi gva¨‡g •bwZKZv /g~j¨‡eva/ PwiÎ MVb ,ågY
5.Rjcwi evs‡`k 4.gyw³i Qov Mí Dc¯’vcb BZ¨vw`| wkóvPvi RvZxqwèm,gvZ…fvlv
I KvVy‡i 5.fvlvmwn`‡ì K_v 5.evsjvi †LvKv 6.kã `~lY DÏxcbv/msKí,¯^vaxbZv
6.bvbv is‡qi 6.Pj& Pj& Pj& 6.AvR‡K Avgvi 7.ex‡ii i‡³ cÖwZwôZ wcVvcywj,†Ljvayjv, MÖvgxY I
dyj¸wj 7.¯âxbZv wèm‡K QzwU PvB †`k bMiRxeb,mgvRRxeb gyw³hy× wek¦åvZ…Z¡
7.Avgv‡ì †QvU wN‡i 7. exi‡kªôi Muv_v 8.eB wbivc` Rxebhvcb, gvZ…fvlv, fvlv-
b`x 8.Kuy‡Rv ewoi Mí 8.†bgbZbœ 9.k‡Li g„r wkí Av‡›`vjb RvZxq wèm cÖK…wZ,†`k-
8.`vw` evwoi 9.Zvj MvQ 9.gwnqmx †iv‡Kqv 10.¯^‡`k cwiPq ,†cvlv-A‡cvlv cïcvwL I
gRvi wcVv 10.GKvB GKwU `yM© 10.†gvevBj †dvb 11.KuvKb gvjv Avi RxeRš‘,b`x, mvMi, cvnvo
9.†Uªb 11.Avgvi cY 11.Av‡evj Zv‡evj KvÂbgvjv Aaëmvq,wkóvPvi,gvbe‡cÖg weÁvb I
10.`yLyi 12.cvLcvLvwji K_v 12.nvZ ay‡q bvI 12.AevK Rjcvb cwi‡ek, cÖvwYRMr, iƒcK_v/ DcK_v
†QvU‡ejv 13.Avgv‡ì MÖvg 13.†gv‡ì evsjv 13.Nvmdzj /†jvKK_v, Dcgnv‡`‡ki ¯^vabxZv
11.Kv‡Ri 14.KvbvgvwQ ‡fuv †fuv fvlv 14.†`‡L Gjvg msMÖg, cyivKxwZ, bvUKxq
Avb›` 15.Av`k© †Q‡j 14.evIqvwj‡ì Mí bvqvMÖv msjvc/bvU‡Ki Askwe‡kl, ÿz`ª
12..Lvgvi 16.GKRb cUzqvi 15.KvRjv w`w` 15.`yB Zx‡i RvwZmËv, Rv`yNi, RxebmsMÖvg, ¯^v¯’¨,
evwoi K_v 16.cvwLi RMr 16.fveyK †Q‡jwU ch©Ub, wPwV, †`k I gvbyl / ¯^‡`k
cïcvwL 17.Nywo 17.exi cyi‛l 17.cÖv_©bv †cÖg,KzwUi wkí/ †jvKwkí ,gnr gvby‡li
13.Qq FZzi 18.óxgv‡ii wmwU 18.cvVvb gwjy‡K 18.¯§iYxq hviv wPiw`b Rxebx, weÁvb I cwi‡ek,Avwe®‥vi,
‡`k 19.cvjøv †Ìqvi 19.Ny‡i Avwm 19.dzUej †L‡jvqvi ag©/•bwZKZv/ g~j¨‡eva/ PwiÎ MVb,
14.cÖv_©bv Lei †mvbvi MuvI 20.gvwUi wb‡P †h kni Awfhvb nvmïm/
15.gyw³hy‡×i 20.eo †K 20.gv 21.wngvj‡qi kni igïPbv, bvU¨vsk,HwZn¨
GKwU ‡mvbvwj 21.wbivc‡` PjvPj 21.cvnvocyi 22.†i․`ª †j‡K Rq ,Q›`cÖavb,DÏxcbv, Kvwnbx g~jK,
cvZv 22.wjwci Mí 23.A‡cÿv nvmïmvZ¥K/ e¨½ KweZv,¯^vaxbZv
16.¸wY Avi
85
86
MywY
86
87
D‡jøL¨, cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv wel‡qi cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xiv fvlv `ÿZv AR©‡bi cvkvcvwk †`k‡cÖg, HwZn¨, ms¯‥…wZ,
•bwZKZv, gnr e¨w³‡ì Rxebx, gyw³hy‡×i †M․ie Mvu_v cÖf…wZ fvee¯‘ AvZ¥¯’ Kivi my‡hvM cv‡e| †mB mv‡_ wkÿv_©xiv wb‡R‡ì
Rxeb‡ev‡aiI cÖwZdjb NUv‡Z cvi‡e| wkÿv_©xiv cvVëB‡q mxgve× bv †_‡K Kíbv I wPšÍvkw³i weKv‡ki gva¨‡g m„RbkxjZv‡K
Kv‡R jvwM‡q gvZ…fvlv eënv‡i `ÿ n‡Z cvi‡e| wkÿKMY G welqmg~n we‡ePbvq †i‡L wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj‡Z cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki
h_vh_ eënvi Ki‡eb|
mnvqK MÖš’
1. cÖvK cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii RvZxq wkÿvµg, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv, 2011|
2. evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK cÖvK - cÖv_wgK I cÖv_wgK ¯Íi, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv, 2012|
3. Weblink:http://www.preservearticles.com/2012032829173/essay-on-the-importance-of-text-book.html
4. Weblink: http://tapbb.wordpress.com/2009/06/19/why-textbooks-are-important/
5. cÖv_wgK wkÿK wkÿv wWwcGW, evsjv welqÁvb I wkÿYweÁvb, RvZxh cÖv_wgK wkÿv GKv‡Wgx,gqgbwmsn,2012|
wØZxq w`b Z…Zxq Awa‡ekb
87
88
f~wgKv:f~wgKv wkïi mvwe©K g½j I DbœwZ mva‡bi Rb¨ cov `ÿZv AR©‡bi ¸i‛Z¡ Acwimxg| cov wkïi e¨w³MZ AR©b, mvgvwRK
DbœwZ wKsev wkÿvq mvdj¨ m‡e©vcwi fwel¨Z †ckvRxe‡b DbœwZi wcQ‡b cov `ÿZv e¨vcKfv‡e f~wgKv iv‡L| we‡klZ cov `ÿZv
e¨ZxZ fvlvwkÿvi AR©b I L¨vwZ A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB AcÖ‡qvRbxq| cov `ÿZv wkïi mvg‡b Áv‡bi ìRv Db¥y³ K‡i †`q Ges gvbyl
wn‡m‡e mxgve×Zvmg~n `~ixf~Z Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| cÖvK-cÖv_wgK †kÖwYmn cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i cov `ywU cÖwµqvq m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq-- cÖ_gZ
covi Rb¨ wkLb Ges wØZxqZ wkL‡bi Rb¨ cov| cÖ_g ch©v‡q wkï Kxfv‡e co‡Z nq Zv AvqË K‡i| wØZxq ch©v‡q wkï Zvi AwR©Z
`ÿZv eënvi K‡i welqÁvb jvf K‡i| cÖ_g ¯Íi †_‡K wØZxq ¯Í‡i DbœxZ n‡Z cvivUvB n‡‛Q cÖvK-cÖv_wgK †kÖwYmn cªv_wgK ¯Í‡ii
wkïi Rb¨ †kªô AR©b|
Ab¨w`‡K fvlvi wjwciƒc ev †jLv wkí I mvwn‡Zï my›ì m„wó‡K a‡i iv‡L| KviY, ejvi †_‡K †jLvi ¯’vwqZ¡ A‡bK †ewk| †jLvi
gva¨‡g gvby‡li DbœZ wPšÍvi cÖevn Kvj †_‡K KvjvšÍ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i| G Kvi‡Y †jLvi KvRwU Zvrch©c~Y© fvlvi †K․kj wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ
†c‡q‡Q (evsjv, wcwUAvB. cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì Rb¨, cÖv_wgK wkÿv cwi`ßi, evsjv‡`k, XvKv, c„-77 )|

1. cov I †jLv `ÿZv AR©‡bi f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. covi `ÿZv AR©‡bi †K․kj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

œ iY, Aby‡‛Q` cVb, cvIqvi c‡q›U Dc¯’vcb, `‡j KvR, mie cvV, bxie cvV, Dc¯’vcb, djveZ©b|
KvR-1: cov I †jLv `ÿZv AR©‡bi f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Kiv mgq: 30 wgwbU
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì PviwU `‡j fvM n‡Z ejyb
 cÖ‡Z¨K `j‡K Z_¨c‡Îi 1/2 Kwc K‡i w`b

 Z_¨cÎ `‡j c‡o I Av‡jvPbv K‡i welq m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYv wb‡Z ejyb| Gi Rb¨ 5wgwbU mgq eivÏ Ki‛b
 Gevi cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì `ywU `‡j fvM n‡Z ejyb Ges •èPq‡b GK `j‡K cov Ges Ab¨ `j‡K †jLv wel‡qi Ici weZK©
cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z n‡e - Zv ejyb
 cÖvß wel‡qi Ici wfwË K‡i `yB `j‡K 8 wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨ cÖ¯w‘ Z wb‡Z ejyb
 wb‡R cwiPvjK/mfvcwZi f~wgKvq †_‡K cÖ‡Z¨K `j †_‡K 2 Rb m`m¨‡K weZK© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ Avgš¿Y Rvbvb
 cwi‡k‡l cÖ‡Z¨KwU †ÿ‡Îi ¸i‛Z¡mn cov I †jLv `ÿZvi f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‛b
88
89
KvR-2: covi `ÿZv e„w×i †KŠkj eY©bv Kiv mgq: 40 wgwbU

mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì wZbwU `‡j fvM n‡Z ejyb
 GK GKwU `‡j covi `ÿZv AR©‡bi GK GKwU ch©vq weZiY Ki‛b I c‡o `‡j Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z ejyb
 cÖ‡Z¨K `‡ji wba©vwiZ Ask cov †kl n‡j wZbwU bZzb `j MVb Ki‛b †hb cÖ‡Z¨K `‡j c~‡e©i `‡j cÖvq mgvb msL¨K m`m¨
_v‡Kb
 `‡j Av‡jvPbv K‡i covi `ÿZv AR©‡bi wZbwU ch©vq m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYv wb‡Z ejyb
 GKwU `‡ji †h‡Kv‡bv GKRb‡K cÖ_g ch©vqwU e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z ejyb| wKQz ms‡hvR‡bi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Ab¨ `‡ji m`m¨‡ì Øviv
Zv ej‡Z ejyb| Gfv‡e covi `ÿZv AR©‡bi Acivci ch©vq¸‡jvI Av‡jvbvq Avbyb
 Z_¨cÎ weZiY Ki‛b Ges cÖ‡Z¨K‡K wbi‡e co‡Z ejyb| c‡i Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g aviYv ¯úó Kiyb

1. covi `ÿZv Dbœq‡bi KwZcq †K․kj ejyb|
¯^-AbywPšÍbg~jK cÖk:œ †hgb Lywk AvuwK/wnwRwewR AvuKv eY© †jLvi `ÿZv AR©‡b Kx f~wgKv iv‡L?
Z_¨cÎ wØZxq w`b

Z…Zxq Awa‡ekb
fvl`ÿZv: cov I †jLv

fvlvi PviwU †g․wjK `ÿZvi g‡a¨ †kvbv I cov n‡‛Q MÖnYg~jK `ÿZv, cÿvšÍ‡i ejv I †jLv n‡‛Q cÖKvkg~jK `ÿZv| †kvbv I covi
gva¨‡g e¨w³ Ac‡ii KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ DcvË, Av‡`k wb‡`©kbv BZ¨vw` MÖnY K‡i Ges ejv ev †jLvi gva¨‡g cÖwZwµqv e¨³ K‡i | †m
w`K †_‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡j ejv I †jLv A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB †kvbv I cov `ÿZvi Dci wbf©ikxj| HwZnvwmKfv‡e cov `ÿZv †hvMv‡hvM
msMV‡bi Ab¨Zg ¸i‛Z¡c~Y© Dcvq wn‡m‡e e¨vcKfv‡e eëüZ n‡q Avm‡Q| MZ kZvãxi †kl fvM †_‡K covi K‡qKwU aviYv cÖPwjZ
Av‡Q| †hgb- cov n‡jv k‡ãi D‛PviY wkLb| Michel Vett g‡b K‡ib Reading is the process of sight sound sense |
Cerabe (1991) aŸwbi AwZwi³ •ewk‡óï Dci ¸i‛Z¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib| Zvui g‡Z cov n‡jv mwVK D‛PviY, gxo, k‡ãv‛PZv, k¦vmvNvZ
BZ¨vw` eRvq †i‡L wjwLZ ev gyw`ªZ †Kv‡bv cVbmvgMÖxi A_© Dcjwä Kiv| wKš‘ cov †Kej wfbœ wfbœ Z‡_ï wew‛Qbœ Dc¯’vcb n‡Z
cv‡i bv| eis GKwU Z‡_ï mv‡_ Ab¨ Z‡_ï ms‡hvM mvab Kiv Ges Zv †_‡K wel‡qi M~p A_© Avwe®‥vi Ki‡Z cvivB n‡jv cov|
A_©vr, Reading is the practice of using text to create meaning (Johnson, 2000)| cov n‡jv fvlvi wjwLZ iƒc †_‡K
A‡_©i AbymÜvb Kiv|
89
90
covi ¸iyZ¡
wkïi mvwe©K g½j I DbœwZ mva‡bi Rb¨ cov `ÿZv AR©‡bi ¸i‛Z¡ Acwimxg| cov wkïi e¨w³MZ AR©b, mvgvwRK DbœwZ wKsev
wkÿvq mvdj¨ m‡e©vcwi fwel¨Z †ckvRxe‡b DbœwZi wcQ‡b cov `ÿZv e¨vcKfv‡e f~wgKv iv‡L| we‡klZ cov `ÿZv e¨ZxZ
fvlvwkÿvi AR©b I L¨vwZ A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB AcÖ‡qvRbxq| cov `ÿZv wkïi mvg‡b Áv‡bi ìRv Db¥y³ K‡i †`q Ges gvbyl wn‡m‡e
mxgve×Zvmg~n `~ixf~Z Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| cÖvK-cÖv_wgK †kÖwYmn cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i cov `ywU cÖwµqvq m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq-- cÖ_gZ covi
Rb¨ wkLb Ges wØZxqZ wkL‡bi Rb¨ cov| cÖ_g ch©v‡q wkï Kxfv‡e co‡Z nq Zv AvqË K‡i| wØZxq ch©v‡q wkï Zvi AwR©Z `ÿZv
eënvi K‡i welqÁvb jvf K‡i| cÖ_g ¯Íi †_‡K wØZxq ¯Í‡i DbœxZ n‡Z cvivUvB n‡‛Q cÖvK-cÖv_wgK †kÖwYmn cªv_wgK ¯Í‡ii wkïi
Rb¨ †kªô AR©b|
cÖvK-cÖv_wgK †kÖwYmn cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i wkïi covi `ÿZv AR©‡bi ¸i‛Z¡ Dcjwä Kiv wkÿ‡Ki Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ Ri‛wi| †Kbbv GB aviYv
wkkyi covi `ÿZv e„w×‡Z wkÿ‡Ki ¯^xq f~wgKv m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb Ki‡e hv Zvi cieZx© †kªYxwfwËK Kg©Kv‡Ði †K›`ªwe›`y‡Z cwiYZ n‡e|
 Bs‡iwR‡Z GKwU cÖev` i‡q‡Q The more you read the more you learn A_©vr GKRb e¨w³ hZ †ewk co‡e †m ZZ †ewk
wkL‡e| covi gva¨‡g GKRb e¨w³ Zuvi aviYv, Ávb, Dcjwä‡K AviI kvwYZ K‡i| wkï covi gva¨‡g weÁvb, BwZnvm, ag©,
mgvR BZ¨vw` wel‡q bZzb bZzb Z_¨ AvniY K‡i Ges fwel¨‡Zi GKRb mybvMwiK wn‡m‡e M‡o IVvi j‡ÿ¨ Ávb AR©b
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 RvwZ Zuvi mvs¯‥…wZK HwZn¨‡K cieZx© cÖR‡b¥i nv‡Z mgc©Y Kivi cÖwµqvi ga¨ w`‡q wbR¯^ HwZn¨ M‡o †Zv‡j| cieZx©
cÖRb¥ covi gva¨‡g wjwce× mvs¯‥…wZK HwZn¨‡K Rvb‡Z cv‡i| cvkvcvwk covi gva¨‡g wfbœ ms¯‥…wZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv jv‡f
mvg_©¨ AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 covi mgq wkï ARvbv k‡ãi mÜvb jvf K‡i| Avevi Kwe mvwnwZ¨KMY mvwnZ¨ wbg©v‡Y cÖ‡qvR‡b Rvbv kã‡KB wfbœ A‡_©
eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i| k‡ãi GB wfbœgvwÎK eënvi m¤ú‡K© AeMZ nevi GKgvÎ Dcvq n‡jv cov|
 wkïi mvgwMÖK AR©b wbiƒc‡Yi †ÿ‡Î covi `ÿZv GKwU Kvh©Ki gvcKvwV n‡Z cv‡i| †h wkïi covq `ye©jZv i‡q‡Q Zvi
cixÿvi djvdjI Avkvbyiƒc bq|
 cov Aemi we‡bv`‡bi Rb¨ GKwU †kªô Dcvq| Avb‡›ì mv‡_ co‡j cvVK bZzb Z_¨ AR©‡bi cvkvcvwk h‡_ó we‡bv`bI
jvf K‡i| Gfv‡eB we‡bv`‡bi ga¨ w`‡q wkï Ávb AR©‡bi w`‡K avweZ nq|
 gbxlx‡ì Rxebx covi gva¨‡g g~j¨‡eva, bv›`wbKZv, cwikªg, AvZ¥wek¦vm BZ¨vw` wel‡qi m‡½ wkïi cwiPq N‡U | hv Zvi
gvbwmK mxgvbv (Mental Horizon) e„w× I e¨w³Z¡ MV‡bi gva¨‡g µgk Zv‡K GKRb c~Y©v½ gvbyl wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zv‡j|
 cwVZ welq‡K m„Rbkxj wPšÍvfvebv wkïi mxgve× MÐxi evB‡i wPšÍv Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
 cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q wkï wewPÎ wel‡q cÖv_wgK Ávb AR©b K‡i †Kv‡bv GKwU wel‡qi cÖwZ AwaKZi covq g‡bvwb‡ek K‡i| GB
cÖwµqvi ga¨ w`‡q wkï †Kv‡bv GKwU we‡kl †ckvi cÖwZ we‡klfv‡e AvMÖnx n‡q I‡V hv cieZx© †ckvRxe‡b Zvi welq
wbe©vP‡b mnvqZv K‡i|
 cV‡bi ga¨ w`‡q wkï mvgvwRK cwi‡ek I ÁvbweÁv‡bi RM‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i hv cieZx©‡Z Zv‡K mvgvwRK, weÁvbgb¯‥ I
hyw³ev`x gvbyl wn‡m‡e weKwkZ n‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
 cvVvf¨vm wkky‡K wb‡Ri wkÿvi `vwqZ¡ wb‡Z mg_© K‡i †Zv‡j Ges †m ¯^wkwÿZ gvbyl wn‡m‡e M‡o I‡V|
90
91
 covi gva¨‡g wkï Ges †jL‡Ki g‡a¨ GK cÖKvi †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vwcZ nq| †jL‡Ki gvbm, wPšÍv, `k©b BZ¨vw` Zvi †jLvi g‡a¨
wbwnZ _v‡K| d‡j †jL‡Ki g‡bv`k©b Rvbv I cv‡Vi gg©v_© Abyave‡bi Rb¨ wkï‡K cv‡Vi AšÍwb©wnZ A_©‡K Dcjwä Ki‡Z
nq| GB gg©v_© Dcjwäi mdjZv wkï‡K bv›`wbKZv †eva, `k©b Ges fvlv‣kjx m¤ú‡K© aviYv cÖ`vb K‡i|
fvlv `ÿZv: †jLv
wb‡R‡K cÖKv‡ki evnb wn‡m‡e fvlvi `ywU iƒc Av‡Q| Gi GKwU n‡jv aŸwbiƒc,Avi Ab¨wU wjwciƒc| aŸwiƒc ej‡Z Avgiv gvby‡li gy‡L
D‛PvwiZ fvlv‡KB ey‡S _vwK| gy‡L ejvi mv‡_ †kvbvi m¤úK© LyeB Nwbô| KviY, Avgiv Kv‡Qi ev `~‡ii †kÖvZvi D‡Ï‡k¨B K_v e‡j
_vwK| Aci w`‡K, fvlvi wjwciƒc ev †jLv wkí I mvwn‡Zï my›ì m„wó‡K a‡i iv‡L| KviY, ejvi †_‡K †jLvi ¯’vwqZ¡ A‡bK †ewk|
†jLvi gva¨‡g gvby‡li DbœZ wPšÍvi cÖevn Kvj †_‡K KvjvšÍ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i| G Kvi‡Y †jLvi KvRwU Zvrch©c~Y© fvlvi †K․kj wn‡m‡e
¯^xK…wZ †c‡q‡Q (evsjv, wcwUAvB. cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì Rb¨, cÖv_wgK wkÿv cwi`ßi, evsjv‡`k, XvKv, c„-77 )|
†jLvi Kv‡R Avgv‡ì †h cÖZ¨½¸wj RwoZ, Zv n‡‛Q †PvL, nvZ I Av½yj| Gi cðv‡Z KvR Ki‡Q Avgv‡ì wewkó gvbm I B‛Qvkw³|
ZvB †jLvq gvbwmK ZrciZv I ¯úk©vbyf‚wZ GKB mv‡_ KvR K‡i| Gi dj¯îƒc †jLvq e¨w³ I mgvR gvb‡mi wewkó iƒc cÖwZdwjZ
nq|
†jLv `ÿZvi ¸i”Z¡
wKQzKvj Av‡MI †jLv wQj mgv‡Ri KwZcq wewkóR‡bi wbR¯^ GKwU welq| ÔG‡ì g‡a¨ AwaKvskB Priests, Scholars or Liesure
†kÖwYi gvbyl ( Maik Ross, ceited in NWP and Nagin,p-2)| B‡Zvc~‡e© †KDB †jLvi `ÿZvq wb‡R‡K we‡klfv‡e cÖKvk Ki‡Z
cv‡ibwb| wewfbœ M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq †jLvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv AZ¨šÍ ¸i‛Z¡c~Y©|
cÖ_gZ wjLb Áv‡bi mvwe©K Dbœq‡b mnvqZv K‡i: †Kv‡bv wKQz wjL‡Z n‡j Aek¨B †jLvi welq m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e|
Zv‡K Z_¨vbymÜvb, we‡kølY Ges hyw³m½Zfv‡e Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| GMy‡jv meB Zvi wkLb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| Kx †jLv n‡q‡Q
ev KZUzKz †jLv n‡q‡Q GUvB g~j wePvh© welq bq, Gi me wKQzB wkÿv_©x‡K we¯Í…Z cwim‡i fve‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| ZvB Ô wkÿ‡Ki DwPr
beZi m„wó‡Z, Avwe¯‥v‡i Ges Zvi wPšÍvi ewntcÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †jLvi my‡hvM m„wó KivÕ (Tom Romano, ceited in NWP and
Nagin,p-28)|
wØZxqZ wjLb mgv‡jvPbvg~jK I we‡kølYg~jK wPšÍ‡b mnvqZv K‡i: m„wókxj †jLvi †ÿ‡Î †jLK‡K cÖPzi M‡elYv †hgb Ki‡Z nq,
†Zgwb M‡elYvag©x †jLvI Zv‡K co‡Z nq| †jLvi ga¨ w`‡q wkÿv_©xi m„RbkxjZvi ¯^‛Q›` cÖKvk N‡U| wjL‡Z wM‡q k‡ãi wewPÎ
cÖ‡qv‡M †m hZœkxj n‡Z cv‡i Ges wPšÍvi MÖš’bvqI †m KzkjZv cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z mÿg nq|
Z…ZxqZ wjLb cÖvwZôvwbK mvd‡j¨ ¸i‛Z¡c~Y© mnvqZv K‡i: wkÿv_©xi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î †hgb - we`¨vjq †_‡K Ávb AvniY, wb‡`©kbv
cÖwZcvjb, Z_¨ we‡kølY, Ab¨‡K †cÖlYv cÖ`v‡b mv_©K †jLv we‡kl f‚wgKv cvjb K‡iÕ(National Center for Education
Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, cited in NWP and Nagin, p. 3)| AwaKš‘, wewfbœ ai‡bi wjLb AwfÁZv
AR©‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x wewfbœ ai‡bi †jLv c‡o mgv‡jvPbvg~jK cvVK wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡K •Zwi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
PZz_©Z wjLb eyw×e„wËK •bcy‡b¨ I e¨w³¯^vaxbZv m„wó‡Z mnvqZv K‡i: †jLv †kLv‡bvi mgq wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡ì KwZcq wbqg-k„“Ljvi
Ici ¸i‛Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡ib| GB k„“LjvB †Kvb †jLv fv‡jv, †KvbUv MÖnY‡hvM¨, †KvbUv cÖKvk‡hvM¨ BZ¨vw` wba©viY K‡i †`q, GgbwK
†jL‡KiI IB †jLv wb‡Ri Kv‡Q GKwU we‡kl welq wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ nq| GwU Zvi fvebvivwk‡K mymsnZ K‡i Ges fvlvi
KvVv‡gvMZ web¨v‡mi cÖwZ m‡PZb K‡i †Zv‡j|
wkïi †ÿ‡Î †jLvi f‚wgKv AviI Zvrch©en| †hgb-
 nv‡Zi †jLv wkïi fvlvÁv‡bi weKv‡k we‡klfv‡e mvnvh¨ K‡i| †jLv wkïi g‡b fvebv‡KI mymsnZ K‡i Ges fvlvi
KvVv‡gvMZ web¨v‡mi cÖwZ m‡PZb K‡i †Zv‡j|
91
92
 wkïi cwi‛Qbœ i‛wP‡ev‡ai weKv‡k †jLv mnvqZv K‡i|
 nv‡Zi †jLv wkïi wPšÍv, Kíbv I Áv‡bi †ÿÎ‡K m¤úªmvwiZ K‡i|

 †jLvi gva¨‡g wkïi †`n I gb mgwš^Zfv‡e KvR K‡i| d‡j, wkïi GKvMÖZv I g‡bvwb‡e‡ki kw³ ev‡o|
 †jLvi wbqwgZ Abykxjb wkïi gvsm‡ckxi mÂvj‡b mnvqZv K‡i
 mwVKfv‡e eY© I hy³eY© wjL‡Z mnvqZv K‡i Ges h_vh_ hwZwPý eënvi Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| mwVK AvK…wZ‡Z ÔKviÕ I
ÔdjvÕ wPý wjL‡Z mnvqZv K‡i
 ï× evbvb AvqË Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i
 mvay I PwjZ ixwZ‡Z µgvMZ Abykxj‡b mnvqZv K‡i

 weg~Z© aŸwb‡K g~Z© K‡i †Zv‡j
 wkïi g‡a¨ †m․›`h©†eva m„wó K‡i
 wjwLZ welqe¯‘ mn‡R ¯§„wZ‡Z aviY Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i
 fv‡ei Av`vb cÖ`vb ev A‡bï mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM iÿv Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i
 †Kv‡bv welqe¯‘i gg© Abyaveb K‡i wb‡Ri fvlvq wjL‡Z mnvqZv K‡i
 cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki †Kv‡bv Mí ev KweZvi Av‡jv‡K bZzb †Kv‡bv Mí ev KweZv wjL‡Z AbycÖwYZ K‡i
covi `ÿZv AR©‡bi †KŠkj:

†kvbv `ÿZvi g‡Zv covi `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡j wkï‡K †Kv‡bv wKQz cov‡bvi Av‡M Zvi g‡a¨ hv‡Z AvMÖn m„wó nq †mRb¨ Zv‡K
cÖ¯Z
‘ K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| wb‡Pi avç‡jv Abymi‡Yi gva¨‡g wkï‡ì covi `ÿZv AR©b Kiv‡bv m¤¢e|
covi Av‡M:
 AvbyôvwbKfv‡e cov ïi‛ Kivi c~‡e© wkÿK cvV mswkøó Qwe †`wL‡q cv‡Vi welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© wkï‡ì c~e© AwfÁZv a‡i
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| A_ev cv‡Vi wk‡ivbvg a‡i cv‡Vi welqe¯‘ Kx n‡Z cv‡i †m m¤ú‡K© wKQz cÖkœ Ki‡eb| G‡Z covi
cÖwZ wkï‡ì AvMªn m„wó n‡e|
 wkÿK cvV¨vskwUi c~‡e© cÖ¯Z
‘ K…Z mnRcvV, g~jfve ev mvigg© Zy‡j ai‡eb| GUv wkï‡K covi cÖwZ †K․Z~njx K‡i Zzj‡e|
 cvV¨vsk †_‡K evQvBK…Z ARvbv ev bZyb k‡ãi A_©, cÖwZkã, hy³eY©-m¤^wjZ kã, m‡gv‛PvwiZ kã, mgv_©K kã, wecixZ kã
BZ¨vw` welq wkÿK †kªwYK‡ÿ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb|
 cV‡b wkïi AvMÖn m„wói Kivi Rb¨ cv‡Vi †Kv‡bv gRvi NUbv ev Avb›``vqK As‡ki Bw½Z cÖ`vb Ki‡eb|
 cvV¨vs‡ki †kl w`‡Ki Ask †_‡K `y-GKwU cÖkœ Kiv hvi DËi mivmwi cv‡V i‡q‡Q|
92
93
covi mgq:
 wkÿK cÖwgZ D‛Pvi‡Y ¯îfw½ I ¯îvNvZ eRvq †i‡L cvV¨vskwU mi‡e co‡eb|
 wkïiv hv‡Z g‡bv‡hvMmnKv‡i †kv‡b †mw`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡eb|
 cÖ‡qvR‡b GKvwaKevi co‡eb|
 wkïiv wkÿK‡K AbymiY K‡i cvV¨vs‡ki AšÍf³y© ev‡Kï cÖwZwU kã AvOyj w`‡q wb‡`©k K‡i co‡e| (cÖ_g I wØZxq †kªwYi
†ÿ‡Î mg¯^‡i Ges Z…Zxq †_‡K cÂg †kªwYi †ÿ‡Î GKv GKv mi‡e co‡e|)
 Gici `j MVb K‡i `j‡bZv/cviM wkïi mn‡hvwMZvq wkï‡K co‡Z w`‡eb|

 wkïiv hv‡Z Lye Av‡¯Í A_ev †Rv‡i bv c‡o †mw`‡K `„wó w`‡Z n‡e|
 covi mgq evbvb K‡i cov‡K wbi‛rmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
 wkÿK gv‡S gv‡S cvVewnf©~Z mggv‡bi Qov/KweZv A_ev Mí c‡o †kvbv‡j covi cÖwZ wkïi AvMªn m„wó n‡e|
covi ci:
Z…Zxq †_‡K cÂg †kÖwYi Rb¨ welqe¯‘i g~jfve Mfxifv‡e eyS‡Z K‡qK evi bxie cv‡Vi eë¯’v Kiv ìKvi| Gici cv‡Vi wKQz Z_¨
†ei Kivi Rb¨ cÖkœ Kiv hvq hvi DËi mivmwi eB‡Z Av‡Q| Gici K‡qKwU Db¥y³ cÖkœ Kiv hvq hvi DËi eB‡Z mivmwi †bB| covi
ci AbymiYxq KwZcq w`K wb‡¤œ †Ìqv n‡jv:
 KZ mv‡j, †Kvb Kvi‡Y BZ¨vw`
 M‡íi g~j PwiÎ/NUbv wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i †jLv
 M‡íi g~jfve/Ab~f~wZ wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i ejv ev †jLv
 cwVZ cvV¨vs‡ki mv‡_ •`bw›`b Rxeb‡K m¤ú„³ K‡i cvVewnf~©Z bZzb Mívsk •Zwi Kiv, BZ¨vw`|
cÖv_wgK wkÿvq evsjv wel‡q wkÿK cÖwkÿY g¨vbyqvj

cÖKvkKvj- †deyqvwi 2003 †_‡K DwjøwLZ c„ôvmg~n ms‡hvRb Ki‡Z n‡e
mnvqK MÖš’ :
1| evsjv, wcwUAvB. cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì Rb¨, cÖv_wgK wkÿv cwi`ßi, evsjv‡`k, XvKv| c„:41-104
2| cÖv_wgK wkÿvq evsjv wel‡q wkÿK mvnvwqKv, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv|
4| Browne, Ann, Developing Language and Literacy 3-8, P-25,91
93
94
Z…Zxq w`b Z…Zxq Awa‡ekb
f~wgKv: evsjv †Kej fvlvB bq Ab¨ me welq †kLviI gva¨g| ZvB evsjv fvlv PP©vi mv‡_ wkÿvi cy‡iv welqwUB A½vAw½fv‡e RwoZ|
ZvQvov G fvlvi MVb I •ewkó¨ fv‡jvfv‡e †kLv wkÿv_©xi Rb¨ AZxe ¸i‛Z¡c~Y©| GRb¨ wkÿv_©xi e¨vKiYMZ Ávb _vKv Avek¨K|
wKš‘ cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i Avjv`vfv‡e e¨vKiY †kLv‡bvi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM wkÿvµ‡g †bB| ZvB cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii Avgvi evsjv eB Gi cvV wkwL
As‡k wkÿvµ‡gi wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx AbvbyôvwbK wKQz fvwlK KvR †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| GB fvwlK KvR¸‡jv Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x
evsjv fvlvi MVb I •ewkó¨ †Kv‡bv iKg msÁv gyL¯’ Kiv QvovB wkL‡Z cv‡i| evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi wbqg ev ixwZ¸‡jv fvwlK Kv‡R
mgwš^Z iƒ‡c we`¨gvb| d‡j fvwlK KvR Abykxjb Kivi A_©B n‡‛Q e¨vKi‡Yi wbqg ev ixwZ Abykxjb Kiv| GB Abykxjb evsjv fvlv
m¤úwK©Z Ávb I cÖ‡qvM‡K cwikxwjZ K‡i| d‡j fvlv`ÿZv AR©‡b wkÿv_©x cvi`k©x nq| Avkv Kiv hvq †h, G Awa‡ekbwU wkÿv_©xi
Rb¨ fvwlK KvR cÖYqb Ki‡Z wkÿKMY‡K cvi`k©x K‡i Zzj‡e|
1. cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i evsjv wkL‡b fvwlK Kv‡Ri cÖ‡qvRbxqZv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i evsjv wkL‡b fvwlK KvR¸‡jv kbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3. wkÿvµg Abyhvqx bZzb fvwlK KvR •Zwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
DcKiY: j¨vcUc, gvwë wgwWqv cÖ‡R±i, evsjv wel‡qi wkÿvµ‡g ewY©Z fvwlK KvRmswkøó Ask, wØZxq †_‡K cÂg †kÖwYi Avgvi
evsjv eB, †cv÷vi †ccvi, gvK©vi †cb|
KvR-1: cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i evsjv wkL‡b fvwlK Kv‡Ri cÖ‡qvRbxqZv ej‡Z cviv| mgq: 20 wgwbU
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii Avgvi evsjv eB †_‡K †bIqv wb‡P ewY©Z fvwlK KvR¸‡jv †cv÷vi †ccv‡i wj‡L ev cvIqvi c‡q‡›U Dc¯’vcb
Kiyb|
 cÖ`k©‡bi mgq mKj‡K fv‡jvfv‡e co‡Z ejyb|
94
95
cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii Avgvi evsjv eB‡q ewY©Z KwZcq fvwlK KvR

wØZxq †kÖwY Avgvi evsjv eB c„ôv bs 5
5. wb‡Pi D`vniY †`wL|

Miæ Miæ¸‡jv
Gfv‡e ¸‡jv †hvM K‡i G‡Ki †ewk †evSv‡Z kã evbvB|
QvMj
nuvm
gyiwM
KeyZi
Z…Zxq †kÖwY Avgvi evsjv eB c„ôv bs 92
9. `y‡Uv evK¨ Ry‡o GKUv evK¨ •Zwi Kwi|

K) Avgiv wWg ciUv †Ljvg| Avgiv wWg ciUv I Pv †Ljvg|
L) Avgiv Pv †Ljvg|
K) Puv`cyi Bwjk gv‡Qi Rb¨ weL¨vZ| Puv`cyi Bwjk gvQ I b`xe›`‡ii Rb¨ weL¨vZ|
L) Puv`cyi b`xe›`‡ii Rb¨ weL¨vZ|
Gevi wb‡Pi `y‡Uv evK¨ Ry‡o GKwU evK¨ •Zwi Kwi|

b`xi Nv‡U †Q‡j‡g‡qiv muvZvi KvU‡Q| -------------------------------------------|
b`xi Nv‡U gwnjviv Kvco ay‡‛Q|
PZz_© †kÖwY Avgvi evsjv eB c„ôv bs 35
5.GKB A_© nq Ggb kã¸‡jv †R‡b wbB|

†bgšÍbœ wbgš¿Y, `vIqvZ
95
96
mva B‛Qv, AvKv“ÿv, evmbv, Kvgbv

we‡q weevn, cwiYq, kvw`
cÂg †kÖwY Avgvi evsjv eB c„ôv bs 96
3. GK K_vq cÖKvk Ki‡Z wkwL|
eiY Kivi †hvM¨ e‡iY¨

†gav Av‡Q Ggb †h Rb †gavex
AnsKvi †bB hvi wbinsKvi
wePvi we‡ePbv Qvov hv wbwe©Pvi
†Kv‡bvfv‡eB c~iY Kiv hvq bv Ggb Ac~iYxq
 cÖ`k©b †k‡l cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì wb‡P ewY©Z cÖk¸

œ ‡jv wR‡Ám Ki‛b| Z_¨c‡Îi mnvqZvq Av‡jvPbv Ki‛b|
- cÖ`wk©Z cÖk¸ œ ‡jv Kx ai‡bi KvR?
- evsjv wkL‡b fvwlK Kv‡Ri cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Kx?
 DËi¸‡jv wd¬cPv‡U© wjLyb|
 †jLv †k‡l GKRb cÖwkÿYv_©x‡K co‡Z ejyb|
KvR-2: cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i evsjv wkL‡b fvwlK KvR¸‡jv kbv³ Ki‡Z cviv mgq: 30 wgwbU
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 cÖwkÿYv_©xMY‡K PviwU `‡j fvM K‡i cÖwZ `‡j wØZxq †_‡K cÂg †kÖwYi Avgvi evsjv eB‡qi GKwU eB, evsjv wel‡qi
wkÿvµ‡g ewY©Z fvwlK KvRmswkøó wba©vwiZ Ask, †cv÷vi †ccvi I gvK©vi †cb w`b|
 evsjv wel‡qi wkÿvµ‡g ewY©Z fvwlK KvRmswkøó wba©vwiZ As‡ki mv‡_ wgj K‡i cÖvß cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki cvV wkwL As‡k †Kvb
ai‡bi fvwlK KvR i‡q‡Q Zv `‡j kbv³ Ki‡Z ejyb|
 kbv³K…Z fvwlK KvR¸‡jv c„ôv D‡jøLc~e©K †cv÷vi •Zwi Ki‡Z ejyb|
 `jxq KvR cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z ejyb|
KvR-3: wkÿvµg Abyhvqx bZzb fvwlK KvR •Zwi Ki‡Z cviv| mgq: 30 wgwbU
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
96
97
 c~‡e© kbv³K…Z fvwlK KvR¸‡jvi Ici wfwË K‡i †Kvb †Kvb fvwlK KvR cvV wkwL As‡k †bB Zv kbv³ Ki‡Z ejyb|
 †mB mv‡_ fvlvi †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î fvwlK KvR bZzbfv‡e •Zwi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb ZvI wba©viY Ki‡Z ejyb|
 †m Abyhvqx `‡j Av‡jvPbv K‡i †cv÷vi †ccv‡i Kgc‡ÿ cuvPwU fvwlK KvR •Zwi Ki‡Z ejyb|
 `jxq KvR cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z ejyb|

mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 wb‡P ewY©Z cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g cÖwkÿYv_©xM‡Yi AR©b hvPvB Ki‛b|

- fvwlK KvR wkÿv_©xi evsjv fvlv wkL‡b Kxfv‡e ¸i‛Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L?
Z_¨cÎ Z…Zxq w`b

Z…Zxq Awa‡ekb

evsjv †hgb Avgv‡ì gvZ…fvlv †Zgwb Ab¨ me welq †kLviI gva¨g| A_©vr evsjv fvlv PP©vi ¸YMZ gv‡bi Ici
MwYZ, cÖv_wgK weÁvb, evsjv‡`k I wek¦ cwiPqmn Ab¨ welq¸‡jv fv‡jvfv‡e co‡Z cviv A‡bKvs‡kB wbf©i K‡i|
GRb¨ evsjv fvlvi MVb I •ewkó¨ fv‡jvfv‡e Rvbv wkÿv_©xi Rb¨ LyeB ìKvi| e¨vKiYMZ GB Ávb wkÿv_©x‡K
evsjv fvlvi cÖ‡qv‡M m„Rbkxj K‡i| wKš‘ cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i Avjv`vfv‡e e¨vKiY †kLv‡bvi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM wkÿvµ‡g
†bB| Z‡e AbvbyôvwbKfv‡e e¨vKiY †kLv‡bvi wel‡q wkÿvµ‡g my¯úó wb‡`©kbv i‡q‡Q| ZvB cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii Avgvi
evsjv eB Gi cvV wkwL As‡k wKQz fvlv m¤úK©xq KvR ev fvwlK KvR †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| GB fvwlK KvR¸‡jv
Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x evsjv fvlvi MVb I •ewkó¨ mn‡RB eyS‡Z cv‡i| evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi wbqg ev ixwZ¸‡jv
GB fvwlK Kv‡R mgš^q mvab Kiv n‡q‡Q| GK K_vq ejv hvq, evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi wbqg ev ixwZi AšÍwb©wnZ iƒ‡ci
cwigvwR©Z I AvaywbK ms¯‥iY n‡jv fvwlK KvR|
evsjv fvlvi aŸwb,kã I evK¨ †Kv‡bv iKg msÁv ev ZË¡ D‡jøL bv K‡i LyeB mn‡R fvqvi cÖv‡qvwMK we‡ePbvq
eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q fvwlK Kv‡R| A_©vr cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvR‡b eëüZ aŸwb, kã I evK¨ eënv‡ii w`KwU Av‡jvKcvZ
Kivi Rb¨ Abykxj‡bi †h cÖ‡Póv ZvB g~jZ fvwlK KvR| Avi G ai‡bi fvwlK Kv‡R msÁv ev ZË¡ Rvbvi welqwU
†M․Y e‡j AvbyôvwbKZvi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| fvwlK Kv‡R g~L¨ n‡‛Q AbvbyôvwbKfv‡e cÖPzi Abykxj‡bi eë¯’v _vKv|
d‡j fvwlK KvR Abykxjb Kivi A_©B n‡‛Q A‡bKUv gRv K‡i †Ljvi Q‡j e¨vKi‡Yi wbqg ev ixwZ Abykxjb Kiv|
GB Abykxjb evsjv fvlv m¤úwK©Z Ávb I cÖ‡qvM‡K cwikxwjZ K‡i| d‡j fvlv`ÿZv AR©‡b wkÿv_©x h‡_ó cvi`k©x
nq|
97
98
evsjv wkL‡b fvwlK Kv‡Ri cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

 evsjv fvlvi MVb eyS‡Z mnvqZv Kiv
 evsjv fvlvi •ewkó¨ eyS‡Z mnvqZv Kiv
 evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi wbqg-ixwZ¸‡jvi cÖv‡qvwMK Abykxj‡bi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv
 gyL¯’wbf©i e¨vKi‡Yi PP©v‡K wbi‛rmvwnZ Kiv
 e¨vKi‡Yi ZvwË¡K Áv‡bi cwie‡Z© eënvwiK Áv‡bi w`‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv
 D`vniY mn‡hv‡M evievi Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g fvlvi eënvwiK w`‡Ki ¸i‛Z¡ evov‡bv
 fvlv eënv‡i wkÿv_©xi m„RbkxjZv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bv|
cvV¨cy¯ÍK cÖYq‡bi wb‡`©kbv
4. e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ
4.1 wØZxq †_‡K PZz_© †kÖwY ch©šÍ Avjv`v †Kv‡bv e¨vKiY eB _vK‡e bv|
wkÿv_©x‡K †Kv‡bv iKg e¨vKiYMZ msÁv I cÖKvi‡f` gyL¯’ Ki‡Z †Ìqv Kvg¨
bq| cvVwbf©i fvwlK Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g Zvi fvlv wkÿvq mnvqZv Ki‡Z n‡e|
4.2 cv‡Vi Abykxjbx As‡k mswkøó cv‡Vi wfwË‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ fvwlK KvR¸‡jv ¸i‛Z¡
cv‡e :
wØZxq †kÖwY
hy³e¨Äb †f‡O †jLv, mnR wecixZ kã, AbyKvi kã, k‡ãi cìƒc (ejv, ejvi, ej‡Z, e‡jv, e‡j, ejj, eje
BZ¨vw`), bvg †evSv‡bv kã, KvR †evSv‡bv kã, †Rvov kã fvOv (jZvcvZv, dzjdj BZ¨vw`), GK I A‡b‡Ki
aviYv, cyi‛l I bvix k‡ãi aviYv, bvg k‡ãi e`‡j kã, eY©bvi kã (we‡klY), wecixZ kã (we‡klY), Ae¯’vb
wb‡`©kK kã, †QvU †QvU evKïPbv| ev‡K¨ Ki‡Q †evSv‡bv, cÖkœ •Zwi (Zzwg coQ| Zzwg wK coQ? bv †evSv‡bv evK¨
(Zzwg PvjvK| †m PvjvK bv| ev‡K¨ Ki‡Q I Ki‡Q bv †evSv‡bv | ev‡K¨ Ae¯’vb †evSv‡bv (wµqvwe‡klY)| ev‡K¨
kã †Rvov (I, Ges, Avi)| ev‡K¨ kã †Rvov (Z‡e, wKšyÍ) | ev‡Kï µg| ev‡K¨ cÖkœ kã eënvi (wK, Kx, †K,
†Kvb)| ev‡K¨ cÖkœ kã ÔKviÕ eënvi K‡i Avgvi †Zvgvi, Zvi BZ¨vwì cª‡qvM| ev‡K¨ cÖkœ kã eënvi (KLb,
†Kv_vq) | ev‡Kï cÖ‡kœi DË‡i nu¨v bv| ev‡K¨ Av‡`k I Aby‡iva cÖKvk
Z…Zxq †kÖwY
hy³e¨Äb †f‡O †jLv, bvg †evSv‡bv kã| KvR †evSv‡bv kã, GK I A‡b‡Ki aviYv| wU, Uv, Lvbv, Lvwb, GwU, IwU,
G¸wj, I¸wj| cyi‛l I bvix k‡ãi aviYv| bvg k‡ãi e`‡j kã (me©bvg)| eY©bvi kã (we‡klY)| mnR wecixZ
kã, (we‡klY)| Ae¯’vb wb‡`©kK kã| mnR mgv_© kã, | m‡gv‛PvwiZ wfbœv_©K kã, | aŸb¨vZ¥K kã| k‡ãi
cìƒc, (Kiv, Kivi, Ki‡Z, K‡iv, K‡i, Kij, Kie BZ¨vw`), †Rvov kã fvOv (Nievwo, ivZw`b BZ¨vw`), ev‡K¨
wµqvi Kvj (cwo, c‡owQjvg, coe)| ev‡K¨ Ki‡Q †evSv‡bv, cÖkœ •Zwi (Zzwg coQ| Zzwg wK coQ?)| bv †evSv‡bv
98
99
evK¨ (Zzwg PvjvK| †m PvjvK bv|) ev‡K¨ Ki‡QI Ki‡Q bv †evSv‡bv | ev‡K¨ Ae¯’vb †evSv‡bv (wµqv we‡klY)|
ev‡K¨ kã †Rvov (I, Ges, Avi, ev, wKš‘, Z‡e,
ZvB, KviY, AZGe)| nu¨v evPK evK¨, bvÑevPK evK¨| ev‡Kï µg| ev‡K¨ cÖkœ kã eënvi (wK, Kx, †K, †Kvb,
KLb, †Kv_vq)| ev‡K¨ Av‡`k I Aby‡iva cÖKvk| weivg wP‡ýi eënvi|
PZz_© †kÖwY :
evbvb, bvg †evSv‡bv kã, RvwZevPK I msÁvevPK kã (we‡kl¨)| GK I A‡b‡Ki aviYv| wU, Uv, Lvbv, Lvwb, GwU,
IwU, G¸wj, I¸wj| cyi‛l I bvixevPK kã, bvg k‡ãi e`‡j kã (me©bvg)| ¸Y †evSv‡bv kã, (we‡klY)|
wecixZ kã (we‡klY)| we‡klY †_‡K we‡kl¨ MVb| we‡kl¨ †_‡K we‡klY MVb| wµqvwe‡klY| Ae¯’vb wb‡`©kK
kã| mgv_©K kã| wecixZv_©K kã| m‡gv‛PvwiZ wfbœv_©K kã| aŸb¨vZ¥K kã| k‡ãi cìƒc, (Kiv, Kivi, Ki‡Z,
K‡iv, K‡i, Kij, Kie BZ¨vw`), †Rvov kã fvOv (Nievwo, ivZw`b BZ¨vw`), mnR DcmM© w`‡q •Zwi kã, GK
K_vq cÖKvk, ev‡K¨ wµqvi Kvj (cwo, c‡owQjvg, coe)| ev‡K¨ Ki‡Q †evSv‡bv, cÖkœ •Zwi (Zzwg coQ| Zzwg wK
coQ? bv †evSv‡bv evK¨ (Zzwg PvjvK| †m PvjvK bv|)| ev‡K¨ Ki‡Q I Ki‡Q bv †evSv‡bv| ev‡K¨ Ae¯’vb †evSv‡bv
(wµqv we‡klY)| ev‡K¨ kã †Rvov (I, Ges, Avi, ev, wKš‘, Z‡e, ZvB, KviY, AZGe)| nu¨v evPK evK¨, bvÑevPK
evK¨| ev‡Kï µg| ev‡K¨ cÖkœ kã eënvi (wK, Kx, †K, †Kvb, KLb, †Kv_vq)| ev‡K¨ Av‡`k I Aby‡iva cÖKvk|
ev‡K¨ hwZwP‡ýi eënvi|
wbwg©wZ : ms‡KZ Abymi‡Y Mí †jLv| bgybv MíwjLb , Aby‡‛Q` c‡o bZzb Aby‡‛Q` iPbv (wkï wèm c‡o ¯^vaxbZv
wèm iPbv)
iPbv wjLb : bgybv iPbv| ms‡KZ Abymi‡Y iPbv †jLv (wPwoqvLvbv, Drme)|‡evakw³ cixÿv|
cÎwjLb : (Rb¥w`‡b Dcnvi †c‡q gvgv‡K abëv` Rvwb‡q)| QzwUi ìLv¯Í|
cÂg †kÖwY :
evbvb, bvbv iKg we‡kl¨| bvbv iKg me©bvg| bvbv iKg we‡klY| we‡kl¨ †_‡K we‡klY, we‡klY †_‡K we‡kl¨,
bvbv iKg wµqvwe‡klY| Dcgv/Zzjbv| †hvRK (&I, Ges, Avi)| kãMVb (DcmM©, cÖZ¨q,mgvm †hv‡M)| mgv_©K
kã| wecixZv_©K kã| m‡gv‛PvwiZ kã| aŸb¨vZ¥K kã| k‡ãi cìƒc, (Kiv, Kivi, Ki‡Z, K‡iv, K‡i, Kij,
Kie BZ¨vw`), cyi‛l I bvixevPK kã, kã ms‡ÿcY| cÖev`-cÖePb| ev‡K¨ hwZwPý| evK¨ cwieZ©b| D‡Ïk¨ I
we‡aq| mvaviY eZ©gvb, mvaviY AZxZ, mvaviY fwel¨r| ev‡Kï µg| ev‡K¨ cÖkœ kã eënvi (wK, Kx, †K, †Kvb,
KLb, †Kv_vq)| ev‡K¨ Av‡`k I Aby‡iva cÖKvk|
weivgwPý|
wbwg©wZ : ms‡KZ Abymi‡Y Mí †jLv|
MíwjLb : bgybv | cwiwPZ cwi‡ek|
iPbv wjLb : bgybv| ms‡KZ Abymi‡Y iPbv †jLv (welq w`‡Z n‡e)| †evakw³ cixÿv| Aby‡‛Q` iPbv (wbe©vwPZ)|
iPbv wjLb (wbe©vwPZ)|
99
100
cÎwjLb : Av‡e`bcÎ (åg‡Yi AbygwZ| Rb¥w`‡bi Avgš¿Y| QzwUi ìLv¯Í)
mnvqK MÖš’ :
1| evsjv, wcwUAvB. cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì Rb¨, cÖv_wgK wkÿv cwi`ßi, evsjv‡`k, XvKv|
2| cÖv_wgK¯Í‡ii wkÿvµg, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv|
3|Browne, Ann, Developing Language and Literacy 3-8,
lô w`b Z…Zxq Awa‡ekb
cÖwkÿ‡YvËi g~j¨vqb
f~wgKv: cÖwkÿ‡YvËi g~j¨vq‡bi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g Ávb I `ÿZv KZUzKz AwR©Z n‡q‡Q Zv cwigvc Kiv| cÖwkÿY ïiæi
mgq cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì we`¨gvb `ÿZvi ¯Íi hvPvB K‡i Zvi gvÎv wbiƒcY Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖwkÿY †k‡l †mB gvÎvwUi KZUzKz Dbœqb n‡q‡Q
Zv Zzjbvg~jK wPÎ †`‡L wbY©q Kiv hvq| Z‡e cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì GKwU K_v g‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb †h, AR©‡bi gvÎv hZ fv‡jvB †nvK
†kÖwYK‡ÿ Gi BwZevPK cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g Gi h_v_©Zv wbiƒwcZ n‡e|
mgq: 30 wgwbU
wkLbdj: G Awa‡ekb †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY :
2. cÖwkÿ‡YvËi g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g evsjv wel‡q `ÿZv Dbœq‡bi gvÎv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
c×wZ/†KŠkj: GKK KvR, g~j¨vqb|
DcKiY: g~j¨vqb cÎ|
KvR-1: cÖwkÿ‡YvËi g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g evsjv wel‡q `ÿZv Dbœq‡bi gvÎv Rvb‡Z mgq: 30wgwbU
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì msL¨vbycv‡Z c~‡e©B g~j¨vq cÎ d‡UvKwc K‡i Zv cÖ‡Z¨K‡K GKwU K‡i weZiY Kiæb|
 g~j¨vqb c‡Î †Ìqv wb‡`©kbv c‡o DËi wjL‡Z ejyb|

 wbw`©ó mgq †k‡l DËicÎ msMÖn Kiæb|
 cÖvK-g~j¨vq‡bi m¤î I cÖwkÿ‡YvËi cÖvß b¤^‡ii Zzjbvg~jK †jLwPÎ A¼Y K‡i cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì AwR©Z `ÿZv Dc¯’vcb
Kiæb|
100
101
Z…Zxq w`b PZz_© Awa‡ekb
f~wgKv: f~wgKv m¤ú~iK DcKiY fvlv`ÿZv AR©‡bi MwZ‡K evwo‡q †`q| cvV PjvKvjxb hyrmB fvlv‡Ljv I Kg©cÎ eënvi Ki‡Z
cvi‡j wkÿv_©xi cy‡ivcywi wkLb wbwðZ Kivi c_ myMg nq| ZvQvov fvlv`ÿZv g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI G ai‡bi m¤ú~iK DcKiY eënvi
Kiv hvq| m‡e©vcwi cvV‡K Avb›``vqK I mnR‡eva¨ Kivi Rb¨ m¤ú~iK DcKi‡Yi h‡_ó f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| GRb¨ wkÿ‡Ki m¤ú~iK
DcKiY •Zwi I cÖ‡qvM †K․kj Rvbv Ri‛wi| wkÿ‡Ki G msµvšÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq `ÿZv Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î Awa‡ekbwU ¸i‛Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv
ivL‡e|
wkLbdj: G Awa‡ekb †k‡l cÖwkÿv_©xiv-
1. fvlv wkL‡b m¤ú~iK DcKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. fvlv wkL‡bi Dc‡hvMx m¤ú~iK DcKiY •Zwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
c×wZ/†KŠkj: GKK KvR, †Rvovq KvR, cVb, †cøbvwi|
DcKiY: †nvqvBU‡evW©, gvK©vi, †bvUeyK, Kjg, †cv÷vi †ccvi, mvBb‡cb, wfwWI wK¬c, cÖ_g †_‡K cÂg †kÖwYi evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK,
Z_¨cÎ|
KvR-1: fvlv wkL‡b m¤ú~iK DcKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv mgq: 20 wgwbU
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 wb‡Pi cÖkwœ U m¤ú‡K© GK wgwbU wPšÍv Ki‡Z ej‡eb|
- m¤ú~iK DcKiY ej‡Z Kx ey‡Sb?
- fvlv wkL‡b m¤ú~iK DcKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Kx?
 cvkvcvwk †Rvovq m¤ú~iK DcKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i †h‡Kv‡bv GKR‡bi †bvUey‡K wjL‡Z ej‡eb|
 cÖ‡Z¨K †Rvov †_‡K cÖvß DËi wb‡q †nvqvBU‡ev‡W© wjL‡eb|
 †h‡Kv‡bv GKRb‡K c‡o †kvbv‡Z ej‡eb|
 cÖ‡qvR‡b Z_¨c‡Îi mnvqZvq aviYv ¯úó Ki‡eb|
KvR-2: fvlv wkL‡bi Dc‡hvMx m¤ú~iK DcKiY •Zwi Ki‡Z cviv mgq: 50 wgwbU
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
101
102
 cÖwkÿv_©x‡ì †Rvovq fvM K‡i cÖwZ †Rvovq cÖ_g †_‡K cÂg †kÖwYi evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK n‡Z GKwU K‡i eB, †cv÷vi †ccvi,
gvK©vi/mvBb‡cb I Z_¨c‡Î ewY©Z GKwU fvlv‡Ljv •Zwii cÖwµqv w`‡eb| Z‡e GKwU †Rvov‡K Kg©cÎ •Zwii Rb¨ wbw`©ó K‡i
w`‡eb|
 cÖvß eB †_‡K †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU welqe¯‘ evQvB Ki‡Z ej‡eb|
 †kvbv-ejv I cov-†jLv fvlv`ÿZv Dbœq‡b wbe©vwPZ welqe¯‘i Rb¨ GKwU K‡i fvlv‡Ljvi m¤ú~iK DcKiY †cv÷vi †ccv‡i
•Zwi Ki‡Z ej‡eb|
 `jxq KvR ch©vqµ‡g Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ej‡eb|
 †kvbv-ejv I cov-†jLv fvlv`ÿZv Dbœq‡b Rb¨ •ZwiK…Z fvlv‡Ljv I Kg©cÎ h_vh_ wKbv Zv Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g ¯úó
Ki‡eb|
 cÖ‡qvR‡b cwigvR©b Ki‡Z ej‡eb|

mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 G Awa‡ek‡bi mdjZv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi cÖkwœ U Ki‡eb-

- cÖYxZ Kg©cÎ I fvlv‡Ljvi †KvbwU cvV PjvKvjxb I †KvbwU g~j¨vqb ch©v‡qi Rb¨ Dchy³ Zv ej‡Z ejyb|
¯^-AbywPšÍbg~jK cÖk:œ m¤ú~iK DcKiY wkÿv_©xi fvlv wkL‡bi MwZ‡K Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i- G wel‡q Avcbvi gZvgZ Kx?
Z_¨cÎ Z…Zxq w`b

PZz_© Awa‡ekb
fvlv wkL‡b mvaviYZ †h me DcKiY eënvi Kiv nq †m¸‡jv n‡‛Q- Qwe, PvU© ev g‡Wj| G¸‡jv cv‡Vi Dc¯’vcb, Abykxjb I
g~j¨vqb- GB wZb ch©v‡qB eënvi Kiv hvq| GQvovI we‡kl •ewkó¨m¤úbœ wKQz m¤ú~iK DcKiY i‡q‡Q †hgb- fvlv‡Ljv, Kg©cÎ|
†Kv‡bv cv‡Vi wkLbd‡ji mv‡_ Nwbôfv‡e m¤úKK©hy³ Ggb wKQz Avb›``vqK †Ljvag©x KvR hv cvV¨cy¯Í‡K †bB Zv‡ì‡KB g~jZ
m¤ú~iK KvR ejv hvq| Avi GB KvR¸‡jv m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ wkÿK‡K †hme m„Rbkxj DcKiY eënvi Ki‡Z nq ZvB m¤ú~iK
DcKiY| G DcKiY¸‡jv wkÿv_©xi wkLbdj AR©‡b AZ¨šÍ mnvqK| welqe¯‘i aib Abyhvqx G¸‡jv cvV Dc¯’vc‡bi †h‡Kv‡bv ch©v‡q
eënvi Kiv hvq| fvlv`ÿZv AR©‡b GB DcKiY¸‡jv Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| wb‡P m¤ú~iK DcKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †Ìqv n‡jv -
wkÿv_©xi-
 Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wkL‡bi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i
 wkLbdj AR©‡b mnvqZv K‡i
 kã fvÐvi e„w× K‡i
 e¨vKiYMZ Áv‡bi cÖ‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i
102
103
 gvZ…fvlvi hyrmB eënvi wbwðZ K‡i

 fvlv`ÿZv AR©b mnR K‡i
 wPšÍvkw³ cÖmvwiZ K‡i
 gyL¯’ Kivi cÖeYZv n«vm K‡i
 m„RbkxjZv e„w× K‡i
 cvV MÖn‡Y AvMÖnx K‡i †Zv‡j
 mwµqZv e„w× K‡i
 AvZ¥wek¦vm evwo‡q †`q
 Kv‡Ri cÖwZ kÖ×v‡eva m„wó K‡i
 gvbwmKZvq AvZ¥wbf©ikxjZvi ¸YwU †Rviv‡jv nq
 eyw×gËvi m‡e©v‛P eënvi wbwðZ K‡i
 Avb›`vqK wkLb wbwðZ K‡i
 mn‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve evwo‡q †`q
 mv‡_ wkÿ‡Ki I wkÿv_©xi m¤ú‡K©i Dbœqb NUvq
 fvlv`ÿZv AR©‡bi g~j¨vq‡b mnvqZv K‡i
fvlv‡Ljvi K‡qKwU m¤ú~iK DcKiY •Zwi I †kÖwYK‡ÿ eën‡ii †K․kj eY©bv Kiv n‡jv-
1. kã eM© †M․
gy i s cv
†Ljvi cwiKíbv:
e m c~ e nv
j wY© o wLª
Pv K gv w` ÷v
b
†M․ i K e cv wLª e
wLª Pv †M․ o nv ÷v i
gy i s gy †M․ gv cv
e m k c~ e nv wn
o gy j wY© o b wLª
m Pv K gv w` ÷v b
c~ wY© j ÷v b j o
103
104
 welqe¯‘i cy‡ivUv fv‡jv K‡i c‡o KZK¸‡jv kã wbe©vPb K‡i wbb| gy i gy m gv b e

 wbe©vwPZ k‡ãi eY© ev kãvsk¸‡jv ewY©Z QK Abyhvqx emvb
 Lvwj Ni¸‡jv B‡‛Q g‡Zv eY© ev kãvsk w`‡q c~iY Ki‛b|
 kãRU •Zwi n‡q †Mj|
 `j Abyhvqx d‡UvKwc/nv‡Z •Zwi Abywjwc w`‡q †Lj‡Z w`b|
 kã¸‡jv †h Dc‡i,wb‡P,cvkvcvwk, AvovAvwo n‡Z cv‡i Zv e‡j w`b|
 PvKgv, c~wY©gv, eow`b, gyis, gymjgvb, wLª÷vb, cvnvo,†M․ie, em, im- kã¸‡jv Luy‡R †ei Ki‡Z w`b|
wet`ªt- cÂg †kÖwYi Avgvi evsjv eB (2013) GB †`k GB gvbyl †_‡K †bIqv|
2. cov †`Šo:
†Ljvi cwiKíbv-
 wkÿv_©x‡ì gv‡Vi GK cÖv‡šÍ GKwU †iLv eivei ùvov‡Z ejyb
 gv‡Vi Ab¨ cÖv‡šÍ wkÿv_©xi msL¨vbyhvqx KvM‡R KZK¸‡jv kã/ †QvU GKwU Aby‡‛Q` ivLyb
 euvwk evwR‡q wkÿv_©x‡ì †ù․‡o gv‡Vi Ab¨ cÖv‡šÍ †h‡Z ejyb
 KvM‡R †jLv kã¸‡jv/ Aby‡‛Q` `ª‛Z c‡o †ù․‡o Av‡Mi cÖv‡šÍ †h‡Z ejyb
 †mLv‡b ivLv KvM‡R cwVZ kã/ Aby‡‛Q` hZ `ª‛Z m¤¢e wjL‡Z ejyb
 Kg mg‡q AwaK msL¨K kã/ Aby‡‛Q` wjL‡Z †c‡i‡Q Zv‡K cÖ_g wbe©vPb Ki‛b
 GKBfv‡e wØZxq I Z…Zxq wbe©vPb Ki‛b|
3. we‡½v:
†Ljvi cwiKíbv-
 cvVewnf©~Z/cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki cwVZ welqe¯‘ n‡Z KZK¸‡jv bZzb/KwVb/cQ›`g‡Zv kã †ev‡W© wjLyb|
Zÿzwb, eyw×, eë¯’v, wb‡gl, bv¯Ívbvey`, gnvb›`
 kã¸‡jv n‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿv_©x‡K †h‡Kv‡bv wZbwU kã wbR wbR LvZvq wjL‡Z ejyb|
 •ØePq‡b GKwU K‡i kã ejyyb
 wkÿv_©x‡ì LvZvq wjwLZ k‡ãi cv‡k wUK wPý w`‡Z ejyb|
 hvi wZbwU kãB wg‡j hv‡e Zv‡K/Zv‡ì †Rv‡i Rqm~PK we‡½v ej‡Z ejyb|
 Gfv‡e me¸‡jv kã e‡j †LjvwU †kl Ki‛b|
[ wet`ªt Z…Zxq †kÖwYi Avgvi evsjv eB (2013) Kzu‡Rv eywoi Mí †_‡K †bIqv|]
4. Abygvb Kiv:
†Ljvi cwiKíbv-
 KZK¸‡jv wRwb‡mi bvg Kv‡W© wj‡L wbb
104
105
 GKRb GKRb K‡i wkÿv_©x‡K †kÖwYK‡ÿi mvg‡b †W‡K G‡b GKwU K‡i kãKvW© wb‡Z ejyb
 Ab¨‡ì kãKvW©wU bv †`wL‡q wRwbmwU Kx n‡Z cv‡i Zv Abygvb Ki‡Z ejyb
 wRwbmwUi bvg †ei Ki‡Z `kwU cÖkœ Ki‡Z ejyb| †hgb-
Ñ GUv wK big?
Ñ GUv wK k³?
Ñ GUv wK avZe c`v_©?
GUv wK cvZjv? BZ¨vw`|
 †kl ch©šÍ hvi Abygvb wVK n‡e Zv‡K GKBfv‡e †Lj‡Z AvnŸvb Rvbvb|
5. kãwmuwo:
†Ljvi cwiKíbv-
 wkÿv_©xi kã fvÐvi e„w×i Rb¨ cvVewnf©~Z kã w`‡q †LjvwU ïi‛ Ki‛b

 †h‡Kv‡bv GKRb wkÿv_©x‡K GKwU kã ej‡Z ejyb
 k‡ãi †kl eY© w`‡q Ab¨ GKRb wkÿv_©x‡K GKwU kã ej‡Z ejyb
 kã ejvi Av‡M mZK© _vK‡Z ejyb, †hb c~‡e©i k‡ãi †kl eY©wU cybivq bZzb k‡ãi †kl eY© bv nq|
 GgbwU n‡j †Ljv †kl n‡q hv‡e Zv e‡j w`b
 mK‡ji AskMªn‡Y †LjvwU Pjgvb ivL‡Z †Póv Ki‛b|
বা Zv m
ey
R j
Zv jv
D e© i
105
106
6. covwfbq:
†Ljvi cwiKíbv-
 wkÿv_©x‡ì cuvP/mvZ R‡bi `‡j fvM K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K `‡j Avjv`v Avjv`v GKwU K‡i wkï‡Zvl Mí co‡Z w`b
 cov †k‡l MíwUi PwiÎ Abyhvqx msjvc wjL‡Z ejyb
 wjwLZ msjvc Abyhvqx Awfbq Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖ¯w‘ Z wb‡Z ejyb
 cÖ¯w‘ Z †k‡l ch©vqÎ‡g cÖwZ mßv‡n cÖ‡Z¨K `j‡K Awfbq K‡i †`Lv‡Z ejyb|
7. evK¨ •Zwi:
†Ljvi cwiKíbv-
 GKwU kã w`‡q GKvwaK evK¨ •Zwi Ki‡Z w`b
 Am¤ú~Y© evK¨ m¤ú~Y© Ki‡Z w`b
 evg cv‡ki mv‡_ Wvb cv‡ki evK¨vsk wgj K‡i evK¨ •Zwi Ki‡Z w`b
 Qwe/e¯‘/g‡Wj Gi eY©bv Ki‡Z w`b
 †Kv‡bv wKQz c‡o wb‡Ri fvlvq eY©bv Ki‡Z w`b
 AwfÁZv eY©bv Ki‡Z w`b
 wb‡Ri m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z w`b
 wcÖq/cQ‡›ì †Kv‡bv wKQz eY©bv Ki‡Z w`b
 avivevwnKfv‡e Mí evbv‡Z w`b
 e¯‘evPK, ¸YevPK BZ¨vw` kã w`‡q evK¨ •Zwi Ki‡Z w`b
 ev‡Kï wewfbœ ¯’v‡b wµqvevPK k‡ãi eënvi K‡i evK¨ •Zwi Ki‡Z w`b
 wØiy‛PvwiZ I m‡gv‛PvwiZ kã w`‡q evK¨ •Zwi Ki‡Z w`b
8. kãRvj:
†Ljvi cwiKíbv-
 †ev‡W© ev †cv÷vi †ccv‡i ewY©Z Q‡Ki g‡Zv †Kv‡bv dzj/dj/cvwLi bvg e„‡Ëi gvSLv‡b wjLyb
 wbR wbR LvZvq cÖ`wk©Z QKwU Gu‡K e„‡Ëi Pvicv‡k wkÿv_©xi Rvbv dzj/dj/cvwLi bvg wjL‡Z ejyb
(wet`ªt e„‡Ëi Pvicv‡k dzj/dj/cvwLi Qwe w`‡qI wkÿv_©x‡ì bvg wjL‡Z mnvqZv Kiv hvq)
dj
106
107
9.kã‡f`:
†Ljvi cwiKíbv-
 cÖ_g eY© w`‡q MwVZ GKvwaK kã evQvB Ki‛b

 bgybv Abyhvqx kã¸‡jv Dci wbP I cvkvcvwk eM©vKvi N‡i emvb
 k‡ãi cÖ_g e‡Y©i N‡i bgybv Abyhvqx msL¨v ewm‡q eY©¸‡jv gy‡Q w`b
 Dci wbP I cvkvcvwk kã Luy‡R †ei Ki‡Z cÖwZwUi Rb¨ wjwLZ ms‡KZ w`b
1 3
2 4
kv c jv Pv j
jy K
K ` g Ry wi
g g
cvkvcvwk jv Pv Dci
wbP l
1. RvZxq dz‡ji bvg 1. kvcjv

RvZxq RjR Dw™¢‡ì g~j
2. dz‡ji bvg 2. d‡ji bvg
3. LvIqvi wRwbm 3. KvR Kiv eySvq
4. KvR Ki‡j cvIqv hvq 4. cvnv‡o †`Lv hvq
10.¯§„wZkw³:
107
108
†Ljvi cwiKíbv-
 †Kv‡bv cvV¨vs‡ki †kLv‡bv kã¸‡jv †cv÷vi †ccv‡i wj‡L cÖ`k©b Ki‛b
 kã msL¨vbyhvqx wbw`©ó mgq ch©šÍ †`wL‡q †cv÷viwU mwi‡q wbb
 kã¸‡jv g‡b K‡i wbR wbR LvZvq wjL‡Z ejyb
 †jLv †k‡l cybivq †cv÷viwU †`L‡Z w`b
 ï× evbv‡b m‡e©v‛P msL¨K kã wjL‡Z †c‡i‡Q Ggb wkÿv_©x‡K weRqx †NvlYv Ki‛b|
11.eY©RU:
†Ljvi cwiKíbv-
 G‡jv‡g‡jv eY© mvwR‡q kã MVb Ki‡Z w`b

 eM©vKvi N‡i †h eY©¸‡jv Av‡Q †m¸‡jv mvwR‡q ms‡K‡Zi DËi †ei Ki‡Z ejyb
I s wk = ... ....
i †e †fv jv = .... .... ....
i †` †k = .... ....
r Kv i k j = .... .... .... ...
Avgv‡ì †`k
wet`ªt PZz_© †kÖwYi Avgvi evsjv eB (2013) evsjv‡`‡ki cÖK…wZ †_‡K †bIqv|
12.ZvrÿwYK ms‡kvab:
†Ljvi cwiKíbv-
 gv‡S gv‡S †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv kã fzj e‡j/bv e‡j †Kv‡bv GKwU cvV¨vsk c‡o †kvbv‡eb
 wkÿv_©x‡ì fzj/bv ejv kã¸‡jv kbv³c~e©K ZvrÿwYK ej‡Z ej‡eb
13. g‡b †i‡L kãKvW© jy‡d bvI:

†Ljvi cwiKíbv-
 †Kv‡bv cvV¨vsk †_‡K Zzjbvg~jK KwVb `kwU kã †e‡Q wbb
 cÖwZwU kã `ywU K‡i Kv‡W© wjLyb
 kãKvW©¸‡jv G‡jv‡g‡jv K‡i wbb
108
109
 cuvPRb wkÿv_©x‡K wb‡q †Mvj n‡q e‡m Zv‡ì †`wL‡q G‡K G‡K kã¸‡jv co”b I Zv‡ì mvg‡b Dwë‡q ivLyb
 GKRb wkÿv_©x‡K GKwU KvW© wb‡q mevB‡K †`wL‡q kãwU co‡Z I Abyiƒc kãKvW© Luy‡R †ei Ki‡Z ejyb
 wg‡j †M‡j kãKvW© `y‡Uv Zvi n‡e I GKB cÖwµqvq KvW© †bIqvi cieZ©x my‡hvM Zvi n‡e
 wg‡j bv †M‡j kãKvW© `y‡Uv h_v¯’v‡b ivL‡Z e‡j Zvi cv‡ki Rb‡K †Póv Ki‡Z ejyb
 GKB cÖwµqvq †LjvwU cwiPvjbv Ki‛b
 †Ljv †k‡l †h me‡P‡q †ewk kãKvW© cv‡e Zv‡K weRqx †NvlYv Ki‛b
¯^vaxbZv
exi‡kÖ kwn`
gyw³hy×
ô
¯^vaxbZv
exi‡kÖ gyw³hy× kwn`
ô
wet`ªt PZz_© †kÖwYi Avgvi evsjv eB (2013) exi‡kªôi exiMv_v †_‡K †bIqv|
14. Kg©cÎ(1): Qwe †`‡L eY©bv Kiv ( `‡j/†Rvovq Av‡jvPbv K‡i GKKfv‡e †jLv )
QwewU m¤ú‡K© cuvPwU evK¨ wjL|
GKRb kÖgRxex gvby‡li Qwe w`‡Z n‡e|
15. Kg©cÎ(2):
Z_¨ †R‡b Lvwj N‡i †jLv ( †Rvovq cÖkœ K‡i GKKfv‡e †jLv )
109
110
mnvqK MÖš’
1. cÖ_g †_‡K cÂg †kÖwYi Avgvi evsjv eB, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv (2011)
2. cÖv_wgK wkÿvq evsjv wel‡q cÖwkÿY g¨vbyqvj, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv (2003)
3. English for C-in-Ed Trainees, National Academy for Primary Education & Directorate of Primary
Education (2002)
Z…Zxq w`b cÂg Awa‡ekb
wkÿ‡Ki ejvi `ÿZv Dbœqb
f~wgKv: ক ক হ ।
, খ , হ গ হ খ ক
হ ক ক। ক ক ক ।
ক ক । হ গ
হ ক ।
ক গ ক হ
হ । ক ক ক ক ক
হ হ ক । গ গও গ ক হ
ক হও ।
mgq: 45 wgwbU
3. cÖwgZ PwjZ ixwZ‡Z ejvi Abykxjb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
110
111
c×wZ/†KŠkj: cÖkK
œ iY, Aby‡‛Q` cVb, `‡j KvR, mie cvV, bxie cvV, Dc¯’vcb, djveZ©b|
DcKiY: wbe©vwPZ cvV, Z_¨cÎ, gvK©vi/mvBb‡cb
KvR-1: cÖwgZ PwjZ ixwZ‡Z ejvi Abykxjb Kiv mgq: 40 wgwbU
mnvq‡Ki KiYxq
 cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì K‡qKRb‡K wb‡Pi Aby‡‛Q`wU ch©vqµ‡g co‡Z ejyb Ges Ab¨‡ì g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i ïb‡Z ejyb|
Rvnv½x‡ii g‡ZvB fvebv wQj •egvwbK gwZDi ingv‡bi| wZwb †P‡qwQ‡jb cvwK¯Ívb †_‡K hy×wegvb wb‡q
gyw³hy‡× †hvM w`‡Z| 1971 mv‡ji 20‡k AvM÷| KivwPi gvkiyi wegvbNuvwU †_‡K wU-33 wegvb wb‡q
cÖwkÿY ïiy Ki‡jb| m‡½ cvwK¯Ívwb •egvwbK wgbnvR iwk`| wegvbwU ZLb k~‡b¨, AvKvkc‡_| gwZDi
cwiKíbv Abymv‡i wb‡RB wegvbwUi wbqš¿Y wb‡Z PvB‡jb| wegvbwU Kâv Kiv wb‡q wgbnv‡Ri m‡½ wegv‡bi
g‡a¨B a¯Ívaw¯Í n‡jv| wegvbwU _vÆvq weaŸ¯Í n‡jv| fviZxq mxgvšÍ †_‡K _vÆvi `~iZ¡ gvÎ Pwjøk gvBj|
weaŸ¯Í GjvKv‡ZB Qwo‡q-wQwU‡q wQj gwZD‡ii cÖvYnxb †`n| c‡i Zuv‡K gvkiy‡i Kei †Ìqv nq| wZwik
eQi a‡i cvwK¯Ív‡bi gvwU‡Z kvwqZ wQ‡jb wZwb| 2006 mv‡j Zuvi †`nve‡kl †`‡k wdwi‡q Avbv nq|
ivóªxq gh©v`vq mgvwnZ Kiv nq XvKvi knx` eyw×Rxex mgvwa¯’‡j|
 Gev‡i cÖkœ Kiæb ‡Kvb †Kvb k‡ãi D‛Pvi‡Y wfwbœZv i‡q‡Q wKsev D‛PviY mwVKfv‡e nq wb|
 cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì mnvqZvq we‡kl we‡kl kã¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiæb Ges mwVK D‛Pvi‡Y Abykxjb Ki‡Z mnvqZv w`b| †hgb-
wQj - wQ‡jv
gwZDi - †gvwZDi
hy×wegvb - hy‡×vwegvb
AvM÷ - Av‡Mv÷
cÖwkÿY - †cÖvwkÿY
 Gevi cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì PviwU `‡j fvM n‡Z ejyb Ges cÖ‡Z¨K `‡j Z_¨c‡Î cÖ`Ë cÖwgZ D‛PviY ixwZ weZiY Kiæb|
 cÖ‡Z¨K `j‡K evsjv k‡ãi D‛PviYwewa co‡Z ejyb Ges wbe©vwPZ Avby‡‛Q‡ì cÖwgZ cVbwewa `jMZfv‡e Abykxjb Ki‡Z
ejyb|
 cybivq †cøbvwi‡Z K‡qKRb‡K co‡Z w`‡q cVb Abykxjb hvPvB Kiæb|

2. cÖwgZ ixwZ‡Z covi `ÿZv Dbœq‡bi KwZcq †K․kj ejyb|
111
112
Z_¨cÎ Z…Zxq w`b

cÂg Awa‡ekb
cÖwgZ D”PviYixwZ
ক ক ক ক ক হ
ক হ । ক ক গ ক
ক ক ক হ ক হ । ক ক ক
। , খ ক হ খ , , ,
ক কক ক ক । ক
ক ক ক ক । ক হ।
ক ক ক ক ক ও
হক ক ।
ক ক হ । ,
খ , হ গ হ খ ক
হ ক ক। ক ক ক ।
ক ক । হ গ
হ ক ।
ক গ ক হ
হ । ক ক ক ক ক
হ হ ক । গ গও গ ক হ
ক হও ।
কহ । ক ও । ক ক ক ১
১১ । হ ,
গ গ, হ, , হ , ক , ক ও ক হ ।
হ ক ক ক হ ক হ
ঐ ক ক । ক খ ক ক ক
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113
। : , , , , ,ও হ ও
১১ গ ।
অএ
ক ‘ ’ ‘ ’ । ‘ ’ ক হ । ক ‘ ’
‘ ’ওক হ ।
ক হ হ ‘ ’ ক হ । , ,খ , ,ফ , ।হ
গ হ ও ক ক ,ফ , , ।
হ ‘ ’ , ক , ফ হ । গ ‘ ’ ও ক ‘ ’ ক ক
, হ, , । ক - , ,
। ক ‘ ’ ক , - , ” , , - , - , গ -গ
।
>ওক
-ঈ, -ঊ, ফ ক গ , , , , , , ,গ , , ,গ
।‘ ’ খ ক খ, , , । ‘ ’ ফ হ , , , , , ,
, , হ , ক , । ঋ- ফ হ , ক , , , ‚ও‛ ক
হ । ‚ ’ ক ‘ও’ হ , ক , , , , ক ।
‘ ’ হ ‘ও’ হ , , , ,ক , ( ওক ও খ । , , ,
ক , , হ । খ , , , ; , ফ , ,
ক ক , ও ক ; , ও ক খ ও গ
হ । ‘হ’ ক , , , , , , হ, হ, হ ।
s t ক , , , ,হ , খ, । , , , ,গ , , , হ ,
। ‘ঢ়’ ক - ঢ়, ঢ়, ঢ়, গ ঢ় ।
113
114
ক ক ‘ ’ ক - , , , । গ ঋ, ঐ, ঔ, ক ,
, , গ ,, হ, ।
অ ‘অ’
‚ ’ ক ক, ক -ফ , । - , ,
। - হ , । ক হ >ও হ - ফ - , ক-
কগ , ক , ।
আএ
‘ ’ ‡ ‘ ’ হ । । ।হ হ
ঘও হ ,‘ ক , খ ‘ ’‘ ’ ‘ ’ ক ঘ ,
হ ক ক ও ক ।
‘ ’ । Big Sick ‘i’ হ ।
C
B Gi gZB D‛PvwiZ nq| C Gi D‛PviY cv_©K¨ Kiv `yiƒn| hw` k‡ãi Ôw`Õ Gi †P‡q b`x k‡ãi Ô`xÕ Gi D‛PviY GKUz `xN©| Z‡e
`yÕgvÎvi n‡e wK bv Zv &ª‡qv‡Mi Ici wbf©ikxj| CMj Gi C D‛PviY, Bwj‡ki B Gi †P‡q `xN© n‡jI cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY Kivi Rb¨ AwfÁ
KÉ I Kv‡bi cÖ‡qvRb|
D
D‛PviY n«¯^ ¯îvšÍ| Pzj, fzj, Kzj, Gi D Kv‡ii gZ| njšÍ n‡j ev Gici s _vK‡j `xN© n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- Dt, Ds, Dj; gyKzZvi Kz
Gi †P‡q gyKz‡ji Kz Gi D‛PviY GKUz `xN©|
E
D Gi gZB D‛PviY Ges D‛Pvi‡Yi ¯’vbI GK| n«¯^¯i^ njšÍ n‡j D Gi gZ D‛PviY `xN© n‡Z cv‡i| A‡_© †Rvi †Ìqvi cÖ‡qvR‡b
`xN© D‛PviY n‡Z cv‡i, †hgb- weg~p, `~i DZ¨vw`|
F
k‡ãi cÖ_‡g em‡j D‛Pvi‡Y weK…wZ †bB, †hgb- e„_v, Z…Y, e„l| wKš‘ k‡ãi ga¨vÂ‡j em‡j D‛Pvi‡Y weK…wZ N‡U| D`vniY- Ag„Z
(Agg„Z), Ave„wË (Avee„ZwZ) DZ¨vw`| G‡ÿ‡Î g‡b ivLv ìKvi gvSLv‡b F Kvi _vK‡j wØZ¡ bv K‡i Avj‡Zvfv‡e D‛PviY Ki‡Z
n‡e|
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cÖK…c‡ÿ ÔGÕ Kv‡ii D‛PviY evsjvq `yÕiKg|

ÔGÕ Kv‡ii cÖK…Z D”PviY
Zrmg k‡ã Av`¨ GKv‡i: †jLv, †KKv, GKK, GKvKx, †Kk, †gl, †e`bv BZ¨vw`|
AwfkÖæwZRwbZ ÔGÕ: †L‡q, †b‡q, †U‡Kv, †g‡Vv, †M‡Qv BZ¨vw`|
me©bv‡g: G, †h, GLv‡b, †mLv‡b BZ¨vw`|
we‡`kx divmx kã D”Pvi‡Y: †ejfKi, †e`g †ee‡›`ve¯Í BZ¨vw`|
GKv‡ii e¨wZµg D‛PviY:
e¨wZµg D‛PviY wbqg wm× Kiv KwVb| e¨w³µg D‛Pvi‡Yi A‡bK kã Ô¨vÕ djv w`‡qI †jLv hvq| wb‡¤œ GKwU mswÿß ZvwjKv †`qv
nj:
Ggb, ‡hgb, GKjv, GK, GKUv, ‡Kb, ‡Kgb, ‡Lcv, ‡Ljbv, ‡Numv, ‡PuPv, ‡PcUv, ‡Pjv, ‡Qbv, ‡RVv, ‡UK, ‡VKv, ‡VO, ‡Vjv, ‡fjv,
‡bOov, ‡bKov, ‡Zjv‡cvKv, ‡_eov, ‡`Lv, ‡Ìi, ‡aeov, ‡bKv, ‡jRv, ‡cuPv †bcv, ‡dUv‡bv, ‡db, ‡dbv, ‡djv, ‡eO, ‡ePv, ‡eov,
‡eov‡bv, ‡ejv, ‡emvwZ, ‡muKv, ‡muKov, ‡njv, ‡n¯Í, ‡gjv BZ¨vw`|
ÔGÕ Kv‡ii cÖK…Z D”Pvi‡Yi Zrmg k‡ãi mswÿß ZvwjKv:

‡K‡bœv, †Kqvix, ‡Lqv, ‡Lqvj, ‡Miæqv, ‡Mjv, GB, Gu‡`v, Gu‡o, ‡Lbœv, ‡NivI, ‡Pbv, ‡P‡q, ‡Pwi, ‡Pnviv, ‡Pwj, ‡Qwb, ‡Ri, ‡bZv, ‡Riv,
‡Rj, ‡Rwj, ‡Ucv, ‡Ui, ‡Wu‡cv, ‡Wiv, ‡ZR, ‡Z‡Zv, †Zcvqv, ‡_u‡Zv, ‡_‡jv, ‡`Dj, ‡ò, ‡``vi, ‡Ìqvjx, ‡``vi, ‡`gvK, ‡`bv †`qv,
‡ìvR, aB †aB, ‡bK‡o, ‡bKbRi, ‡bkv, ‡bnvZ, ‡cUv, ‡cUvI, ‡cqv`v, ‡cqvjv, ‡ckv, ‡div, ‡divix, ‡di, ‡e¸b, ‡ek, ‡egvbvb,
‡envZ, ‡fwo, ‡fj, ‡gVvB g‡S, ‡gwL, ‡gwb, ‡gkv,‡gjv,(wgwjZ nIqv), ‡hZ, ‡hB, ‡iIqvR, ‡eKvi, ‡ij, ‡iwjs, ‡invB, ‡jwP, ‡jey,
‡kqvj, ‡muDwZ, ‡m¸b, ‡mZvi, ‡mjvB, ‡nu‡kj, ‡n‡`v, ‡nuPwK BZ¨vw`|
evsjv ¯îe‡Y© wØ¯î, wÎ¯î, PZz:¯î, cÂ¯^‡ii cÖPjb Av‡Q; †hgb,
wØ¯î- Aq : nq, bq, Kq, iq, mq|
AvB : LvB, bvB, cvB, hvB|
AvD : `vD`vD, SvD, nvDnvD|
AvI : LvI, bvI, hvI, `vI|
wÎ¯î- AvDB : nvDB, ZvDB|
BqvI : w`qvI, wgTvI|
PZz:¯î- AvIqvB : LvIqvB, `vIqvB, hvIqvB|

cÂ¯î- AvIqvBAv : LvIqvBqv, bvIqvBqv|
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e¨Äb aŸwbi D”PviY

evsjv fvlvq e¨Äb eY©gvjv D‛PviY¯’vb Abyhvqx web¨¯Í|¯îaŸwb‡K AvkÖq K‡i e¨Äb aŸwb D‛PvwiZ nq|
K-eM©
K e‡M©i aŸwbmg~n wRnŸvi g~j ev wcQ‡bi w`K w`‡q K‡Úi Zvjyi †Kvgj Ask ¯úk© K‡i D‛PvwiZ nq| G¸wj‡K KÚ eY© e‡j| O
AbybvwmK eY©,D‛Pvi‡Yi mgq bvK w`‡q evqy †ei nq|
P-eM©
GB e‡M©i wRnŸvi gv‡Si Ask w`‡q Zvjyi mvg‡bi ev KwVb Ask ¯úk© K‡i D‛PvwiZ nq| GB eM© Zvje¨ eY©| wRf Ges Zvjyi ¯ú‡k©i
c‡i `yÕ‡qi gvSLv‡b Nl©Y N‡U| GB e‡M©i eY©‡K N„ó eY© e‡j| T AbybvwmK eY©| wgTv k‡ã Gi D‛PviY †g‡j|
U-eM©
GB †eM©i eY©¸‡jv wR‡fi WMv‡K Dwë‡q g~a©Y Avi Zvjyi KwVb kxl©‡`‡ki Kv‡Q KwVb AskwU ¯ú‡k© K‡i DPPvwiZ nq| G¸wj‡K
g~a©Y¨ eY© e‡j|
O,p, eY© `ywU wR‡fi wb‡Pi Ask w`‡q `šÍg~j Zvob K‡i D‛PvwiZ nq e‡j G `ywU‡K ZvobvRvZ aŸwb e‡j| evwo,Kvco,kvwo,So
BZ¨vw` o eY© Øviv D‛PvwiZ | †Zgwb pGi D‛PviY nq i~p,weg~p,Avlvp,ivpx BZ¨vw` k‡ã(o+n=p)| p Gi wkw_j D‛Pvi‡Y o n‡q I‡V
| mwVK D‛Pvi‡Y o Gi D‛PviY‡K ÔnÕ Gi w`‡K †V‡j w`‡Z n‡e| gyo,Avlvp,g~pZv,`„p BZ¨vw` kã evi evi D‛PviY Ki‡j AvIË Kiv
mnR n‡e| g~a©b¨ ÔYÕ Ges `šÍ¨ ÔbÕ Gi D‛PviY Awfbœ|
Z -eM©
G¸wj `šÍëY©| wR‡fi w`K‡K cvLvi gZ cÖmvwiZ K‡i Zv w`‡q `vu‡Z wbPz Ask ¯úk© K‡i GB aŸwb¸wj D‛PvwiZ nq|Z _ ` a Gi
Av‡M `šÍ¨ÔbÕ _vK‡j (šÍ,š_,›`,ba) D‛Pvi‡Y wRf `vu‡Zi Dcii wM‡q †V‡K| ÔaÕ Gi D‛Pvi‡Y mveavbZv Aej¤^b Kiv ìKvi| A‡bK
mgq ÔaÕ ` Gi Mv‡q wM‡q †V‡K | `,a Gi a|e›Ø wbim‡b a›` bv †i‡L avivµ‡g Abykxjb Kiv DwPZ|
c-eM©
c eM©‡K IôëY© e‡j| I‡ô (Dc‡ii †VvuU) Avi Aai (wb‡Pi †VvuU) ¯úk© K‡i GB eY©¸wj D‛PvwiZ nq| I‡ô ÑAa‡ii ¯úk© wVKgZ
bv n‡jB evqy wbM©Z n‡q D®§aŸwb †ewi‡q Avm‡e| d‡j ÔdzjÕn‡q DV‡e .....| ÔgÕ AbybvwmK| D‛PviY Kv‡j bvK w`‡q evqy †ewi‡q
Av‡m| bvK eba _vK‡j gvgv evevq iæcvšÍwiZ n‡q hvq| K †_‡K c ch©šÍ eY©‡K ¯úk© eY© e‡j GMywj wRf gy‡Li †Kvb bv †Kvb
Ask‡K ¯úk© K‡i D‛PvwiZ nq|
h-i-j-e
G¸wj AšÍ:¯’ eY©| ¯úk© eY© Avi D®§ e‡Y©i ( k l m n) gvSLv‡b G‡ì Ae¯’vb| ÔhÕGi D‛PviY R Gi gZ| Z‡e,mwVK D‛Pvi‡Y Ôh.
ÔRÕ Gi Zzjbvq GKUz big K‡i ej‡Z cvi‡j fv‡jv nq| AšÍ:¯’ e Bs‡iRx ... Gi gZ D‛PviY Kiv we‡aq| AvnŸvb,wRnŸv, wenŸj
BZ¨vw` Gi cÖK…ó D`vniY|
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ÔiÕ I ÔjÕ †K cÖjw¤^Z D‛Pvi‡Y ejv hvq e‡j G `ywU‡K Zij ¯î e‡j(i&i&ii& &i&-j& j& j& j& j&\ ÔiÕ †K K¤úbRvZ aŸwb ejv nq wR‡fi
WMv `vu‡Zi †Mvovq GKvwaKevi Avmv‡Z Gi `ªæZ D‛PviY| ÔiÕ Gi D‛PviY BsivRx Ô Õ Gi †P‡q big| †Zgwb fv‡e BsivRx Ô Õ
Gi †P‡q evsjv ÔjÕ GKUz big K‡i D‛PviY Ki‡Z nq|
Klm GB wZbwUi aŸwb wk‡li gZ e‡j G‡ì wkl aŸwb e‡j| D‛PviY Awfbœ| wKš‘ e¨wZµg wfbœ| †hgb m hLb Z _ Gi ms‡M hy³
nq ZLb BsivRx Ô Õ aŸwbi gZ ¯’vb,‡¯ÍvÎ,m¯Ív,e¯Ív,g¯Í,e¯Ív BZ¨vw` D‛PvwiZ nq| Abyi~c fv‡e k Gi e¨wZµg DPPvi‡Yi D`vniY
†kÖq,wekÖx,kÖxgvb,‡køl,Akøxj BZ¨vw`|
s Gi D‛PviY O Gi gZ | GB Rb¨ evbv‡b iO,is,ms ,mO, evOjv-evsjv n‡q hv|
t eY©wU GK ai‡bi ÔnÕ aŸwb| mvaviY ÔnÕGKUz D‛PwKZ wKš‘ GwU GKUz Pvcv| Avt,Dt,It BZ¨vw` we®§q m~PK Ae¨‡q Gi D‛PviY aiv
c‡o| k‡ãi g‡a¨ em‡j t wØZ K‡i †`q; †hgb,AZtci,`ytL,wbt‡kl BZ¨vw`|
u P›`we›`y AbybvwmK eY©| D‛Pvi‡Y Gi e¨wZµg _vKv AbywPZ | Pvu`,`vuovI,kvuLv,AvuK,Kvu`v,AvuPj BZ¨vw`| u m¤^wjZ k‡ãi D‛PviY
Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g `ÿZv AR©b Kiv‡bv Avek¨K|
hy³e‡Y©i D‛PviY
ÿ : K+l=ÿ (D‛PviY wL‡qv)| k‡ã KL‡bv ÔLÕ †Kv_vI K&LD‛PvwiZ nq| †hgb,‡ÿZ-‡LZ,iÿv-‡ivK&Lv|
Á : R&+T| evsjv D‛Pvi‡Y M&Mu| weÁvb evsjv D‛Pvi‡Y weMMvub,AvÁv-AvMMuv,Ávb-MMu¨vb|

K¡ : K+ e(AšÍt¯’) gyj D‛PviY KzËev †KvË\ wKš‘ evsjvq D‛PviY °,ZvB wb°b=wbKKb|
´ : K+g (evsjvs ° ev °u, iæw°bx- evsjv D‛PviY = iæw°bx|
k¥ : k+g| evsjvq k ev ku, ZvB k¥kvb D‛Pvi‡Y kkvb, ev kukvb -kkuvb|
®§ : l+g| evsjvq D‛PviY ku, kku| fx®§ D‛PviY fxk‡kvu|
¯§ : m+g| evsjvq D‛PviY k&ku| AK¯§vs-AKk&ukvr|
þ : n&+g| evsjvq eY© wech©‡q D‛PviY eªvÿY = eªvg&nb|
Â : g~j D‛PviY A‡bKUv Ou Gi gZ| mÂq= mbPq A_¨vr D‛Pvi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î b&P, ‡Zgwb Ã
evsjvq b&Q, evÃv-evb&Qv|Avevi Å=b&S,SÅv=SbSv|
nŸ : nnŸ|fzj D‛PviY n& I q\ wKš‘ D‛Pvi‡Yi mgq AvneŸvb=AvIfvb,wenŸj=weDfj|
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118
h djv-ev djvhy³ eY©

h djv hy³ e‡Y© mvaviYZ IB e‡Y©i wØZ nq| †hgb,evK¨-evK‡Kv,mf¨-me‡fv| n¨ h djvi D‛PviY ‡hgb,Dn¨-DR‡Sv,evn¨-evR‡S| h
djv hy³ e‡Y©i c‡i A ev Av A¨v D‛PvwiZ nq| Ab¨vq-Abb¨vq,Af¨vm-Ief¨vm,e¨q-e¨vq,eë¯’v-e¨ve¯’v| e¨v_v-e¨v_v wKš‘ e¨w³-
‡eKwZ|
Avw`‡Z bv n‡j e djv †hv‡M I wØZ nq Avw`‡Z , Øvi-`vi, wØav-wàv, wKš‘ nwiØvi-nwiÏvi, Avw`‡Z †k¦Z-‡kZ, wKš‘ gnv‡k|eZv-
gnvk‡kZv,Av¯^v`-Avmmv`,¯^vMZ-mvM‡Zv| eRª-eR‡Rvª, cÖK…Z iæc cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
mnvqK MÖš’
1. cÖv_wgK wkÿvq evsjv wel‡q wkÿK cÖwkÿY g¨vbyqvj, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv|
2. eënvwiK evsjv D‛PviY Awfavb, Abb¨v, XvKv|
PZz_© w`b cÖ_g Awa‡ekb
c~e© w`‡bi ch©v‡jvPbv
GLbKvi welqÑ
welqe¯‘ Abymv‡i wkLb †kLv‡bv ‡KŠkj:
 cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki welqe¯Íyej‡Z Kx eySvq ?
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
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119
1. cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ cvV‡K welqe¯‘ wnmv‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

2. cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki welqe¯Íy n‡jv Qov, Mí, KweZv, K‡_vcK_b, bvwUKv, c«eÜ, wPwVcÎ, digc~iY ,
Qwei cvV BZ¨vw`|
`jMZ KvR
 cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki welqe¯Íy kbv³ Kiv:
GLb Avgiv cuvPwU `‡j fvM n‡q em‡ev Ges GKRb `j‡bZv g‡bvbxZ Ki‡ev| AZtci, wb‡¤œi QK †gvZv‡eK cÖwZwU
†kÖwY n‡Z evsjv cvV¨ eB‡qi welqe¯‘ kbv³ Kwi:
`j †kÖwY
1 cÖ_g
2 wØZxq
3 Z…Zxq
4 cÂg
`jMZ KvR D¯’vcb

cÖ‡Z¨K `‡ji cÿ †_‡K GKRb GKRb K‡i Avgiv `jMZ KvR Dc¯’vcb Kwi|
119
120
`jMZ KvR
 welqe¯Íy Abymv‡i wkLb‡KŠkj wPwýZ Kiv:
c~‡e©i `‡j e‡m wb‡Pi wefvRb Abyhvqx wkLb‡KŠkj wPwýZ Kwi:

`j-1: Qov
`j-2: Mí
`j-3: KweZv
`j-:4 c«eÜ
`j-5: wPwVcÎ/digc~iY
`jMZ KvR D¯’vcb

cÖ‡Z¨K `‡ji cÿ †_‡K GKRb K‡i ‡ev‡W© wM‡q Avgiv `jMZ KvR Dc¯’vcb Kwi|
Qov wkLb †kLv‡bv ‡KŠkj:

 c«¯ÍywZ c‡e© †k«wY Dc‡hvMx bvbviKg Qov †kvbv‡bv Ges wkÿv_©x‡ì Øviv ejv‡bv|
 mwVK Q›` AbymiY K‡i Ave…wË Kiv|
 ¯^vfvweK ¯îZi½ eRvq ‡i‡L ï×fv‡e Ave…wË Kiv|
 Ave…wËi mgq Qovq eëüZ c«wZwU k‡ãi aŸwbmylgv hv‡Z cwiùyU nq Zv jÿ ivLv|
 wkÿv_©x‡ì w`‡q k‡ãi ï× D”PviY Abykxjb Kiv‡bv|
 c«vmw½K wPÎ eënvi Kiv|
 Qovi AšÍM©Z A_©-†MŠi‡ei c«wZ g‡bv‡hvMx nIqv|
 mgag©x Ab¨vb¨ Qov Ave…wË K‡i †kvbv‡bv|
 `jMZ/GKKfv‡e wbe©vwPZ Qov Ave…wË Abykxjb |
 L¨vwZgvb Ave…wËKvi‡ì Ave…wËi K¨v‡mU evwR‡q ‡kvbv‡bv|
KweZv wkLb †kLv‡bv †KŠkj:

 KweZvi welqe¯Íy Kwe †h `…wó‡KvY †_‡K †`‡L‡Qb Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv|
 wbe©vwPZ KweZvi Q›` eRvq †i‡L ï× I ¯úó D”Pvi‡Y Ave…wË Kiv|
 KweZvi AšÍwb©wnZ aŸwbgvayh©, imvbyf~wZ I fve eRvq †i‡L Ave…wË Kiv |
 wbe©vwPZ KweZvi mv‡_ c«vmw½K Ab¨vb¨ KweZv Ave…wË Kiv|
 welq mswkøó DcKiY eënvi Kiv|
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121
 wbe©vwPZ KweZvi kã we‡kølY Abykxjb Kiv‡bv|

 wkÿv_©x‡ì `jMZ/GKK cvV I Ave…wË Kiv‡bv|
 wewkó Ave…wËKvi KZ©„K †k«wY Dc‡hvMx Ave…wË K¨v‡mU evwR‡q †kvbv‡bv|
Mí wkLb ‡kLv‡bv ‡KŠkj:
 mwVK I ï× D”Pvi‡Y ejv
 KÉ¯^‡ii ¯úóZv I mvejxjZv †i‡L ejv
 ¯îfw½ ev ¯^‡ii IVvbvgv eRvq ivLv
 we‡kl NUbvi Dci †Rvi †Ìqv
 †k«vZvi mvov jÿ Kiv
 bvUKxqZv eRvq †i‡L ejv
 msjvc AvKv‡i ejv
 h_vm¤¢e ‡QvU Mí ejv|
 DcKiY eënvi Kiv|
 gv‡S gv‡S c«kœ Kiv|
 M‡íi PwiÎ hv‡Z Kg nq †m w`‡K jÿ ivLv|
 avivevwnKfv‡e ejv|
 AcwiwPZ ev KwVb kã¸‡jv eywS‡q ejv|
c«eÜ wkLb †kLv‡bv †KŠkj:

 cvVcwiKíbvi gva¨‡g wbw`©ó †k«wYi wbe©vwPZ M`¨vskwU cVb-cvV‡bi AvPiwYK D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiv‡bv|
 h_vh_ weivgwPý AbymiY K‡i ï×, ¯úó I c«wgZ D”Pvi‡Y wbe©vwPZ AskUyKy c‡o †kvbv‡bv|
 c«‡qvR‡b ¯Íi‡f‡` †k«wY Dc‡hvMx K‡i wbe©vwPZ cv‡Vi †jLK m¤ú‡K© wKQy aviYv †Ìqv|
 wkÿv_©x‡ì w`‡q `jxq/GKKfv‡e wbe©vwPZ k‡ãi Abykxjb Kiv‡bv|
 A‡cÿvK…Z KwVb I RwUj kã¸‡jv †ev‡W© wj‡L eywS‡q †Ìqv|
 we‡kl we‡kl kã, evK¨/evK¨vs‡ki A_© †ev‡W© wj‡L e¨vL¨v Kiv‡bv|
 wkÿv_©x‡ì w`‡q mie cv‡Vi Abykxjb Kiv‡bv|
 g~j cv‡Vi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L Ab¨ †jLK‡ì †jLv c‡o †kvbv‡bv|
 cvV mswkøó DcKiY eënvi Kiv|
 cwVZ wel‡qi gg© Dcjwä Kivi Rb¨ bxie cv‡Vi eë¯’v Kiv|
 c«‡kœi gva¨‡g cy‡iv cv‡Vi g~j¨vqb Kiv|
 wb‡R‡ì cQ›` Abymv‡i †QvU †QvU Aby‡”Q` wjL‡Z †Ìqv|
`jMZ KvR
wPwýZ wkLb‡KŠkj Aej¤^‡b wkLb- †kLv‡bv †KŠkj c«‡qvM Kiv:
121
122
c~‡e©i `j Abyhvqx cvV Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnb Kwi|

`jMZ KvR D¯’vcb
cÖ‡Z¨K `‡ji cÿ †_‡K GKRb mvg‡b wM‡q 10 wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨ Dc‡iv³ cvV Dc¯’vcb Kwi|
PZy_© w`b wØZxq Awa‡ekb
cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv wel‡q wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vqb:
wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vqb Kx?
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
 wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vqb n‡”Q cv‡Vi wba©vwiZ wkLbd‡ji AR©‡bi gvÎv wbiƒcY|
 wba©vwiZ wkLbdj KZUyKy AwR©Z n‡q‡Q Zv hvPvB KivB wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vqb|
 †k«wYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv AR©‡bi Rb¨ †h mKj wkLbdj wba©viY Kiv nq †m¸‡jv AwR©Z n‡q‡Q wKbv
Zv hvPvB KivB wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vqb|
`jMZ KvR
wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vq‡bi c«‡qvRbxqZv?
 GLb Avgiv cuvPwU `‡j fvM n‡q em‡ev Ges GKRb `j‡bZv g‡bvbxZ Ki‡ev| AZtci, wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vq‡bi
c«‡qvRbxqZv `jMZ fv‡e †cv÷vi †ccv‡i wjwL|
`jMZ KvR D¯’vcb
122
123
wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vqb c«‡qvRbxqZv:

 AcviM wkï wPwýZ Kiv hvq|
 cy‡ivcywi wkLb wbwðZ Kiv hvq|
 wkÿ‡Ki AvZ¥g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq|
 wkÿv_©xi mej I `ye©j w`Kmg~n wPwýZ Kiv hvq|
 wkL‡b mywbw`©ó †hvM¨Zv AR©b Kiv‡bvi NvUwZ kbv³ Kiv hvq|
 wkÿvi ¸YMZgvb AR©‡bi Rb¨ c«‡qvRbxq eë¯’v M«nY Kiv hvq|
 †hvM¨ZvwfwËK wkÿv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq|
 ¯ÍiwfwËK wkÿv wbwðZ Kiv hvq
 wbivgqg~jK eë¯’v wbwðZ Kiv hvq|
 D”P wkÿvi wfZ gReyZ Kiv hvq
 wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿ‡Ki †k«wYwfwËK AR©‡bvc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv kbv³ Kiv mnR nq|
 wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g wkLb NvUwZ wPwýZ K‡i wbivgq w`‡q cy‡ivcywi wkLb wbwðZ Kiv hvq|
`jMZ KvR
wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿÎ kbv³KiY:
 GLb Avgiv PviwU `‡j fvM n‡q em‡ev Ges GKRb `j‡bZv g‡bvbxZ Ki‡ev| AZtci, wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vq‡bi ‡ÿÎ
kbv³ Ki‡ev|
`jMZ KvR D¯’vcb
123
124
`jMZ KvR
wewfbœ `ÿZv g~j¨vq‡bi wbwg‡Ë wkLbdjwfwËK c«kœ c«Yqb:
 GLb Avgiv PviwU `‡j fvM n‡q em‡ev Ges GKRb `j‡bZv g‡bvbxZ Ki‡ev| AZtci,mnvq‡Ki wbKU n‡Z Z_¨cÎ wb‡q
wewfbœ `ÿZv g~j¨vq‡bi wbwg‡Ë c«YxZ wkLbdjwfwËK c«kœ •Zwi Ki‡ev|
`j-1: †kvbvi `ÿZv g~j¨vq‡bi wbwg‡Ë c«YxZ wkLbdjwfwËK c«kœ

`j-2: ejvi `ÿZv g~j¨vq‡bi wbwg‡Ë c«YxZ wkLbdjwfwËK c«kœ
`j-3: covi `ÿZv g~j¨vq‡bi wbwg‡Ë c«YxZ wkLbdjwfwËK c«kœ
`j-4: †jLvi `ÿZv g~j¨vq‡bi wbwg‡Ë c«YxZ wkLbdjwfwËK c«kœ
`jMZ KvR D¯’vcb

wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ cÖYxZ fvlvi `ÿZvwfwËK c«kœmg~n:
`ÿZv: †kvbv
cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv-2: evsjvq Qov, KweZv, iƒcK_v, Mí, K‡_vcK_b, BZ¨vw` k«ywZM«vn¨ mvwnZ¨ ï‡b eyS‡Z cviv I Avb›`
jvf Kiv|
wkLbdj: 2.2.1 I 2.2.3
wb‡`©k: Avwg MíwU ‡Zvgv‡ì `yÕevi c‡o ïbve | †Zvgiv g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q ïb‡e | Zvici †Zvgv‡ì KZ¸‡jv c«kœ Kie|
c«kœ¸‡jvi mwVK DËi w`‡Z n‡e|
GKw`b GKwU wcuc‡o cyKy‡i cvwb †L‡Z ‡Mj| nVvr GKwU †XD G‡m wcuc‡o‡K fvwm‡q wbj| cyKyi cv‡o Rv‡gi Wv‡j e‡m wQj
GKwU NyNy| wcucov‡K fvm‡Z †`‡L NyNy GKwU cvZv cvwb‡Z †d‡j w`j| wcuc‡o cvZvq P‡o Zx‡i D‡V G‡jv| Zvici GK w`b
GK wkKvix NyNywU‡K Zxi Qyo‡Z †Mj| wcuc‡o Zv †`Lv gvÎB Zvi cv‡q Kvgo ewm‡q w`j| Zxi ‡Mj †eu‡K| c«v‡Y †eu‡P ‡Mj
NyNywU|
5. wcuc‡o cyKy‡i ‡Mj ‡Kb ?
6. wcuc‡o ‡Kgb K‡i cyKy‡i c‡o wMqvwQj ?
7. G MíwU ‡_‡K Avgiv Kx wkL‡Z cvwi ?
8. G M‡íi GKwU bvg `vI|
`ÿZv: †kvbv
cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv- 2: evsjvq Qov, KweZv, iƒcK_v, Mí,K‡_vcK_b, BZ¨vw` k«ywZM«vn¨ mvwnZ¨ ï‡b
124
125
eyS‡Z cviv I Avb›` jvf Kiv|

wkLbdj: 2.2.2 I 2.2.4
wb‡`©k: Avwg MíwU ‡Zvgv‡ì `yÕevi c‡o ïbve | †Zvgiv g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q ïb‡e | Zvici ‡Zvgv‡ì KZ¸‡jv c«kœ Kie| Gi
mwVK DËi w`‡Z n‡e|
A‡bK w`b Av‡Mi K_v| K‡qK Rb bvweK Rvnv‡R P‡o mgy`« hvÎv ïi” Kij| Mfxi mgy‡`« Zv‡ì RvnvR S‡o Wy‡e ‡Mj|
fvm‡Z fvm‡Z Zv‡ì K‡qK Rb GKwU c«vYnxb Øx‡c G‡m †cŠuQj| Zv‡ì Kv‡Q wQj wewfbœ ai‡bi Mv‡Qi exR| Zviv exR ecb
Kij, MvQ n‡jv, MvQ eo n‡jv, dyj n‡jv| †fvgi G‡jv, cvwL G‡jv| Mv‡Q dj n‡jv| mey‡R mey‡R †Q‡q ‡Mj Øxc| RvnvR
wfo‡Z ïiÒ Kij Øx‡c| Zviv Øx‡ci ivRv n‡jv | my‡L kvwšÍ‡Z emevm Ki‡Z jvMj |
5. c«vYnxb Øx‡c c«vYxi AvMg‡Y Kvi Ae`vb me‡P‡q ‡ewk?
6. Zv‡ì Kv‡Q exR bv _vK‡j Kx n‡Zv?
welqe¯‘: K‡_vcK_b
`ÿZv: †kvbv
AR©b Dc‡hvMx ‡hvM¨Zv: 3.1: cwiwPZ welq K‡_vcK_b I eY©bv ï‡b eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
wkLbdj: 3.1.1
wb‡`©kbv: Rvwn` I mxgv K_v ej‡Q| Zviv Kx K_v ej‡Q Zv †Zvgv‡ì c‡o ‡kvbve| †kvbvi ci ‡Zvgv‡ì KZ¸‡jv c«‡kœi DËi
w`‡Z n‡e|
Rvwn`: †Kv_vq hv”Q mxgv? AvR †h QywU| †Zvgvi nv‡Z Mv‡Qi Pviv †Kb?
mxgv: ¯‹y‡j hvw”Q| Mv‡Qi Pviv ¯‹y‡ji gv‡Vi av‡i jvMve| Avgv‡ì K¬v‡mi mK‡j Avm‡e|
Rvwn`: wVK e‡jQ| m¨vi e‡j‡Qb, MvQ Avgv‡ì Aw·‡Rb †`q| evZvm †_‡K ZvB Avgiv Aw·‡Rb wb‡Z cvwi|
cÖkœ
5. mxgvi nv‡Z Kx wQj?
6. Rvwn` ¯‹y‡j wM‡q Kx Ki‡e?
`ÿZv: †kvbv
125
126
AR©b Dc‡hvMx ‡hvM¨Zv- 3.5: c«_g ‡_‡K `kg ch©šÍ µgevPK kã ï‡b eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
wkLbdj: 3.5.1
wb‡`©k: Avwg welqwU ‡Zvgv‡ì `yÕevi eje | ‡Zvgiv g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q ïb‡e | Zvici ‡Zvgv‡ì KZ¸‡jv c«kœ Kie| Zvi mwVK
DËi w`‡Z n‡e|
iwng, Kwig I nvwmbv GKm‡½ cv‡q †nu‡U ¯‹zj †_‡K evwo‡Z †d‡i| nvwmbvi evwo ch©šÍ †cuŠQ‡Z Zv‡Ì 25 wgwbU mgq jv‡M|
Gici Kwi‡gi evwo‡Z †cuŠQ‡Z iwng I Kwi‡gi AviI 10 wgwbU jv‡M| †mLvb †_‡K cv‡q †nu‡U iwn‡gi evwo ch©šÍ †cuŠQ‡Z
jv‡M AviI 5 wgwbU|
c«kœ:
4. Kvi evwo me‡P‡q `~‡i/Z…Zxq Ae¯’v‡b ?
5. Kvi evwo me‡P‡q Kv‡Q/c«_g ¯’v‡b ?
6. Kvi evwo `~i‡Z¡i w`K †_‡K gvSvgvwS/wØZxq Ae¯’v‡b?
`ÿZv: †kvbv
cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv- 1: evsjv fvlvi MVb- •ewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡e |
AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv- 1.3: wb‡`©kbv, c«kœ, ‡NvlYv, Aby‡iva ï‡b eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
wkLbdj: 1.3.2, 1.3.4, 1.3.6, 1.3.9
wb‡`©k: Avwg 4wU evK¨ cowQ | †Zvgiv g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q ïb‡e | ej‡Z n‡e †Kvb ev‡K¨ c«kœ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
K) Avgvi bvg c«vPx|
L) †L‡Z e‡mv|
M) †Zvgv‡ì ¯‹y‡ji bvg Kx?
N) `qv K‡i KjgUv `vI|
wb‡`©k: Avwg 4wU evK¨ cowQ| †Zvgiv g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q ïb‡e| ej‡Z n‡e †Kvb ev‡K¨ Aby‡iva Kiv n‡q‡Q|
K) Kx my›ì `…k¨|
L) AbyM«n K‡i †Zvgvi eBUv `vI|
M) †Zvgvi evwo ‡Kv_vq?
N) Pyc K‡i e‡mv|
wb‡`©k: Avwg 4wU evK¨ cowQ| †Zvgiv g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q ïb‡e| ej‡Z n‡e †Kvb ev‡K¨ wb‡`©k †Ìqv n‡q‡Q|
K) †ev‡W©i gvSvgvwS ‡jL|
L) Zywg †Kvb †k«wY‡Z co |
M) `vjvbUv †`L‡Z my›ì|
N) Avwg c«xZg|
126
127
wb‡`©k: Avwg 4wU evK¨ cowQ| †Zvgiv g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q ïb‡e | ej‡Z n‡e †Kvb ev‡K¨ †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
K) gb w`‡q co|
L) AvMvgxKvj ¯‹yj eÜ _vK‡e|
M) †Zvgvi evevi bvg Kx?
N) †m hv‡e bv|
`ÿZv: ejv
AR©b Dc‡hvMx ‡hvM¨Zv- 2.5: K‡_vcK_b AskM«nY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
wkLbdj: 2.5.1, 2.5.1
welqe¯‘: mvÿvrKvi
- †Zvgvi bvg Kx?
- Zywg mKv‡j Nyg †_‡K D‡V Kx Kx KvR Ki?
- †Zvgvi evsjv wkÿ‡Ki bvg Kx?
- Zywg †h welq¸‡jv co Zvi g‡a¨ †Kvb welqwU †Zvgvi fv‡jv jv‡M?
- †Kb fv‡jv jv‡M?
wb‡`©kbv: wb‡Pi ‡jLvUyKy ‡Zvgv‡ì c‡o ‡kvbve| †Zvgiv ï‡b Zv †Zvgv‡ì g‡Zv K‡i ej‡e|
•P‡Îi `ycyi| ïK‡bv cvZviv D‡o hvq Mig evZv‡m| Mv‡Qi Qvqvq e‡m AvwQ| gv_vUv Mv‡Qi Dci Gjv‡bv| Rxe‡bi K_v fve‡Z
fve‡Z `~i †_‡K wgDwR‡Ki g‡Zv †f‡m Avm‡Q GKwU NyNy cvwLi WvK| Avgvi gb ZrÿYvZ Luy‡R †d‡i my‡ii Drm| evwoi
cv‡ki GKwU Mv‡Qi Wv‡j e‡m Mvb MvB‡Q GKwU NyNy cvwL| bv, GKwU bv, GB‡Zv AviI GKwU NyNy myi a‡i‡Q| GKwU _vg‡Z
Ab¨wU MvB‡Q Ny-Ny-†iv-†Nv-†Nv-†Nv| Avb‡›` f‡i †Mj gbUv|
`ÿZv: ejv
AR©b Dc‡hvMx ‡hvM¨Zv- 2.6: cvwLi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e I mswkøó c«‡kœ Ki‡Z cvi‡e I DËi w`‡Z cvi‡e|
wkLbdj: 2.6.1, 2.6.2
wb‡`©kbv: wb‡Pi QwewU †`L Qwei cvwL m¤ú‡K© Zywg hv Rvb ej:
127
128
wb‡Pi c«‡kœi DËi `vI:

5. NyNy cvwL Kx Lvq?
6. G cvwL ‡Kv_vq evmv euv‡a?
7. NyNy cvwL Avgv‡ì Kx DcKvi K‡i?
8. Kxfv‡e G‡ì Avgiv evuwP‡q ivL‡Z cvwi?
`ÿZv: cov
cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv- 2: Qov, KweZv, iƒcK_v, Mí,K‡_vcK_b, eY©bv BZ¨vw` c‡o g~jfve eyS‡Z cviv|
wkLbdj: 2.4.3 I 2.4.4
wb‡`©kbv: MíwU gb w`‡q co| Zvici wb‡Pi c«kœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI:
A‡bK w`b Av‡Mi K_v| K‡qK Rb bvweK Rvnv‡R P‡o mgy`« hvÎv ïi” Kij| Mfxi mgy‡`« Zv‡ì RvnvR S‡o Wy‡e †Mj|
fvm‡Z fvm‡Z Zv‡ì K‡qK Rb GKwU c«vYnxb Øx‡c G‡m †VKj| Zv‡ì Kv‡Q wQj wewfbœ ai‡bi Mv‡Qi exR| Zviv exR ecb
Kij, MvQ n‡jv, MvQ eo n‡jv, dyj n‡jv| †fvgi G‡jv, cvwL G‡jv| Mv‡Q dj n‡jv| mey‡R mey‡R †Q‡q †Mj Øxc| bvwe‡Kiv
†bvOi ‡dj‡Z ïi” Kij| Zviv Øx‡ci ivRv n‡jv | my‡L kvwšÍ‡Z emevm Ki‡Z jvMj |
K. BwÄb weKj n‡q |
L. S‡o c‡o |
M. av°v ‡L‡q |
N. KvZ n‡q c‡i|
2. c«vYnxb Øx‡c c«vYxi AvMg‡Y Kvi Ae`vb me‡P‡q †ewk ?
K. gvby‡li
L. bvwe‡Ki
128
129
M. MvQcvjvi
N. Rvnv‡Ri
3. Zv‡ì Kv‡Q exR bv _vK‡j Kx n‡Zv ?
K. Ab¨Î P‡j †hZ
L. gviv ‡hZ
M. gvQ ‡g‡i ‡LZ
N. ivRv n‡Z cviZ bv
`ÿZv: cov
cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv- 2: Qov, KweZv, iƒcK_v, Mí, K‡_vcK_b, eY©bv BZ¨vw` c‡o g~jfve eyS‡Z cviv|
wkLbdj: 2.4.1 I 2.4.2
wb‡`©kbv: MíwU gb w`‡q co| Zvici wb‡Pi c«kœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI:
GKw`b GKwU wcuc‡o cyKy‡i cvwb †L‡Z ‡Mj| nVvr GKwU †XD G‡m wcuc‡o‡K fvwm‡q wbj| cyKyi cv‡o Rv‡gi Wv‡j e‡m wQj
GKwU NyNy| wcuc‡o‡K fvm‡Z †`‡L NyNy GKwU cvZv cvwb‡Z †d‡j w`j| wcuc‡o cvZvq P‡o Zx‡i D‡V G‡jv| Zvici GK w`b
wkKvix NyNywU‡K Zxi Qyo‡Z ‡Mj| wcuc‡o Zv †`Lv gvÎB Zvi cv‡q Kvgo ewm‡q w`j| Zxi †Mj †eu‡K| c«v‡Y †eu‡P †Mj NyNywU|
1. wcuc‡o cyKy‡i †Mj †Kb?
K. Zvi ÿyav †c‡qwQj|
L. Zvi wccvmv †c‡qwQj|
M. †m Ny‡i †eovw”Qj|
N. †m KvR KiwQj|
2. wcuc‡o †Kgb K‡i cyKy‡i c‡o wM‡qwQj?

K. cv wcQ‡j
L. QyU‡Z wM‡q
M. c_ Pj‡Z wM‡q
N. †XD‡qi †Zv‡o
3. G MíwU †_‡K Avgiv Kx wkL‡Z cvwi?

K. DcKvixi DcKvi Kie
129
130
L. AcKvixi ÿwZ Kie bv

M. c‡ii `yt‡L KvZi ne
N. mveav‡b c_ Pje
welqe¯Í: K‡_vcK_b
wb‡`©kbv: Rvwn` I mxgv K_v ej‡Q| Zviv Kx K_v ej‡Q Zv †Zvgv‡ì c‡o eyS‡Z n‡e| covi ci †Zvgv‡ì KZ¸‡jv c«‡kœi
DËi w`‡Z n‡e|
Rvwn`: †Kv_vq hv”Q mxgv? AvR †h QywU| †Zvgvi nv‡Z Mv‡Qi Pviv †Kb?
mxgv: ¯‹y‡j hvw”Q| Mv‡Qi Pviv ¯‹y‡ji gv‡V av‡i jvMve| Avgv‡ì K¬v‡mi mK‡j Avm‡e|
Rvwn`: wVK e‡jQ| m¨vi e‡j‡Qb, MvQ Avgv‡ì Aw·‡Rb ‡`q| evZvm †_‡K ZvB Avgiv Aw·‡Rb wb‡Z cvwi|
c«kœ: 1. mxgvi nv‡Z Kx wQj?
6. Rvwn` ¯‹y‡j wM‡q Kx Ki‡e?
`ÿZv: †jLv
cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv- 3: ch©‡eÿY, AwfÁZv I g‡bvfve BZ¨vw` ï× I ¯úó fvlvq wj‡L c«Kvk Ki‡Z cviv|
AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv- 3.1: Qwe‡Z †`Lv NUbv mnR eY©bvq wjL‡Z cvi‡e|
wkLbdj: 3.1.1
wb‡`©kbv: wb‡Pi QwewU fv‡jv K‡i †`L| Zvici QwewU m¤ú‡K© 5wU evK¨ ‡jL|
130
131
`ÿZv: †jLv
cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv- 3: mvaviY wPwV Ges ìLv¯Í wjL‡Z cviv Ges wewfbœ dig c~iY Ki‡Z cviv|
AR©b Dc‡hvMx ‡hvM¨Zv- 4.3: mnR dig c~iY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
wkLbdj: 4.3.1
wb‡`©kbv: G Ask c~iY K‡i †Zvgvi cwiPq `vI|

bvg: ----------------------------------------------
wcZvi bvg: ---------------------------------------|
gvZvi bvg:
we`¨vj‡qi bvg: ---------------------------------
evwoi wVKvbv: ----------------------------------|
`jMZ KvR
c«kœ c«Yqb Ki‡Z †Kvb †Kvb w`K we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq ?
 GLb Avgiv cuvPwU `‡j fvM n‡q em‡ev Ges GKRb `j‡bZv g‡bvbxZ Ki‡ev| AZtci, c«kœ c«Yqb Ki‡Z †Kvb †Kvb w`K
we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq Zv wb‡Pi wefvwRZ Kg© e›Ub Abyhvqx wjL‡ev|
`j-1: eûwbe©vPbx c«kœ Kivi wbqgvewj
`j-2: k~b¨¯’vb c~iY c«kœ Kivi wbqgvewj
`j-3: wgjKiY c«kœ Kivi wbqgvewj
`j-4: ï× Aï× c«kœ Kivi wbqgvewj
`j-5: iPbvg~jK c«kœ Kivi wbqgvewj
`jMZ KvR D¯’vcb

cÖ‡Z¨K `‡ji cÿ †_‡K GKRb K‡i Avgiv `jMZ KvR Dc¯’vcb Kwi|
131
132
c«kœcÎ c«Yq‡bi mvaviY wbqgvewj-

 wkÿv_©xi ¯Íi we‡ePbvq †i‡L c«kœ Kiv|
 c«‡kœi fvlv I c«vw_©Z DËi wbw`©ó wkLbdj Abyqvqx n‡e|
 c«kœ¸‡jv wkÿv_©xi †k«wY/welqwfwËK †hvM¨Zv ev wbw`©ó AvPiY‡K cwigvc Ki‡e|
 c«‡kœ †Kv‡bv iK‡gi A¯úóZv ev `y‡e©va¨Zv _vK‡e bv|
 GKwU c«kœ GKwU mgm¨v‡K Zy‡j ai‡e|
 wkÿv_©x weåvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i Ggb c«kœ Kiv hv‡e bv|
 †bwZevPK evK¨ cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
 e¨vKiYMZ ï×Zv eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e|
 c«‡kœi wb‡`©kbv mnR n‡e hv‡Z wkÿv_©xiv mn‡R eyS‡Z cv‡i|
 c«‡kœ cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki fvlv AweKj eënvi bv Kiv fv‡jv|
 c«kœ mvRv‡bvi †ÿ‡Î mnR †_‡K KwVb Abyµ‡g mvRv‡j fv‡jv nq|
 ïaygvÎ Ávb cwigv‡ci Rb¨ c«kœ bv K‡i Abyaveb, c«‡qvM, ms‡kølY, we‡kølY BZ¨vw` ¯Íi cwigv‡ci wbwg‡Ë c«kœ Kiv
ìKvi|
 Afxÿvq c«kœ mvRv‡bv GKw`‡K †hgb weÁvb Ab¨ w`‡K GwU wkíKjvI e‡U- Dw³wU ¯§iY ‡i‡L c«kœ mvRv‡Z n‡e|
 •be¨©w³K I iPbvg~jK c«‡kœi g‡a¨ fvimg¨ ivL‡Z n‡e|
•be©¨w³K c«kœ c«Yq‡bi wbqgvewj:

eû wbe©vPbx c«kœ -
 c«‡Z¨K c«‡kœi DË‡i PviwU weKí DËi _vK‡e|
 weKí DËi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwUgvÎ ï× DËi _vK‡e|
 weKí DËi¸‡jv AvcvZ `„wó‡Z wKQyUv mwVK e‡j g‡b n‡Z n‡e hvi c«‡Z¨KwU DËiB wkÿv_©x‡K AvKl©Y Ki‡e|
 c«‡kœi fvlv mgm¨v‡K my¯úó I mswÿßfv‡e Zy‡j ai‡e| cixÿv_©x c«‡kœi fvlv †_‡K mgm¨vwUi ¯îƒc m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf
Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 c«kœ¸‡jv hZUv m¤¢e mswÿß Ki‡Z n‡e| Ac«‡qvRbxq I evievi eëüZ kã eënvi bv Kiv fv‡jv|
 cÖ‡kœi fvlv Am¤ú~Y© Dw³, m¤ú~Y© Dw³ I c«kœ AvKv‡i n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e c«kœ AvKv‡i nIqv DËg|
 weKí DËi¸‡‡jvi •`N¨© mgvb n‡e|
 c«‡Z¨KwU DËi AvKl©Yxq I mgvb †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ n‡e|
 weKí DËi¸‡jv fvlvMZ w`K †_‡K Lye KwVb n‡e bv|
 †÷‡gi •`N¨© wePjK/mwVK DË‡ii †P‡q eo n‡e|
 mwVK DËi¸‡jv GKB Ae¯’v‡b †Ìqv hv‡e bv|
k~b¨¯’vb c~iY c«kœ
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133
 DËi¸‡jv mswÿß I `…pe× n‡e|

 GKwU c«‡kœ GKvwaK evK¨ bv _vKvB mgxPxb|
 GKwU c«‡kœ GKwUi †ewk k~Y¨¯’vb bv _vKvB fv‡jv|
 cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki fvlv/AweKj D×…wZ eënvi bv Kiv fv‡jv |
 k~Y¨¯’vb c~i‡Yi wbw`©ó DË‡i GKwU ev `ywU kã ev msL¨vi ¯’vb dvuKv _vK‡e|
 Lvwj RvqMv ev‡KÏ †h‡Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e ïi”‡Z Lvwj RvqMv bv ivLvB fv‡jv |
 G ai‡bi c«kœ •Zwi Kivi mgq GKwU h‡_vchy³ evK¨ ev Dw³ ev wee…wZ wbe©vPb K‡i Zv †_‡K c«avb GKwU kã ev`
w`‡q Lvwj RvqMv †ei Ki‡Z n‡e|
wgjKiY c«kœ
 Wvb cv‡k cÖkœ A_©vr †÷g I evg cv‡k DËi A_©vr wePjK _vK‡e|
 †÷g ev cÖkœ I wePjK ev weKí DË‡i me mgq GKB RvZxq welq AšÍf©y³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
 DË‡ii •`N¨© †÷‡gi †P‡q †QvU nIqv DwPZ|
 †÷‡gi msL¨vi †P‡q wePjK ev weKí DËi‡ii msL¨v †ewk _vKv DwPZ|
 DË‡i Kjv‡gi ZvwjKv ‡hŠw³Kfv‡e mvRv‡Z n‡e|
 c«‡Z¨K †÷‡gi GKwU gvÎ DËi _vK‡e| Z‡e GKwU DËi G‡Ki †P‡q †ewk †÷‡gi wVK DËi wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Z
cv‡i|
 wb‡`©kbvq wb‡`©k _vK‡Z n‡e †h GKwU DËi c«‡qvR‡b GKev‡ii †P‡q †ewk eënvi n‡Z cv‡i|
 c«‡Z¨K †÷g GKwU c«kœ wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e, c«‡qvR‡b µwgK b¤î †Ìqv †h‡Z cv‡i|
 wb‡`©kbvq D‡jøL _vK‡Z n‡e Kxfv‡e wgj Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb- `vM †U‡b/ `yB Kjvg‡K hy³ K‡i/ †÷‡gi Kjv‡gi cv‡k
DËi wj‡L|
iPbvg~jK c«kœ
 †h welqe¯Íy wjL‡Z †Ìqv n‡e Zv †hb †mB ¯Í‡ii Dc‡hvMx nq|
 DËi †jLvi Rb¨ c«‡qvRbxq mgq w`‡Z n‡e|
 c«‡kœ b¤î c«`vb Kivi Rb¨ c«kœ c«Yq‡bi mgqB †f‡e c«kœ‡K myweb¨¯Í Ki‡Z n‡e|
 †Kvb As‡k KZ b¤î Zv wba©viY K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|
 wkÿv_©x‡ì DË‡i Kx Kx wRwbm Avkv Kiv n‡”Q Zvi wb‡`©kbv c«‡kœ w`‡q w`‡Z n‡e| †hgb- mwVK e¨KiYMZ kã,
evK¨, nv‡Zi †jLv, f~wgKv, Av‡jvPbv BZ¨vw`|
 c«kœ¸‡jv mnR †_‡K KwVb Abyµ‡g mvRv‡Z n‡e|
 c«‡kœi fvlv n‡e mnR I mvejxj| Zv †hb e¨vL¨vi `vwe bv iv‡L|
 Afxÿvq c«kœ mvRv‡bv GKw`‡K †hgb weÁvb Ab¨ w`‡K GwU wkíKjvI e‡U- Dw³wU ¯§iY †i‡L c«kœ mvRv‡Z n‡e|
 fvlv Afxÿvi wb‡`©kK mviYx AbymiY K‡i Áv‡bi wewfbœ ¯Íi †_‡K c«kœ wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
 mg‡qi e¨vwßi mv‡_ c«‡kœi cwim‡ii wgj _vK‡Z n‡e|
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¯^-AbywPšÍbg~jK cÖkœ: †Kb Avgiv wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vqb Kie ?
Ávbg~jK †ÿÎ (Cognitive Domain)

¯Íi (Level) eënvh© wµqvc` (Acceptable verbs)
Ávb †K, Kx, KLb, †Kv_vq, †KvbwU, bvg Ki, ZvwjKv Ki, g‡b Ki, evbvb Ki, D‡jøL Ki, msÁv `vI,
kbv³ Ki, ¯§iY Ki, ¯^xK…wZ `vI|
Dcjw× Kiv cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki, e¨vL¨v Ki, KviY `k©vI, `…óvšÍ `vI, c«`k©b Ki, Zyjbv Ki, gZvgZ `vI,
Dcmsnvi Uvb, cÖgvY Ki, c„_K Ki, A¼b Ki, D`vniYmn e¨vL¨v Ki, wb‡Ri fvlvq ej, Abyev`
ev eySv
Ki, c~Ywe©b¨vm Ki, gšÍe¨ Ki|
cÖ‡qvM •Zwi Ki, wbg©vY Ki, cixÿv Ki, wPwýZ Ki, KvR †`LvI, evQvB Ki, cÖ‡qvM Ki, †kÖwYweb¨vm Ki,
ea©b Ki, m¤úªmviY Ki, Dbœqb Ki, m¤úK© wbY©q Ki, c~YM©Vb Ki, eënvi Ki, mgvavb Ki|
we‡kølY Rwic Ki, AskM«nY Ki, cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY Ki, mij Ki, fvM Ki, m¤^Ü wbY©q Ki, we‡kølY Ki,
†kÖwYweb¨vm Ki, Zzjbv Ki, wPwýZ Ki, Abygvb Ki, wm×všÍ Ki, Av›`vR Ki|
ms‡kølY msKjb Ki, ms‡kvab Ki, bK&kv •Zwi Ki, iPbv Ki, mgvavb Ki, cwieZ©b Ki, Abygvb Ki,
D™¢veb Ki, •Zwi Ki, Av‡jvPbv Ki, Kx NU‡e ej, mse× Ki, wbg©vY Ki, me©vqb Ki, MVb Ki,
ms‡køl Ki, we¯Ívi Ki, mvi ms‡ÿc ev mvivsk Ki, Dcmsnvi Uvb, wjwLZfv‡e cÖKvk Ki|
g~j¨vqb wm×všÍ `vI, gZvgZ `vI, mycvwik Ki, ¯^c‡ÿ I wec‡ÿ hyw³ `vI, cwigvc Ki, AM«MY¨Zv wePvi
Ki, g~j¨vqY Ki, Av›`vR Ki, wePvi Ki, gvb wewkó Ki|
fvev‡e‡Mi †ÿÎwU GKwU A‡cÿvK…Z ¯úk©KvZi w`K| †kLv I †kLv‡bvi ga¨ w`‡q wkÿv_©xi g‡b †Kv‡bv welq AvM«n I
DÏxcbv m…wó Kiv, fv‡jv-g›` wePvi Kivi ÿgZv m…wó Kiv Av‡ewMK weKv‡ki c«avb w`K| fvev‡e‡Mi ga¨ w`‡q wkÿv_©xi wbR¯^
`…wófw½ I g~j¨‡eva M‡o I‡V| c«v_wgK ¯Í‡ii wkï‡ì †ÿ‡Î `…wófw½ I g~j¨‡ev‡ai w`K¸‡jv cwigvc Kiv KwVb KvR| KviY
wkïi weKvkgvb Rxe‡b `…wófw½ I g~j¨‡ev‡ai weKvk Ggvš^‡q N‡U| wKš‘ fvlvi weKv‡ki m‡½ m‡½ wPšÍv I Kíbvkw³i weKvk
N‡U e‡jB wkïi RMr I Rxe‡bi c«wZ wbR¯^ fvev‡eM c«Kvk cvq|
g‡bv‡ckxR †ÿ‡Î gb I †ckx GKB mv‡_ KvR K‡i| Z‡e kvixwiK `ÿZvB g~L¨| cov, †jLv, AuvKv, †Rvov †Ìqv, IRb Kiv,
wgj Kiv, wbg©vY Kiv,¯’vcb Kiv BZ¨vw` g‡bv‡ckxR Kv‡Ri AšÍf©y³|
cÂg w`b cÖ_g Awa‡ekb
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cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv wel‡q wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vqb:
`jMZ KvR
wkLbdjwfwËK c«kœ c«Yq‡bi †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Kib:
 c~‡e©i `j Abyhvqx cvV Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnb Kwi|
`jMZ KvR D¯’vcb
cÖ‡Z¨K `‡ji cÿ †_‡K GKRb mvg‡b wM‡q 10 wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨ Dc‡iv³ cvV Dc¯’vcb Kwi|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
`jMZ KvR
wkLbdjwfwËK cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb:
Avgiv c~‡e©i `‡j ewm Ges cÖ‡Z¨K `j GK GK †kÖwYi evsjv cvV¨ eB MÖnb Kwi| cÖwZ `j wkLbd‡ji Dci wfwË
K‡i Áv‡bi c«wZ ¯Íi (Áb, Abyaveb, c«‡qvM, ms‡kølY, we‡kølY I g~j¨vqb) †_‡K GKwU K‡i c«kœ c«Yqb Kwi|
c«‡kœi aib n‡e iPbvg~jK I •be¨©wËK (eûwbe©vPbx, k~Y¨¯’vb c~iY I wgjKiY) |
`jMZ KvR D¯’vcb

cÖ‡Z¨K `‡ji cÿ †_‡K GKRb mvg‡b wM‡q Dc‡iv³ cvV Dc¯’vcb Kwi|
cÖkœ: MZvbyMwZK g~j¨vqb †_‡K wkLbdjwfwËK g~j¨vq‡bi cv_©K¨ Kx?
cÂg w`b wØZxq Awa‡ekb
cvVcwiKíbv
cvVcwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cviv|
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136
1. †Kv‡bv cvV/cvV¨vsk m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_x©‡ì g‡a¨ wKfv‡e mvaviY aviYv †Ìqv hvq?
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
Qwe †`Lv‡Z w`‡q, GKvKx wPšÍv Ki‡Z w`‡q, cov ïb‡Z w`‡q, Ave„wË ïb‡Z w`‡q, Av‡jvPbv ïb‡Z w`‡q,
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z w`‡q, co‡Z w`‡q, Awfbq w`‡q BZ¨vw`|
 2. †Kv‡bv cvV/cvV¨vsk wkÿv_©xiv KZUzKz ey‡S‡Q Zv Kxfv‡e g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq?

m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ej‡Z w`‡q, wjL‡Z w`‡q, Awfbq Ki‡Z w`‡q, Ave„wË Ki‡Z w`‡q, Kg©c‡Î KvR Ki‡Z w`‡q|
3. †Kv‡bv cvV/cvV¨vsk Dc¯’vc‡b Avgiv avcmg~n Kxfv‡e wjL‡Z cvwi?
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
avc-1: Qwe †`L‡Z w`‡q, GKvKx wPšÍv I `‡j Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z w`‡q Qwei welqe¯Í ej‡Z wè|
avc-2: cvV¨vskUzKz cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y c‡o †kvbv‡ev I Avgvi cov AbymiY K‡i K‡qKRb‡K co‡Z wè|
 Ic‡i ewY©Z cÖkœ wZbwU Kxfv‡e Dc¯’vc‡bi GKwU avc wjL‡Z mnvqZv K‡i Zv wb‡Pi welqwU D‡jøLc~e©K ey‡Swb|
cÖ_g cÖ‡kœi DËi (Qwe †`L‡Z w`‡q, GKvKx wPšÍv Ki‡Z w`‡q) Dc¯’vc‡bi av‡c ms‡hvR‡bi d‡j wkÿv_©xi Z_¨
msMÖn Kivi my‡hvM m„wó n‡q‡Q| wØZxq cÖ‡kœi DËi (`‡j Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z w`‡q) Dc¯’vc‡bi av‡c ms‡hvR‡bi d‡j
wkÿv_©xi Z_¨ we‡køl‡Yi my‡hvM m„wó n‡q‡Q| Avi Z…Zxq cÖ‡kœi DËi (Qwei welqe¯Í ej‡Z wè) Dc¯’vc‡bi av‡c
ms‡hvR‡bi d‡j wkÿv_©xi wewkøó Z_¨ ev¯Í‡e cÖ‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM m„wó n‡q‡Q| wkÿv_©xi wkL‡bi Rb¨ G wZbwU welq
Dc¯’vc‡bi cÖwZwU av‡c _vKv LyeB Riywi| †mB mv‡_ cÖwZwU avc †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv wkLbdj AR©‡bi Rb¨ †h †jLv nq
ZvI fv‡jvfv‡e eySwb|
cvVcwiKíbv cÖYqb:
Avgiv QqwU `‡j fvM n‡q wb‡P ewY©Z wefvRb Abyhvqx cvVcwiKíbv cÖYqb Kwi|
`j †kÖwY cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki c„ôv b¤î cvV¨vsk

Rev cÖvK-cÖv_wgK †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU Qov
†ejx cÖ_g 20 Kjg awi------ Lei cwo|
†Mvjvc wØZxq 21 kZ dz‡ji †`k------†`vjbPuvcv I wkDwj|
kvcjv Z…Zxq 72 Avgv‡ì †`‡k-------GB hvi cY|
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137
iRbxMÜv PZz_© 49 Aš‘ Lye nvwkLywk------GgbwU Ki‡Z cv‡i|

wkDwj cÂg 116 iygv I iyev-------Pviw`K f‡i †M‡Q|
cÖYxZ cvVcwiKíbvi †cv÷vi ‡ccviwU †ev‡W© Dc¯’vcb Kwi| Dc¯’vc‡bi ci cvVcwiKíbvwU Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Ab¨ `‡ji
civgk© AvnŸvb Kwi| †Kv‡bv civgk© ‡c‡j Zv ms‡hvRb Kwi|
cvVcwiKíbv Abyhvqx DcKiY •Zwi Kib:

cÖYxZ cvVcwiKíbv Abyhvqx DcKiY •Zwi Kwi| DcKiY •Zwii ci cÖ`k©b Kwi Ges Ab¨ `‡ji †Kv‡bv civgk©
_vK‡j Zv MÖnb K‡i DcKi‡Yi Dbœqb mvab Kwi| me‡k‡l, `‡j Av‡jvPbv K‡i †h‡Kv‡bv GKRb‡K †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj
cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wbe©vPb Kwi|
¯^-AbywPšÍbg~jK cÖkœ: wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î G Awa‡ek‡bi AR©b Avgv‡ì Kxfv‡e mnvqZv Ki‡e?
bgybv cvVcwiKíbvi QK
†kÖwY : welq:
cv‡Vi wk‡ivbvg:
cvV¨vsk:
†kvbv
ejv
cov
†jLv
DcKiY:
(K) wbivcË¡v‡eva cwi‡ek m„wó:
137
138
(L) Av‡eM m„wó:

(M) Dc¯’vc‡bi avcmg~n
1|
2|
3|
4|
g~j¨vqb:
bgybv cvVcwiKíbv
†kÖwY : cÖ_g
welq: evsjv
cv‡Vi wk‡ivbvg: Qwe‡Z Mí (KvK I Kjwm)
cvV¨vsk: cy‡iv Mí
†kvbv- 2.2.1: MíK_v ï‡b eyS‡Z cvi‡e|

2.2.2: MíK_v ï‡b ey‡S Avb›` jvf Ki‡e|
ejv- 2.3.2: Qwe †`‡L Mí ej‡Z cvi‡e|
2.4.1: MíK_v ej‡Z cvi‡e|
DcKiY: cvV¨cy¯Í‡K cÖ`Ë MíwUi †jLvmn ...wU eo d‡UvKwc ev AvuKv Qwe ch©vqµ‡g mvwR‡q GKwU M‡íi eo eB|
 Kzkj wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xi e¨w³MZ †LuvRLei wbe|
 cvVmswkøó Qov/Mvb/†KŠZz‡Ki gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xi cvV MÖn‡Yi AbyK~j cwi‡ek m„wó Kie|
cvV-1:
 Kfvi c„ôvi QwewU †`L‡Z w`‡q, GKvKx wPšÍv K‡i I `‡j Av‡jvPbv K‡i M‡íi welqe¯‘ ej‡Z mnvqZv Kie|
 M‡íi wk‡ivbvgwU Kx n‡Z cv‡i Zv †Rvovq Av‡jvPbv K‡i K‡qKRb‡K ej‡Z mnvqZv Kie| cÖ‡qvR‡b Avwg e‡j wè|
 Kfvi c„ôvi c‡ii cÖwZwU Qwe‡Z †K Kx Ki‡Z cv‡i †m m¤ú‡K© Abygvb Ki‡Z w`‡q I `‡j Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z w`‡q
Qwei NUbv ej‡Z mnvqZv Kie|
138
139
 Gici cÖwZwU c„ôv Dwë‡q wkÿv_©xi e³‡eï mv‡_ wgj K‡i Qwei wb‡P ewY©Z †jLv wb‡Ri fvlvq MívKv‡i A½fw½mn
Awfb‡qi gva¨‡g ej‡Z mnvqZv Kie|
cvV-2:
 cy‡iv MíwU Dc¯’vc‡bi ci wb‡P ewY©Z cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g MíwU wb‡Ri fvlvq ej‡Z mnvqZv Kie|
- MíwUi wk‡ivbvg Kx wQj?
- M‡í †K †K wQj?
- M‡íi cÖ_‡g Kx n‡qwQj? †K Kx K‡iwQj/e‡jwQj?
- Gici Kx n‡qwQj? Zvici Kx n‡qwQj?
- MíwU †kl n‡qwQj Kxfv‡e?
- Gfv‡e †kl nIqv‡Z Zzwg wK Lywk? †Kb?
- MíwU Avi Kxfv‡e †kl n‡Z cviZ?
cvV-3:
 M‡í ewY©Z PwiÎ ev NUbv Abyhvqx wkÿv_©x‡ì `vwqZ¡ fvM K‡i msjvc I KiYxq welq eywS‡q w`‡q f~wgKvwfbq/
gyKvwfb‡qi Rb¨ `‡j cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡Z eje|
 cÖ¯‘wZ †k‡l cÖ‡Z¨K `j‡K `jxq KvR Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z eje I Ab¨‡ì Zv †`Lvi ci MívK‡i ej‡Z eje|
 me `‡ji Dc¯’vcb †`Lvi ci MíwU †_‡K Zviv Kx wkLj ev Dc‡`k †cj Zv GKB `‡j Av‡jvPbv K‡i ej‡Z mnvqZv
Kie|
g~j¨vqb: cvVKvjxb I cvV †k‡l †gŠwLK (wb‡`©kbv: cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki -- b¤î c„ôvq -- b¤î QwewUi wb‡Pi †jLv Qvov ïay QwewU wbb|
Ic‡ii As‡k KvK I Kjwm wj‡L Kfvi c„ôv •Zwi Ki”b| c‡i NUbvi µg Abyhvqx †jLvmn Qwe¸‡jv mvwR‡q GKwU M‡íi eo
eB •Zwi Kiyb|)
lô w`b cÖ_g Awa‡ekb
evsjv fvlv †kLv‡bv Kvh©µg ch©‡eÿY, ¯^-AbywPšÍb, djveZ©b I
Dbœqb mvab:
evsjv fvlv †kLv‡bv Kvh©µg ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z cviv|
c~‡e©i Awa‡ek‡bi †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU `j‡K jUvwii gva¨‡g †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wbe©vPb Kwi|
`‡ji GKRb wbe©vwPZ wkÿK †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbv I `‡ji Abïv wkÿv_©xi f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡e|
G mgq Ab¨`‡ji wkÿKiv wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj Ô†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg ch©‡eÿY QKÕ Abyhvqx c~iY Ki‡e|
139
140
¯^-AbywPšÍb QK c~iYc~e©K djveZ©b Abyhvqx evsjv fvlv †kLv‡bv †KŠkj Dbœqb Ki‡Z cviv:
†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi ci mswkøó wkÿK SUcU ¯^-AbywPšÍb QK c~iY Ki‡e|
cvVcwiKíbvi †cv÷viwU †ev‡W© Szwj‡q c~iYK…Z ¯^-AbywPšÍb Q‡Ki mv‡_ wgj K‡i me `‡ji djveZ©b Abyhvqx
cvVcwiKíbvwU Dbœqb Ki‡Z n‡e|
g~j¨vqb:
wkÿ‡Ki †ckvMZ `ÿZv Dbœq‡b †kLv‡bv Kvh©µg ch©‡eÿY, m¦-AbywPšÍb I djveZ©b Kxfv‡e mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡e?
†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg ch©‡eÿY QK
wkÿ‡Ki bvg: ZvwiL:
†kÖwY: welq:
cvV¨vsk:
wkLbdj:
1.
2.
3.
4.
cvV ïiyi mgq: cvV †k‡li mgq: †gvU mgq:
fvlv`ÿZv †kLv‡bvi Rb¨ wkÿK hv K‡i‡Qb g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wkÿK hv K‡i‡Qb
†kvbv
ejv
cov
†jLv
djveZ©b
140
141
¯^-AbywPšÍb QK
fvlv`ÿZv cvVcwiKíbvq ewY©Z †kLv‡bv cvVcwiKíbvq ewY©Z g~j¨vqb hv Ki‡j AviI fv‡jv n‡Zv
†KŠkj Avwg eënvi K‡iwQ (wUK †KŠkj Avwg eënvi K‡iwQ
wPý w`B) (wUK wPý w`B)
†kvbv
ejv
cov
†jLv
†kLv‡bv Abykxjb:
†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv I djveZ©b cÖ`vb:

G ch©v‡q evwK cuvPwU `j ch©vqµ‡g cvV Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ Avm‡e|
141
142
 g‡Wj ¯‹zj †_‡K mswkøó †kÖwYi wkÿv_©x‡ì Avbvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
 cÖwZwU cv‡Vi wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©µg 40 wgwb‡U Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
 Ab¨ `j‡K ch©‡eÿY K‡i QK c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e|
 c~iYK…Z ch©‡eÿY QK Abyhvqx cÖwZwU cvV Dc¯’vc‡bi ciciB 10 wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨ djveZ©b w`‡Z n‡e|
 GB duv‡K Ab¨ `‡ji Rb¨ mswkøó †kÖwYi wkÿv_©x‡ì Avbvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
 ch©vqµ‡g me¸‡jv `j‡K GKB cÖwµqvq cvV Dc¯’vcb I djveZ©b w`‡Z n‡e|
 †Kv‡bv wKQz Rvbvi _vK‡j Av‡jvPbv K‡i welqwU my¯úó Ki‡Z n‡e|
ejvi †Póv Kwi(g~j¨vqb):

3. wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi `ÿZv Dbœq‡b Abykxjb Avcbv‡K Kxfv‡e mnvqZv Ki‡e ?
4. cvV`vb Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi `ÿZv AR©‡bi ga¨ w`‡qB GKRb `ÿ wkÿK •Zwi nq- | Kxfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kwi|
5. GB Awa‡ek‡bi Abykxjb Avcbvi †ckvMZ `ÿZv Dbœq‡b KZUv mnvqK ?
lô w`b Z…Zxq Awa‡ekb
cÖwkÿ‡YvËi g~j¨vqb
cÖwkÿ‡YvËi g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g evsjv wel‡q `ÿZv Dbœq‡bi gvÎv Rvbv:
 cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì msL¨vbycv‡Z c~‡e©B g~j¨vq cÎ d‡UvKwc K‡i Zv cÖ‡Z¨K‡K GKwU K‡i weZiY Ki‡Z n‡e|
 g~j¨vqb c‡Î †Ìqv wb‡`©kbv c‡o DËi wjL‡Z n‡e|
 wbw`©ó mgq †k‡l DËicÎ msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e|
 cÖvK-g~j¨vq‡bi b¤î I cÖwkÿ‡YvËi cÖvß b¤^‡ii Zzjbvg~jK †jLwPÎ A¼Y K‡i cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì AwR©Z `ÿZv
Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
, হ
এ :আ , , হ।
142

Welqwfwëk Cöwkÿy G Vbyqvj: Evsjv

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Welqwfwëk Cöwkÿy G Vbyqvj: Evsjv

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1

welqwfwËK cÖwkÿY g¨vbyqvj

cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awa`ßi, evsjv‡`k, XvKv

†eMg bvwmgv Lvb,

W. G‡KGg Lvqiyj Avjg

†gvt iyûj Avgxb (hyM¥ mwPe)

wkÿv_x©‡`i wbav©wiZ †hvM¨Zv AR©b ev Kvh©Ki wkL‡bi mev©‡cÿv ¸iyZc

Awa‡ekb Awa‡ekb cwiPvjbvi c~‡e©

 Awa‡ekb cwiPvjbvq mnvq‡Ki KiYxq As‡ki wb‡`©kbv Abyµg/ avc †R‡b

 ZvwjKv Abyhvqx DcKiY/Z_¨vw` •Zwi I msMÖn Kiv

 Awa‡ekb cwiPvjbvi avc Abyhvqx ch©vqµ‡g DcKiYmg~n mvwR‡q ivLv

 m`‡m¨i msL¨v Abyhvqx Avmb web¨vm Kiv

Awa‡ekb Awa‡ekb PjvKvjxb

 AskMÖnYKvix‡`i ej‡Z DrmvwnZ Kiv

 AskMÖnYKvix‡`i K_v g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q †kvbv

 mg‡qi mØ¨envi Kiv

 wba©vwiZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ Awa‡ek‡bi KvR †kl Kiv

 Awa‡ek‡b DÏxc‡Ki e¨e¯’v Kiv|

 cÖwkÿYK‡ÿi wbqgvewj cÖwZcvj‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv|

 cÖ‡Z¨K Awa‡ek‡bi wkLbdj I Kvh©vewji we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY Rvbv|

 cÖwkÿYv_©x‡`i KvR¸‡jv‡K c«`k©‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv|

 `j wefvR‡bi Rb¨ AvKl©Yxq †K․kj e¨envi Kiv|

 kªeY‡hvM¨ ¯^‡i PwjZ ixwZ‡Z K_v ejv

Awa‡ekb Awa‡ekb cwiPvjbvi ci

evsjv cÖwkÿ‡Y e¨envh© DcKiYmg~n

 wd¬cPvU© ÷¨vÛ I wd¬cPvU

 cykwcb, Wv÷vi, wb‡`©kK KvwV BZ¨vw`

 cÖv_wgK¯Í‡ii evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki †mU

cwiwPwZ, cÖwkÿ‡Yi D‡Ïk¨, cÖwkÿ‡Yi wbqgvewj I AbywPšÍb

fvlv †kLv‡bv ch©‡eÿY, ¯^-AbywPšÍb, djveZ©b I Dbœqb

Awa‡ekb mgq welqe¯‘

Awa‡ekb mgq welqe¯‘

Awa‡ekb mgq welqe¯‘

4 02:30-04:00 fvlv wkL‡b m¤ú~iK DcKiY

Awa‡ekb mgq welqe¯‘

Awa‡ekb mgq welqe¯‘

Awa‡ekb mgq welqe¯‘

cÖ_g w`b cÖ_g Awa‡ekb

cwiwPwZ, cÖwkÿ‡Yi D‡Ïk¨, cÖwkÿ‡Yi wbqgvewj I AbywPšÍb

mgq: 1 NÈv 30 wgwbU

Mig VvÐv †mvRv euvKv †Q‡j †g‡q

†cÖg wein QvÎ QvÎx †QvU eo

†gvUv wPKb j¤^v †eu‡U †Rvqvi fvUv

ivZ w`b nvwm Kvbœv wbKU `~i

K‡_vcK_b Awfbq Kiv Mí ejv †eu‡`bxi Awfbq Kiv

 †Rvovq G‡K Ac‡ii bvg, c`we I Kg©¯j

KvR-2: cÖwkÿ‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ ejv mgq: 10 wgwbU

Z_¨cÎ cÖ_g w`b

AbywPšÍb wjwce× Kivi QK

AskMÖnYKvixi bvg: wbeÜb b¤^i: ZvwiL:

w`‡bi Av‡jvwPZ g~j welqe¯‘mg~n Kx wQj ?

wØZxq w`b cÖ_g Awa‡ekb

fvlv †kLv‡bvi mgwš^Z c×wZ

 cÖ‡Z¨K `‡j wb¤œiƒc mnvqK Z_¨cÎ weZiY Ki‛b

g~j¨vqb: mgq: 10 wgwbU

Z_¨cÎ wØZxq w`b

fvlv †kLv‡bvi mgwš^Z c×wZ

wkÿ‡Ki bvg :.......................................... cv‡Vi welq- ..................................

we‡kl †Kv‡bv gšÍe¨ (hw` _v‡K)

1| evsjv, wcwUAvB.cÖwkÿYv_©x‡`i Rb¨, cÖv_wgK wkÿv cwi`ßi,evsjv‡`k, XvKv| c„: 62-64

Z…Zxq w`b cÖ_g Awa‡ekb

fvlv`ÿZv AR©b †KŠkj: cov I †jLv

f~wgKv: (c~ee© Z©x w`‡bi Z…Zxq Awa‡ek‡bi Pjgvb Ask)