Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The Passive Solar Energy Book - A Complete Guide To Passive Solar Home, Greenhouse and Building Design PDF
The Passive Solar Energy Book - A Complete Guide To Passive Solar Home, Greenhouse and Building Design PDF
-REFERENCE iL
LIBRARY
4 project of Vol&te& in As,ia
31 s\:
rO 1
\ .@&* /
..
-;
- ~--~- --~_< _-
-’
.
fq%&+~ ’ .
overcrowded,field.
\ ~\,--~-- I L : LeeJohnson, Editw, RAIN: Fo”~~?alpf A.ppropriateTechnology
-m--y *” . :
:
_
>’9; t.: QG
‘“,.j.
;..i;:;,-;y;1.-..
; b!,.‘..,
,‘.. .’ i-..-, cgver:design and ii[ust&kjns’
, . by f&&&i Ball * ’!‘,..”
,. ,:--y&; * .* %. $.L047@7-237,6
* . , . J
t
‘b.’,., ,, ..-* 0 I .. I “*La ,- \-.\,A
-:a.-
.- I -.
. \
‘3’ ,
s
k. I
L7 -
.
.;.“.g
.
: ,_-.
__--
3 --
>
/’
Y
;’ BY EDWARD MAZftlA
F-7
-1
i.
.
..:-.. -
. ”
i
’ Copyright @ 1979 by Edward Mazrja
,
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may
be reproduced or transmitted in any form{ or by any -“’
*I means, electronic ‘or mechadical,‘.includrng photo-
copy, recording, or any. information storage and
retrieval system without the written permission of
the publisher.
‘ S’
L
, f3ookDesign hy 7 A lcpley * ”
. :,
.(” ., .-..
3
Library of Congress Cat+l&ing’in Publication Data
Mazria; Edward.
-.\ .. The passive solar energy book. L
.
\ \
Bjb;liography:. p.
5 .’
‘_ Includes index, ,
I . \
1. Solar energy~ 2.‘Solar heating. I. Title.
‘\ TJSiO.M32 1979b 696 78-21656 ’
ISBN,O-87857-260-0 (Hardcover)
I BN O-87857-237-6 (Paperback)
$
L 4, 8'10 9 1 hardcover
12 14 16 18 20 19 17 15 13 11 paperbdck \ .-_
3
.. <.
4
.
‘. . 65
.I..--
3;
‘, : 4-P . I- . * -. . I-
---L!h
_.
.-.-. *,* .i. .y
,. I1..:.*. _I.” *_. ‘-S=
,
Y
3
: ,‘I,- L ,”
9
., -.
1
/ 1,-c,_ -* . J.. “l ‘. , “; ye . I . . 1
L .
,_-_ - l . *’
‘i :
-
I .
. .”
* :
;,A.. -A ... __,,_. _a :... .
Or 1~ -I.-. ‘)-- .-- -- --_ _ 5.
: ; c
1
,.. _..- * ___.__ -_I--. .- __._..-_-. -..- f
. . / :‘;j
s i
, _ .’ ” l I
.. \. .*zi .* I ^ \
.
,,. t’ For JOSEPH and $RA ’
1 .’ !
. . ’ .
,. I a , * 0 . -6 0 0. z
-. --v-f, i_ “2 .~ . . 0 ~ a
. ~ --~--. ~_ :i /‘\
m c I’ \.
,,, .i.. : F .i ,‘e ‘:
.. ‘I_ 0.
L .” -
‘, )1 - & ,. ( 1 ‘.< *(
4 . .*-
;, . \
L -
m t.
.h [ ” .‘I, 3
. I 0 : *.
: ** .;j? * ;,.;
8 a. ’ . - 0
‘
- -
c
�
(
no
...
'. "' . �. -
,
, '-
- i
I �, •
. ,q
i....
i
I .
." - I
T �
.
· ·
, •
,
ABOUT �E. IL STRAT R ·xii
. I
! I.
USING THE BOOK
. What the Book Is Apout
The Content&
Ii .
"
...
/
s,
.\
Isolated �ain .1 - 59
-
.
'@
I
f
•
Systems
, ': ." I
I
0
j
IV� 66
I
�-
'DESIGN PATfER� T�P,att�rn5 -' ,
'-IJ ,
1. BUILDING lOC/<TION
.
_I 72
J"
2. BUILDING SHApE AND ORIEV'lTA,TION
�, f
I 78
�-
-"
f... r
I \
, vii
-
,
.. , �. -
o· •
o
, \
,.�
I
,.
\
6, W � DO W LOCATION
7. C OOSING THE SYSTEM
.� , 0
10
105
8. A PROPRIATE MATERIALS 115
Greenh.ouse
24. REFLECTORS
. ,',
�"
240-
25. SHADING DEVICES 249
" 26, INSULATleN ON THE OUTSIDE 258
27. SUMMER COOLING 262
vjii
"
""--":-"�"I'" " y.'" k U
. ,
"'
I
I . I
I
f.l>.. �
/
Table of Contents
- '
1. Perforrn
, a,rce 309
2'. Percentage of Solar Radiation Absorb�d 345
. , by Various Surfac�s "L' • •
- i
�
__
r .. Am t'ica
�
.
"f .
_ " '
• ,,
"'372
� '
I Degree-Days
. . .
5.
. "- ,," .
' -+- -- -. �
. � . ".
----- -..-
.
- "
� _�_a'��_8-ar?�_@'!.f.ie� _�n---
,
-:--=-:_ �,n!�.-==
",!
.
.�
. --. - -. :::�� -_ _
, " .--.-- - -''402---
. .
-
I
-
..
\
--
.
, '0'
7. P�t;centage Qf Ef1han�ement of Solar. Heat , 406 · / \
� ' .' . ,i
. .
/.
• . . -.
..
�
?
,.
� '/ G LOSSA Y R 4
. 11 ,
1
,� ,�
/
�rBL10GRAPHY .
1
4�8'
,,,
- / / HbTo'GRAPH . r
42
,
' � --
!
// ACKN . WLEDGMENTS , .
:; /'
\ / ,I
/' I
PHOTOGRAPH 426
€REDITS \ , I
I' !
! "
. ,\ I'
INDEX }'I 427
Ii . I -1.-
- �--7"-;- \
i
.........-'"_ f --
'--.
/1 ', j
..
,
____ . �-
"
_----'- il --
if
!
'I
/4
�
,iI
. '
l .. I" ..,
.
\.
I
-i.
"
·
C" "
"
,
'8
-
/ i
, '
(
,
'
.'i
.
I
I
' -
,
.
\, \
�- . . . '
i,
.
i
Ackno@edgments - .I .. v.7..-‘-
i
.
0
- .
Four years *igo, when .I kegan writing this book, information concerning
” passive solar heating was,virtually nonexistent. During this time many fri ds
have worked with ‘me to generate portions of the information in
ihe text. Their work and’assistance made the scope of this book possible.
-I want to especially thank: ....,. J
I
I ‘\ ‘
I
I ,J’
;;,( ‘./ ” __ Steve Baker who”‘worked”closely withme for t.wo years to genera!e. data ‘I
*for the- formulation of the patterns and’ calculation p.rocedures. His ’
i;-- - %tsight and kno-w.ledge of’the subject add a dinet$ion to, the book that
iii .‘- I would otherwise be-absent. I am grateful not only for his contribution to
_; the book, but for his support,and friendship during iti. production.
j. A * .1
)I, i ,.- I :*
I’._ Robert Young who spent numerous hours assembling the .Appendix,
.\.$~, i I z producing the technjcal drawi.ngs and photograiphing,many of the build-.
>!,’ 1 -ings.presented .in the book. . y.
/ 0 Ir i 4
- . .
. I
: \ - ., h j ‘dL _r /
’‘. .L .
$;, -- ,, x ‘.,, ,\ ’ .’ ,- I ,,
i ~ / i--
-, . ,, -. ,;..
,;Q , ‘,,, I.* . . h
;,,‘.,1 ,:,I\?;’ ,_;-- * i, -.:i.1 ,.’ :’ /! o -,!” , : 1 , , 2
2g :::;:,&~~” 4 ~-. ‘, i-+-
r
Acknowledgments
/.
h-Haggard and Polly Cooper (of their patterns onr’oof ponds.
.
4..
xi
;.. J
‘.“. ,. .. : . .
‘.j ,- ::” .: , > ... -
. Ii. known for his c$inmercial.d~~ign~,-j-jltmtrations ,. <__ ,’ r I
. . has been art dire&r 6f three’mhjor &ertising
0
~. / 1s~pr,ints~ and paintings are shown i-n galler’ies ‘*
\ c L
United. States. Since the illustrations for this bodk ’
: technical information clearly and precisely, as
Ily appealing, the illustrdtor and author “have ’
gether throughout the four years of the boo,k’s
.9 _
\,t
dqelopmen t. i * I
,
- ,$ ‘. I -
-‘ c
..
”
* ’
,.
I (’
1
.. .
XII
rl
..,lb \ .-
d .. _I. .
,1.
:... -. , - I / _ 3, ( ._,
;.. -7
; ,.;; . .
, I, .
.
-a
v 1-
,
I
building that is strongly related to* site, climate, local buildid) m,aterials ,and
the>sun. It implies a,,specMI.relatio~ship to natural’psocesses that offers the
potential for an inexhaustible’supply of vital energy. This attitude is obviousjy j
not entirely new, since
. much vernacular architecture has always reflected a
. strong relationship to daily and seasonal climatic and solar variations:In recent
years, however, relying on the misconception of an infinite and inexpensive
energy suf~ply, people have choseen t abandon these Ion&standing con-’
siderations. P .f .;
/ II I ‘\
I
.
I
fl
.*-a 1,
*.! ,.
t .A
? *
I ‘Z !
-_, - - r
. 1 1.
-..---I -r- ~~- --~ I t
h , -
> -‘a .. -’ ,,
‘5 P i- t
.The Passive Solar Energy t$Dok ,*
I’
-. F P . dAm” .
;:, f
CI
require ho external energy input and produce no p‘hysical by;products or waste. .~
Si.nce solar,energy is c0nyenientty.distributed.b alI’pa$+ of the globe, expen-
# \
t
1;1
‘sive transportation and, distribution netwolk$ of energy are also eliminated. \
.I .d *
Jr. k-t ; .A r
Shce a buildi’ng’or some element of it is the passive system’; TheAappllcatipn 5
of passive solar energy must be included in every step of a buildings design.
,.,_. +eWhereas conventional or a-ctive solar-he.ating’iystems can!be s6mewhat inde-
pendent d’f the conceptual organization of*:; buildi&, it is extremely difficult- :
to add a passiv,e system to a buildjng once. it hasiheen &signed. ’ ’
.
\ I
I
0I
’
To date;’ a&hitects,cbuilders and owner-buiklers have made l#tl,e use of the ^
inform’ation available conce.roing passive systems because “it :is ‘&o technical:
cumbe’rsome and time-consu&ring.,in application. To be useful, information I:
, mus+t lead to the ne&essary degt;afe of accur$y at yach stage of a building’s
design. The de.gree of accuracy increases” as ‘the-design moves from the -A ,
.. pschematic’stagd through detailed drawings’ancl models and finally to construe-
?:.‘@’ ’: ,+tio’n documents. ‘lh the earty’stages, it vnakes no sense to perform extensive - 0
! heat, loss and gain calculations,.since the building wfll change, amany times
I< 1
before a design is complete. =? -
< _. n -3,!:
?I >
The- basic purpose of this book is to make technical information acchssi I?” e to
a.lI people. The text is written in such a way as to facilitate this. TheLari‘ous
elements that’ make up a passively heated building ‘are- expJained separately
-. and,ordkred in a sequence that makes them easy to apply to a building’s
_’
‘Q -.. ’ design. The illustrations that accompany the text are intended to convey very. _i p ’
: .tPchnical information in a.simple and clear format.
‘ P sdp 4
/=
Tiis‘book deliberately does not use pr;ofessional architectural and, ehineeringd y
> * graphic symbols to represent various. mateiials and concepts, but, instead,
illustrates them with a degree of r;e.aIism. The @hotographs shew, existing .
en
,& ,applications ofboth entire systems as well LIS specific details.,
.= ‘k . i
! -c i .
_, c
.*: : f T$ allow, for change resulting&&new experiments and observation’, the book
‘I e .is structured’in a way-that \permits ;he..&rder
.- to in1prov.e and ad.d information t.
.-
, .i -‘Bsm&’ IS I earned about’ passive sys~&r~s.~~Since each element *of. a passive ,* (
.; syster?i.“.is treated separately’ in the text, ‘the. Eetetrieval of specific Pieces .of.
1..
,- ‘inform.ation is made easy. .b m ,I * I :” \ I \
5 ,e L 8L c
.?:,, .-.-.
I. ’ .-. ‘.
all locations”betwer$n 28:” and 56”
-
,adapted to the same latitudes in ~ e
I .
the Sfuth,ern Hemisphere by simp.ly reversing the sea&s and reversing true
\I .....
“I-I..,,..,.~“IYwI,*, ,,:,,,ubJ
,aemuy<.,& 0 u
‘j , /- j ‘_ 2 “T1 .
‘\; . ‘. ,,.~, . - - -_ -. / ‘\’
f
‘, = I\. * \ * r> e .’5’
‘. .%..
,_ .*, ‘j I
_--~ -
i,’ ._
I
: .
\ ; ..’ I’I, 3 ’ -- :-
,.* < \.‘_
\ ($ ‘.
‘2; @F “‘I ,~
\ ” r;,..
‘L */,
_ ‘. .% :. f
- .. ____-_ -
. L
i
. . ‘: m 0 r .
= 7, * .-
0 .) ^ d
4. _ :
l I .. . r x
.~
.,:.:
.
.
‘I ! I
r: _..
&, The P&s&e; Sqlar Energy Book ; 3
Y... c i I_ ‘3
. a_A., L il .L
-,. -’ ,
--L d - n T,
_I. -... e..
-;-- -...._und<6%a~$~+he-in~n
-D given in the following chapters. ~Chapter’ 3 - . ’
presents the various types of passive @ems. i%i&i~g&ec~ral, examples of, -a
~ i j”.
each. system are included; .along with. performance data,, to giv.e-~o~rarr----------~.
a
Pndication of-their applicability to a wide range of climates, and xlocations. In
‘: . I . the chapter on design patterns; chapter 4, a method for designing a passiva- .
:, solar hearted building is provided: The intent’here is to lead you through, a ’ ‘, ’
process that allows you 10 choose-and size a.system suited t9 yourlparticu,lar a 7-b I
-- --:* -needs. Once a building and system has been designed, its performqnce can be .s
.., a calculated and then adjusted, if. necessary. The graphic tools that follow in?
.
3: chapter 5 concern the sun’s position and movement across the skydome,
z-
. solar intensity ‘for different orientations, obstructions to solar collection i .
I
“Y and. .the design of ,fixed -,ori movable sha’ding devices. And finally, ‘in bthe
j. 4.
‘,b.‘ a ,, ;Appendices;~‘d$ta-necessary to accurately design and. calcutate a’ pa&e ’
system is +zse.nted. geforeyoubegin reading this book, ‘however, keep in j -. ; .
$,;,“’
.__ * “mind If’hat good dest’gn is the integratiliii~~f-many concerns of. which so’i’ar
ii*. .” -*I
. 0 4-l. energy is b,u,t dhe. ’
,).’ ‘;-.,,‘.__. 1 ,’ .”
*’ 1 ”..._____ et .
8 :-..__ *,
‘. ., “y’
/ ‘iThe Form&t * t ): -*, \ .,
. . ~ :
. ’ . .. .’ *
.
w
: L * * The ‘Pass&e Solar Energy Book covers a wide range of passive solar concepts :
,jc ,’ ., a6nd .information. In.order to understand the d&Is of a particular; passive ‘s’ys-
5_-c a: tern, .it is ‘impoHant to first ‘derstand .the fundamental principles behind all , ,,
*a ti b * the systems. To help you ~GZ fundam,Gifa~s, chapters 2 through &are ’&
c,.;*- Y‘ w-ritten in such a way. that the sentences in_ bold’type+summarjze, the text that
:*,- I. -0 .
a‘.,, Y <,,.r . b * ~YIows. By themselves, these
2” s ntences+&ten read in sequence, form a con-. ’ ,,
,, . (.,,(.‘a ‘..
,:.i1xl,! Ir’ . . tjnuous text; To read the book, first read only thh_b’old type, consulting the text ; ,
A,y’G) s*\ , Yo clarify and embellish .particu.lar po.infsbfinformation. This’ will iake you only ‘. , ‘a
;; .:, \ “’ . * :a’ti hour or so. On’ce you :have* read the book in this {way, you can ,go baik . 1,.
;’ ,z * -s . ‘* and read,‘the entire text to acquir+ a full understanding of the detai.ls.4 ‘-
‘” ,‘I. . ‘, . -. 1.a . ..- .
_
.e
\,, ‘: . * _ ” ./
-. .--_
. 1
D
* .
:
rogen.
The thermonudlear fusions at the core of the sun release energy in’ the form
high-frequency electromagnetic rhdiati.on. The theory which Furrently is
, - i ,r u, ‘-
‘a “\ ai !;-?- - t , f ”
.. . : ss_.
d ” .
*‘.’ 4. :1
,- .
.. / ./ . *
+ I . : I.’ _.,I ,,
L , ’
, ’ I ‘*. I., *, I ‘L :
. .
__ .- _ _. - ‘1~
i. f~ *,
F
I
The Passive Solar Energy Bbok
I 7
-
I
.
z,
,’ F&o 11-l‘: The sun.
1’ 3
At an average temperature of 10,OOO°F, the sun radiates most of. its ene& at
,, ,1-11
..;,.,,,.,,
very hrgh ~~eq~~~c~e~,,~sho~,w~v~engths), Visible .l.i.ght ma.kes up 46% of the _,
total energy emitted from ?he sun, Visible,light, or the wavelength to whi&h ‘i.‘j &
the human eye is sensitive, extends from 0.35 <to 0.75 microns (the’ unft used I_
to m-easure wavelength is the micron or micrometer which is equal to a ’ 1 ’
millionth 4)a meter ‘or .~0~04 of an inch). It is m-ade up of allIthe familiar $,, I~-
‘,a \- colors from the shorter wavebngth violet (&35microns) to blue, green:yellow,
‘orange,&td the longer wavelength red (0.75 m.icrons). Forty-nine percent of the,
radiatibn’emittedfromthel’sun is in the infrared (below red) band.,Infrared - b
.,
r,adiation, ‘which tie experience as heat, is radiation at wavelengths longer than ,
* I s,a
.- : 3 the red end of the visible spectrum (greater3han 0.75 microns). The remaining
1 - portion of the sun’s radiati.on is emitb ,d in: the ultra-violet band at wavelengths
. ,.* * “ sbrter)than the violet. end of the visi& spectrum,.(smaller than’ 0.35 microns). ’
_. __I -
All etectromagneti’c -radiation I,eavin$ the sun travels through space at a ’
.,-_ \
. 1 -- --- uniform rate, in the form of diverging rays, traveling at the speed of light which
is 786,280 miles a‘ second ‘1(3’oo,000 kilometers’a second).’ The earth a small. f
‘.
body compared to the,, sun, intercep’ts such -a-small p&t of the svn’s radiant ’
,.. output that thecsun’s ia@ are assumed to be a parallel beam. At a dGtanee of- .
;~ 1.1 93 million miles from the.sun, the earth ‘intercepts approximately 2 billionths
._ I. ‘1
;* . of the sun’s:radiant output or the eqd$&nt of about’35,000, times the total
1. .- ._ _.
I energy used I by all people. in one year. ?
I‘ ‘,i *
,,’ @
. ,I,’ ‘I The Solar Constant, -v&ch defines the, amdunt of rpdiatkm or heat energy
i /1 **
reachipg theoutside of the earth’s atmosphere, is 429.2 Btu’s.per square fqot . .
I’
pqr hour (1.94 calories. per square centjmeter per hour);= In other’words,“if we
P located a-square foot of material’ just butside the ,karth’s atmosphere and
. perpendicular to. the GZi’s r~yys, itwou,[d intercept 429.2, Btu”s of energy, each
~a
F- .- _- - hour. --L-There aie slight variations in the? numerical value of the Solar Constant
I .
- bee--the earth’s orbit around the sun is almost perfectly circular, ,.>
5
within this orbit the sun is slightly off center. This difference is important to
scientists doing, detailed calculations out in /space, Ibut on the earth’s surface
i the variation isso*slight it has little.effect onthe solar heating of buildings. .
1
1 :
.:’
JC
----...:. -- Solar Energy Book
The Passive , i *
,!
.,
’
vlsmLE’
WEcTRiJY
*
I b
g
I I ::
,_ .,..
-. .’ l-
.: .
- ,
.’ .
0 .g a0 & _.
h. ‘g
g ::
‘5% ‘1 ‘; “:.
/
e 1 ::
1
‘:
:
:
I..
: , <.T
: 1
: .,
._
*’
: A
. :
.
.--.:-....:.-...-.?,’.
:
.
. .
\
he*
.
: *
s: ’
,..” .
B
I.
- -
,‘k
_ :
;
1s,i(0b*:
r” *
a
*
I
3
L’ ,a .s 1
1 1,s L2 2.6
.
Y *WAVEl,ENGlH OMICRONS) , _ /’ ’
c c *
Fig. Wl; Wavekngth cha;actqistics of solar radiatioi ire given for? ii - ‘- -
,J . the toij; of the atmdsphere (dottedl’and at the earih,;s surfrice. . -
* ,’ . 1
4 4. , . P
I : I
‘.. I_ I/I
i -_ /’ .s‘c:,
1
i -. .
’ D
/<
1.
t *’
i
. * ,?
!. Natural Processes
r. .I’ I
’ Y’, L
c
-“from an object is,called the albecJo of the object. The GIbedo of th; earth taken
r as a whole is 35 10 40%. Most ,of this energy is’reflected back Cnto space fro;
,I.
clotids and atmospheric dust, but some reflection bccurs at the surfa~ce of. the
“$
.*,
- earth from surfaces such as water, snow and sand. ’
. _ \.,
. _ ‘.
Part bf the remaining portion of ,sdar radiation, while passing thiough*the
earth’s atmosph re, is scattered in all directiooS as it inte‘racts~wit~--ai;.rnole-
f
1 cuks and dust -partijcles. As a result, some’ of this’ scattered or “diffused”
radiatiQn comes to eaith from all parts of .the skyd.pme.’ Scattered radiation a
primarily in~the blue porfion of the visible spectrum, is re;ponsible for the blu2
c.olor of the clear sky>
k?.
”
‘_
: .
6
.‘&.
,&.
> 4
:i-
-
’* Fig. 11-2:. WIhat happens.to sol’ar radiation intercepted by the ’ _ -.
‘earth’& atmosphere. 0 I&. .
,
\ (‘m \ , ” - b
II 1 I .
- 9
. ’. \ 1 ‘: _ :ido
; ’
p’. .., t 1
\, , ‘I. D ‘1.
---
_,. --’n “a 6.7. r” -- 8 I, iv _
--.--. . \ I
/‘ 6 ,_
: -% I .
* ,”
i _
:I
‘
~ ,i
‘L. I *
,
il
,i * h
4
L
5
- The Passive Solar Energy Book . : .
. “.- . .
* ” :
- .s i
-\ ‘: While #&ds and dust,scatfei and reflect,Ytipproximately,a third of the incoming
.
.. r energy, the .watet vapor, carbon diqxide and ozone in the atinosphere absorb
. ” an&her IO_to ?IS%. In the upper atamosphere, ozone removes.yi,rtuaIly all the * .
high7Cequency ultra-violet rad$ation reaching the earth’s surface. This is
‘. ,/a y eisential since ultra-violet radiatlori. can. cause skin burn and eye damage and ,
_/’
D“‘. it can bq let’bal even in moderate d9ses. yater vapor and carbon dioxi”de in
’ ‘0 .~
.th”e lower atmosphere .absorb portions of the radiation, primarily in th$
,_ ‘. ‘,infrared band. 2 .
*- ‘I . I
r. Besides the composition of the atmosphere,- the most iTp&tant fa&or in
, ’ determining the &ng+,, of solar rac&tion reaching the ea@‘s surface- is the
:a
. .l&ngth of atmosphere jhe-radiation must pass through. Durir)g, the day when .
” the sun is directly dverhead., radiation travels through the least amount-pf
” . -. J
C. ‘, . .I
.I _I
0 ”
:
‘gx’.-,<~ .,.’
- I h
,y ‘d -‘k ..
I -‘. 8 . ’ ,’
“’ ” .
I)
. .
*. ’
._
\ .-
>
r
-* ,‘
a I,
A
I
Fig. M-3: Aiir mass dktle~mines the intensity of direct. 4’!unlight.’ ,,;, i
I.“I ‘,
io .= . . : x
!
:
II
I
,
\
._ . 1 / ..,
,_,, .,. .., ,.. .. .1 ‘1 ‘; r
c_,’(r- - d
‘_ 1 ,i . :-I
L “‘,
Ai!; .:_.._.... ‘L .____...-1_____,.__ . .. . ._. __ _, A- ._-...- - . ..-_ --. > -.---~ - L i ,. I I
i .. ’ ‘I _*‘_,
: 0
x ‘~‘4 .
* /
a .
XI, i _.
il - . \ i .’ I r- 1
\ \. / 8.
4 &&al, Proces_ses -
R L
,’ * l
c i*
tmosphere en route to the earth’s surface. ,As the sun’ moves Ftoser to the
orizon ‘(sunset), the path of th,e- radiation through the atmo$here lengthens..
he more atmosphere or air mass that ra$ation must pass throughl;/the less its -
energy content will be due-to the in&eased, absorption,and scattering of the
/radi&i.on. At sunset the,‘radiation content of the solar beam is sufficiently low
/to enable us to glance d,irectly at t-he sun. As th.&“;!height above sea level
I increases, the amount of atmosphere that solar radiation must pass through
/.decreases. Therefdre, the energy coptent of sblar radiation at high altitude
*:
locations will be somewhat higher. . _
i’ : .
( Because of the eatih’s tilt and iotation, the, length!of atmosphere that solar - ’
radiation passes throkgh will vary with the time of day and month of the year. . ’
The path of the earth around the sun is a sl-ight ellipse, barely distinguishable I
once a day on an axis that”
axis,is tilted’23Vz o (exactly !
around the sun. n
... _I. 1 i
\ .,-.... 2; ‘. i- -, s!2T%wm :. -1.- -
__.. ^ i--.-- ’
.
‘, ’ .I’ *
1 :. i” FigJl-4: The earth’s tilt remains constant. “Y i
_’ ; * * 4,
Y .‘,, E. * _ ..9
I :. n , ‘a
/^ . li . : ; . 11 c
_' t
. I 1
.s
. 0 "* : ', * .
A'
,* i \' ;f I
~. ? , 4
., 8, 'c 1 ~ : / .'
I
,’ 1 y
.
‘\.
\~ ,
5
- .
\’ i
\ ;‘*.
.---.,
e 0
? 1
5
_ ,
The Passive Solar
&
‘j ’ <. ’
iJ .’
toperpendicular to t
HFrqisphere receiveq fewer hour: of, sunshine,
(1
pr&ils in t& Southern Hemisphere.
\ ,I 3
\\ - /d
< .i’ 1 i /’ ,
.,.*_ j i r ‘*
?,
*/
: . /
a .
Ii
i :.
i -I ’ Fig. H-5: the seasons. _: ~
‘L
\
” /;, :’ -;.., ’ ,,i - I. _ * 1
. .
0 <.’
L .._I
” \ __.. ..~. .-.
. -
*. b Natural Processes -
-. 1 ‘* I
/a-- . \
The angle the bun,% rays rqake witW a surface wili determiye how- much ehergy ’
ttiat surface receives. Since solar radiation comes to earth i,,nessentially parallel
I rays, a surface that is perpend(cular to those rays will intercept the greategt
amount of energy.‘As the sun’s rays mosF,away from being perpendic’ular,
’ the energy intercepted by a surface wiU decrease. t .
1.
y---- Perhqps the best way t.0 imagine this pi; tq think of- the parallel rays - :,
of the Sun as a handful ,of pencils held with thebr points touching a *a
-==a%<-.>
_-- ‘c~--Y...-
_. -__“!abIetop. 7hd dots made by the poin‘ts represent unifs of energy.
p ’ When the pencils are held perpendicular toqthe tabletop, the‘dots are ’ . ”
.’ 9 as compactly arrariged. as possible: enefgy density-: per -sqciare inch is
2’
,;’ \
I. 54, at a’maximum. As the” pencils are inclined towa&+ the”paralIel, the h 7 *’
. :.
. I J. d dots beg;20 coyer largkr and !argQr areas: en&rgy density per+square
in:*-. :‘ &easing. -3 , ..’
-2% BarbaraFrancis’
‘1. + ,,2 7,
I ..
: % “
. /
’ . e
-.
P . .
‘1
6.
The Passive Solar En;rgy *Book
_I’ ” , I i
., ’ *_
* - ,
4‘ a
However, a surface can be facing as much’as 25” away.from perpendicula; to
the sun and still intercept over ‘90% of the direct radiation. The angle
that the rays of the sun make with ‘a line perpendicular to a surface (also I
i
” called the angle o‘f incidence) will determine the percentage of direct sunshine
z , intercepted by that surface. Table II-1 lists the percentage .of sunshine inter- ,_
. * .,
cepted- by .a surface for different incident dngles.
;.,
‘. . . d
/ F
: !’
.‘,?‘i,” n Table Pircentage of Radiation Striking a
II-1
* / Surface at Given Incident Angles ’
. ; . ; 7. c t
a .
; . Incident Angk . Solar Intercepted
. ,@legfees) ?
(perce_ntJ.
‘2 . /
/ \ . s I
-.. e , ” c \ i
--. 1
5 (J. . ;r
i. 1oo.b ) 1 ’ I -
\ ,
1‘i, 5 99.6 . . , I
i 10 98.5’ 1 -D
““\ ,’
15 ‘. - 96.5
‘I’ .c, 94.0
20 ‘b
= 1
25. ;, 90.6
. ‘1
,’ .7 !,30+ . ” 86.6 “= .i” - Y 1
35 81.9” : L . *
L . P 9 @’
-0 40 76.6 ‘
. .45 ._ 70.7
. ”
. 50 $. 64.3 <,+--I-
- I o 55 ., : 57.4 - \ -.. I ..
.: 60 “-‘- sg.0
_. .
65 ‘. 1 42.3 - u &’ h *
‘* ’ :
34.2
.’ *>-~ ~~~ ’ ~,~ . ‘. 70 / .2;.”
!75, 25.8 *-
‘. r.,:. /’ / 80 -17.4 - / ‘. 1,
“II ‘0 85 * 8.7 / D
.. 90 L 0.0 ’ ., 4se
.r I. - j ,a\..-- . P I
/ /I’ ., ,.:‘; . ANGLEa=+LEC?F~ - I,-
:----- .I ,. ;*I &UaJG&b=%m- . I
\ L . . 5
.e. I \“, 1
.~.;’ ? a_
‘a
.* I.8 c 0
\ . i , . - -.
I 1 ._ ..
e ; ., / .
..,*, i
0 * :~, /i. ‘I ; . -
‘. .:
% .
,*/ .i.’ -
”
;-
5
f 2 ( I
.i , .
1 Natural Processes
c -
J’ , I./ ,3
r > ’ , ‘, 5
The totql amount d energy interce!pted by a s&-face &mists of not only direct
radiation, but‘also diffuse and reflected &djation. The total amount of radiant
energy intercepted b,y a surface is greater than that from the direct rays alone.
Diffuse radiation, 0~ the energy scattered by ttie atmosphere and redirected to
the earth’s surface, can be as-much as 50% of the total when the sun is, at a
lo& altitude: and ltj0"/0 on a completely cloudy day, However, on ‘clear days
/diffuse radiation comprises. only a small fraction of the total. The intensity of
.-
radiation reaching a surface from a reflective material. depends upon the
quality of that ‘material’s surfa% finish and the angle of inci.$&-rce between the
.e. solar beam and the ,reflector. The larger the angle of incidence, the more
* i
I :,: the radiation will be ref!ected-. S - : -.
_.
, I
,1. ,; -\
‘It js important f” realize that. the collection of solar radiation is deperident on
the area of -the col,lecfing surfac.es. The energy content’ of solar radiation is
A fixed. by the output of the ,sun. To collect’s certainamount of energy from th’le
sun, an area’ large/enough, to collect it is necessary.., This applies to all solar-
heaiing systems from south-facing glass in a.reside%ce to collectors”that focus
_b
_ the sun!s energy,. The area intercepting the sun’s rays’ will determine -the
:.- R * . maximum amount of radiant energy that cat-r be collected. ..j
. .’ 0 +
Yp
n 1
\ , .<- I . .
‘i
.. i
_. MFFljSE REFLECTKIM
.‘:..’
‘\
: 1 *1/; ,
‘i+G
-3 1.+ \ Fig. M-7: ‘e,Surface’fjnish de&nines the qual’ityof reflecti&-7
pi ‘/~ .a , _. ‘.
_
-penetra~~&na~&~~w~~~ -either be *transmitted or .
;
: .+A , <*Lb!
It” .. ‘-._ . _.. *.. I 1 : -,
-, P & ;-.--___‘_ .*
‘L 0’. .-.._ .
>
;, : ‘* -
‘. ‘, s i
/, s 4:’ _”
,.~
*_-1,K*,1 . .T
:;,
*. s. 0 I’ a
r :I (I
,+a *- *L
:i
1 I Natural Procisses
_
_’
I .$
” .
‘. k mate‘rial that tra&&its most of the visible radiatidn that Strikes it is TRANS-
‘.n-
PARENT. The direct passage of sunlight through. a material is’ best illustrated
r _ ‘:~ by.ordinasy window glass. Most of the solar. radiation passes through glass wjth’ ’
*‘I
.i v&r-y little distortion. During a clear ,win.ter, day, for examtile, ‘a vertical single
i2. pla)eglass
.<
window transmits about 85% of the solar ene&y-strikinh its surface, .I
. doutile glass about 75%. Other materials’can be equaily-t.ransmis;ive but will -I
’ deflect or scatter the radiation that passes. through .it. We refer to, these
materials a5 being TRANSLUCENT..’ ,
.
‘3
.;a,.>
,
_ 0
r
>
,- .
‘.
. Fig. 11-8: Color per&p&ion.
..
f
- . ,
I,. The IPasSive Solar’ Energy Book
;. .
. .. .
e;
1
;i *
( 14
0
1
0
tp c
i
.
TRANSLUCENT *;‘.
,
3
kg. 11-9: Transmission characteristics ofoilazing materials. P
*
_ * B
I t
, 5 ,
c
~ I ..-
, -.
\ Some radiation is reflected and some is ahsorb. by the glass. Reflection losses
are greatly dependent onl,tt+e angle--of incidence of the radiation striking the
I
_ . .&‘, . $1,. ,j’
Y -I
” _. )
i
I
.+.
I, .>
P
’ 1 ,w’ f ‘\#
r
.
.’ \ .’
‘% Nathcal Process,es \
‘I 1,
1
4 ‘has a lower transmissivity. This can be seen by observing the edge of a glass, ‘h -
:q she,et; edges .which’*.appear greeri,have a high iron content. ,
: .
,
i
4
\
Y
19
a
I
-v .The Passive Solar Energy Book .‘._..,,
.i
I
’ .!
.
0
4
-I
I
L 1
,. :. I .- . . .I ’
0 .-2, : - . *
’ .
- - I li
.
,. t‘
3 i. , - .; ‘; ;‘+ *- .-$a -’
0 * + ‘./
’
. a’ .
mgverqpnt crf’ molecules’.:. ihe, ,&ore’ rapid,this ,moyement,. the” hkghei the.
i _ m’,
- .,! . ~I ~temgg?ratu@ie.:.; ’ 9’ I * .
. -’.V’ ,:’ L
. . ?I ’
I ‘- .’
. _-... .-“,f.r*’ ./, 4 - .* _ * ,’ . . \ P’
‘B‘.
, * ‘_ ’ i
- _b2
,,-;--- ,-y”v- ;. :_- _ .:: I
.i, *
,
‘._.
--. ’ 4, , r b.(’ ,* 4.
‘% ..- 3
1 - .. a \ e
-- * Characteristics’
.. of Heat’ -‘. , Ia ‘.’ , . -- . .
P . ‘,:‘*. -. 1 0 .’
..!!..u I r
-
c .. 9 . 3’ Y’ & it is h&ted .by soiai radiation, a material seeks to achieve e&ilibri~um with
.’ “itsl&rr&mdings thrdwgh thrke basic heat W&r processes:-conductiqti, con-‘,,‘:
. t I ,.
0
l
* %&tin and. radktiqn. I - ’
.c .._ - ._
1., ., I
. L ,, 1 _ i . .E- * ., ’ . a
c
a
- .
-, TC
9 ;:y.. x, .7 -.- -- -- _- -~ ~~~~-- 1
_~.. ~.- -7. -~--
r ,‘.’ I
.<,’ ., 2
_ WC. .,- _’
-> *
~..T. ___. “i ._. j .I _.. . .c;
‘, . L
!.”
P
L . * ‘i;:’ ‘ibatural Prqcesses I
-“r --”
‘: \A ,..- . c ‘, ,.
\..A First, as solar radiation is absorbed by a/material,
‘,_ the at&orbed
..\.‘... ~
-...L redistributd itself within the mateiial as ,it is’ passed or COru’p’uCTED between
I mdlecu,les. Conduct$n: @‘the process ,in &ich heat ene\gy is transferred P
: ‘“’
_ betweT molkcu~eswjthin a substance, orbktween two substances in physical
:.a ’ \,
_.__ 1 contact-,, by-dil_ectmolecular interaction. The &qmer molecules bump info and
1 I rjass some,of the+-vibrat&naI energy to adjacentrnolecules. The dilection of
\
heat flow is always frot?warm.to $‘ool.‘As the’molecules at the surface’ of a
I material are heated by solar radiation, they $ass this energy to cooler adjacent++
. ’ ‘L- molecules dispersing the heat through the rr&$ial- so th&dt. takes on a more
--, -tt- wdh-e rate of h&t flow or the thermal co’&c@CtjVjt~ (k).of-a’
,_- * , subst$nce is dep@ndent on the capability of its molecules’to sendh,and3receive -
‘X-
.’ .,., ‘ . heat. Forexam$$q,-metal, dill feel colder,to the touch than wood c&the ,.same ’
. low temperatur$ This is due to the fact that metal/has a higher con?lu&ivi~ i ‘._
hnd it will absorb heattnd pass it from its surface to its
than wood. The more heat conducted from the hand,
.A
In general, because gases are poor conductors,’
‘,.
ockets are usually poor conductors.‘,A goo,d example of this is ‘building
“- :.---
,- ‘, insulation.which cgnta’ins- thousandsqf tiny air poc.ket:s.
‘$ - * 8
‘.:. ..
k--__- --L . ’ Second, H ‘hate!ial will Yransfer h,pat &&gy from its kface’to the moiecules ‘0
.:7. --- ._
: of Gmt$!_u_ig-?-.by CONVECTION. ‘f;onvection is -defined.: as 0) the
“:’ ‘, .‘L-‘transfer of heat betweer&urface. and a moving flui’d, ‘or (2) the transfer of
‘. .
hea,! by: the movement of the molecules.-....I.. from
__ onepo&t-in a fluid to “another.
\ . ’ ‘,.;l-n-canv~ctiop pro&seS, heat again always moves from warm%-c&LA&e - o
.‘.a ! .
: .,, ;...
,.I. ., ;cool*m’olecules’of a”?luid such.as wate-ror air come into physical contact with a
I!,’ ” yarm surface,,sdme of the’vrbrationaf energy at the surface &f the material is. :
,5’
/ l
near -
.
The P$ssive Solar Energy Book
i .l 5:.
.. \
)-’ ’
_!\
n \
\j u
,I .r , . -
Fig. M-11: A downdrd’it creates uncotifortable c6nditions. I ‘$
, --. 0 I ,’ ._.
0 I .
Ic=y-.--- -- --, -- .-L.. --- _ .^~
8J ..
.
- -.-. . I,
e
’ .& i
* ,~
if th? fluid .is pumped~,or blown across-a surface, the rate of topve&e heat . -
tra&er will increase. AS a cool fluid comes in coittict __
with a..-warm surface,-------
- .’ \ ‘t.~~f~~~.-i~~~~~S~nce~ the rate of h‘eat flow fron43e surface EZFiFfid.
t increkes as’ bhe temperaturb difference between t’@~ sub&nces increases, the ’ 4 ‘-
faste<.:the! wcmed fluid moletiules are removed frc$i tt$.surface tnd replaced
.I -‘.‘- l by cooler molecules, .qke ofaster twill be ‘the rate qf heat traiisfkr.-For example, *
. .. ‘.
; I
*
22 *, 1 - .~ a - Y r
* . .. \ ,s f
\: .‘\.\. ,^, l ..I e% ,--.---
0 1 > i ‘.
‘\ ‘1,
,‘,, i,__ : t .\.“.*.‘ 7, _ ..- .
.~-- .
.I --. --. r
I
m
&l’
c -/ 0 f 1
.I .e.* Ii Natural
.‘,& . Processes
Y ’
C,
\
\ ’
> . ” .
6
‘. when ai:i.is bagwn against the surface of a’hot spoonful of liquid, it cools faster. ’ r
: 1 ‘i
. The air molecules that have been warmed at the suriace of the liquid are blown
away,j&d replaced by cooler ai”rimolecuIes which are,capa,ble of absorbing . +
2 more heat. This protess is.called FORCED CbNVECTlON. L:
P /
w
1
I’, i/ Fig. 11-12: Cooling by faced convection.
! .
*
‘I
f,
, cl ~1 Q \
7.
. 4% ’ And third, all materials RADIATE en rgy all the tim:. All. m?terials are con-
( stantly radiating therm;1 energy j-n.. 1 II ,dlrec%ns bkcause of the continual i
vibrational mavement of~mole$& (r+easured as temperature) at their surface. c
‘ij
c
ig contrast to s‘olar radiation, which corisists of shortwave radiation emitted
at.very high temperatures, thermal radiation experienced as ,heat donsists of ’ ’-
longwave infrared radiation emitted at a much lower temperature. ,; ! ”
D ,I:
,
9
L :
.=
As the fice dies dowrrayd the flame an,d coal’s becorrie more@red and I
I’,
P give off less light an htly-less heat . . . after, awhile .the flame
disappears, the coals ome dull red in a,ppearance, then a darker
I red, and finally they no more? Light is no longer emitted from
the war,m coals, but h,eat contiriues to b& g.jven a&. Th6 warmth ‘,
I --- 1of the. coals-;is felt for- hours as ‘radiated heat or infrared radi’ation,
‘Ijut jris not s’een as light. $6
-__- . .._ _ . ‘, : I
* John Mather* ’
I,
4 : *
- =
, .. t:
\ er.at an angle wil-I exchangc”lesG If both. bddies have the Same‘atjsorptivity,
5, e result of this ener& excharige is a’net radiant heat trahsfer frpni the warm
” :,,
.\I. body td the- cpql ,body.. .,-- --: * . I O.
I;‘. ? .__-~ -.
6
.>’
0’6. .
Natural Processes *
n ; k
e
: 7,
7
‘4
.s
:.\,
b I .
c ;\\ .w
.
e
1
i.
::
\ i‘
c
,(;“’ [. ,
.-:. ,,‘F - ~-
-.” Heat Storage ‘* ” ’ - ’ n
.;
All solar-heating systems .hre based on storing solar energy within. a tiiaterial
for ‘a period of tinie. This is accomp1ishe.d by hea4ng a material which will
store the tieat until it is need?d. Coojing systems; on the other hand, do __ I’._-
‘Z
, .-T
,”
exactly the opposite. A substance ,is coole.d, or heat is taken out, and kept
--
*This does nbt imply that radiation loss.esfro& ‘2 space a‘re eliminated. Although glass does iot
tr_aq,Smit
thermal: radiation, it absorbs this energy and then reradiates and conducts it to the
/ 7 [ outside, but at the tower temperature of the glasssurfa&. ’ /’
I. ’ ‘..
I 25
L
. “.
““:‘.
.. I
/ .
.’ I.
t ,. -/
,
i,!
3;
.,/ *
.
;t , “‘Z)
i’ I .
a
I. .I
. I . I’ ’ ’
I’ I’.
Ij
-_
I,. ‘. .,
.-,. 3:s; j . i’ -..,’
?he Passiv: Soliir Enet@ B6ok _ ,- /
, P
’ ,; .i’ p rn :, I - - : ) I
. ” .
,,. , .
./ * thatwayso r it cai‘absorb he& at adater titie, Heating and cooling a space is
_ ,&-
+entially..based OF the same cancept. Very simply, the i$ea is to keqp a 1
“te?‘%perature difference between the substance and the surrounding tempe’ra-
q ‘1.’ ” ( tu re. 0. ..
. ‘. ‘9
a.
* ‘Eqr this reason, when solar heating a building, it is impoja to con+?!. the
- building of a substance that can store enough sol& energy (2 heat) ic the day-<; d p
. t ?, 1time t+ ke.ep& building &arm during a Cold winter night. The capaci,ty of a P
.-’ L
matCat to 9tare thkrmal energy is &lled=its specific heat, which is defined as c
.,/
i the amwn[ Of heaf (measured in Btu’S) &-te pound of a substance ca‘n hold 1’ 1
l A’
when its temperature‘ is%raised one degree Fahrenheit. In the construction
. ’ &trades, however, the-quantity of a su,bstance’is t’requently given in cubic’ feet .
.’j”
: &-‘, a rather than potiiids. ‘The&fore, the volemetric heat:capa@ty of orie Cubic foot
* i’.’ ’ of,a substan& is simply its -specific heat multiplied by its density (number’of
/, , \- peunds per cubic’foot). *
I..
.i ,\ I- I/< I
:., -; *i
\ Table lb-2 lists boih the specific heat and heat ca’pacities of various substances.
0 :.
.-, .: ,. I\ldtice” thy! alth.ough brick’and conctete‘ have’~+oughly half the Specific heat’ of *:- I
expanded ,polyurethane, their sity is much greater, so per unit .volumg
L . ?’
,., .. they can store substtintially
r i
_
’ .\
. a- ?\ l .
1 : -
,_ _ : _-
‘?
3 . . .,
.:r. o ; _.
.;. ,.
) \ Table II&$\ Specific Heat ‘a!! Heat Capacity of Vari’ous Substances, ’ ‘y’
: ‘b ) > _\, :
# :- I s 0
,: . Density Hbat Capacity .’
t \, -::
D Substance ,, (lb&u ft) (Btuku ft-“F)
t _, ” G
, . \
--_ , 1 0
,) . , ‘---..
, .’
.“’
‘II, 144. .: / &?
5 0
489 39 .
_- -.
”.’ ;>.
y-A”,.- . \ , 1
-*,, ,I).
F”\ 8, .’ ,- ‘.X,, ..Y/ ,-,. . ,) ‘) .’ ’ ..
‘j:’ a; ,_.
‘,‘Ih_/ ..i $g-;:.:.. - ‘+ I’ ~ : D’
4.: 2I
‘i,+‘. .; - ;. i
,I’,y.
,(,i,,/- .n -* : II
.%. $‘i ?I .I.’ -‘n_
I,‘,,‘,,,;i
&j\;,:,.:;:; .;.,.:;z:::..;..y:.:’ ,,, .: ,I’ “. _, -‘: . .:. ._I 1 i *.
f
-. ,, “/ -5.. .f r. ‘-. c--:,i _...l~.
c.. C” ‘- .: ,, ; / :_ .’
I* ., ., ‘. ^
,I ),, -
:: ,, ,.I * * -3
‘,,‘<, : 0 :/’
,,
p -3
:
>_I, .,. ‘\ .
. * :
.I * ,
_, hY
,* *
v .* “J ,
;.. - I,, ) ,‘i’ . - -.
;
.’ c ,
“’ ., * f 0
:;/ I -
_L ‘.
,‘i
~“1 .,,’ ‘, D : 1
;/ .. I
;,j,.- .
,.
I
‘I q
2
. .
1. ,I
,, *a ,-f+- ‘,l I ,~ . ’ , 1
;: %. ,,:. , . .
i”. y ,;,/ .’
I’
‘i , .,s ;-
r . -
/,, ;,.
/ v
i.,c
I .* ,
,_ 11
I. ”
-.. .- ,
-1 ,, .
.-: ,’ /,
,, ,’ ;’ ” h /’
I 2. .a
-I
,_, ,k .+
”
. i
-*
.
,. \ ,, 1.
1:
,:~., ._
.., ‘-! :, . .‘.
.5
.-A,*.,
I,‘o \ G
i; . . . *
3.
,c\l
;‘:;f *
.
1
- i-i’
I\‘,
2”
‘-’ . _.‘. ,’/ -\
,.
I .<
,,.’
i” ‘. ’ a.- .
R . r)
,‘F
i "
r
40
' .
. .
't
-. I
4. B.
. ‘.
.. ‘Y - :
.
AA. - .
I 0
..
271 ’ -;
._
Passive SdzW
_ Systems. i
Approadjes to Solar hating _
/ _’
i. i /I.
,,/I . \ (:,, ‘,
I; There ark basically two distinct approaches to the solar heating of buildings: ‘%
I active and passive. a
L / .;p.. ‘!
,/ ~I .
* ‘In &neral,.active systems employ hardware and mechanical equipment to
..
-- n “collect atid transport heat. Flat plate or focusing cdliectors (usually mountedion
1
the roof of a buil,ding) and a separate heat storage unit (rock bin, w.aier,.tank or ,
_:(‘* co’mbination of the two) are often the majo‘r.elements ofpthe system. Water OT .“-
. air, pumped through the coHector, absorbs heat and transports it to the storage
1 ’ ,
unit. This heat is then supblied from the storage unit to the spaces in a bujlding ”
F
’ by a completely mechanical distribu’tion system. 1,
,
Passive systems, on theother hand, collect and transport heat by nonmechan-
‘, * i&l means. The most,common definition of a ‘passive solar-heating and coolisng
.
. system is that.it is a system in which the thermal energy flows in the system are 7
. by natural means, such as radiation, conduction and natural convection.. In 17
essence, the building structure orsome element of it is the system. There are .
no separate collectors, storage units or mechanical elements. The most striking
‘difference between the systems is that the passive system operates on the r
energy av%ilable in its immediate environment and the active system imports -e--- - -:
energy, such ‘as electricity, to pow-t&-&s and pumps which make the’ .
2 system work:
Q1 -, ‘. G c
F
“.; There are twb basjc elements in every passive solar-heating system,: south-
facing glass (or transparent plastic) for solar collection, and. therma! mass ‘for
_’
. 3
* I .
d
42% ,; h i? ; )
I ’ &
!
,* &.*I. 0 A /
1,. i .J . “*., ,-. s,
.. c
Passive Solar Systems ?
heat ab&rptioq, storage and Odistributi?d. Popular belief ‘has it that iiassive
..-ovI.T-e...
” _. ~. _-, _.
building. must iriC6’Lpora’te large quanlX& ‘?if?hYG? two elem”Gif~~.‘~‘-6r~~studies
-1i, . ’ ;how, hotiever, that while there must be some thermal mass and glazing in ’ ”
each space,‘when prope”ily designed they are not necessirily excessive. This
will become evident Gh&Y you read the sizcing procedures agiven in chapter, 4,
‘.(pes,ign Patterns.” ’_ ’
I.
To establish a framework for understanding passive systems, three concepts ’
will be “defined: DIRECT CA\N, INDIRECT GAIN and ISOLATED GAIN. Each
explaini th& relationship between the su?, heat storage and living space.
Within each of these categoric? we are able to identify various systems, ’ ._
.
n .
,?.-.,
birect. Gain _ _ : ,
The firsi and simples’t approach to passive solar heatirig is th@ conc”ept bf
Direct Gain. Simply defin.ed, the actual living space isdifectty Heated by sun-
light. When the space is used as a solar collector, it must also cqntain a
method for absorbing and.‘.storing enough daytime, he’at for cold *winter nights.
In other words, with the direct gain approach *the space be&mes a live-bn’
solar dollector, heat storage and distribution system all in one. One important
note, Direct Gain Systems are’always working. This means they collect and @sj
use every bit of energy that passes through the glazing-direct or diffuse.
Because of this, th& not’only wart well in sunpy climates, but also in Floudy
climates with great ,amourjts of d&use solar &nergy, ti,here active .systems can ._-._ - -: --
hardly pqrform as effectively.
_’
u 0 29
.,
1
i
2
df e,xposed mass
the other hand, ~A,, ’ ’
i&rs%tl~~ one wall of a space. Thelwater wall- is located in’ ‘< .
the Space in such a way that direct sunlight strjkes jt‘for most of the day. ‘~
M&terial$.commo$y used to construct- thg. wall are plastic,.or metal containers. R
During the daytim:e, the mass is charged with heat so that at night when out- .
0 door-and sp$ce tempe,t+t;res begin to .drop, this-heat’ is returned to the space. . u” _
(/ .i
I
: a ‘,
$1, I i
0
I' i., : :*-
'.
. D
.
3 ,, a u :
‘. 0 n
,$ 1
1 *c D Fig. Ii!-1 : direct gain.sy&riv. a ~ , ^
D .. ’ :.
0.n 0 ‘,
b . .I
--
-we\
c- ‘-i\o ~
;
.1 . ‘30. .. D’*., f;J ~ ’ 1, ‘* ’ .- ’ ;
; F’ ‘. I \
1’ 1’ . 8 I
:‘. E . . II -, )9
,,, : ’ ‘. ,_’ : -- ” , ’ I/ -, : ’ .,
_. _ ..;....,....... -.___I _
_~.. ? ~~~-~-_~ _~~/ __
.
$9 ;,_/I__’ a
,
:
r
: 6 ;/: /’ a
. \
\
v* *<.
*<.
Passive. Solar Systikis
.,’ -jl
I*.
t I .
e ; ,: ‘
-1. II . .‘<
.+
I’ Y
‘\, ”
.. ‘~‘l~n’ho~ summer climates’with’cool nighttime t&nperatures,*the mass ‘can also
B;
.. ,’ f . act’ to keep a building @cool :during the day. First, because of its time-lag&a
‘?l* properties, massive walls keep heat from reaching..the interior of the building 0
‘.’ ‘
until the evening when outdooretemeeratures are cooler. Second; outdoor air ,
_ , -.-
.I circulated, through tlie buildingTat night cools the interior mass so it absorbs
‘7 I c
*\ ’ . heat and provides cool i.n,terior-surfaces du$ing the da.y.
‘,!1
P e
9%,. 3 “PI
one-of the earlikst and largest contemporary examples of a Direct Gain System
< 0 n is thI! St. Qorg.e’.sXounty Secondary School in Wallasey, England, near Liver-
e * .*Ap~ol. The building, d.esigned by-architect Emslie ‘2 Morgan, was completed in
‘I;. . 1962. .Public reaction to the building at that time was that the architect flad
1~: P,, I
somehow harnessed. a new physical principle. It was not until the late 1960s
that extensive research and testing of the building was begun. @ p ,.
\’ .- < \
. ‘1, 0 1 - .
xX
“j The -build$tg, constructed ‘of masonry, hasEla transparent qouth wall for 4 =
Photo III-I: South and north face of St. George’s County Secondary School. .
I . ” -i
=.
.._,,, .~ 1
J 9 1 e
0 10 .’ . -,
) *
i a 3-
11 .i.. ___ --.-
,-. -- 3
5: ..i . . 0
, ,‘.. _ -. ”
_d Y
.. )I . , ..:
i I
. .K\\e -
, 6
.Aeassiv.e* Ej&gamk-~.--
R
~1
c ’ -- ,.
- ,’ -* ,
Another, very different applicafion of a direct gain concept-.is Maxamillian’s ’
. restaurant, located in. Albuqyerque, New Mexico. The restaurant employs al
~._____.~~__-....._...._131i~~c~~Gain~~em-~o.suppI.ya-m~~por.t~ion of...i,ts-wioterheating-creeds-anda--’ .- _a.. . . --_ ..(“”
4 natural cooling system to me:t its surhmgr cboting loads. I
I 2
.* ” ,
0 “\.
* ^
I -1 I- 1. 1-L
.”
, ~--*f
a 3 6 9.12-3 6/ 9 P 3 6 9 Q23 9 .Q h 6 9, Pi?-,6 0 Q , -- --+I.
I I-,
=
~___- ~~qg&Jfp~&j#j&& 7, -._-.
.; htDOORN
.-
‘.. ,.a NOVEMEjER 25; 26,27,.1977~ . e ’ ^- D
i. .. , 6 (’
i’ r . sc Fig.,lll-3:
.-~- paxam/llian’s restaurant (here and fddng page):
;
j I
f
:
I”-. ( ( ,, d $ ,,
Passive Solar Systems
‘c 6
8,; : ,
1 i r
i.
‘4 L1
-... .b
: c
SUN
. . .,-
li^- ../ _. m-. -. ~. . . . - ( *uMrirC& .- . ~?
3
\ . i-._- .
,
I
I -- I
~NSLUCE~
OWING)
: . , . . , . 1 I 1 . .
.-
-i
I
!
4. *,*,-;
.; g!@gQ”
.i
B
‘4
I rL
d. auxiliary heating
/
I d
- j.
. ?
* 8
I. . .= :
.I
-. *
?
” L c
The Passive S*olar Energy, Book +L
c
. .4 -. 2~. *
.-3
.4 ,.
_I__~_
.’
.,....,.,.,.,.
-> ’ : I
*Photo 111-2: Interior.of Maxamillian’s restaurant (here a;dI’facing page).
., ;\
3,fj .; . , _ @
b i \Y/
_‘-!li
?
,
1 _”,I“-14
.. \\\’\ , ~
‘j,
“; A
* ‘, .>xy
” I,
_ * ‘.
I’
k
$2 c. \ Passive Solar, Sy’Stems
-_ -
.’ ‘T ’ ’
‘,/
‘, j>
_..._
....
.p----
. -
‘*
.t
In-so-&m&, cboli& is accomplished by ,ket$ing the sun out and by ventilating
5 a the space gt night. Most often, nighttime temperatures in Albuquerque drop
’ into the IOW 60’s: By opening both,windows on t&e main level and the vents
e po*sitioned high in the clerestories, 2 convection &irent is ind’ucek; cool air is
drawn in’through the low openings and warmed air rises out thcough the hrgh
vents. The masqnry in the-space, cooled throughqtit the evening, by this
‘. . 1 1
1 , . I ” * .* ’ “,
c * 1 ’ i a a ’ I
t. i 3 :_ - 1 37’ ’ , ,Y’ .*- ,
1 4 i* ,
.\ 1,’ I .
/ i \ ..P
e 0 ’ ’. 0 f. ‘ I.
\’. ),” ,
.I .._. _. ,i .---: I
:, I
.' p 1‘
'I) D
_ ,
:
a *
.,. ;
‘, ‘.
i
‘,
I , i..“r ,I *
1. .-? ~
, -10
I1 0 . I
NOV.9
Ii.1 1 I1 I I I I I I I I I.1 1-I I I
i i,,> 12 k 6’ 0 $2 - 3 2 2 ; 12 3
. r..p 12t3 0, ? 12 3 0 9 12’a.a 0 1‘/
b’ .- ’ AM. ‘-, i.nl: A.M. PY AM.’ .I P.M. u
I - 0’1
,’ ,I’ ,” I yovALj * G,T I ’ .’ , . I NOV.40” .I
.: , ,‘, a,
I’.. .- _I
,..
.,,
:
. :.. ~ s ,PERF&@ANiE ihi NY);EM,BiR ft9p ,.;;, i. .
., . .’
,
f / .I
’
’ % F 0
/ 1
‘2 . ,p y,-.+
, .. I. -7 -.,e ,.
c -
a
b /
I
L Ip
0, Pikive Solar Systems
l
3‘. * . r ’
,
r-
‘1, ’ I. 6
._ ,’
PlqN ’
Y
* .I
*
Figure III-4 illustrates that even during periods of 0 F weather t,he buildipg
maintained temperatures which were 56 F above outdoor tcmpeA$ures. It I\
I
c
inmesting to note’ that there 15 no hta,lttn$ \\stcam 1r7 Ilit\ ~.cs~d~~fic~~ oltjclr thdn
? _’ i
.~ . i
’ , 0
I , I
> ” :
+k!x+~_.,:-.- r
, + ,, .,
1. \
:,
i/. : . “”
1 *.
,?
, .$d
\
. ‘,
1
‘.) >-
) .,
i b ,I
A
1 o.‘a
,’ ./
0 L
I
t C 1
^ ,
I
f
*
I .’
.”
Y’
I ”
/
,
I
,
a
.:’
‘i. 1
/
\
/
;,-
.’ :: I*’
i ‘Ln
0
‘a :
---i-J-- .,..4+
_1 -’
0
1
Photo M-3: The Schiff residenccsouth-facing Clerestories admit
L’
* direct sunlight; YJerior (facingpage) and interior (here). 1
’ i1,
1: .
.m 3.
I
4.” s 41
” 1
c c ,.
.. * 4)
> .
--
-i
\ 1
Y
.A b , ,.
-. ~:ms , ‘:
, <~ ._
I
-_
b
*.
.
I
The ,Passive\$dlar Energy Bdok
* 0
(_ .L.,.,. _ ,.; . P -
I‘ 1 -
I_ _. ..
I > -
.a
Phato Ill-& The Karen Terry house-terraced to the south for *,
maximuni winter solar gain. 5
4 a
I
Lr. 0
1
P
“L
_ !
, (
Fig. $5: Section, Karkn Terry house, Santa Fc, New MCXICO
i: *
,
In the winier of I’b75-76, the auxiliary heating supply for this hwse consisted,
of one-half &ord o(,wood, burned ih a small adobe iireplace. Wi-tt/lout applying
insulating “‘shutters $ver thP dazing ,at night, the house t$aintai’~ed b tempera-
tures in.YqZnz +&&high 60s for most-of+& wirliel. w+aest recdided
t&mpel;iIure in the hbuse that winter, was 53”F.early onq morn’ing. ‘ -
I
r ‘I I
!’ 1
\
8 ‘, L,
\>
i” -5-
_\ i, 3 ---f 9 i *
111,. : r .’
By adding yeants +o the wa$ i-h.; di,stribution’o
_‘>
:;.,:, (thermoe.ircula-tion) from the extirio;\fqce-of the
4...:.,‘, ‘0 dicring the daitime;rnd.qarly eve+ng’Solar radidtion
‘1‘ .
“.. . .‘.i .
I
. p _I’ $.,:’ b .
!hi.’
x )1, *
3
I Q&Y--, ____ PG’‘s _ “’ _’ , :’ . ,. j MIGHT -;s 1 ;’ .-
.I ” jl
Fig. W-6: lndi$ gate+ tiasonry themal stoi&e wall. ?
*. L._’
.-‘I : \ 1,. ,.
; ‘.*,. b . . .‘,“*, i. / 1 - .
... - ,:.. ..& I” ‘_ .D*f .* s
.0-s.. .,44,
: *
,~ . .
,.1 “ID 0
a 1 u * I :?i ‘* * n * l *’ ; 1, ~~~;,;; . I
.I .> -
,_.~ 4
I -. ;-. 8
“0)
.,, . . \- ” ” _
‘. F& , 8.
,. ,T, : !;,,’ 6 ,. _ , b -“. : ’ 7 :.’ #* ” . .L u 2.. *
.
__-_
.
.\;,,.: rT <“ ,./ .
,’
! D*‘.,. ’ _ lt ;‘.
- ._. -1 .
1. _.
,
.-
QI .1
r
A
.,
. L_
I ”
: ~._ “-
: Passive Solar Systems
0
TV
‘w”..,“il
c”yy~“.~, ,.,,..‘“.,.,+
.r >v*eitjng Its surface to temperatures as high as 150”F.C
0,. : This ‘beat is <transferred to the ai; in the space b&t\vecn the wall and glass. - A (. L, ’
, ’
Thr.ou&h openings or vet?tS loc;tted;at the top of the tvall, warm $ir rising in tlT&.%?
aii.$pac&‘&nters the room while s’im&aneo;sIy drawing cool room air through
r the low vents in thYwall. In this%ayjcjclitional heat Can be supplied- to a @cc
B . c ’ ..
<during periods of sunny weathm. ,
I , \’
” ‘.,
A well-known itxample of this systUeQmis the Trambe house Od.eillo, France.
The hous&, built in 1967, was designed by Fe’iix Trornbc an$*a.rch’iiect, ]a.cqucs
Michel. Phe double-glazed thermal watl i.s..cor?‘structed of codcrete, apprdxi-
. .
I mately 2 feet thick, and painTed black to absorb the--sunlight that pas&es
thro;gh the glass. The hou”se is heated primacily by radiation and canveitibb
. fromfhe inside face of the wall. on
“53 ..
I-
r
.Re,sulis from stbdies shoi that appt’oximately 70% of this building’s yearly
heating, needs are supblied by solar energy. .Rcscarch’“un(lcr.taken since 1974
”
indicates [hat ,Ibs~t 36% of ‘the energy ir;lciiclcnt on the glass I\ *piiccliw in
I
heating the building int winter. In this spn&, thci systtlfii’s ctiiiclc~nq I\ co&~-
parable to a good active solar heating sys\cm.
. .
I
;i
WELL-ItiQULATEb ROOF
,
,, > ,
-I
0
” ‘. . .
‘. .
, .” .’
2
. - .
: t.
i- . iI’ JLr
1 l:.
:. 0
, . .’ . L
a #
. I
.D 1
c_ Fig.^ll117: Section, Trombe house, Oieillo, France.
I
,a
2
I
s
\ : i> 45
‘C * 7 ~
t
I 8
_‘,
-_ ‘j’ ,
I 1
\ e
,
* : *
.: J a\ ,’
(J .:
Photo 111-S: The first‘Tromb@ house (above); attached housing units w$h
e 1 0 thermal storage walls, Odqillo, France (below).
a
/f 46
: - I
,
h .
#\
r . ,
1 ‘3
I ^ .
.
4
I
w
AUXU.lMYPURMACEPORSltORTDURA~
‘DLI(o7Ec’
+lWEPLACE
10 L1
1
i i IPsYAllgAM 7fi.wimme ,- ,
.$’
73 I \ I , /-\. .
I’....” L- ._A ,/ .. ‘\ ~:.-‘-..-
I “. ,,‘- .‘..... ‘----.-_.
,’ :’ .‘.** -. --A-.--/ -,-A ..’ : : -I i’ 1.~.,... ‘..:
---./vr .z :+ :..* ! ‘*:. -x-7 l ..’
,/:..
33 . ‘.....“..
l
2.
.;
a..
.
..
0.d
. ...:
*
. ..a .. --....*
.-a.. f * d -... r-
- . . .._. _ : . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . f... :
. . . . . . . ..__... 2
..:
DowurTAlR3AlnTeMPenAllJne 0
6’
--I I, I I
1
0
I
’ -161 II I I I I1 I I I I I I 1
12 2 3 P 12 a B:B 12 a , 12 1 t 4 1 4 1 12 1 A”1 ’ 11
PM. ‘. AN. pm. AN. PAL
i I/ I*y.
DEC. 27 ’ DEC. 28 DE& 99 I
-\_ .?
INDOOR AND OUTDOOR TEMPERATURES- I’
I.
3
,: \
.,I
: , . ,- .’ ,> &*
B
_” .
‘,’
? : :
0
-. :!?
d
‘ 2
D
” f ,$. 4
?
t P
.G
I
Passive Solar Systems ’
‘L Y’ a
1 b 9
\
._.-.-.
.,’ ‘. ‘I
I 0 .
3” F*
. ? .! ,-
e n .+ “..
. 5
‘B -1,
- 1 ,.
6 . .
i ‘_
_.
1, ‘,
=@a
MY’ -’
c
\a ;NIGHT
,e
L
..
*I /’ ”
~_ * -L ; < ,
‘j 1 ,: )_‘,
q
33 . I* u -
biiatidn, of passive beating systebs-dirgect gain Bnd ft,hermdl‘ $t&ge ~+tlls. f’
* ,ii
Some of the south-facing walls are vertical and contain water-filled 5%gallon ,
metal drums, stacked horizontally in a metal support frame.--The. walls ’
440 square feet in area, are single-glazed and fitted with eiteri alf S
These panels: a,re hinged t.o the wall at th$ bottom SO .“that b
their “open &&ition, they fu’?($pn.a!, reflectors, incre.asing ‘i
.w/ .-....,., _
through tde sguth wall. ‘Atgnight, hoisted into a-vertical :.
s
wall, they insulate l&e wa’ll*~o keep the heat cdlec&d by. +lL,q
.- - .~.
.,
space. control ove;‘the heat output of&e system’has been : ,
Ccriains ar*e drawn over the: inside face of “the wall when L ~ i1
- ..?-d___
)I’
_, ”
f I
.I _ .:, ,. I
This system kee& temperatuies inside the b&lding betwe’& 63” and 7OPF
throughoht most of the winter. The water wall, tog her w$h‘- in@hor adob;!
concr$c floor, moderates. th’e daily fl tuatiomYLof temperaturs
uilding.VFluctuations tire small,,on the rder of S<i. As a result. of
B I
its large thermal capacity, the building respon slowly to.outdoor weather’. -’ 1
- ----ext,remes.. For this I
3. ’ res0.n ,.,-.
durikg p.eri& of clo dy weather_~h~~.~.v~rag~ indoor
l P . ,Q
-+
.= .
B ‘\ ;
.
ci
* y- f
L .
, .
.’ .,
L,
,~ ‘. .’ 0 ”
_ :.I
,.,’
I,‘. ,I
..
I
.+‘,,,~I& ‘Passive Sojar Energy Book ’
, ,,
.x.
. L -1.2
. _’
‘L* $@$ally; sun’light is,absorbed by the back wall in the gr&nhouse, convertvd ’ L :
” t& heat, and a pQtiion of this’heat is t’hen t&nsferred\into the building. in this L
” sense, the attach@ greenhouse is simply .kn expanded’ Thermal Storage4 Wall b “;:
‘- !i -F
i 1% System, only instead of the gl,ass’ face being a Sew inches in front of the wall “’ I
-I - it*.j,s a few feet, or wide enough to grow plant;.’ By constructing.vents or ‘smal’; ’
\ .’ windows in the wall, warm.daytime%greenhouSe air can--also ,be.circulited to _~..~--
,-- adjacent spade’&T-Tv -..- I--‘+ , - - - -~- -- ,- i, .I:
:
<’ P
_ Passive Solar System:
a*
.‘P t
+;
1.
,-
i ’
, to ’
0 ;%‘l J * - ,’ I
.To be effective as’s heating source for ihe building, ,the cotimori wall is I
,- .
-.j ~ I1 usually constructed of ‘either masonry or water. ,A wall constructed of light- ’
weight materials .has very little m.ass, and heat storage capa-city. Therefore, at
night;as outdoor temperatures drop, the wall is not a heat source for the
building or th’egreenhouse. i ., I ’ i I/ :\,
‘,d
,: There are many possible, variations that allow-for design flexibility in attached
.t’ ’ greenhouse application. For example, active systems such as fans can be used
s
fo in~ure+t?t a greater percentage $ heat is extracted from the greenhouse to
‘ c, heat adjofning spaces&(see fig. IV-16$1X; In this case, warm air ducted from the,
greenhouse is stored in a rock bed usually located under the floor of the spaces
being heated. ‘Heat is then delivered’ to the space passively by radiation and
cohvection~froz,m the,floor’s surface.
I( ._
,
I
I, ”
7”.
;>
53
_’ f
-.-
L ‘..
.
,I .f J ” *”
r
‘,
a
, d /
, .
,’ .-
:+*
c ,
,:
,
I
, .
.J
_7
83 5
,.1
DAY
-’I, ,w .-;, x? q
~: i t j j,“,i1
‘n,
\ ‘. ‘> n3 I iL\
Fig.‘W-10: Indirect gain-attkhed greenhouse.
.a .
8’ I - ” 54 e _s
% \ ‘_ ,
,. 3. . ^ .
-
,I , : Ii
i
.--_-
-,-, c
In a Roof Pond System, the’thermal masj: is locaied on the r&of of the build-
ing. In this case water ponds, enslpsed i; thin plastic bags, are supported by a ’
roof (usually a metal deck) that,also serves as the ceiling of the room below. I
The system is equally suited to both heating tn winter and cooling in sum’mer.
*
0
i -
,, /. I’ si
\ j 43
\ .J 55
., ., , p _ zz+:*--. ~-‘- -7 ’ YE .-- ,,n_-m qml
* * e
,.i,: - .I. “.
‘F ., , -.
,
I,
1‘, ; _: , ‘-* -.a , ?’
3: -( “’ ~ _-
;i’, I” .. ’ .” - d
y L-2
.
I 0 ’ I
1’ ..
‘16:
-. -, ,* .,. I
I >-
f- I.
I I \L ,’ ’ ;:
I
In w&&r, the po~~qls are exposed’to &nlight during the day and then-covered
with insulating”paiiels at night.:-!$eqt collected by the ponds is’mostly radiited t
I from-the ceiling directly tojhe’ppace below. The con;ection of h’eat from thP _
.ceili.ng to iir i&he sp%ce pla’isa relatively mi& role. ”
.
’ :
-.’ 0
Ir&umme~t~e pa?el;posiiions are reversed, icovering the ponds d.uiing the da)’ ’
!G protect them from the sun and heat ind removing thev at night to allow
Ahe ponds. to bee-cooled by n;lturdl~ con+vection and by radiation to the ~901.
night sky. After being cooled at night, the ponds ar% then read9 to absorb heat
ftorn the space belbw the following day. * .b
,based on Hay’s desigri, was built. The. residence, pesigned by architects John
Edmisten hnd Kenneth-Haggard, is located in ah area that has both heatihg a&d
coolin$ requirements. . . 6
i‘P 0 ;.
A
’ ,.
‘1
, ;
.‘. ._
,’
. - + ’ .
‘, c . .
: ’ .:
e
d
, 1
_~ i
_* :
c.:; >, 1
:.$ .: /’ (I
I Pqssive Sdar Systems *
P
. 4*- .” .,I _
1. . ” a
e . , 9
* j i t . P
_.
TIi ;
/! /
i II
;j
j!
i-
.
‘I I ,
1, NffiH-i. .,’
,;-,o ’ y -
..
-_ 1, .;
4. Fig. 111-11:~ hdirect’gain--kqot pond. k :.
\ “.., 1’ ~ ’
”
,.,...&r.“l-rrc-.l n 1 >8
7 .e , 22. --
. I ’ Sh ..
.
I, 1. *
,.& ,B’ .\ n,~,,-L, 1 *\.” ’
The Passi,ve Solar Eneigy’. liJmk ~ I. q , ’ I ’ ‘q \” 1 oL ,.
/‘“.I a, : ^’ ‘&
t *
L 10 11 12 1’ 2. a; 4 9 6 7 1 0 10 11 )12 yoowI(
.
‘>
‘...
‘I,
HOUR OF d&f .. -v r i
.I .i x.
- :a ._
: ,b.
_ I \
; ! i. -
b. ‘.. ;r,,. 11I. I1 ,,II! ’ I1 I 1 1
.+ F
& j *-
0 . ’ , -
P&ive Solqr Systems
a I
v. (
A third app!oach to passive solar heating is the c&cept of Isolated Gain. 1
~ In principle, solar c4lection and thermal storage are isolated from the living .
spaces. This relationship a,llows the system to ftiction independefitly of the . , !“y .:/,. ,
building, with h&at drawn from,the system, only when needed. b<J*
*
a :r
,.>
The most common a&$cation of ihis cb$cept is >the natural cpnveciive loop,., T L
0 Th,e major cbmponeIi!s o? this system include a flat plaie colkctor and &eat
” -k
+ ., 7 --
cr.-.. e
Lb
‘i 1 . i
r \ *
m: i 24:
;’ ,-. \ :.
,’ I
:. \
‘.
The Passive Solar Energy ‘Bodk 5
i
.
i
stor&$ tank. Ttio ty&es of h6at iransder and storage mediums are used: w!at&,r 3
.and air with rock storag-e.& the water or Air in a colle’ctor is heated by Isun-
1)’’
tight, it rises and enters tile ;op of the storage tank, while simultanedusly. ”
I c s pul,ling cdoleF’water or air from-the bottom~.of the t,ank into the coll&ktor.
-This natural convection current’continues as long as the sun is shining. ‘... i _’ I ?‘”
.,. \ ,‘. . ’ .-
.
R ” l&rhaps,the simp,lest,use of the convective loop is the thermosiphbnivg\ h8t
1 water heater. Alth6ugh there a* many variatsns of this system.“.moit/ are ! ,
- 1 chtiiacterjzed by a flat plate colleqtorconnected to a well-ins:ula.ted water tank 1
by’ irqulation-wrapped pi,ping. The tank is dways located above~the’ colleFtor . ’
i 1
to i&uce a convective. flow of fluid, 1
HEAT j ‘;
.. S$fRAGE
: *i I
’ \ .-
i 1,
,’
0 s ~,
.-e I
.
II
‘\
. ’
rl
.
D
1 c P
~~ 1.
-Z’
F;
&J<. . D : I
. / Fig. 1~11-13: Convective loop. \ __-
----- --_‘m- -_c - ‘\ __--_. ..~
-3
. 0
4 i 1
I . i ’ i
‘*
I I ‘I I -.
.-. The earliest example using.arp Air loop Rock Storage System is the P ul Davis
house in Co.rral&, New Mexico. Air lieated in a 320&quare-j?oot’coite tor rises -
,;;-J ” 0’
10%the tpp of a-rock bin located directly beneath the front porch of t i! ‘e house.
/y As warrin air-comes ip contact with’the*rocks, it cools and faHs to the qotto’ti of I --
v .’ ...s
\, ..-z ,...-- I . - ,.__--
- ,I
/ ; *‘1
\, ......z.......__64 ..-Iac”* .-_,._-_. - 1 -
_-.._-,l_
_... . .. . i II __.
.Ii- 9 : F, . i i ; _j I : .
ICI’ , ” _ “, I I
’ . i I D
,
n >
-.. . Y-e
/ 4
. -. ,
c I
4
Passive Solar Systems c
: 4* I ‘”
.-..-._...__.____._
-.--
7-T
*
; D :
.t‘, B
-+-----
-- -J-L-
I : -2 ‘. ,,< ( . ‘J u
c
0 0
, The Passive Sola; Energy Book - 1 \
d 0 La *
e
. .
2. the bin where it ig returned to the collector by a duct. At night, warm air is n
t supplied convectively t? the ho&e from the top of the bin while cooler air
1 isObeing drawn, from the house to the bottom of the bin. : .
\ a ‘1 ^
!’ -=
-m.$p, ‘u Th&conve’qAive loop is-,q&ntialJy a Flat PIAte Collect& Sytiftm. The methods ’
.. ’
used to d&ign and ‘size these ‘systems are similar to thos@..used formve ’
P-&stet&-Ihe cerwetie-loop .will not be discussed further since’ it is outside
- the scope of ,this book. /
-1 \ .- --,’
” l .p
.
. 1 0 ‘% ; ), - i ‘iz., 8
, , . V”T,T 1 ‘!,: .>a
I
. SMH~y claims havd be& mz&de for ihe $dvantages of pa$sive solar heating f
-systems. These claims’ cprr be separate’d. into three categories: econ’bmic, “.
“..._ e’
i architectiiral,and covfart/health. It is Prnportant to realize that the extent to
which an.y of these claims is Galized depends on the-extent*0 which the actual * 1 1.
- .‘dksign - is successful in ach-ieving i,ts_goals.
r--
r -,: ----A : ,‘$ . I Y *’ :
a . Of great integst to’&&e iAvolv4ir-i pasGves)istems is th4. possibi’lity that the ( .’
*
.sys’tem not only affords large savings .of energy fdr heating, blrt that it ‘also can .
-.
_---- ’ ,..
be inclu$ed at little or no addi&nal cost in the original design and’ constnr-‘--- . ,,
_--
7 ,- e-2,’ -tiog sf ‘a b~ilc&jj. Sihce- the pirice of ‘m aterials.varies greatly fro‘m &ace to
pIa& i:t is not ‘possible to generhTize about\ this claiin. In iome situatibns, such ‘.
1 as a masonry building, it is p&Ale -& incl&Wa Direct .Gain Syste& at nb ”” \
h extra c&t. In qthqs:?aG$ wh~~maso~ _
fi. ... the.ektra cost may be considerable. The s/ghifiicant econotiic advantages of-i, ,-I A
, . _\,
’ system&an only be:evaluated in.terms of +I partijcular installation. 1..
1. : .t ., j
J .
-o-ra&a-tot-s’, connectors ;
1
.or0gril?s’to@eal with. ! $ - D
* i&j \
r
8 . .-
-..
. @
,3
‘.
*_*
e .-___~ __
. . ‘i
1
,%
“S >’,i s I
1
\.
.
.)
_
‘63 ,
. I i?
,/’ - - -
,., ;-.-.I .’ . . *
_* S’( ‘i ,
,:.-. __-_
%--The questkm of comfort‘depen~&prima& cm-the miintenance of a$ermal
2.
Ill..-’ 0--‘m- -‘environment i~9’,wliich .&e ,bodv ri lose beat at a:kte equal to its production
:--.
t*’ ._.._,:,i . without the need twsweat on ,$
_--I__- ._--. ne h&l (w fhi\;‘er bn the other. The a&rage ’
9 a
...“..UPU .-RI-._,.~..-,-.~U~~~~ltat rest must cpntihpally &ork to maintgih’ circulatjdit,respiraCtin and Y-
~.&W&..ftinctiong. .Th& energy needed to’carry ot+#hese functidns’ is ‘I Q
‘7x- . ag$pximately 80 Btu’s per hour: Sncethe h&&n body is-$sse?tially a heat
_. engit$e with a thermal efficiepcy of about 20%, it Vmust dissipate 460 ~~tti’s~~@r~ ., ..m
--.-:- hou: of-waste heat to%s sur.roundings. , I .~
_I ,
. d
1,
j’, “. f ’ Th.e body. dissipates this heat by .three ‘mechanisms: evaporation, convection
- 1 and ra@i6tion. For sta$&rd conditions, an adult at rest with light clothing in ,,
. 74”J %ir teyperature and 50% relative’ humidity .has Anrevaporation of 1
7 pers’pir’ation fro’in the skin of approximately 25% of the tpt;?l body heat ,loss or,
100 Btu/hr. The loss of heat by convkction to the surrounding air constitutes ‘b-
anot-her 25% oral00 Btu/hi, The remai’ning 50% or 200 Btu/hr is by .‘P radiation
II. . . I ”
4
0 t’o surrounding objects (walls, floor ah.d furniture). G
.’
,.
. I * r s a
1
1 :. Frodthesd figures it ,is possible tystalqlish a relatlo$ship between, the average
temperature of all ttie surrounding$urfaces or mean radiant t’emperatute (mit)
I, ..I .’ .
ptj#cfy&qZ~~~*:~-~t ’ 15 &QJfqq(+&+& a ,c$p/o~ I.~- ’ ,
: al.
$.. _
:: . &-eater effect or;l. body heat loss than a one degree change in air temperature. ’
.I. ,;..I‘ ‘s Ot’, for thk .sa&7e f4.eling of cowfort (?O”F), for each ‘I “F increas.e in’ mrt the
4 . e.
i“.. * space iir temperature can ge Table Ill-2 giv”e_st& yaltes of mrt (
a>
‘, *. ’ ‘and the corresponding air.tem to produce a feeling of 70°F. 8’~~m
‘{, (’ ‘” Notice t.hat a mrt o’f 15°F 63°F will producq the spme ‘I 1
I’
“l”---r--m---;---“” .,I,. ?. __y-- -
1 fe&ling,of comfort as’s 70°F mrt atid 70°F air temperature,
,’ _ . .I .‘! 1. * 0: i-.
I..” +../’ e / J *\.
.J r-J - . .‘b- q i.
t i + .,, f ‘:+
’ !‘.t - I I
- b 1,‘s..I.-- 0 ‘0 \ i
‘b.
(‘..
.-
-
I
e
i, ) h ..I
( f‘- ”
9
, -a
4
All adts of.building,,tio matter how large or small, are based on ruks ,of themb.
.-
-Architects, contractors, mechanical engineers wld.-owner-builders design and
c
‘k
..
.build ,bui’ldin’gs based on the rules of thumb they have dev&opGd through
’ years of their own or-other people’s experiences. For example, a rulerof thumb a ’ ’
to determine 6e depth of 2-in& root joists .is given as half the span of the
ioists(feet) in inches; in other wor&. to span a 20-foot space one ,would need
roughly 2-by-lO-?nch joists. Calculations are used to verify and modify these
I rules of thumb after the building has been designed.
I_ 1. .‘I
I ’
,1 We call these rules of thumb “pattelns,“’ Each pattern tells us how to perform
i
J
and combine specific’.a’cts of building. We perceive these patterns in our mind. *
,-
They are the accumulation of our experiehces about the design and construc-
tionof b’uildings. The qua!:ity of a building, whether it w.ocks well or not, will
depend largely upon the+atterns we use to create it. ’ ~, -
I 9
To be useful in a design process, rules of thumb must be specific, yet not
overly. restrictive. For examplhif you are required to know the heat loss of .a . ”
space hefore applying a rule\of thumb. to size south-facing glass areas, then ,the * - 0
rule of thtimlj’ is too specifiP9nd of little use since a building ,has not yet been
* defined. If, on &e.other hand, therule of thumb recommends an approximate
size of glass needed for each square foot of building floor a\r%a, then the glass
-/ o . *~
: I \I^‘)
I -----carr-be-~ncorp~~?ted.,~nto the-buildingls de&n. After cornpletIng a preli-binary
2 design, spaceJeat (asses can be calculated and. the glazing areas adjusted
‘\\ * accordingly. ,;‘; i
‘-
! “~“I, 4
r;;;.. “, Pm ‘! ‘. ,_
r
9
‘. $
.
‘+L” .
.
,i’
. .
,. r----- .
0
;
> ’ * T:.- Design Patterns .
. t \” , .a
--------
. i,
Tp’ ‘. ,~I
.Jl i” ., --.. e\
,? ;, Fi
i..*
;,
.
: This ch&ur co$ains twenty-seven patterns for the application of passive solar
‘4 .. energy systems to building, desjgn. ,The patterns are ordered in a rough, r’ *’
sequence, from large-scale concerns -BUILDING LOCATION(l), BUILD.I~G :.
.*.’ b . .
SHAPE AN~~~T)RIENTATlO~N(2)-to smaller ones-MOVABLE INSULATION
(23), REFLECTORS (24):fro.m applications with the most influence on a build- ‘-\ -
.-: .:L-,w_
m .
--‘ing’s design to”on.es which de&with specific details of the heating system.
_. e-- -‘- When-us.ed in this sequence, the patterns form?‘a step-,by-step process for the .‘_I ’
-~-design of a passive solar heated bui1din.g. Each pa@etn contains a rule of ’
.> r thumb,, based :on-all the available information at this. time-for that particular
,*
’ --d&t ofthe b,u.ih%‘ng’s des,ign. ._ ” .,
: c, .
P .
* . Each ‘pa’ttern is connected -to other pattems which relate. to it. Eve’ry.“pattern
“. ’ , -is~.i.ndependent,iyet it needs other patterns to help make it more complete. I
I
Larg&scale p$&erns set the context for th”e ones that follow, and each succeed-
*
I i.ng’ pattern lielps;refine the one that came befo’re it. For example, a .window
,*
* * I will be more. effective as a solar. energy collector if the pattern, MOVABLE .
: _‘* F I,NSULATIONf23), which r’ecommenbs using’ insulating shutters over windows, ‘0
.I, 1’ r
at nigh$‘is used wit,h the pattern, SOLAR WINDOWS(9)I’ r iat’ (Is
,.’
#Lb \z’ 3 . * N
:. ‘, ”-
p .:.h * \ ,* i Each pat)tern has the same format. First, most d
,,a Y -i’ or .a vi&$ ./epIesentation of the pattern.) Second, ,,
para&aph which relates the pattern to the larger f& _ I
\.
Yr for it. Then there is a statement of the problem. -After the problem statement
‘is t.he recommendation+he solution to the problem+-w~hIch gives a specific !
.s> : rule of thumb which can be applied ‘to the bui,lding’s design. Also included in
.j c . ,
“2 most recommendations is. a diagram describing the rule of thumb. Then, the
.-._.. . (
~ 1‘&.. p$te.rn Js >cross-referenced, to .the smaller. patterns that relate to it and help
a,I “’ m$kd it more. cornpIe& And”finally; there. is theb information, which contain% p ,
all the avail;abfe .data about the pattern and evidence for 0 its validity. CL.
i * I. -
‘I’$ . ..
+ Together tbe‘ p$tf(erns for& a coherent .pieture k?f .a step-by=step ‘process for . ’
is written in such
*
8.S f
/’ B * .> . *
i
9. Solar Windows
. _
Heading-descrjption of ,the
content of the pattern
I/ a’
Photograph-kctual implemen-
tation of the pattern; _- ..--
0
‘. \ 9. S&r. Wihdow +
-
.
-.
Illustration-a visual repres,:n-
tation of the rule of thumb
. ’
u.0
‘_,
i .
,
/,_ d,,
1’. .:
-.s..
.,^
,
c.1
,_
\
I I CJ ’
.
\- 0
?@\ (. ”
.. , : -”
*
t 0
a
,-
i .,
i
This n)e@, that -:
the i
patterns
should not be taken too literally. Since>resear&, _ y -- -----
into passive<systems is relatively new ‘a I need I tof qu,estion and’ refine
b,; the patterns oyer a period of time. ‘There may be some instances where *YOU
ha,ve,.informat,ion $hich is ,more Baccurate or- relevant to YQIJ.’ particular situ-. ,0
- *
o_ 0 ‘I, ;. :
:!, -$ ’ :;’ ( = ..
, ’
., 1. i I
r
0 /
1 , -:_
* ‘Design @terns ’
’ I‘ .I !
.. __,
P
. ation. You can.see:,then that the patterns are meant to 6”e flexibJe. They are ’ ”
that if you want to add new inforkktion to a pattern,
can do so $tho.ut losing the essence of it. 3
:
? _..- /_I_.
,-_,-.- -- - ---- 1. --_-_
..__
’ CT? ,
. s
I I/ iI - I ,‘. Pp
h
i I t c
* ‘, d< c-4 j
)I ..-‘ii i _ _.i. -. ---
1 *- ,s-- _ ‘.
0 t .
f3,/-, 0
1
. r .: _ *
.
, . . .1 ; ,”
\ /’ *
. I
..-. ..-.- ----A.-. c i
‘6
“.-~‘-.’ I Qi _) - 1’; I - F_;f_l/
,’
I
2.
:
0
6 ’ L
o
/
---_ -.,-.,
I \
B
. I
,J
/ +
: _ ’
: *
s
.~ I i
i I
,> *
n i.1 ‘.
. .’
,/
’ 4.’ ‘.i . -
6‘ .*
P* _ i ,:
._
.> :
3 ’
L /I’ ~ ’ .
9/’ ,
. .”
IT“ (A -
1 .
, .
‘,
.
“’
\ /I
_
. ‘G,
r
I!
i
The apo,unt of:arc taken.In placrng Cl t)ur’ltllng on J SI~C\vi;h respccl 10 open
space and sun is perhaps the 5inglv na0s.t Important (ICilSIon you \v~ll n7;1kta
D
/ 3 ;- almtlt ,Jhc building. .
I r
‘/ Buildings blockedv froE exposure to the+ low winter sun bettveen the hours of
:9:00 a.m. and 3:OO p.m: cannot make dir’ect use of the sun3 energy for heating. -’
During Lhc wipler months, appirosrnist~~l~ ~10°~, oi :hc sun’s cnclrgy output
occurs hctwrcn ‘tliv Ilnurs oi 9.00 G.ni. 31~~13:W 1, m. <trn Iinic (WC chap
5 I’or dn ~~splC~nal~on0i sun Iini~~, for w,~n~~~l~~, ttl Ncb\v York C‘I~Y t-10 NL) on
, ~‘sclunrc I:ooL oi 5oulh-~dc1ng t;llr-i,lc(.l 011 ;I clc’dr cldy 1111h~11m~nll7 0i UN (~rilh[lr,
c
,
l,G’lO UIu’t; out of d dally iol;ll 0i 7,724 Ktu”; 10~ 03% 0i Ihcl 101dl) ,II-(’ Iril(>r-i
ceptccl bet~vvcen the hour-s 0i ‘3:OO a.m. anal 3:OO pm, Lir~l\vt~~!n Ih(: h0ur5 0i
\
9::30 c1.m. ;Intl 2:30 p.m. ‘1,272 13tll’s (or ;-I”$~ 0i thy t0tdli JI-;I It2tcrccptd
Any surrounding eletmvnts, such 25 I-,LIIIcII~I~~ 01’ lall tiec~, that block 1hv sun
during 1hese limes Lvill severely limit they use oi solar en.ergy ds a heating l
‘i
source. ,, ’
\ /
’
Thie Recommenchtion ’ ’
1
c) To.take ad.vantage of the s’un in tlimates where heating is needed during Ihe
I !;...
winter, find the areas on the site that receive the most sun during the hours
of makitium solar radiation&):00 a.m. to x:00 p.m. (sun time). Placing .the
i building in the northern po&tion of Jhis sunny area will (1) insure that-the, out-
'I
door areas and gqrdens placed to the south. wil,l have adequate wir$!er sun and
-
(2) help minimize the:possibility of shading the building in* ,the future by
off-site developments.., d
fr il
, f
-,_ . 0’ ,r ”
f d
73
. , I
I
‘1 - ,-The Passive Solar, .Energy Book
1: : )
F .’
I
i ” .,‘&*I .>* L
c I
‘. ! ” .
: e- , _ _’ ;. ‘-. _
s ,. 1 .,,:,
. I’
-. I _--.-.
m
g.
-G - Fig. IV-la r a s
D .
T ; A 0
a
1
-. 6’ ., . ,I.. c .-
, .
T” 0--,‘-.
Whkn.deciding OYJ the exact location for the *building within a sunny area
give the building a rough shape--BUILDING SI--!APE AND ORIENTAfl(SN(2j~
and place the etitrance of the building so that .it,receives the greatest protec- ’ ’
,,;ion f(om the cold winter winds-PROTECTED ENTRANCE(5). . A*%,’ ’
( ‘\ .
_’ \ 7 :;!; ’ ;_ !.
.-.-__
-- * 5%
The Infqr$ati,&,b, ’ a . 1c- ‘”
.I :. -2
, -- :\’ 7 ..L *
1 ‘1 - 9.
To take advantage of-the winte,r sun,.first the sunny places on t{leGsite n&d to
”/ ,, be Located. To do this, explore.the site and determine which.places have an
I open vie.vv to the sou;th ith minimum blockage of-the low winter ‘sun. The
*. “.
sw,n chart (chap., 5) is useful in visualizing site ob,,structions that,block . j \
d”irect tin from reachi y ,point on -th<‘site. Remkmber -to use the correct ,,’
.’ * sun chart for your latitude. I D
II
. . . ,.
4 If the skyline to the south is low with no obstructions such as tall trees build-
ings or abruptly rising h-ills, then the following p?‘ocedure>is unnecessat$ as all .
points on the site-will receive sun during the winter. If there are obstructions ”
Y-’ then the skyline should be accurately plotted on the ;un chart to determinethe n
B __,.(_’ extent of solar blockage.. (See “Plotting the Skyline” in chapi’5.) ‘J x 0; .”
\ 1
* \\. ,
<. *+%..&-.
’ ;4, ~ -;
a ,
\\
* ~’.,
,i.‘. * ;” ,__ ‘,
‘v ‘I o
/,’
,
<, -$g. IV-lb:. ~,Using’t,he sun chart @,visualize s&r obstruct&g.
i
.* = 0
,Lb. I c,
0
‘-7 I F 0
‘Y. 7,
\
.
- Th>. Passive Solar Energy B,ook, ’ c. ‘a
\ . ‘. ._-_ c _ .- = _.__ .‘..--. ----: --.-.-. ~-.*-+A-
‘:“-i :
*t. ’ I . -3 ‘..
L <. vJ
,.‘k “,..; .I . 1
6.. 9. _
,f * . ’ c>
L r-7 ..
’ .-.
;. . . ’ + <; e
: I i
‘, - j..
3 . 1. ButMing location
‘.I ..” “‘\- F
, - _
1 J ,$ .
.s 1 * UQ
j. .-Q ”
-p , A survey’of a residential block in -Berkeley,(?alifornia, confirms this ’ ‘. :
problem dramatically. Along Webster Street-an east-west street-38 .i ..._
s’ .
t. - of 20 persons interviewed ‘saiOd Lhey used only th: sunny parts of *
--I . their ya@.s. Half ,of tljese people living on the north side of the
;
6 street&-these people did not use their batkyirds at all,* but would *.L ‘.
- +c,-
17’ sit in. the fro,ht yard, beside the sidewalk, to. be in the south sun.
I h ‘r .
..W, Note <that, this pattern was developed in the San Francisco Bay Area. .
D Of coupe, its signifi’cahce varies ‘as jatitude and&climate change. In B I”.~..:
I Eugene, ,Oregon, for example, with a rather rainy climate, at about
.
‘! 44”,datitude, th,e pattern is even more essential: the south faces of
3 the buildings are the most valuable outdoor-spaces on synny days. i a ~
1. 5 .f “a L
4
It is evibknt’that. the south faces of buildings’are not only imljortant for the \ *
*’ collecti,on
~ of sqlg radiation, but-are, a”lso the most &luablS outdoor spqaces ”
h days. *
5 e. I
\ ynY \
.
L* v:’
.n.---..-..-.
.
‘*
-.
3
! -
-0
1 .*
.,
- (I
.’
. ’ _ 1 \ o
.
\ t. a
L
.a
_* :
1 ‘,
-
,.4’
:
8 ‘
.,
*i
B -
-. 5
4
. ‘
?
.
t a
: o ‘.
v. :
i?
_. :, *
,”
9
Photq IV-2q., Ii.
:I
I
/ ’
i P
.I , .-: e !:
“Y I ,
0 E’
0 :
” t
-, m c
.. ‘*’ .I‘_.
‘*
, ;;
‘&,I ’ *
at
:%+ : 1
.-t
F 2. Btiilding Gape *I a& Orientation’ “_
a . :+
(I. ?
c;i s f-- i w ‘8
_ 0x 0 .
* .< 3.
-With an id’ea for the location of the building okthe &--BUILDING LbCA-
c, ’ .?lON(l), it is necessary to define khe.rough shape”of the building, with con-
1 sideration for admitting sunlight i& the building, before laying 0u.t interior :
? .y
spaces. DI,.--
, .. 1
I 3 0 ’
t+t.
.“*: 9 ,’ *.
.. ’ , ‘5
. ,
I _ a-, ,1,”
B i 1 pn 1 I
I : 5 ’ ,4 ., I .c e
Buildings, shiped.yithout, regaid for the sun’s irt$a& requjre large amount+, of
energy $o:heat and-cool; Approximately 20% of th, energy, consumed i’n the. .’
is United .States is used for thd space heatjng and cooe Sng of .buildings.
of worldwide dwind.ling energy resources, maq buildings today.
shaped without regard for the sun’s impact on, and %potentia! contribution to\
* .
7 -1.. 1
space heating and cooling. ‘7: 1’. ‘\;\ “G I, ;
,’ , ‘I t’ ,t* 4 ‘,
- I ,’ en’ ..-9.$
:. ” 0 ’
I
I,’ e. 7 I. ‘,
-. /\ ,,
, .,.r’
‘fJ”f B’ The Rikq&6endatibn ;Y ‘. B _,,‘, , . Fli. 1 /
I’ .* 0 .d ‘.I
0
”
0
When .de&d/ng pn the rough &ape of$bujleJing’, it is’ne&ssaq to think about .- ‘;z _
. ..----.--77--_ . -. . . .~ .I,,,. ,e .a?mm
: -_~ ,.., -:;j, ---=-: - .z *
II’
* I ‘
*. ’ ;
b ,e.-
i. L’ 0
. 0 b
1 ” , *
‘, ,3 ”
1
i ’ 33:
.I’ k; ,.,c
*r ”
“
f _ -7
/‘” e
2’ 3
II The Pa&e Solar Energy ._Book ~ 8 e
1 d’ 8 t
i ,’ ;.- ; ,j , ‘.
,’
i,- :
..
’ f,, ,.
.,I’
,,., ~F
4.f %,..,i
,
\‘J’,I , d’
‘44’.NL -
?
\‘~. <”
7j1/ ~‘1
111-6Y
._
i -. L _ _I
^?
i
9:1 k cI \,’
81
i
’
“.,
.~.
.
:
Fig/.ly+2b: .Sol~r radiatihn imp&‘& different latitudes. *‘.
j
, I -_
\ :( i ‘.-+ . * % - , 0
\, fi’ * a .I i - ; o%a;\ 8-p. ’ $q B&&1\
.”‘,8 =, . pd- ‘1. t I, .2 ?a*: -py
,,
-, .‘j : Ji. ‘. P .
A ., _\ , i
.; i B * I/,
,. I pi..
$ I-
2 ’ 1 r’ -. . -. . n:,’ _‘
. -’ ._a \ .<
:1.,*f...:.
*. ‘X\.
:\, ,: i .i. h.-
..,..,,~;y(. * .’ 4#. “.’ ia ,’ , r6 ,B :.;, i !
i
d 0
, 1. ic
. ..
c
summer with less efficiency * \han the square one. ;
I G
” 3. The ‘optim’rrm shape t&s In even/ CXF tatt:rlimates 4-f in a f&m ;
elongated somewherq along the east-west direction.
I Y Y
.I
Phofo IV-26 ’ Housing units at&&d along the east-\&t axis. ~.
. ^
*Author’s italics. 3 * : -,”
A
tAuthor’s addition. c.
.. -(
2. uilding Shape and Orientatioy
roof and east and w&‘t sides ot the bulId;ng 130th In jurnmer and IvIn\c’r th,cJ
. north side of th’e building reqelv.cJs, vc;r\j IIEtti~ ~acl~altc~r~. BCJSI~(T t)cJing, an
-efficient shqw, the largtl southern CXTI~F,U~Pi5,1tltlal tor th(~.coIIc,(.-1”1(,nr)i sol,11
L r;ldlntion. Major collec’tlng C~r~~Ca~f~lfi~nq 01 ihi. ’ t~i~il~lin~ c)r~~ntc~l to lhtk
south iv111 Intercept the nla\lmum anlount ot so/,jr ra(jl,lt[on C~~;l~l;~l-~t~~ (luring”
.‘+jJ’ ttie wntcr months.
,~ . -, 1-. _../,” -
ii ,
At all latitudes, althougtl bulId1ngs t~l~ngat~~ ,~long the ~astx\lest <IY.ILdr$ thcx /
most efficient, the amount oi clongatlon dcpc>ndc upon thtl cj~rn,itt> ic,rrl’e i
icneral principles ;a,; be <tated tor dltterclnt c \iin,~te~, In c 0~11 ~ik\Ifin(~a/3oIiL /’
0 and hotwiry (Phoc~ntx) r.lImat~t~s ‘1 compact builti~ng I~,rnl, c>upc,s~‘ng,I ni1n~r9uni
Q ‘6 . 8.
r.;.p
.,,.,,,,..lt perxetration. , 11’
u
-J
b
0
.:
,.>f#,‘a
’ w 0 0
.
Th.e PpssivC Solar Epergy Bpok 1 ”
_) f
0’ ;3 i.; p” . ---I ,
v
of sujce area to a‘ harsh environ‘ment is desirable. In temperate (New York’
/City) climates there is more freedom of’building shape withbtit sev
$excessive heat gain or loss). In hot-humid climates (Miami;), buildi
be freely elorigated i,n.the’eist-west direction. In”,this climate because of ib-
tense sumser solar radiatioq on the east and n/est;si?{es; bulldings shaped ‘along .,,
the north-sou!h axis pay a severe penalty in eJnergy consumptron (for cooling). - ’ ,
In all climates, atLachedu‘ni’ts’&Bch as roiv houses) with Cast and \Gest common
walls qre most’ efficient since only the end units are ei$osed on the east or
west face. ’ :.
-4 I F-
Y j\\
Assuming that a bvilding elongated ayong th,e easf-Lyest axls Is’:c.ompatibie lvith
oiher site and design considerations, lo give the bullding a rough form tve need
“,to determine the width of th.c> building. When the .prlmdry jou;ce ot’ $tinlight
I
entering a~ sr”,ace is through south-facing \&indows, ihra
ll1cn Ck![,l~l, oi spaces
along the souIh wall 0i thq building should no1 ~scc/ed El/i times the: height a
of the windows frorn the floor. ThiS assures that sunlight will pcknctrate the
en tire spacer. a
0 P
Also, this rule of thinib prqvides fog. the a‘dequatc daylIghting of interior
sppces. According to.siu,dies don’e by the Illuminating Engineering- Society, the
’ epth of ‘a space for idequate natiral i.llumination should be limited to
he range of 2 to 2% times the windo.w height (‘from t,he floor to the top of the fi i
indow). For an average window heig’ht of 7 feet, this means a ma%imu& -
4 -pace depth of 13 to 18:feet. For Thr+rmal Storagk wail and Attached seen- 0
hous&Systems, room depth is limitid t& 15 to 20 feet. This is d tie
-ma,xi rJ urn distance for effective heating irom n radiant wall.
% I
1 - t
_‘If fhe major spaces of the bhilding’are, placed along the’syuth wall (fo;‘suX L _ ! \.i *
light requirements) and the buffer spaces placid along the north wall, then th,$ ~
maximunl dept;h df the building will be roughly 25 to’-30 feet. Spa&es which -
need to be deeper orI do not want large south-facing. lvindows with direct sue
1, ’ ,y shining directly through the space can let the sun ‘in ihrotigh south-faci$
clerestory window!! or skylights. :Admitting<.the hajor;portion of sunlight into
’ .a space through- the roof h.as the a.dvantage of allawir?g flexibility ic distributing
$ght ahd heat,to different parts of a space-CLERESTORIES AND SKYLIGHTS
(10). This allows for the maximum flexibility in locating thermal mass within a
c
s+te--MASQNRY HEAT*STORAG~~l1), INTERIOR WATFR WAL,L(l2). ifK
.
,-
_ __ _ _ _,._ .,-----_ -k------y--
B
., _ n
.,
%
3 -. ,I)
\ ., v . .
@..
\
1 I r
,I
_ - 2
Y- 1 4
1
.J , .
.r .
.....*- .‘.. .
d
i e .,
. .
/ 7
\
.
-.
_ - _ r
= _*
--.___ P ,
*r “’ ii’ &.
. T-T.... -_ 1
;-n‘, .
->
y,y .’ , ----..
0 e
” ’
n ‘. - * r
: ‘.: ----___ ~
1. ?-- m’
_‘> *
:
4. ?b ,, .*
j _ L 1’
*
‘1;;
1, I .’F
The nd’ih $id& ‘6f a biilding is the coldest; da‘rkest and usually the least us&
side because it .r&eives no .direCt sunlight.,a’ll winter. From September XI to
_._
.._A I- -<March .X11(6 -months) the north wall of ‘a btiiI,d!r?e and its”adjoinilg outdoor
:/ spaces are in contihual shzcfe. During-;thes8 m&t$ the sun is low ‘in the
..
T- -~--~ southern. sky, rising along the horizon in the southeast and setting in the.,s,oZuth-
-.. ---~- .
8. h * west. Any ice, snow or water .on Ihe north <ide of th& building will retiain
_--. . 1 -~_- .-: -th&e for-long-p&iods-oftime,making area unusabk. W&&e, p-revailing-: ,/
winter wihds.from the north an,d/qr west,in the United-States, the north iid6 -
. .-: A
..-. of a%dilding~is even leFb-desirabi’? as an outd.oor place. i’
.8. .J I
,~ “4 .‘.
j - f
-.
i 0, ‘J ’
.~ ,.., ’
.’ ..: Y .. ‘, * >
. I ..-=--
1 (’ \
I ~.
>. ‘\
._ “,-~&hikcom’$wndation
, -~...~ I
~-- I ..~.~~.
\’ ,j- ,, : .,. .““’’ -- .
y, IO, *,Shape thCbuilding so.,that its north si& sloies tow&$ the ground. When :
2.. ‘* , \.\ D ,pqSsible btii!d’ iyto the side of -
.
. r\ I the ‘poflh %!ce of a byilding’
_a “.,
.j - _ ds the’lieight of ttie norfh wali’is reduced,‘$he
-- .~ ;: ‘>in winter is sh,btiened. Use‘.a light-colbted
1’ .\
-- 5- ._ y’ nqith’of the’_.__
building
-. _ --. to reflect sunlight into
sp&& “, , . , r.
. ,. _. Q’ ‘,.d .:-’‘.- ..
“;~. :- .-. * c I.> L
.y, , ’
/’r. -, D I 86 .; + ’ ;,a ,@--. i
.-A-
‘r 1,.
.,-. / ran.--- a. . .:’ _ . - .\,. ”
-“’ -: y :’ --
1 _ ..
3, .
, , :?:.‘.I.-
_ 3. ,,r ’ j *,, .--
-4.r ..’ - -1 I
’ *’
r .
. .-
- , -
: ” .
il
I s .:-.
,’ .
-:-q,. I . a
!.L . ., \ .
.
pg$..~ ‘- . :. .. j 5 ? J..
-$ , ‘: ” 8,
‘_ ._I
,. ._I;,+.,,,d
,i’f’
.,:.::
., -.
I _
. -
‘z-F.‘-i,._:,’ ‘I -. , e
>’ .’ : - ;.; _ -r -
..;-j&7;- ,, .. L
;’
’ ,Spac.es in continual shade for most of the winter are wasted-because pkple
... I
1.’do not use them. . _ i
3
i ,:’
0 L
,,_,i:,,There are ways, though, to mal;‘e these places alive and useful. For example, u
sjting albuilding into a south-facing slope or berming earth .against the north
wall &.duces or, eli.minates the shadow cast by the building. Besides providing -
sunlight‘to the north side, covering a north wall ‘with’Te.arth reduces heat loss ,
” ‘ ,. *
.
d i>
). .* a7
_ I
: I \:
’ 1 .% : \ . I _. -.
United States.
I. . * .
L
3
r .G ./ .?=A
-
. ._
~Fig. IV-3c:
...ul .:@&..J‘: .., 5 ..- -
tierming ‘or Slopi’ri& the nQrth rod*Feduces the. shadow to 6he north. ‘3
, dI
.J 0 +.
tP ” u ,*
’ . r
’
89 . ;
m
I
_~ -
-.-&I--.--.-
. .
.
?.,,I,
1 A-.- ~.~ .- ,:
& spacekkX%s r&directly u’tilize ‘sunlight for -heating during the winter
#“. , ,,months will use proportkally more’conventiomil energy than one that does.
‘”
Apprbximateljj 58% of’the energy consumed by theeaverage Amer’ican hous&‘.
,h&i each year’ is’ for*space heating. The mqre djre% sunlight used to heat a ’
‘XI, space;the less cpnventiona’l e.nergy is required .for space heating. This also _
I\ ‘. i z
.applies tP act&e sola’r-heating systems.‘i‘f thk design of a space does hot directly- ’
.. ’ take a‘dvan,tage of th.e winter sun to supply.some of its heating requirkments, , D
‘\
\ .~‘~.\ an active solarkheating system will be proporti,pnally .that much larger and t-nor-e
0
-; .~_~;~xp.~ns~~--- ~~ ,--- __ ~~~- 2 - --- ~--
-.-- --- ----i \ ,.~,( y - _ -_’ -, ..* *’ ’ ‘* - L < .
.-., , ‘I _
3’
~ %i-
, 1. ~,.
m. ” . . ‘. 4 I ‘>
I n .,..\.*,
: I’\ ;“-...;- I. _a- /’( .: ‘, 0
t I
m‘;, The ,Reconimendation _! c .-I
. \. ~___-
Interior spaces can be supplied with mu,ch of their heakng and lighting reqwire-’ .. -
. placing them.,$ong the south face of the building, thus capturing the-.-(
I_
.-
--- . during different‘?hnes of the&day.- Place: rooms to the southeast,
\
south,an.d sorit%west;acco’i’dingto their requikments fo+r sunlight. Those spaces
.. .. P . i
having minimal heating and:li,ghting requirements such as corridors, closets,
‘. I4
, laundry‘rod’ms and garages, when placed along the-north *face ,of the building, . .
-,T- @ll-se~e as, a .buff er between. the heated spaces and *the colder north’face.“. ; .:
L ,: :. ...
. ‘5
~, 2~ ~. :”
:,... ‘. .’ i 2, 0
: ‘1 ”, ‘J -’ . #I.., .gg ‘” : b ‘_ -- ; ,; II, ‘. ~, . ,
-t- -“---i--.L-_L-._ ~~ . -. ‘\ i
5 * 6 D ,, .‘;
. I, .
L, _’ _‘. ‘,L.‘. * “. ‘x ‘. - ‘ . ,
,
4. . I I
: 1
i .-. z-l., F- 0
J i , 65
L t’. .\
I 1
,.I
I
* . e
3 -
-s I .
,..
-. 0
k
F
: Pig. IV-4a’; 1 -
6’ ,’ .*’ I ._ .-
. ” ‘? . -
.’
- ’ ,.
I I
D *j i.10’ +/ I- . ,
’ ’ - mLocate%openings. to admit sunlight and provide for ventiLation---‘WINDOW
“~. Is ~C-O~:A.TION(~)-;whiie~t the same time,-choosing the-most appropriate heating, ,I
.v, .
system #or each. sRace-CHOOSING TL-IE SYSTEM(7). If a <greenhouse is -.
integrated into the building-SIZING THE GR~EENH,O~E(l~);--pia~.e~it along 3 ..s
,
-- ~--the-south f,&e‘of tti& buii,ding’for
~_~ m,aximum,exposure to the6tiinter 1 sun.
‘, *
-J. , & -
I‘
c\
/ t
e
9 .p I A
? ;
- *. I
.
:
During-the winter, the microclimatic conditions’aiong the ‘sid’es of a b&ding -
(outs&@wai~is) are’the key to the location of indoor st&%s. The north side of ’ ‘.
i ,’
_7 a buiiding remains the- coolest du;ing.the winter because” it receives no direct
.-
$:: ’ - sunlight. The east ana westsides of a building re,keive eq’uai amounts of diretim,;--
; ‘_, - sunlight for half-a-day since the sun’s path .across;thesky :$ symmetrical along 0 ~ p *..
a i -
a “- ’ .
*I’ ,I *’ (I <
-1 &’ _. , ei.
m I ‘. L
--_~.I...yL- _ L.i .m_ r ‘. * , _ ~~*~ .J, .~~_~ ‘. -..
,: -jr.0 I__~- _ .__~- .. ? ,$:
\
:,.;: s P :.(, . ; :
,’ _D .
a.
I)
- St
* .
* ‘“/ -; -~-LI
.I . ;rsp \
*.. 1..
,,.,... ..I.
~I.-.. . . . \ .* r
L _ \ 1
‘:. .Y
1%: 1* .:-
‘*; .’
,, . _
. /
*; i ‘r C’ %
:; -, :,< ; : . ,, ! .
I’ ;‘/, : _ 1 T..! .
-- ^----I-.
Photo IV,Sa q
\- .. _il,
;-s-
r-“-.
\ .
‘: .
a
- t <
\ ‘. _
\
\
0 ,5.. 4
+rot&ed
-w , -
*E&&e
0
.i - ~.
.
,,,, 1
0
\ ,- 8 L 1 ‘\
_\\ . a
I . \
--< * ’ ^ -L
- -\.The location and d&sign b’flthe entiance must be d&eloped while simul- r \
. _ ,l’ f:aneously locating indoor spaces-LOCATION-9F INDOOR SPACES(4). This ‘j
bagtern describes the thermal criteria f%.locating. the entrance6 and,prqvides ,
0 *
informaiiofl fq;r its design. ” _ 7
’. 1\ ..,. l .a
@: 3F’_,~@..., ’ *
- . * -
.c
-
~/ ,.= ; .’ - C.
. .
-_P
‘”
In winter, a great quantity‘of Fold. outdoor air enter& a building @rough cracks
around the entraiice do&r and frame aswell as each time the door is.opened.
All edges aroun& erit.rances leak ;rjr. Through thes’e cracks warm indoor air is
exchangizd with cold oytdoor air:Wh,en an entrance door is’opened, a large
u quantity of outdoor air enters the adjbisi g spase., Iii, a’srndl( resideice this
infiltration of cold, air coupled wjth ,thBr conductibn loss ‘through th.e door ,
can-account for as much as 1.0% Qf tJ-& buiidiqg’s total heat loss.* ,For small .1
. commercial buildings, such as ships and offices, &e heat loss through entrance L
doors till be higher due.to increased traffic into agd’pt of the building.
&., i ‘f
w.’ a. 1’ T <
, ‘. 4
:’ ‘, The Recomryndation ; ~ ’
I \ I
i Y ,
._ Make the main-&trance to the building,:a small enclosed spa:: Yvizstibule,
I’ ’ t$yer) .that%p i o vi d & a dduble entry or qir lock between the buildin i and
. ” ,x?vteritir?-This will Iprevent a ‘large quantity df warmed (or cooled) air 5kl m
\ ‘- leaving,the building each. time a door, is opened, since tinly the air within the ‘
enclosed space .can escape. The infi‘w-of cold air that normally.occurs
around ext@or..doots- wiH- be vi-fijially ei&indted because the entry creates a
still-air space between th&‘interior and exterior doors. Orlent the entraqce
2. _-, ”
awaylfron) the prevailiri’g winter winds .or provide a windbreak.jo reduce ihe
, wind’s velocity against the entrance. Make fise of the: ectry space for the
’ storage of unheated items, as-a place to remove . *inter &thing olrfor activities
s
. that.require little space heating.
, . j_
,
-w
*Heat IOSS
-storm door.
is calculated for acstandard 1’/2-inch solid wood door wiihbut
.
weather stripping. or a
\ ,‘I :- ,
.’ 94 : .
1
. 1 a
r r .
c
3
,_- .
- .-
.,’ ?‘,
,/” , , I
C’ . c b .
,
5. Protected’ Entrance
0 0
‘. ,, P .
.
2
- “il ’ :v
> .
, .
8
I
-j-’
c___
b
F-J A......
$?--
-.
Yy----
i‘.-
t:..> ’
:-I:
,~“.,,,,..
F‘.\J
:Y‘, I
i:1
3%.
..:,.
j‘
h
‘t ,, ‘,
.,.I
I Fig. IV-5a
T .,
‘\ \
If the entry is large and supports other activities, provide a ‘way to passively
heat the $ace in winter-ChOOSING THE SYSTEM(7). ’
/
).’_.
’ ,
‘\ ,L . >a *’ I
;. *_
‘\ n 95
/--
,
. .
9
I *
. ..@*‘.
The Passive Solar Energy Book P
‘, .‘m .
5. Protected Entranie i
1 1 . -- *v Y
‘,- ‘ ; “$‘ i- 0% - .: / ,. *.
.’ ’ * - -b
. ,*.a c ,
P*- ,I Yf -. d.
0’ :: The’ livfbrmatipn.
. * . G ’ 0 “’
..
. G .‘C . -.
-B “’ I .’ . , ..:
i 0 % * I. J .
i.9 D . 1 ” s LI . A ’. 23’
I , ,;:I\. . -* x b a -as
Ia 6 ,;,’ Pr&&ng an air locJc’~or double entry will decrease-*the heat loss due to bot6’ ,.
c, : infiltration and c’ondu-ction. AbdouMe entry,has two doors, o’ne that opens b
\\ ?the exterior and”.one’ to the_fnterior +tt&kurtding trapping= stitt:a+space ” . - _’ ~~--~-- -
5
‘., > _ betwen them. Since the4nterior entrance to the;builbing faces a still-air space, . _
T ‘+ \ * .inf’iltr~tion is’ min$nired. Also, when “the exterior door jsaopene
s 0
-I,.\“.5 *,‘-I. _ s.mall quantity* of unheated air.jn” the =entiz)l ,$ d changed -w?t??%’
,%.,*- ). . . ‘*“ai,, thus:the spaces near &@ance doors are protected from b
,,. ,
9. and drafty each, time a peiisoh‘ ent& the.-b&Ming. D~&ig’the
.? -*
double ,errtry works in reverse, Jkeeping cooled indoor air from $eing replaced ‘. ;
o- ‘, . by hot outdoor air. A double entry or entry space, when properly designed; .
” .> can serve other functions b&ides the reduction of heat loss..‘!t,-can also be a ’
\ _I
frequently us& items, and a protecteti~pl&’ to’wait ‘for trans- , ~%-..d : 1
.:,
hen’arriv.ing and leaving a buiiding, peopl+ need a transition spat:
, a nymber~ofiactivities, ,such as removing and storing outer ’ _ ’ ._
w garments. , , I * ,
.,, .. .. .
. . ’ .
:,.
: ‘.
9’ . l .
Protecting the building’sentranc&om winter winds and sealjng’edg& around
r __I”
i. .I.,
* Ithe door frame as tightly as possible will minimize heat trgnsfer. The rate of :.
.1
infiltration of cold air through an entrance increases as the velocity of the _
Hemisphere the prevail-
west:‘(check with the US.
of the prevailing winter winds).
of a building will be protected
on the n-orth ot west. side of v 1.
‘,, (dense eve;ggreen planting or solid am
‘,’I ,* ‘% fence), recessing the entrance into the buildjng dr’the addition of wing ,walls . .\ , *
.’ _
: ,.- wil-I reducethe wind’s velocity and impact. .. u
. b
. 1 . 4
a ,.” :i
;,:3 ’ /, *
L:. ,. Weather stripping, when prope& applied, $reveri&.air Ieakagi’ by making a ,
..’ weathertight seal- between ‘the e)lt&or door and: door frame. Caulking- should
r (. ‘\
,be applied around the door frame and the wall to prevent air teakage through,, ’ ~,
,’ 1 these joints. By providing an effective seal around the edges of the door and;
1 . frame, infiltration a.t the. ent,ry can be reduced by as much as 50°/(i. ~..~ ,-
6 6 . . . -- -I),.
* _* c
; ,- I . . .’
‘.. (;
,. Y -* - .
F!,, I 97 i .
i,,-:L
:\.,, _;” *
t< _I -n‘. . “4 ,@,a ,.
I_,,,,
,,,,;,. ,, . d =.
I_ ,‘I .@
.+- ‘, pi . ., .
jg:‘s,:;, s - 1 /
:,: ,‘,’
-: ,’ . .‘:
.( -“. * /
:*:>a,.
,a_,‘, .*yl.,,!L ,/.. I, -- 1 ,*.‘(::
P-
&
I
i,
0
. .
7
\
<
‘ ’ Y
1’
98
1
* - / ‘c
I
y ” (’ :” ,, ~ “”
‘a
3h.. *
VPP 2’
5 t
‘. -
_’
n . ;..” - m.
.
L.
D . 5. Prdtected Entrahce
--
3
-
.’ _. I
. -44
I
:’ /r
- *
.‘n
s
.
,.
PhotolV-fk: Piotected entries (here and fdcingbge). *.
_I * I \ .
II .* - 1
PO 3
“;’ *:
.\,I.I..
-4 /,, .,
.,,:.<.1
J, l
-..~@.&
r’ *
-\ . \‘
_ c. .’ ‘.
I
,.Q;$j
0:‘“;.
1._’ \ J
c” - %
^5 \,\,x\
. 0
. (’ IA” a.gg ‘, 1
, \ ‘\\ ,
,I ‘. &,.* ‘,.?
1~
/ Photo $6a ca ,:‘,:\t :, - >.,
_I,
_ ii
I/ j ’
i - ’ . P
_ 2: n ..
,’ ,* .
. >.
.’
c-
..
-. hI p
‘4
, -6.
I Vi&&k ’ Loc;?tion - :’ c , . ,.
. 1. ;* k > - r,
I e
Y ,. . 1*
‘i,‘ /: +. i J_, f I~ *r
- ,_With the sun shining directly’ onto the.bui1din.g ,during the winterb months-
’ ‘,.BlJlLDINC LOCATle>N(l)-and the major occupied spaces located to the
+F= :I
5:
# ‘south to admit direct.,$unlight-LOCATIDN OF INDOOR SPACES(4)-this
t-i,, .pattern and how to locate wTndow op.enings. - .c..
* ‘/ e- _ -~- -. -
-*.* ‘,, _.- - -
.
-I*>
.‘I,
_> _ c
5 . c
c j;-- ,: s-r. _- . r
” ^ b . .
( 0.‘)
I G
.... l ,@:,?&” l l ..A.
.Q,J,,..--
I
., *
,-
p. II-. ’ * i
1. .
P .
1
,’ -. -: ’
.. . . -.
i ‘.,% .-- _ , <
-
locate major window obnings to ‘the southeast, south and southw.est accord- .
. ing to the internal requirements of each spage; On the east, west and especially ‘-, ’
the north side’of the building, keep., window areas smail and use double glass. _
When possible, recess wind,ows to reduce heat loss. .
_- :
;.
e
“; .a -,, ._- d
.1 ‘n
;
- .
‘.. ’ 101
,--;(e_: .^’ j .’
.: _-... ‘4
.+;a . .
,... .‘. -. I
* . ,
*. ca c
., li, !.: ., ‘_ -I u .: o \. I
(, 9 ; ,-t- =C I’ ,I-
, . -
,,,I ,- * - :’ f ._. ..
%)‘_, 7, -“. D .j .__e .
The Fbssive Solar. Energy Boqk
small glass area
---
y--- -
moderate dlass area ” glass arka
,,I
& ii-iajor glass ‘area I - ? i\
* 4. Fig. IV4a , \
‘\ \.*
-\ . . . . . ..$g * . . ...
n
:: QI I.. ti
j;
I
The’lnfqrmatigri
.. .’ * ’
._ .-
p F ‘.,‘*F e
< The best forientation f&.“the majdr glass areas &‘?a building is one which ,,
receives the .maximum amountzof solar radiation (heat. gain) in the .wint&r and
.
. the minimum .amount in the summer. According to BUlLDING SHAPE;*AND 1
4 ORIENTATION(2), the south side of a building receives nearly 3 times imore, +
0
A;, +solar radiation in &inter-thar) any other side. -During th? summer the situation -
\ is reversed and the south side receives’much less radiatibn in comparisbn to ,I
: ’ .
i h J’ “I
\ ? “k’
io2
_. - A
;,/’ ”
0.
,w
P
* / I
_i r <,:,
?
, ’ ’
.( , 3
4.. . .-
\ 5
/ . .
-\I a” ], 6. Window Location, o ’
/’ 2 -. :‘.i
3’ I, . , . .. J d\ I
‘:., e * ‘i
- -a;.I the roof and east and west sides.of .the building. There aretwo reasons for this.
r. -, ’ First, there are more hours .of sunsh’in’e. striking the s0ut.h face of a’.buildfng in ’ ’ .
,’ winter‘than in summer; even though summe< days are I,onger and have more *
. -,‘I hours of d.aylight, (refer to fig. I’VA2b). And second, since the sun is lower in ,’ Pz
:. the skydurJng the @nter, the sun’s ,rays striking the south face of the building -’
, are c#?? ser to perpend+icular!than in the summer when the sun is higher in the . ., .
-42
/’ ~-
sky. Because of this,.a,square foot of, vertica! south-facing surface will receive .* ~
^ a greater amount’ pfesolar yadiati0.n during the same hour-in winter than in -r:, .*’ _ . .
rl . he-stm’saps striking the .su-rface-of a wind?w .are-closer-t& . .-
. .
perpen&cular in wjnter, the percentagi2”~-6f solar radiation- transmitted through .,
the \;vindbw,js greater than in summer. These seasonal characteristics of south
glai!lng insure a degree of automatic controj for solar collection.
. c ~, . -
L
2600
c
The optimum window orientation for solar ga$ is due so,,r$th. However, varia- _ _ -
iI tions to the east or we,st of south, up to 30”; will reduce performanke only
slightly.. Larger variations, though, will reduce window performance sub-
stantially. I-8
.~ * .
In most climatgs, the heat gained from sunlight during the winter through
south-facing glass will exceed the heat loss. For example, on an average
.e January day in Albuquerque,, New Mexico (35”NL), a square foot of south-
“> , .. 1 I
uw (single grass) recel\ies1,883 Btu’s, of which about 85% or 1,622
Btu’s are,,transmitted through the glass. The heat lost through the same square
foot of window for that day is 749 Btu’s. When the heat loss is subtracted from
1
‘, the heat gain, there is a net gain of 873 ‘Btu’s for the day. For the entire month
of January the net gain will be (873 Btu’sX 31 days) 27,063 Btu’s/sq ft. By cal-
culating the heat gained’for &ch month of the heating season (months when _
‘hea-tjng is needed), the.total net gain for each square foot of south-facing
‘0 glass is l92,328 Btu’s. This is the equivalent of 102 cubic feet of propane, 246
cubic feet of natural gas, 24 pounds of.coal or 1.9 gallons of he.ating oil. Figure ’
IV-23c gra,phs, by city, the heat gain or loss during the heating season ,for a
square foot of south-facing window (both single and double glass). ’
I
.
Openings !hould be carefully placed according to the light and heating
requirements of each space. For example, a sleeping are may req,uire some
*southeast or east openings to admit earl) morning’s’unli’ght and heat into the . ’ ’
space. It is important to note that east- and west-facin’g single or double pane
windows either come out even or lose heat during the winter in most climates.
Since there is no direct sunlight in winter on \the north side of a building,
north-facing windows are a continuous heat drain, ’
w _-
The solar radiation calculator in chapter 5 is a quick graphic ‘metho& for .
determining the amount of hourly or daily radiation, intercepted by a surface
I. facing in different directions. Of course the location and size of windows will
‘L
‘Y, . be ‘influenced by other considerations as well; such as views, privacy and
‘.c..
natural lighting. ?.. d
5
: .
. .
6.
* . 1st,,
0
. ..‘..il.~“;a...~~.’
‘< . ‘Q ,\.z
(1 ’
. ,- h
,..‘.
*d‘ ‘.
Which is the best passive system to use? The question of whi’ch sy$em to use
is one .of the most loaded .questions ihat can be asked abdut passive solar
L
heating. Whenever the question arise;; it generates a heited’discussjon hnd
.
c -- ^,. _ Recommended sizing procedures for each system are given in SOLAR
OF ..~
W+lNDOWS(?), SIZLNG THE WALL(13), SIZING THE GREENHOUSE(15) and ’ ’
:...L ‘* Si,ZI&THE ROOF POND(17). When desirable, a combination of systems can
b_‘” be used to heat 7 space-COMBINING SYSTEMS(21). ;*
T n”
‘
I I
-?:- ih&formatfgn c :- . ,_ *- +I _ - , ,, , _ .
l
:i.
?.
* <
-
L
.I
With”a, rotigh plan foF’&ch space;select the m’ost appropriate system(s) for B , ,’
P .
. yo;r building:To help make the best, possible choice, each system is assessed -
1
atco’rding
~_--.. to the follo)uing desi-gn ‘iconsic)eJations: $uil$nB form, g!azing,
constru*ct/on materials,, thermal contr4; efficiency abd the system’s feasi- ma
bility as a retrofjt to an existing building.:AjI *the systems assessed WIII perfprm’ ‘,
+. ._
> t well i-n a wide variety of -climate-s, althougR,slight modificatior& should be ~
.
,mad,e to optimize efficiency. i , .
* II ‘,
/- ‘ .
. \‘- I
.. .
,, i
Direct Gain -I : a, .
-.
0i
Design Element ’ Assessment .. , 7.
. ,I “. *
: ’ ,
,\ w.
‘f’ .
‘.
Buildjvg Form -s’ The’building is uslally~elongLrte~ in tt& cast-welt dir&-
. ,:
.- I tion, .with spaces needing.heit (o~~tecl along the sbutf?
‘- ( ..” ‘wall. fidwever, a different building shape is possible’.if
IS I Spaces aFe. siackeh, or’ staggered, or. diqect .sunlight is
I and sky- ; tGri
STACKED
Fig. IV-7a
.-. .-.
yy ;’ ; ‘;’ ” .i,.
.I:,,.,,, -, /.
I‘2 ;
I,
.
,>, :‘f.,(, i * ~
.:, ‘; ,
,. ‘,’ 0 :
‘. I I :.
1 ,. ?‘P.
s.. .a .
.
, . . ,I:+
c
-y, -~-.Thq
~-. Passive
~~ Solar Energy Book I . - h
c ,1. 6
.-,, r-~ _ .- D ? _.
“ 3 ,: “’ l -, . ’ :
. .‘.” j’ 3
.-’ - 1
c.-
<,I“I’t ’ Glazing .T.he. major glass a&s~~of each ‘space .mus’t.‘be oriented. ’. * -
Yj.
‘F. F:
, . .to’-?he south for maximum solar heat gain in winter: l ,,
’ j:..
: ‘, _ Naturalb,. these windovs..can serve other...functions as I. ; in
* .I
- ..‘, ‘._ ., 0 well, such as openings for light and views. It is essential,
:‘\ ! ; : . ). t ‘4 ’ though, that the windows be carefully designed to elimi-
.I;- .
‘$ .’ ” <\?,I ? . * L‘. . nate the problem <of .glare often associated with Direct : .
,p...; 3
I’ , *:,
’ %.
‘k.L.--- ~- fL- 3--
, .
~ A.. CainSystems. ‘As we’ shall -see-a Direct Cain System p: -- ..
‘. .,
.A ,utilizes the least amount of souih-facing glass to -h’eat .a\ ’ I ’
‘r
‘,!. _ space. ._ i /
.. . .,
d f ...
.’ I :
‘1 I - I
;.:.”
9, 1 ‘, Construction Each space must have ‘thermal mass for the’ storage, f * :.
.‘, , , - . Materi,als and p .-
‘\ +. . solar heat. Tfii ‘mplies a heavy .building with interio 7
‘, . _ walls an$&oors /
Added Mass constructed of masonry materials. How-
..’ <’
ever, the masonry can be as thin as 4 inches. If an interior v. *-
wajer,wall is used ‘for ‘heat.storage, then lightweight con- ‘* ‘s ..
!. . c struciion Xv~o’bd frame) cart be used. w
.. l *
” ;
!, r c ;
, ’ I c s:’
\
‘,’ . Thermal Control Direct’ Gain Systems are characterized by daiiy indoor *
i .,- I .y temperature fluctuations, which may range from IO” to
\.
*. 3O”F., depending -upon the location and ,size of solar
windows>hermab mass and the c&o.r.~of interjo-r sur-
:a,, -. .cA
;T. ’ “’ ‘fa&%?The- heating sy&em cannot be turned on or ,off’
c\ ”
‘), -*..
i _~ -\ 3’ ,, ,$nce there is little control. of natural heat flows ‘in the ’
./ a
.” ,a L space: To .prevem overheating, shading devices.are used 0
L’- I.__ ‘-to reduce, soi& gain, o,r excess heat is vented by opening ~’
. kinbo&s.o’r activating an exhaust-fan. Ho’wever, when a : o
: . ” , . conventional forced-air heating system is added ‘to a
,! ; a spdce, uniform interior temperatures can be maintained.
.
. . ;*
j,
‘. I ,Efficiency *+ .When properly designed, a Direct Gain System is roughly -
9.
,- 30 to 75O/d efficient in winter. This means that most’of the
I’, 1 . sunlight transmitted through the g/‘&s is used for space
jt-
,(’ ’ ‘.
\’ - . heating. ~,
1 I/
,, .’ “i ‘, _. . .,
-.
.-; : -~.. .r*Effi~iency is defined as the pe.rcerttage of ihe solar energy incident on the face of the collector
:. tgkingt thqtisusedffpr space heating. When the glazing area normally used in i sljace doubles
-.
R as the, collector ,area, then -the- system’s effkiency -will-be high, approximately 75%. However,
., -. ’ if ihe.collector area, is additional to the amount of glaijng~$at would nonnaity be uvd in a
,’ ,-. .‘.
space, $ren the system’s efficiency will be lower, on the order:of 30 to#bO%. , - , * .
‘.’ . .
; ,<. .
,’ .*
., c;;‘,
+
e
the Sj&A. t -J
‘i. ChFosing.
. 1
<
” * , .
.’
* RetroEtting Retrofitting an existing building with a DirecfCain,System * ,
. . _ is very d’iffrc.ubi since..the building is the system. Only
.. * *
when aespace is constrticted with masonry :@a\ls and .. .
, I . ‘1 .fYodrs exposed on the. mt+ior,
1. -. . and has ,a clear s,outher;n !
, . .-. exposure, is it possible to add solar windows and modify. ’ ‘Lx
,. 8
.
. . i : interior surface finishes to,solir he&t the space. ’ : , a r.r’
- ;:.,
\ - .* l6
- 0 %
% ’ .
7. Conclusion This system demands a skillful and totdl integration of all.
r the architectural elements v4thi.n each spac&-windows, !
walls, floor, roof and interior surface ,finishes. In get-$@; “‘,!
the-way in’ which the interior mass is heated by\solar. - ,
radiation will determine.‘.‘the efficiency a@ leyel of -* .5:
thermal, comfort ‘provided by .the system. Since there’aye -’
no heating .units, ducts or registers, the system is’com+. -.
plete!y invisib!e. A direct ,gain building can .usua!ly <be: ; :-
built for the same cost as a conventiofial masonry build-
----.__ . / ’ ing. In comparison, adding thermal mass .to a wood frame
._. _.L’.-a-- -- j I
.- . building will raise construction costs. c
,% __-- -. -
-, ;<, o.e(I ’ .y- c*,‘,‘.. * yp I
n *. I
-* -
.A _ j, ,I ’
.:*
‘I i ~Tlier’inal ‘St&age es . , 4 !I
c’ ‘Wall &‘+ .. , , ._I > a-.
i * Design Eleieet Akessment ‘. ’ v . ” : , x?,~~.
.<‘., _ . .I ‘, ._
‘. .
. -
I ’ ‘Bu~1d~r-r~Form,. .The depth of a space is I,imited to’<piroxlmate;y 15 to 20’
, . ’ ‘_~ feet since this., is, considered the ,maximum’distance- for) ;’ ,,;. ;
effective radiant heating -from a so~iar’.walI.:iThe require- ’ . .
1. ment. of a southern exposure *dictates a .jinear arrange- * ”
; * ‘..
( I’ 0 ’ .
, i
1 ‘” r +’
,> .* s 4_.
. . ,.’
3’ **.... r
>’ 3
‘0 ‘- .
,?$ .
.,.‘_ 1 -
- .
a\
!- \ ^I
- .,i, r
Fig.-lW76: Staggering spaces. ’ -_ ,; \
1. ,.
,.. -9
Lh. .
:’ _. 7 -1
.; . .,, . ‘4 h ‘109
I _- ,.
i --. . .
‘_ ’ .“, , ‘-1 D,
,‘. . ‘..&
.ll .. -
,_ --c_...tew.. _, ._~ ,- / -. ,’ . ’ r: ,, .-’ 3
.; ,.; ,- .I I. , - - ---- s .m- --.
d ., -, I
:.a ‘,’ ‘t Q -.-__ ,
--_._ 7
.)
‘+ . - -.
-.
‘. *. - ,’
‘_ ’ :
.I,- 1 ’ * , -% * .~.
-,_
:a .’ I . * u
7. n
I
!, -.I ) The Passive Solar Energy Book ’” b .
%A
. ’ .. J
I
,- _ . $
‘,.., - Y
‘, I , “I ’ ment of st$ees along the south wali of the building 1 9
c
unless modified by stacking and/or staggering spaces. ,
However, staggering spaces- along the ‘length’of the south ,
c
I wall results*insom& sol.ar bldckage,during part of the day. P
: .~,i ,, ’ c
Id
i.. ‘. m-. ” 0t iI So >
‘.’- .
Glazing ’ + The predominant -architectural expression. of the building
. . is south-facing glass. The ,glass functions as a collecting
surface only, and admits ‘no natural light in’to a’ spa’ce. 9
_ !JHowver, windows can be inclu&d in’the wall to admit
‘. natural:light, direct heat
! - and also permit a view. c
4 1 .
. / I
.
.D
1” (1 \
’ ,. ,q . Construction Either water ‘or masonry,can be used for a thermal m’$ss.
” ‘,!,,,
,. f *
,. " Mgterials and wall.’ Double glazing in’ front .of the wall is necessav.
’ 1% , Added Mass unless insulating shutters .are applied over the glazing Tat’
,,...
.I, night. Since the thermal mass is-cqncentrated along one
‘j;‘..‘.2, ., #
. ..‘.. /.
.yc I,‘I ., ‘_, wall, there .is no limit to the cho.irce of coF&ru.ction, ma-
~. .- “. B. ‘te’rials and interior finishes in the remainder qf the @ace.’
i a* R .
D f .
:” .: .” .\
..,,y. . -y ‘, ,- . :*: . -’ I I .
.o.
0. Thermal Control Indoor temperature.‘fluctuations- are controlled *by wald 1,
‘,,* * .’
thickness. The heat output of a masbnry wall can be,
:‘. I . ‘,. regulated ,~by the addition of thermocirculation vetits .
‘Td P
:‘) \@ c*
,. ,‘” with opera,.ble dampers or by movable insulating panels
/b’ . -
“7 & <.’ or drapes placed over the insid@ face:of‘the wall. . P i
. . .
+,-..- -~“- - e .r * ~, ( ;.P;;
_.
>
i j 4.
.
” y
\
7. Chdsing the System .’ a.
L ^
Glazing ‘To heat one square foot.of building flooi area [excluding<
th greenhbtise); approximately 1 l/2 times as=m”uch green-
I
i . ‘T%-
*< - ~ ho1 se glass area is ,neede’cl as is -required in a Thermal *.
3 Storage Wall System. The .area of glass&an be somewhat
;-.\; .;w-.’ /
,. 2” -- . . .\. lb I ~ rebuced.:if an-active heat ‘storage system is used: In this D ,
,. ‘2..
0.” case, day&me h$at is actively taken ‘from the greenhouse ’ 1
,
t and,,stored for use,in theibuilding*at night. 1 1
:..,’ , . ‘. v 0L .> I
I, .-
,
L’ 2, 3
Construction ’ ~,The major 4construtti:on material i; ‘,the greenhouse is L
’. ,A ,
/-_. . ,., Materials-and double glass .or transparent plastic. The common wall ” .
‘. Added Mass between {he, greenhouse and building should be con- .
‘strutted, with thermal mass (masonry or water), unless ac-
” r tive ,heat storage is employed. The remainder of. the
/ ” ’ building can be constructed of any;material. . * * *
2“ ; c ’ ,. L
. ~ J * . .I”
” .A :.
Thermal ,Control ‘The tem.perature of .the gre&house &n -be;effe&ively ‘, ” . 1
, I controlled $G.thin a predictable fan&. by; propeily sizing’ ’
. ( *,
the collector’ area (glazing) and jthermal 4a$.,,Tem‘pera- ’ .
~
‘. ture control.. In *adjoining’ spaces is the k$ne, as for a
I . . Ther,malStorage Wal,l System. . . q;; \ . : I
‘,,. .I . * , i/ .A.
- ? , ,* I . . ,* :I
I ?4, *
h i 1;
. I -- T/j ?
. (, + i ‘113
‘.. _ - 1
: ‘. -.’ $f<” T
‘9,;:.’
,!,,,,,. I -m r, . . . ..r + ‘ !:Yii.
,‘,,‘~. _. _,: ,:
:~$.‘i:~‘.,, ;, .- :J/l:.
i ”a
. . .v
” “_
“, , ‘. .
_ 9.
,( _’ ‘ L
__-‘_
’ E$ciency ’ When properly designed) the ‘greenhouse will heat itself -.
: i
Iand supply .heat to adjoining spaces. All the sunlight a+ .
d , . mitted into the greenhouse is used for heating.‘The over-
I r
. all effioiency of the system is appioximately 60 to 75”10 \ ’
during the winter ,months. The percentage of {heat _
.-
’ suppli..ed to adjoining .spaces is roughly 10 to 30% *of the
energy incident ‘on. the collector face. However, this .
\
percentage can be increased if an active heat storage .i,,
,system isemployed. :,
II
Roof f’ohd a
-.: ‘,
Q@ a- Assessment .’ . A r@e
-.. g :
c.2 ” .
9’ *-: ., -. L
~.. : -+ *
::.’ ‘; $ ,‘. ~..
i4 Q, Burlding Fofi=;2_‘-’ Since the roof is the coll,ector, this system is #!%t suit-
$g ; g<-,.
--‘z::.,
A ,’:. - - U..’ ” I able for heating one-story buildingS,-0-r the’;pper,floor of
: ‘5
‘: d, ‘8. a two- or three-story structure. The roof area containing
h l”.P.u >. ‘,:’ , * the ponds can be.flat, stepped ub to the north & pitched. ’
,*c.;‘. ~,‘Tt .,: *
L L ‘: Although~the system is somewhat restrictive as to building,
$,’:-, ‘o‘- ‘1, ‘ii. : &+j’ ” I, ,
I
‘- II height, it does not-dictate a building shape or ori’entation
+-
_’ . 3 and a,llows complete fre.edom tith regard to the arrange- a
.., . maent’of indoor spaces. In addjtion! the roof pond is
r ‘. ‘.
. - .,. .?. . d :‘,.
‘. .. jn%isible f.rom fhe’street I.evel. ij
“L t I t ’ . !
* ,1 , I x‘1
.. . O.’ 0” . > ‘CL *
. I Gl&ng .!. D When used primarily ior heating&the glazed. surface area
d I.~ ’ of the pond,should
l be un-obstructed by shadow between
the hours of JO:00 a+m. a& 2:00 p.m. in’- winter.. For’
‘. * ,. .A
summer cooling, the .pond should ,be exposed. to as
= \, - l
a much of the nightskyd.ome as”possible.-
_ .(
:, -
:. ’ I
/ 7 .fc&*’
\. .i+ ’ -1
”
7. Cfioosijvg the System
1 / PITChED i
1,
. Fig. IV-7c: ‘Roof ponds..
*
\
1-I e&
..
, _i
9 Construction Roof- ponds are ,generally between 6 and 12 inches in
c
a Materials and . ’ depth. Therefore, the building’s structure must support ;.,. .’
,i --i: Add,ed Mass , the 32 to 65 Ibs/scj ft dead load the pond’system yill add ‘4 ’
/--7 to the roof. A structural metal deck, which also acts as a
I I
f,inished ceiling&d rad:ating surface, is the most com-
monly used support for the ponds themselves. .Sinc@ the
.
entire system is lo.cated on the rooftithe remainder of the
building can- be constructed of any material: Using ,+% .
a-*
masonry interior’walls .and/or floors .will help moderate ‘a “,
indooF..tempera$ure fl e the recom-
c
..mended depth of the _-__..
- f
_ .._
, . :b. >.
a
modular -consider-
:
1’;
.-1 .i - .,-
.- _, - : &ohcl,usion - .,1
.. A I.I
:*:!&lar roof.p’onds are, a< inexpensivs and effective met&d
I of providCng both heating. at lower .latitudes (i.e;; ~36”NL
.
-1 - .I li 7 ‘&
1 or lower) and co&& in dry climates with, clear night- . .I
; i ‘>
c I” skies.- Furthermore, there are several modifications ‘whjch’
,:: . “7
i- -, L-
c I’ can be made to the syste.m’to:make-it applicable to a‘ -,
;,, : * 2 .. / ‘_&>
“‘-. __’.~_.-. 1 ’ -- a variety
a-~.- -‘----, of climates.
p_mmmmo ior example, spraying or flooding *the ”
. *.--Y,.
..,. . tside surfarzof the enclosed ponds to provide addi-
,‘, . _
>, ., . .a_.*’~ , - i-
- -+4;,;!‘ .,,’ coolingby evaporation (up:to 4 ti’mes the amount
~+i-- 1
pm+. -~?A’ .- ;-y - ri’ .;# provid&i+--nightsky radiatiow) can extend the 5ystern’s 1:: I
.,*/. -~’. ‘I. . \ :- ,j cooling capability to humid regions.,lOr, placing the w
0,_,j ‘(, .’ 4 “e; *- -* ril .,I; -@ads under a pi,tched roof, with the south slope glazed,
,,a:,q, ‘- _ P a’ 1
~!‘,.Y
‘: ‘*VP..
*‘- 1 >---‘l,.i ‘) , _ I . can adapt the -roof pond td ndrthern latitudes where. ,l+z u
,~i’I : ‘. ‘, 7 -k~-- ,~.k$ay=- _~
-;;- JiorirbntaacoJectors would otherwise be inefficient. $ :
u,1\:
,i’l . ;*
I,,...: .._.;. - ‘I- i -% ., - -
~ --.---, __
‘h., ,:., : : ,- < .’
):” ; - i. :~]‘@; c?G ‘- 1 ;- / _ _I ,:; ‘I y:----
‘,
j,,_‘.
: .‘a * .
.-* _.
_:-.. > . . L = Y
‘1’: . _i L
y :I, j -. 1 * 1,. ~ . * ,’
:,’.., -: -. i -’ 1. &~ .
./ _ 5 c’ - .Li .u I
,j;.:,. .’ .J> _-I I ” .’ ~ i’
_.
,.I c
, ,’
f
e .
\ , - ,. ,,.
_; ,;i ‘Y,, ,i 1 -I _’
‘
_
.IV!‘?, l
. .
‘. e
&ore energy is consumed in the construction of.a Ibuilding than will be &ed
inL mahy yeirs of operation. Building maieriXls an’b~ equipment require con-.
-
Gderable quantities of energy, during their manufacture, transportation IO the
constru&n site andasse bly. Robert 4!- Kegel;in an article concerning ehergy ’ ,’
and builditi-i-g matqrials (” F he EnergFntensity o-f Building Materials,” Heating/
PipinglAir’~nditioning, Juhe 1975, pp. ,37-41), analyzed the energy consump-’ -
:’ ‘tion ,of a conventional educational facility (432,O$l %q ft) in Lhicago. He
.&+s+ looked at the b;ilding f&n the standpoint .of bcildjng construction, mat&Is,
equipm\en.t and operation. His results.indicated-that the bu$ldin’g cdujd opdrate ‘- ’ a.
, I _’ jar’ over 6 years before exceeding the energy it took .to construct it. These ‘\
1 _’
. A results did ‘hot inklude the energy expended in .mining and transporting
b- materials to the mill or factdry. Conventional housing reflects.si:miIai patterns C’ 1.
of eneigy use. ‘& D . * . !
----- ----- ~._____- -- - ._,____ .I’ :
‘I> -_
---- ---. ..
The Recommendation - ._ -, ,- - ( 8’ , --, ‘* *
“.a
_ & building constr:ction, use most& biodegradable and low energy-constimink
: materials ,which ‘art locally produce+ “For th&rnal mass and bu!k p$erials
ii I _ use adobe) soil-cement, brick, stone, concrete, and water in containers; fbr
-: finish ma&rials use,,tieod, plywood, particle board a& gypsum board. Use 0’
. the following mate;&‘& only in small quantities or when the’y have been ,
L P recycled: steel pane Ps ghd co’ntainers, rolled. steel sections, alummum‘ and
e. 6 plastics. Lwu-. . p.
, e
~ . ,1&,.. .-
_H . F l **.-w = ,.+@...T, - ’ ’ ’ ; .
‘,. %a I-
, ,‘- < A
‘.
fl T I’ b. i :” \’ ’ ; ..1,5 , :
i ,- - A
1 .. .
c /_ Q
,I
,,‘>:‘~;_I ,,;--a. _ , -, ,. \- . -.
__ ‘* ? .
a:‘:‘., d :r
,‘. I, ,. -;..
+..
;” I \ 1.. 1 0
;‘, .. - D
_I I
1 / .,. I o
._-.- ‘- _
, ,’
i ~-
I. ,’
, ._ ..
.J, .,
,,
’ i, ,,: “,
;‘.?WJ+I ‘ielecting .building’materi+s,‘be awal;e &f &hat is locally produced. @y 5 /
‘suppd’rtihg
.., .<’ Ipeople in the-.loial. labor market;ewe not only save iransportatidn
!~(~,@f~ -(Woney arid, ehergy) buf maintain’ the ~ life. of industries which are
I ‘. ..:,. --
,,’ :_ e,.::,.
.: .‘1
..’ ,Fempat~~le-~it~.our
.’ ., : ” lif*tyle ‘arid- welfare..
,‘.l ‘_ .
.?I-, ‘..5(1 . . ‘i.
, (”:.,“‘.
,,: \;,.’:,: ,f ,. \ . 5: .--L- ,;_, i
i.;6 . - : - -
, is,
;c,,‘J,.‘i: ‘:.:<“j - ’ . *._
..
\;.;, ,: ;,,, :‘;. 5. ,’
( _, , d ., 9.
0 :
.‘
;s’ ,,,‘.‘I ‘.,_’ d : .”
“,, ,*,,“. -
i..:I*’ ,’ 7 :::,.’ A. 7,
,-. ,. ,T> ‘. .i c
1,: 1 ,, _. ..,’ : / -
,‘*.,:,..,:,.‘.” : _ 2 I+ _ _ .-z-i
,: I,::, ‘, ” -: I . ‘: .’
,-
‘/ .;’ I! :’ *
, ., ._
.$.’ * _-
~,~~,,r..;::!‘.~~~~‘-;.” i-r--l-‘.-;!’ >,,?k _‘,::’ _,‘. : - ;-,--- c: .
e 0 Ia .
:,i ,w”--~;,,
Cl&,.
,:~‘, :*-.‘.*,; -3x. l :. .,(. ‘. : ..\ , ._, _.
I
\
. ; _
i,
.i
, n
-’ -- - -7” y
qnj~ l
II
:J i-
i
8 ’
.’ -..q
L-..
F-2
Direct Gain kyktern ’’
. ., I -
Photo ‘g-g+
0 B
* . .\ .
t.
“O.. -.
d, ‘,
? .~ @ . I.
i fi - >
,I
* i. Cb $’ ,.
1 -
. ,
,, ,’
.C
:
’ 1. .
yf-
% ‘\.
1
J c
9. ‘S&ii VVihdo&s
,
_
,‘/,! . * -
.. . . .. . . pi@&..* ‘,
..
L --
.:
- .,
i i
. i
. _ . /’
._,.
L In cold climates- (average winter temperatures
0.19 and- 0:38 square feet of south-facing glass for each one square foot of,
space floor area; In temperate climates (average-winter temperatures 35” to -.
- ‘- @YE)rprovjde 0.11 to O+ square feet-of south-facing glass for each one square
.foot of st&%floor area. This amount of glazing w,ill ,admit enough sunlight to
.$keep the space pt:an average.femyPeratwe of 65” to 70pF during much of the
60
*inter. r _ .. i’ .I !
v-
‘2 .i ’
h’
‘/
3% 119), '
.
:',,,I'/! ,h. - 00
3 . :
/ i :
‘, 4
* 1~ -3
-.- li
* i
i ,, .i& ,& (I I.
L.’ ,s;,.’ a*- The Passive ‘Solar Energy Bodk - 32. *’
. 0 1
3. .r
Fig. IV-tYa .
i
,, ,i I. I.
:
.y-..
v :>-
1
The Information
In a Direct Gain System the most important fac.tar In collecting the sun’s
energy is the .size and placement of wcndow openings. A window; skylight or
clerestory that faces south and opens directly into a Space is a very efficient
solar collector--WINDOW LOCATION(6). Light entering the space, is unlikely .?
to be.reflecte’d back out regardless of the color or shape of the space. This
means that virtually all the sunlight is absorbed lay the walls;fioor, ceiiinge---- - -- -- -
.
other ‘objects in the space and is converted into heat. Openings that are
designed primariiy to admit solar energy into a space aye r&ferred to as “solar .-
L
. windows.“-You can orient a solar window as much as 25” to the east or west - ‘.
r
of true sduth and still intercept over 90% of the’solar radiation incident on a
south-facing surface.
By &tablishing this criterion we are able to develop ratios io.r the preliminary *
sizing of solar windows, skylights and clerestories. Table IV-9a lists ratios for
dtfferefi~~~tim~t~s tliat apply io a well-insulated residence. ..j
b %
.A
For example, in Seattle, Washington, at 47”NL with an average January’ tem-
” perature of 38?J”F, a well-insulated spa?e needs app-roxi’matgly 0.22 square
feet of south-facing glass for each square foot of building floor area (a 2OO-
sq-uare-foot space needs 44 square feet of south-facing glass). k ’ /’
_/-
j,
‘.
Of course, the exact location ‘and size of win&w openings depends upon
other design conside.rations such as special views, natural lighting and space
use. Because of these considerations, it may not be desirable to use the amount
of south-facing glass recomme’nded in this pattekn. The ,system works with the
+
J.
: 121 ’
:
, .;. @ u
The Passive Solar Energy Book
,
‘Table IV-9a Sizing Solar Wira&ws for Differqnt Climatic Conditions ’
2.
Average Winter SquareFeet of Window ’
/ Outdoor Temperature (“F) Needed for s
(degree-dayslrd’o.4’ Each One Squhre Foot of Floor Area
Cold Climates
,
_--- --- 1.5 (1,500). ~~&l.&&dnight !nsulatlon~ o&r glass)
. 20" (1,350) ,, 0.24-().38(w/night insulation over glass)
25" (1,200) 0.21-0.33
‘- 30" (1,650) 0.1 g-0.29 ”
~\ Temperate Climates
35" (900) 0.16-0.25
40" ( (750) 0.13-0.21
4.5" (600) 0.11-0.17
-
j . : ,
NOTES: 1. Thdse ratios apply to a rcsidcnce with a space’heat loss of 8 to 10 Btu/day-sq ftrl-“F.
3’ .- If space heat loss is less, lower values can be used. These ratios can also be uked for
other building types having similar heating requirements. Adjustments should be
made for additional heat gains from lights, people and appliances.
\
; ‘;) 2. Temperatures and degree-days’are listed for December and January, usually the
: ,. coldest months. ,
3. Within each r!nge, choose a ratio according to your latitude., For southern late-
Y tudes, i.e., 35”NL, use the lower .window-to-floor-area ratios; for northern latitudes,
i.e., 48”NL, use the higher ratios. i
Cd
-
same +efficiency using smaller openings than those recommended; howevkr,
+ the annual percenTage of so.lar heating supplied to the space.‘is reduced. ’ -” ‘! --.. .-
kecessing windows and using wood sash construction will further reduce
heat loss. Single klazing with.wood frame construction transmits approximately ’
10% less heat than glazing with a metal &sembly. As-the glazing becomes
more insulative (double or triple glazing), the type of framing hecomes ‘more _
significan’t. A double-glazed wood frame opening,wilI transmit 20% less than I
a metal-framed opening. Only use metal sash that has a thermal break between’ . (
.
_,-, .,.
‘.;
:
. i
e I
9. Solar Windotis I-
,
.J-,A’.
, iig. IV-9b: Splaying the wall will increase heat gain ‘in winter.
. ..
c - i
. I .‘ a
. a”-
the ,inside and outside face. At the outside surface of a window, wi!d will
iiicre%s$ ‘the 6njiltrat.ion of cold air .into a buildihg and. Will, carry away heat L g-”
-~- --------6t a faster, iate than still air. Recessing ~windotis’ back from the face of the
. exterior wall wi!l decrease tke.movement of air against the window. However,
-3
wheri’iec&si’ng windotis, care should be tcken, on the south face to avoid
@xces,sive shading: . 1
I ’
I i
.
. . . . . .@+:. I
. *
,
d ’
I\ .z,
I,
123 : .
,#^ J >
0 ‘w
.-
: L -; ,*.: g. I
..’ ‘, .f?
+ld
z
’Di.red din -System.n
.. \
, .
Photo IV-loa I e
.
fj
. ,
r. ’
-- .
_ IO. Clerestories and Skylights
I+
. ‘
0 ‘-
h. ( ,101,
.... l a\ %$a@ . ... _’ I
cl ,.i
I
c
I .I
”
There are many situations when admitting direct sunlight through south-facing
.windo.ws%@t feasible or desirable., Solar blockage of the south wall by,
.nearby obst+uctions, or spaces without a clear southern exposure, make it
impbssible- to use windows ,for solar gain. Also, the diitance from a solar
window to a thermal storagk mass is Ii.mited by the height of the w@dow. ’
A mass located too far from the window will not receive and absorb direct , *.
sunlight. Large solar windo&s, which are the primary source of ‘direct sun- ‘3
.
light in a space, may result in troublesome glare, create uncomfortably warm
J a’nd bright conditions f.or people occupying, the space and discolor certain
c fabrics. For these arid other reasons (privacy and aesthetics) it is necessary to
explore alternative methods for cdllecting the sun’s energy in a direct gain ’
building. i
..
I $,
.J
.”
Another method for admitting sunlight into a space is through the roof. ‘Use
either south-facing clerestories or skylights to distribute sunlight over a space
or to d-ire&it to a particular interior surface. Make the ceiling of the clerestory
1
a light color and apply shading devices to both clerestories and skylights for ~
summer sun control. ”
:
, 1.
/ . 125 i
,. i
-7. . -_
/
.a
SKYLIGHT
.
“-
_,‘.--
Fig. IVdlOa \
...l .@2&
. ...”
l
w ,’ -
F
.
4. ‘s
<, Q
.
n 1.
,
‘_ -
._ . 10. Clerestories and Skyliihts -
- P
-T -c nformatio i*
a.
J
Collecting sunlight through south-iacltig clerestories and skylIghts has siveral
advantages. Sunlightvadmitted through ‘the rooi cant be distrlbuied to any part ,.+.
of a space or building. This allows for maxrmum iree,clom when locating an
. interior thermal stoiage mass. When properry desrgned, toplighting eliminates G
: the prob”jem of glare.since’ light entering the space from above reducesthe 1’
cdntrast between interior surfaces and <vindow5. Because cl&Festories and r
skylights are located high in’a spave, they,reducc: the c-hamcc of sol;lr blockage,
by”dff-site obslruction; and allow ior large openings in ( rowdcd building ’ . :
* situations where privacy is desirable.’ I.
9
.: :
:.
..
b..
.
rr”
‘7.
L_ 4 Y’
Phpto IVGiOb: Clewsto& location. .: l
,‘A
----._ I
‘I
17 e 127
?. !3
*
Thee Passive Solar, Energy Book -; ,.
7I
d
a( #
.I .j tL
Mos~~.passive iolar alerestory9 an b skylight con figurations are derived fro%
” consideration-for collecting suoli ht and distributing it within a space. In a
Direct Gain System, an jmpdrtan, i” tonsid’&atibn in the selection and locatiin \
: 1 d‘f a particular qonfiguratipn’ is.. hether sunlight-is to be diffused throughout _,
- r a space-MASONRY H’EAT ST0 AGE(ll), or diiected to a particular surface-
c,
INTERIOR”WATER WALL(12). ,’
l ‘- . 7 + 0
c + ,!
.a‘“‘,F’ -
5
”. , . -
(‘+ .-_
~ I>
. .,
.
\.
t *
3
B
tab
_ -..~
,
.
a- ’-. L = i.5 H B
S.--T:
J .’ 1
- -” I
4+++
10. Clerestories and Skylights
/ ’ &
5I
A
Make the ceiling;of the clerestpry either a light color to reflect and diffuse’ -’
sunlight down over the space, or a polished surface to direct the sunlight to a
thermal wall. Shade the clerestory in summer by extending its roof to $rovide
:, ‘an overhang-Sl-!AD!NG DEVICES(25):The angle of the glass can be tilted to ‘*
I
v. P -increase solar gain in winter, but tilting the glating also increases solar gain a
in summer, making sun control devices essential, The exterior ~rr3of belowa ~-Y--Y
clerestory can .be treated as a reflecting surface’for maximum solar gain-
5 P I
REFLECTORS(24). . + .
I .
& -.
7" e
= .
. i. i -
*
n
- ,
‘.
1
The Pi&e Sola; Energy Book
.
0
, i ,.’
_ .
* .
‘\
0 s,-
o-
\
-..
- I
e
I......Fig. IV-1Od: Sawtooth configuration design. - ‘. ,.j , ’
e 52
.. .
;
130- ” 1 ” s’
1’ .,I.) 1 -
D : *
,” c 1 *2 Q I
” 9. -. - , . . i .;
6 I-
- ‘-;
“i
YY
I
4 IT
I
.:, ,+.’
10. Cl&estories’~~and Skyli&ts
D
”
.Lb.
Phota IV-10~:
, Sawiooh clethtones; view looking up,
and‘ clerestories mobnted on the roof. fj
A>
,
i”
-1:. , 3
?
0 ,
i
Phqto IV-lla’ \
I
‘1, ‘4
i
I “1 .
a. I - ----
#_
-
,_ -. I I ;
. ..
/
‘. P
. t. ‘L
#
.
. 0
4.
t.
-’ 1
124 ;
.
‘.
INSULATION -
CLEAR GiAZlkG’ ,
MASONRY-
.
i
INSUIATION-
DIFFUSING GLAZING
_
MASONRY -
,
Fig. IV-l 1a .
‘Lx -
Slightly oversize solar windows and thermal mass to collect and store heat for
cloudy days-CLOUDY DAY STORAGE(22). It is essenti.aI to insulate the
exterior face of the mass to keep stored heat inside the space-INSULATION *
ON THE OUTSlDE(26). Also, a thermal mass cooied during summer evenings’
wi!l absorb heat and- provide co$l interior surfices on hot days-SUMMER
COOLING(27).. bhe n ‘masonry construction ‘is not possible or desirable, an
INTi?RI’CIR WATER WA~~for~heatstorage, ~~ - .>~ip..
,.,
.
P . 135
1
.
.
1
1. . .
.
, (‘( e,
I 9 *
The Passive Solai Energy Book _ v
/. :
0
. I) s
‘C j A ’ . .
::
” ‘t&Since therm%! mass is integrated into the living spaces in a Direct’Gain System,- d
‘;&the amount of energy stored in the mass (walls and floor) atsunset determines ~1
;$he indoor temperature fluctuation in the. space over the day. In winter,
- , I._%‘pproxima&ly 65% of the total space ,heat loss occurs at night; 35% during --- T
theday. If solar windows are sized to admit enough sunlight on a clear winter .
day to ‘heat the space,;for a 24-h-our period-SOLAR WINDOWS(g)-then ;
” .- \.?.8. ’ roughly 65% of this energy must be stored for. use ‘at night. When only .a .
,‘> .’ small’ portion of this energy is stored, tt-ien an abundance of he”at .is available
;<.i,
-~-T- ~~1 ,I,-. ,,f mduring the day and’ not enough at, night.:This condition results ir? daytime ,,
overheating an.d low nighttime temperatures. .
1 1
. ;;, * Ia, v.
1 - ‘Solar gain through so&h-facing glass is easily calculated; however, predicting’ , ~
the amount of heat stored in the masonry or the daily temperature fluctuations \
. in a space are presently beyond the capability of most building designers. In ’
’ 19X1, a study of Direct Gain Systems,performed at the, University of Oregon,
” D
.._.-- -- - clearly illustrated the influence of each p?tramet&r on the system’s performance
, (see E. Mazria, M. S. Baker, and P. C”Wessliig, “Predicting tl-re Performance of
Pass&e Solar Heated Buildings,” .Proceedings of the 7977 Annual Mgeting of the .
\ American Section of’tfie, International Solar Energy Society, voi. 1, sec. 2, 1977). ‘*
‘. I It rEon,cluded that the percentage of .heat stored in a thermal mass’ depends on‘
_
the lo&ion, size#and distribution of the mass and its surface color. * :’
I
. .-
Icontinue~ on, page 140)
I
*In some building types, such as a warehouse or greenhouse, larger tempkrature fhqztuations ,.
myy be tolerable-k even.deskable. _
I .~ ~.
*_ . pi
” \ ‘\ .
*
I L
: ’
. -
<. ,
e:
“. - *I
- 6 11. Masonry Heat Storage
‘. ’ i.
. Fig. lV-14b: Cask 1: Building configuration. .
‘,
-..
Results:
.-
I
d.., , ,- ,- , -1 I ,- / 1 +~
,
81 1. I’. I I <!a ;, :‘: ; ; ; ; ; : : : : :. 0
An N
. .
1
J I Fig. IV-lib: system performance
. for a concrete mass of differpnt sizes.
] ..
I.
d
I- 1 r
,
^ ? .
1
.!, *
. h-
.b ’
‘:‘.+’
a l ’
The Pass&t” S&r, Enqrgy Bcipk ’ y
1 3 - .
b
I I I r I
PC,..
:;ResuIt.s:
L ,$ :.,
c 1%, 1.
,’ v
An increase in masonry thickness beyond 8 inches results -,
_’
ip littlechange in system performance. The graph here
/ iIIustrates.room air temperatures for a wall or floor c,
‘i
thickness of 4, 8 and 16 inches. The major temperature
,,- difference occurs by increasing the thic ness from 4 to 8
iriches;max~mum roomair temperatur, b remains un-
” !’
7, changed while the minimum air temperature is raised
3°F. Beyond an 8-inch thickness, therqis very little
1 .:- -variation in room temperatures. The temperature
,fluctuation over the day is 26°F. , ,,
.” ‘_ ._ 1 . I.
a “:mt a.,. . 1 . 1. . .. . - . . . ~
./’ i , f
,d’ ~\ 0 -i .’
,,.
. 7 :>
)., .
.I .
\ ,-
.I
- .. ‘,
,,.~ I. ‘. .. , 13i3 4 L -/
T --__‘c --.
---;‘l’;2--r-- : ..-.. .--..j
‘L .
‘,. ,’ >> . .I 1. t( ‘. ,I
I i I, . I ,’
Masonry Heat Storage
a? 5 \i .
I -
’ m
0 ,
-, ,nt,
’ ,
/ .
L
I I”- ,
.
-- .. d . - .
An increase in masonfy thi-cknes?‘beyonh 4 inches results (
in little change in system performance: After 4 inches;. .’ *
room air tem’p+era.tur.es ace 6et.y similar and the da$ Space’
’ temperature luriuatigp is oAly 13”F, comfortable for
most building rntCriors.-If the same space were con- ‘. : ’ .
.., ” ,s,tructed of all lightweight materials (wood frameGth a’ ‘. , 4 1
.-- ‘. i t ”
l/z-inch gypsum board;finist$, it tiould fluctuate 38.“F.
e
3 ‘This demonstrates the*sdampening effect of thermal mass ’
., on temperature fluctuations. -
. -1, a
P 1
.,'
8 \1
'I> ,
i.,
r *
c -
v. 'Q t *
ml. -, . .i
-
II
3
N i;
\ i uI J ' . . c
b
L :
0%
v '/
_ ,'
-1 .' ' 0
.
.
. ' : *
-139 ;
./I . ,l
, . ;;’
,.t
.-. mF ’
I / ” .. I’ ;’ .\A. : * .” #j k
’ t, ” - .
‘.-\; -.
I n
,’
4 .,
’ .
” r 1
‘_ ” /
.
.. * ’
: P
” ‘! I Q
?
‘j u.
<*
I) ‘1 :.
h&q&.. Book .. ,. I A -h
c
: ...
* .’
:
tl
nset '(5:0b p.m.),-da~tirne-tempsFat~res-a~ re?uced and n$ght- i
estiti@Sed , 9. ‘... ,’ . ..
// s , 4 .a
ii ;,’ i ,,
., .“!. -.’ ,- - .;. Q
-
4 I
..
Percentage of solar “: Y’ _ . /
. ” stored (A 5:OQ ~. l* :
:“. ci .‘y j p.m.;&&nsH)* .I ‘..I ?XlQ a .. ’ 55i% . “: 60% , .. D
TZ.7
‘:.),, , - : 9’ ‘*‘_‘u” $3p- , :,.~,: j
,*.
:q ,*-a. -
,
;-
--y--,_
i;
.,
NOTE: +Perct$tape
---__
. --.__
. :
-_.
offsolar radiation.+i.mitted
; .
into the sp&.’
4.
is:
d 0
.
..,..
.J;’
I.
4’* ;-y----- , * ,. -
~:, “I, . ; “. ’ D__.
... ‘.. ;. -L.. . . I ,
‘(’‘,:.I. ” ‘. . One .furth& wor$:-at;~ut-masbn‘~hea; storage! When fhe entire interior of a
.> . I3
a,,, spqce. is;\@ri$rudfed.,of. masonry, then.wal,ls ,can- be as thin is 3 to 4 inch&s’
:p : Y . &
3’:.. _,: wittj$iFip$$jp~
_(I flq,ct’uatioris becoming extrepme. .
., .:. ~,:.:jy. ,.,.’ I ._,, .. \ %. 7 a
i;,,if$ : r iv
\ ” ,/:
‘,a ~h,~&~~~&$&~~ that -Jor.a spa& td ,remaii-comforta&e during the day, each ,I- *- a
:.. # .., .*
,.7 i ~.~~~~~~e~~~~pofdjce~~,sunlight mub be .diff&ed over d.t least 3 squaik feet of ma:
‘. ) r”’
,., * ..-..son~~S:~~~~~~;~~~sonry”tsn bC used to store h&r; tit even..thick. qsgnry cannot _ -:: ..,.-
.,.:a. ‘* \
_’ Y absorb~~~~~siore-:eriough heat when qposed to dir&f sunli$t “ph;&ghout the es $+.,.
II) <*“. -day. Mojt tiasonry materials .transfer heat from their surface to their interior .
‘,. 1.’ at a .s,low rate,, If,,too m&r heat .is ,qppli$, the-s,urfac$ layer of the, material \
‘Q:
,:,, *,-. \ * : bw$.pes: ii&$mf0itably.hot, giving much. q! the heat to the air iri the space B ”
~“,.
,’.,,* I,_ ::--, ‘.. - .t
I \ . a’ -*
:(..:
7 ., ..: ,.’
--.-;+LF_ ,.., -. i. : ; D. ,
.
, >
:i::: ‘I,, 1.~. 2 $+;I~~ : q ‘,“’ . L’ ” . . ’ : ~ ’ ~, 1
,;:-,:.j : 4‘-
:!:p:..i‘. .i’\. ..:,,. ._ It
:!. ,,zs:I...* _.*, .. ::.._ : ,:.:i “; 7,‘1
-. :;:
~- e-... f , D “,..
E G,
,,.,,:.,.:,
;,->.r,;;. .Ij ,, : .‘, :. ,-
_(I‘. ‘>-~..; ~.c;. :., 1’s 2! -.-‘,
.) - I ..I$ ” ““?:- .“y
.i. 1,“‘3 ,,I’:
.>;:,,~&d?-..q,,:“’
:i:)>yq~‘.:.:‘-j,
./ ‘,‘,.
~ -.,;.,, : ,,i, .: ., : ..,-..?“‘,;,,
._ !s,: b _I _ ._ cl : .
* il.= . I
_ .; -. .. !
G,T .’
i
I.
:
‘. 8.
‘.a, ‘r * I)
, q, ; M&&iry &eat stomie: “?: - _. ‘
.,,.’ /
.,
0 \ I--.
‘,
I’ ‘%,
i ,-I’ D”
. ‘\
,, I \.\ _ s * ” :-
I\ .’ 0
rather than cdnducting it aw;ty from -the.surface for storage. This condition is
.’
c D
I-:, -.-,
9. 1
% ‘;
L This ana!ysif .was extended’ to qther latitudes,, weather, cohditions; glass-to- ’ a_*
‘- “. .? fl.oor-creed ratios and space heaj lo+ez. qhinging these parameters $+d little ’
li ” hff ect oq’the’r&ults p*resented for Cases?,‘2 and 3. *dl#
i ‘., ‘* .’
,
I_ Comfiarist@ of ‘hasonry Makrjals- ’
“0
&I ;hiee cases were analyzed for different &asohry; materials. These materials ti
L..!_ _ _ - ~~--+nct~&e coi-&te. (dense), brick (common), britik (ma:gpFsium additive) and ’
,:. ,; ,:adobe,. Thich have the physical properties Ksted in .table IV-II b, , ,.
- D
1. / . ‘a . “d i,! *q L
1 1. ’ z *.*
. a 6’ . 0.’
,,i .I -
g P .._/. * OTablt? IV-1 1 b. Thermal Storage k4a~erid Propertie;. .: I
._ 0
2 *. Y
Mdterial ’ Con$,divity (k) Specific* neat (Cp) Density, (p) ’ - ..-
_’ f *. ., .
, . ,
h ’ * Btu hr/ft’-‘F/fC Btu/lb-“F ” “j :. ’ Ib/ft 2 *
. .
0
. /.&I ,, .F
I,‘,!. > ($n&etd (dense) * : - . i I.00 0.20 ! i n 190.0 . ..
d 5
5 I .30 .a
“‘3
.Y.
Brick (niagnesium \ >
f”.
4c
:.. : .”
,I. P
‘5. 9
120.0. .f
,,
&
%L
I$ ’
additive) 2.20 1 . 0:20
: , , ,.’“, ‘4 * - .’
.,d
. .‘. .y
‘Adobe a n i ’ OP3b _~ l(-&po :,...a-;
‘Ifi. 0.24’ m
,i -9 ,’
:‘. 9 i
‘. e _. 1 Q . *?’ a f
,.j .-,. 0
‘.i >. \
.-q.--- ---_.....__-. By using*masQn.ry of,higher conductivity, air t’emperatur.6 flu&ugons in the, ’ m _
0 ‘spa& \r;ere minimized. Thismis‘the result of 3. r’apid transfer of heat iway from
, .P . 9: ,.
..,..,. ?- ~~ ~.
,( -.” the surface of a material to its interi.or, .where it -is -stored ‘for use duri”ng q 1 . --\
- I. -&F evening. For the same ,quaniity 6f ,n-+sonry, the largest temfierat ‘;e. c
..Y
93 ’ ‘.$ Iti.cttiatiSons ocdurred “Mlhen ujing adobe which has The po&est condurti%ty; ‘.
‘iF :. I.
/.
,I, -@d the%mallest were with brick, which has,-magne$um as an, ‘addit+e to ’
,. ,_. 3.
0 in,crease its con&Jcti@. After exten;ive,compute; analyses, table IV-W has p
.’ been prepared +s a guide ‘to deterrfiine daily indoor iir temperature @luctua-
i -: , -
)I’I . ,.”) ‘--.@ns for Case 1, 2 and 3?ype spacq, FludJuations for; each case are given for y *
I’:
,,- ,‘.’ fou;‘eotimon,ly available materials. *
1,:. e -I - ‘, I. \ “.
,(A ..- I .’ “.
I’, i -
;,:‘:I., j ;
c. ‘<.G .- . c ‘6 i4i ._* '
f,i ,%'.a - “0. \ *, 3
8:;.;'; j ,' D .' ~__:.- . . _
!?~
I';,.,.‘.' \ ,,,' " .o. , L "
i. 1.1 ,'I~.; ./ .,I
&$;,'-~.i .,'I., _>', .;",;. ; ,;, ;' : c ,.y. : ;- I.. ,7 \ L
. _2 .
+ >a
_., ”
+ .‘ 15 : .
r, -
. * .
0 . /
..~I ‘i. i/
-’ The Passive Solar Energy Boqk : --
*‘.\. I
.I 2
- Table IV-llc Approximate Range of Indoor Temp&ature.(“F)
Fluctiiations for Case 1,2 $nd 3 Type Spaces ’
. l
ThicknesS c ‘.
of Material (in) P% Material ’
q’
, ‘: I
, B&k I (.. I (I
“ -.
Concrete ’ Brick (magtiesium-
>’
_. (dense) .” (common) ‘id’ditive) Adobe ’
.
s n
II
8. .
i:’3,9 >
4.
:
.r \ -.
.
.i
:’ . *J . ‘I.
4. ., “&y
,-” . ,‘_ -. n 25:
‘,‘;I I.
.
I,b, 1 __
f,(’ , . “ D
,,‘:
r s ’
;;; --_
1
!‘.,;:. . ! .*
1: I,_ t ( .- ‘-::- .‘-. :-
. ’
$A.(_,:,,I,. ,>
,- ‘..“7 .*
:,‘”,_ d-Y- -...1,,,,,,,, ‘*A\
k-,’ ‘. . cc ..,
!‘~. . I’. ‘1 .
{, .I .A SC . .
;;
I_. -
;.::
‘, . x *
I : b
L,, D I ‘_.
*
1, , ” .
;
1,,-,,,
., _- .. ‘1 .
ii ;- j,
.,),
\..
. *
:: -,.
,,/,.. 1 -.
.‘..
I
.
,‘,,. ,., .
:, .,
I;’
!,,, .?:’ ‘.
,;:,a
70 _
.
~ *
.,q \.’ , . .
4,2,’\
a. ..,
f’*. )
6,:: -_ : .,, 3 * .
~,,iY;,” -, 4
*.I.’
p. ., \
I,’ _ ‘\
,,_‘, , 1
L) ’ b’ e
.
D ,
>
L .,
. :
P”.
:I 2. hite$oV
I, Water.e JA/all. -
0
‘,, ,‘_ ” -._a 4
.
.; - .
-.
,,’
,$’ . ’ ‘II .
:
t
, .
0 . 4
, . I 0
0
c ^
i
,. ’ p
r , *
.I
1.3 .
“__-_- - *. .
-2,
i--
t . li
\
.’ c After sizing SOLAR WlNDOWS(9) and CLERESTORIES AND ~KYLIGl-Wl.P), . (I
.
a portion of jthe sunlight (tjkat) admitted into.each space can bk stored in a
. . .
water wall toi- u$seduring the evenin,g hours. -
,‘., : t 4 ‘,
.~ . L
I ” . .
0n
:
* .
._ .-i-. s.3 =- - ~~*--s.,.--.~~..~__~-; =._.i .. .._ ____ I - _-. _.__._. _?%~. _, .-.
L
The size .of a water wall *and .its s&ace color determine the temperature ’ -
fluctuatiob; in a spa&&er the day. Solar windows are sized to admit enough
.I” & .
4 sunligh’t to keep a spae .at an average temperature of 65” to 70°F during most
I ,- of the’ winter. The volu wht$r’ in’ the space -arid surface .color of the: - (r
* ,’
kontainer will influence temperature fluctuation above and below-
,’ this average:* The’size bf wall ,needed io m$ntain a coinfo’ttable, . . ‘. * ‘,
..‘,.,,.
,. environment is directly related to the areasof the sola; windows.
". i-J :; ;, ':, i
.; .
1L’
The Redommendatigm _; ,.
: 11 c
WhehLing a3 interior watkr .$v&J!LfyJ b& storage; locate it in the spa@:0 i .- -:\,
1,i
,.that& ec@iYes direct sunlight ~be~&‘tiG:hburs of 1O:OO a.m. and, 2:t)0‘,4 ,,:.r’.+, .:I:
p.m! Make ‘the surface of the container exposed .to diretit sunlight a dark t .’ :,
‘” colbr, 6f at le+st 60% solar absorptiona and use about one cubic foot ‘(TV? . ” ,,
,I 1 s I r’ gallons) of water for each one square foot pf solar window. S .:
.
: l
1
‘1 ” y
a
,;
. . * - ’
’ t
,.. ., a e c...
- ~----- -
I I
.., - . , ,a
. I
,
-’
-,
‘., ” ’ :
:
I I .4_
-.
t
: 61 I . .
‘. I.- -
*
4’ , -‘. .
,..-_.-~.- .._,_..,. * z
. ..
L 0 ’
.
dt’
-
s’ * 0’
., I.
.
.:
I’
;’ *
‘,Mason$ ma? iced Sunligh< diffused over a ly-& xurface -arei$ 6ut water in
-Q- -
ebntainers cat? abs&%, -Ii%% &Et%ely Even When.c ~t’i’ &ncentrated :by a
1. rS)lector. .There are two reasohs;fok this.. .: a.
I _ ,r’
=) J’>,’ a. .’ c L .
.;’ c ” t *‘
-... _. .,‘,.“1 , ’ ,
.= : ,f,, - :y;-‘.
,j ,:’/ i) ~146 ..- I .:
87 :: \ ‘1 b ‘. ‘, .’ . D c
>- E ‘a. , .\
. ,‘.I s.,;
iiI ‘_ ‘,>.. ,‘I .’ ..’ ,’ * .* t
,*>‘,‘ ; ” .L I ,,*; .‘.* .. .:., 1. 0 ‘. ,. i 1b_’
:.. *..
Second, a water wall heats up uniformly, using all its mass for storage, while
masonry passes heat slow’ly from its surface to its intqrior. When a dark-
. colored masonry wall is exposed to direct sunlight, the surface temperature .
rises rapidly while its interior remains:cool. Since masonry conducts heat
slowly’, only a small portion of the wall stores heat. It will take approximately
5 hours for heat .to pass th’rough an 8-inch concrete wall.
:* .
.,
, ln contrast, a water wall transfers heat rapidly from the collecting surface to’
the entire volume of water. As sunlight heats the surface of the container,
water in contact with the inside face is heated, becomes less dense, an& rises.
This+novement of water produces a convection current which distributes the
.heat throughout the container. By using all its mass for ,heat storage, the sur- .
face temperature of a water wall rises very sIGowly whep compared to a masonry
0
wall. ‘;*
,_;/ ,.
!.i : ; .i..’ ~
.Q lo1 ,- . .._._.... .-,f‘ _ D
$,I. . , I I , u , .-. c-. !
a I , I t I I , , , (
;‘,; -:: : fj; :\:
F : y ,.” ; .‘f .’ . . 1 -2 3. 4 .5 6 7 ‘,e pD11P223'5'8~78omll12' .
c i ,
I”: ‘,‘),.. ‘- . Fig; IV-12~: Indoor teinptiraturesusing -
various water tialls. ; ’ I
,.I,.”
‘I k F :,
;,;,,’ - .:r I Note;: Clear-dayPindoor air temperatures are tor a we!l-rnsuiaied. space
‘*>
”!I,; :. .witti 0.25 square feet OFsouth$acinR ~lass*for each bnk- sauare I
;,,d ,‘,
foot .di.bliilding-floor.a~a~ie, a’_2&auare-fpot
~, space \h;otild
__._h~v~[)~sslu~iefee~dPSbi_lMtfacin~-~~s~ “---.-.--I.-. =-__, - ^ -.
i: ..-!F;7-------.iy- :. - ;
\y, , T
\\ o ,- , .. ,
12. Interior Water Wall
This analysis was extended ‘to different latitudes, weather conditions, sou,th-
facing-glass-to-floor-area ratios and space heat’losses. Changing these param- I
eters had little effect on .space temperature fluctuations in relation to, wall
volume (thi?kness). Table IV-12a lists the approximate air temperature fluctu-
ations that can be expected in a space with various quantities of water and
south-facing glass.
.Q .
Whentthermal storage materials are concentrated in a small area, such as a . 1
watier wall in a wood frame building, it is important to absorb and store as
much direct sunlight in the mass as possible. The greater the absorption of
sunlight, the smaller the daily temperature fluctuation .in the space. Table
119V-12a also illustrates winter-clear day space temperature fluctuations for a
water wall as a function of surface color. It is estimated that if the wall is-not
exposed to direct sunlight, roughly 4 times the amount of Storage is needed.
‘Q,>
1 cu ft 1.5cuft 2 cu ft 3 cu ft
)c
-,2” d * i
75% (dark color) 97" -15" -13" II /
90% (black) ’ 15" ?2" 10” 9” P
r’
NOiES: 1. Temperature fluct:atioh’s are for a winter-clear day with approximately 3 squake
/ feet of exposed wall area,for each one square foot of glass. If less wall area is exposed
_I’
to the space, temperature fluctuations will be slightly’ htgher. If additional mass is
” -’ located in the space, such. as masonry walls and/or flooi, then fluctuations will be less
than those listed.
,-T ,
‘ 2. Ass&r$?&75% of the sunlight enteiing the space strikes the mass wall.
Testing th’e performance’of interior water walls using various surface colors, a ’
researskt&m at the University of Oregon concluded: ,
1 b
” i. .
Y
. -~ .._
P.
_
“=-=-wm
, ’ cl
The Passive Solar Energy Book
- .
‘,
Photo IV-lib: Intkbrior’water~wall he”ats adjacebt spaces (here and facinx page).
1%
.
-; _-
-- .
;i ’,A *a,, b
:-.
.._-.‘- -
--. / 4 .... :‘?g . ..*
nl a‘,,J,.: s 5
I_
9 -;-p ‘.
iJ i
1. ,
*Study performed by Ran Rands and’ Randy, Shafer at the Dept. of
Architecture, under the direction of Assistant Professor Edward Ma
c,
<’
* E
* se .
. ;, i’
i
\ ‘1 - \ i’h,do Iv-1 3i
.’ 61“A,;; c.._, *
4 a ‘I__ L
i
- ,
n
reduce interior temperatures. This also reduces the system’s efficiency by
, disposing of v$uable heat in winter. If a’ wall is undersized, then there is not
I enough-heat transmitted through the’wall, and supplementary heating will be
needed in.the space. The correct size of a Thermal Storage Wall will change
r as climate, latitude and space heatin&qe,quirements change. c .
\
’ .
c
The Recommenda!i
I
In cold climates‘(average w t-temperatures 20” to 30°F) use betwe& 0;43
L c
and 1.0 squaw feet of sout acing, double-glazed, masonry lthermal storage
.
, ’ wall (o.3i and 0.~35 square feet ,water wall) for each one square foot of
* -
\
i
square feet for a water wall) for each one square foot of space floor area. ,
.?
.I ,.
. . . . &iJ@..-... ’ ’
\h’
a -.
ve’
; ,
.
’ Detail fhe wall so it berforms effici-ently-WALL DETAILS(14): The area, of
e. ! thermal wall needed to heat a space can be substantially reduced by using
I, .
, .__.~ -..‘*.c
.
.e.---..- -
__-_._~-.-_ -- -.- - - -- -173
-- i .-. ‘_
&
;* ‘-----, ~. - ~~ -~-~-~ ---< o
. .
m
*.
’ /
h ‘-
w-X-~ . + ; :
g’
0’
0
0’ I’. :;
_’, c
r. ‘*. .J’ I
.
-_---..._
1 I -..*
.
.
’ * 1
_’ ’
--* “. 6
. b 0 - .
I+ AREA. I<. . ” .
4%
$
n
.. .
‘L
* ,s,
-. . .
. , exterior-l@FLECTORS(24).and/oi M?ZIVA,BLE INSULATION(23). In fact,ltheir use
‘is strongiy+ecommer$led in cold northern climates. Remember that an urdder-8
sized thermal w’~l~c&’ pe’combined with ‘other passive. systems to provide ,,
*
. adequate sFac.e heating-COMBINING SYSTEMS(21). 5.. e
II J e
<. I ‘. _ %
i-----.-- ._._,_ .--v The-Informatidn ‘I * , ’ ,
.
d I . ’ .*I j
.- ._1
3 The size or surface area .of a theimai, storage :wall..is depend&t upon lhree ’
I, factors: the local clitiate;“/atitude a.n.d space heat loss. bch- factqr influen+
a . the size of a wall inithe followin&vay: . , , I
.uI* .
, ‘.C,imate’ ’ ’ rl; d ‘1 j I
, , :
.J /, The rate of heat loss fro’; a space is largely, deiermined by the difference 0
. i, ..l$&ween inddor and outdodr air temperatures. The larger this difference, the
_A’ kiter the rate of buijding’heat lo&-The’refore, in cold climates, more he;-lt or 1
/’ ,I a larger thermai stoiage will is i-ieeded to keep a space at i7O”F.
,A; *
- * ,’ n ‘. ,
.s .- -.’ a .‘+ ‘i-L ,
I Latitude
. , ’ . . .+ ” , . *’ il 5
*
1
a ‘Solai e.nergy i#dlent on a the winter changes-as the * a ’
locatibn or latitude of !tie &ui,lding at 36”NL (Tulsa,
I 8, Oklahoma) G&h &square foot of theimal wall intercep’ts app;oGiiatiy 1,8@
^/A
‘_ Btu’s duriye’a clear January dai, while at 48qNL (Seattle, Washin&on),pthe :-
‘, * same w@! fej$ives only 1,537 Btu’s, A$ 2 general rule, a The’rmal $t&‘rtige Wall
’ System
P $.Il,l,i~?cr+ase jn size the f’arther”north
_-
a building is-located.
/‘
?A. : I /
c _ -
L
*
4
. d .c
.._( s.
I
\ Y , _.
n
.‘2 5. 13. Sizing the Wall
Sizing :“,--.:.__._
Our criterion for al well-desi’gne&~&erma‘l storage wall is that it transmita , c ‘,
‘* enough thermal energy (heat), on-dnaverage sunny day in January, to supply a ’ *; Ii
I .
space with all its heating needs for.that ‘day. This means that the energy trans- ; 3 ‘t,.
mitted through the wall .will’ be sufficient to maintain an average space tern- , . .-
perature of 65‘” to 75°F over the 24-hour period. . ._ 1 .I
L
. - ._
\
this criterion, we are atile to develop ratios for the amount of
By establishing
dbuble-glazed, south-facing (hernial storage walLneeded for each“square foot’
\ ,. i;.* . 1
ofspace floor area’. Table lVY13a lists ratios for different climates that >pdy to ’ ’*
fl, a well-insulated residem.t Notice that in vev cold climates (average Jam&y, i /-
. * temperatures 15” to 20°F) the area of thermal wall needed to heat a space is“‘-,
, very large. In these areas use night insulati,on and/or reflectors to reduce : the . ‘\_\_ .I
’ size of the system. I “,\
I . L_
. ,
2 Forexample,’ in Albuquerque, New Mexico, at’35”NL, with an”averagefanuary
temperature of 35.a°F, a ‘welj-insulated space will need approximately 0.4
* square feet of double-glazed; masonry thermal storage wali for each one
Y _.__.. -- 4 :
I 7
*. *Mazria, Baker, and. OWessling, “Prkddicting the Pe$ormance of Passive Solar Heated Buildings.” _
i” I - * .
3. 1. I
‘”
1.
.I-
1. ._ :
p. ‘* . J
155 .’ . ’
L.4
> . ‘. I’S
I‘I’ - . I * * “.* #
: , I . -_--- ~.
_:” _. ,, ;. . . (. ,.< , I “i
b
.,,. /~
a. ’ I .
p‘
,-CL ” ,
Y ‘.
I .d:, “’
, !,
(_ .
.,..’
.
‘?.
,’
.
. .
The-Passive Solar 4” E‘;rerfi Bdok. i . ‘L.
-_-. .
1”’ c ’ ‘r
*
’ *
‘.I: ’ 0
. . I(.
,-
_*. r- 1 -~- -- .---- ------.-_.---.-.-.-
lll.l ., .
l,i’.,,, : ?
..‘?. J -
- ‘- = : Ed 4” -
2
..az4 .
* .
*
z ;: 13. Sizing the W$l ‘%.-\
7 __.
.
>
-14a ,
iE : I =1, D
‘\ 5 ,” ’ _*
, ” .
t: .
.
.
%
I 4
s- 1 ’
. ’ 14. Wall ‘Details
’r ”
7 0
-Once a rough size .for a thermal storage wall is detmm(ned--SIZ\Nk;xTHE.
WALL(13)--this pattern helps ,to detai,l ,the wall so the system performs
efficiently, I
cy%+! -
II .P
6
*
1 e c
, Y
-
The, efficiency of i Thermal Storage Wall System is largely determined’ by the ,, c
. wall’s thickness, material and surface color. A space M/III overheat ii more
energy is transmitted through a ttfcrmal wall .than. is necdcd. This happen-s ,
when a wall is either too large in surface area, or ioo thin. If a wall is too thick
’ br painted the wrong color, it becomes inefficient as a heating source since
little energy is transmitted through it. For each type of walI material there is.
an optimum thickness.
* :
The Recommendation
+ D ,I
,.,..: ...”.-_..~~e!ollo~g_table..ara.guide:for-selecting-a-~~l. thickness: .-_.._ . b .A.,)
__..-..-
‘-
Material . Recommended Thickness (in)
. ‘_
-. a12
Adobe
a
Brick (cornmop) - l&14 $
’ aL -
69 Concrete (dense1 12-18 \
Water, - 6ormore ’
0 -., 8. f
,_____
F -- -. . Make the outside face of the wall a dark color. Irj cold climates.add thermo- ’
cir,qulation vents, ,c$ roughly equal size; at the top and< bottom of a masonry
_ .
wall to increase. the system’s perfarmance. Make the total area of each row i _
3 of vents equal to approximately one square foot for each 100 square feet of
j wall area: Prevent reverse air flow at tiight by placing an pper-able panel
,(damper); hinged’ at the. t.op, over the inside face of the upper vents.
1,
( ?A‘ .. L) .159.‘a -
*
“. - 0
”
~. .’
*
.-,-y
.,., ’ Y - .’
I ‘I
. ,f’
\ HASONRY WLL
Y -’
2 Fig. IV-14a
* N
0 . ... _ .
i
160 *’ l
I 2
i
,’ L .
G ‘>
”
,
-‘ d ”
: 1
. _
In $zink.the systeq,r the, area of ,wall needed for each space has been es&b-
list-ied. The details d;f the’wall, its thickn*ess, surface color avd the addition of 3’
a
thermdcircu/&io.n venti and tepperature control devices,, determine the
w‘.,.
efficiency,of the system and its.abiIity to provide thermal coinfort in winter. .
To help $0~ ni’ake the best possible choice of wall details, each variable is
discussed at length. * . ’
.. * * -
r*
: 0 ‘ .
‘Wall Tkkness t b ’ i - c
c I
4 ‘ihe optimuti. thicknesi 06 a thermal storage wall (based on annual- per- ” 1
formance) is dependent on the cbnductivity of the material used to construct ’ ,
the ‘wall. The effect of conductivity for various galI thicknesses is shown in B ! .
0
9 - <’
. I -.- -
i_.- _ - ---- --
-~--._ ~__+~J-~ (FT) *_ m
._ I -\
Fig. IV-14b:“&early performa& of a thermal storage wall‘forvarious 1 8: . ,’
,‘\Lb. r -- 4 ‘thicknesses and thermal cqnductivi ti,es. 0 k I
4
‘.z$g-
._- --
,‘. +
8.
D
“16-l *
..) .‘.l :, *- -, I .’ , 0 ,-
* . 0 B
a,. ?
,: ,., 1
,I_’
. ‘, ‘,, : .i‘ ,,,,~, _c /L * .’ I I .:, .‘:.
‘,_ -’ _ 1. ’ . : . ~
,_
\ :
--;.
‘. _, .‘. . .
,-‘,: j i i : --------
i ,,.
I. .
-.
’
:. ‘\ The PWve Sblar Energy Book
__ b 0
,. :’ :.
_-- .._....
I.,._ -.-...i
c ,
,Alamosf.New +?xi&&$-thefollowing iesults, according to our an,alysis, aru “.
- : _ . .
.I * similar fpr all locatio’ns. *
m. .
II. 1. The optimbm thickness o’f a mi+.pnry @l/ Increases & the ther’mal con-
ducCiyity of.he &/I increases. Acw%lI ma!& of a highly conductivq’ material :
_ transfers heat rapidly,from its collecting surface’ to itginside face aEd, there;
fore, niist -be* thicker to avoid pr.oviding too much” heat at‘the wrong time. A . f .
,“...
1. I.-.-, - wall. of low.conductivity traqfers heat sl&&y so it should be made. thinner to. I U
:‘. F
e
trqnsmit en b ugh heat into Adobe is a gobd illustration’ for the abpli-
-- & cat&n of this. principle. Most eople, because of9 traditional construction prac-
a’. y:r
2 tices, will make--&n adobe thermal wali very thick, say 2 feet. Adobe, hbwevei,
, ‘-de
,I’
.compa@ to other” masonry materials, has a low conductivity (see’ table _
, l.V-41 b)..A 2Afoot-thick adobe,watl is‘roughLy~40% less efficient than a IO-inch--
,, .
thitikadobe wall. . ..
”
-’
. . I ., -2. The’ e#jc~ency of the wall increases as the..conp’uctivity of the wa/l,jnc;eases.
. *...
I-‘<i.
s ;
The grtiate4-the conductivity, the more ,heat is transferred through the wall.
‘h As the c$ductivity increases, the optimum! wall, thickness increases. The ’
. I
-_ _ ;
thickec<&a!l abzorbs and/stores more heat, at th6 e;nd of the day (sunset), for
.’
,,,‘I , _ 0 ;
,,‘y usF,athight. j, , ’ ‘.
?i
- .
: ’ I f: 3‘.
:’.I’ ;“t. i\ , .!.
. ,‘.
\ .$. for mason-ry materials there is d range of optimum t&knesses. For example,,
,i2-ch.\f:::9 /’ & concrete wall has roughly tl?e. same efficikncy wheth& it is i2 or 18 inches___ .1
p. ‘.,.‘-I”+
.r,;,,t,;, II .3 _ $~**
in thickness. _ *”
- . I’ L
*
.a-.. Y ‘.,
7.’ : .
.
,, I’_ ,a-” ,) ~‘Tabl&I!I=--&~lis&
_~ ~- ~ermal+3nt$ucti~nti recommended th,ickne& &or -Y’
:,:I: ) e-m<m , .fiie f$&^;;lo 1
R y used wdl materials: ihe choice of wall thickness, wi~thin the
*’
”
“,$‘-: ‘; i ;angeig&en fdr &h material, ,will‘ determine the tern erature flu&uation /in
B
”:_31,.c ._‘c , thye spacl-over tl$da.. ,i
:“. _,I” : a I‘4
;.~I. I .’
:$ _~ :,:
:_ - .
,. .!.‘
.L., .~’ ?o understand tfle imbact of wall.tficktiess on indoor air te’mperature fluctl- ‘.
\ ,td look at computer.sirhulatioqs. for -both sou,th-facing, _-,’
.’1 . i . arr’d water thermal storage ,walls. For’ example, in ,
,- _ +n,g Jan,Fa-ty j$ar-day ‘s?lar radiation atid
,‘, ,!’ that would- ,ycur in a. well-insulat’ed ’ .B
.,
,”.!’ ‘,, sp& with 0.5 square feet bf thermal &Ii for each. one square foot of- building
I 5* n 0 a .
I’ a
. .
,
bl, \
:. ‘_
.; ‘,’ ,, I@- , ;, .- !‘- ’ .,”
,I.(, t ‘_
: ( .- ; 1.
‘,
., Ip
--I ,D .- .,
_
I t. I
/I ’. 5 u a _ .
14. Wall
-
Details *
*
.: . 1Q , -’
;
--- ..~, filoor+Oarea“(i.e., a 2O&squar&oot s&e would have lOO.square f&et of thermal
. wall) are represented in figure-IV-14~. i
I, c c
1. I,. /
,,, I 1
‘. c 1
“0 -L-
i ‘* .
Table IV-14i@fect of Wall Thickness on Space Air Tempelature Fluctuatioirs
-.
if
Thermal Recomnihnded Approximate Indoor Tempgaturg p~)~,. ~~_~
: . .’ Condtictivity Thickness Fluctuatio”n as a Function of WJll ’
Mater&l (Btu/hr-ft-” F) (in) _ Thickness ! -\. .-
..‘.
.’ ‘=,
.- 4 8
I '12 16' 20 i4
S), ” Water3 ’ - .... 96 or more ’ 31’ iSn 13” ilo 10” ,,9” ’
:’ _ .’
?,: .
NOTES: i.. Assumes a dquble-glazed thermal w’all.. If additional mass is located in the space, ~
, . ” z~h-a~+t~asomy~~lli and/or floors, ihen tempeiature fluctuations-will btiess than o I (I
:__._.--- ’_ .those’IistedlValues given are for win!er-clear c@. . .’ ’ .--
,. . ‘.
j nt
___..-.-- -- -_-. 2.‘Magnes/~m is comfnoply used as’an addi&e to brick to darken its color. It alsd
1
!. ;’ .,. . + -2 . greatly increases.the thermal conductivity of th: materiil. ’ 0
i. : i___.-.,
a. “‘7*.‘*“-““““.,.““.~......
._,-. ..,. . ‘3.~WheTusing water in tubes, cylindqrs or oth&r &pes of circular cohtainers, tise ’
‘-. I at least a 91/q-inch-diameter contajner or l/2 cQbic foot (31.1 lb or 3.~4 gal) of water
:, ) for each one square foot of&i& s -1 - -- ~-~~ m-m’ ~~~ --
ym~ __ _ ~-~ i*r - ~-~~ ___ -..---
-s--y --
, : _ t -A-; 1. , ’ - .-,_. ,
‘>,
’
7s y . . .P
ct ,-
d.-. I .-1 1
‘: !
, 4 .Note that indoor temperaturdfluctuationi over the day are notiteab‘ly different ‘,
for each,wafl thickneis.*?#$e space with Bn S-i&& concreie. wa/L’has a tempera- - -
:I’ ture fju&ation df 28Q+vhile- the same space with a XI-inch c&c& ~a//
2‘ , has. on! a.$“F fluctuatidfi. A‘space with a ?2-inch water wall (1 cu ft) fluctuates
‘. ’
73”F, J hile tb’e same.3pace with an 78+-t& water wall (1.5 cu ft)L fluctuates
I
only 70%‘~ O’ur %nal.ybs show@ that differ&t latittides,
v weather conditions,
4.’ wall-to-filoor+rea ratios and (I
. a. space heat. losses.had oply a slight effect.on in- _ \
.I T dotir teibpeiat’uce,,,f,lu+ations. As a general tile the greater.the wall thickness
,, I 3
;, ‘,,’ ii* the’lem+Cindcpp&&tperatur~ fluc&tions. - ’ jY .
..; ., ‘,a.” ’ .-\ , -, .
. ’ ‘. : ~ .: . I
‘. I. ,
‘,/ ‘. --‘.
,,, /-.y i I’ ! 163
,! I : ,. ~I” < ‘. ” ._ ,j&-,.>, 6’ ‘. *
‘\_,_ i
!. ;- “, l _ <-.
t, D. ” . ’ o _I’ h
,, _ ” .,I ..’ ‘!s
2_,
,~>~i,,,~
,; I ; _,. .,,.+s-,(,.
-:” : _I j 1 -‘. I’:, , ,, .
-. -- .
II. so- L.
8.; -
---; d-
A---/
. i
/
h 30-
D I
k
I_-
_---~
r
.;& '9 -
'.. j ( s
1
ff . to i .-l-.’ ., ._ r .,--. ,. ...r _ .,.-. 1 , , , , , ,,I , . . , , , .. , , , 4
j
t 2 3 . 5 B 7 II D 0 lnq ,2 I 1 3 4 3 8 I 8 0 la II I2
\ /
C&KRETE THERMAL STi?kAGE WALL = ) ’
‘?,? I i
. 0.
‘
>a . * ;
P ,
.
)-,,
. 164 TThiz assumed: no heat loss throug! the thermal wal1.j f
? ‘. * t . ,
i: j 1
‘: -. ~ .’ 1 . ..--
I .,” ./. . . 1; -
.
II
1.
.’
.,
‘k
‘.. -,
* *
<
*
4
Photo IV-14b: Interio%yeat,ment of thermal stora’ge walls. -
j_
165
> ’ ,
,..
* , ,
I - I
.. ;
. . P
.*
:. :!. -4 ..
., : .’
‘.’ b -
-.r ,. .. ‘. ission .dp heat through. the wall to the
,;,
I
I .
.
.,
At night th.e a.ir in the space between the wall and gl&ng’*c$ols.,As & cools ‘it
i ‘~ / i” ./ becomes. heavier (dense). and. settles. Thi&&ol air enters, the spa’&; thfough the
open vents in the bottom‘r:<.o&the
* ‘. wall whiie, simultaneously d@wing ti:med
. room aii through the openings in- the top of the wall: ,To preveijt$ev,e&-aii-.
i flow at night, attach an operable panel ‘or damper’o&r ttie’ins~de..fk’e. of the
upper vents (see fig. IV;14d),. I’ ’ . -~. i ‘* * ’ ~ . .---- --.
:I, 1L. - el
1 L
:.
,;_ ’ The impact of.climate on ‘lo,
., . . 1.
. I -b- p--- .
i’ -. +----;-; -~-L-’
I.j.o* 1
_-- 166” ( :.
‘,‘,.’
: / ‘, .
,_ ‘.,“. :,- I)
,) : /. :
“ri;+ ,c;.:, 1 ‘.‘,, I ,,’ ” .. :
,,*:i rt;:,! _ ,:y;, ,I,‘. j ,.i: f .‘G. .‘i’, ‘.. .~ 1;‘: I\ ’ 2 ! , ‘. ’
_. s ,a ,‘I . em.: -: 1)
;;;. *y; 1, ,. .,,,. ‘. ..i: ,, _ I * D 1 . I
- ,
,;,:’ ‘. ” ..
,L.,
_. ._
J,.‘-. ; 7
., ,.
., e’
.;...-.
0
- _.
:.
a
‘,, .._
/’ c
: : ...I
4 rl c
: ’
, i,
II
*
n
1 ‘.
.- ’
- I
-
ile IV-14b Annual R&Its for .an l&inch ,Concrkte‘BThemal Stor&e WalC 1
‘- 8 ’ L ‘.,,:
.,: .‘- ;*
‘\
.-
,. C’ty ? Annual Percer+ge of Solar Healing ’ ’ ) \
.’
0
D
‘i. :, )
I
SW TW .G‘ tW(A) ; ; ,_“ ”
. .- ,$1..
,’f‘I 7 .4
-Santa Ma’ria, Calif. p98.0. 97.9 ’ *, 97.3
i I/_ Dodge City, ‘Kans. . 69.1 ..7 . -71.8 62.8
!',
:/: --
:',-, -
,1 * b Bi$ma.trck,‘N. Dak: ,~ c 41.3 46.4 '
I?
31.1
Boston, Mass. , 49.s 56.8 e 'I 44.9 Y
Albwuerque., N. Mex. -84.4 $4.1 ' . 81.1
‘, Fresno, Calif. a 82.4 '. 83:3 m 78.6 '
Mad,isom, Wis. ’ ‘. 35.3 . : 41.6. - i4;7 b
,Nashville, Term. ‘“. ‘. 60.7 65.2 54.1
Medford, Oreg. ,/’ ’ ’ 53.3 p 56.1 42.2 : .' .
1,' I ‘a , 7 c
I,; , - z
=’ : __~ NOTES: 1, Eklding loid = Of5 BtulhrsF-sq ft.1 .’
i,‘.,’ ,- - v
2. SW: Solid wall (no vents)
I., \.-
‘XI* TW: Trombkwall (no reverse vent flow) .’ ” ’ ~__. _-. .- --
:,:+ ,
j _L3.. ~_ TW(A): Trombe wall with vents’o’pen at all times (&verse flow at night)!-’
il. -.
:
j
’ s,olJ D. Balcomb, 1. C. Hedstrom, and R. D. McFarland, Passive Solar Heating of’Bui/dings
,. (Los alamos, N. Mex.; Los Aiamos SciGntific Laboratpy, 1977). ‘* ”
.: ‘_ _
d .-
,-’
I” 2’
.:,
a *masonry wall ”
‘,I,. -- 1~__
+ in mild climates,
;5
;:‘:
0..“. comfortabie”and \ ’
I’ ‘” .. . ‘ ’ . .’
“,,‘, ‘.D *o #
” i
,;I,, II 163 --~ - -.
:., .I
,/:,i ,- B *.
,:)I_ :,,: : s,*
I:,‘y,,:.;, I . \
c. ., ‘. _. 1
!:’ ;; .. .* ” A
,.( ”
i ‘... _, : ; .I . . . . .._.l___. ‘h \ I
:;- Cl - . /
‘.
,
2
\’
---my:
heating is usually nit needed Jt that time. Providing vents without reverse
flow control reduced the efficiency of the:wall in’all locatio’ns. In most cases,
the addition of vents with thermostatic control results in little increase in
annual performance.’ Vents shou!d be equally spaced along the top .and bot-
torn-c&the wall. .._-.-. - i,
168 ‘ .
.’ ‘I+
14. Wali Details
jl
(, 0
Q
i *
. . ‘Z .
C’
L
a/ *
. r
P9, .
: :
e +/ -.a
/?
’ ,.
2”.
NIGHT
I
/
d
1 9
I
__
. .I
QGHT - 4~‘ “4 I* ._ , ,
~~I'I+ITFERM+~R~~T~~N~ b
I
-,
_ 1 Fig. l&l&: Trombedl with thermbcirculation vents.
I --.-----~ ~-
---
L.- ., j
Iii,.
------. --- -a- ._____, r.-- -_ --. ----,-------- ._
.c 169
‘I v-;’
!: ?.A. c /
I\.’ .v I F “:c. .i 1. .. .
.
! * I
2
.
\ / / .t& ;
, 1
I. _ - -.
;JI
:a:
.‘le,
/-
,.I
-f; .
*
#he Pas&+ Solar Energy Book ^
,I,‘~ ,
.J
-‘.~-<,.
. I
k;,.
f. .
I
,_’;:
:. Y -.__
Jig. IV-/l 4e: Heat transfer through a cqpqrete and<-Gater wall.
.A- : ‘J /
!’ /
:
” While a water wall is3 slightly more efficientThan a masonry Fall, .containing
the water in$-r aesthetically pleasing ,way so that it is acceptable to a large
consu-met: &arket is a hajot- design cohsideration. .Tb date;most applications ..
,r ’ of water wallsShave been either stacked %-gallon drums or freestanding metar *
:. ..jI and-plastic cylinders. These clearly have limited appeal. With the manufacture ,
-1 . of a. va-rietyof wall containers, public acceptance and utilization of water walls
: : , \ .
should insrease. 3
I’ I
.
a
...
.D I.. l \@......,.‘,
\h. _ ‘1 .
.y ’ ‘i 4
t -
- -.
-. ‘. Q ,I
‘. Q
I
,.__. er. ’ D *
*
~’
~’ Y ‘4;.
Y
‘4;
/iJ.i
:
,; ’
.,
5, 1
.,
., ”
‘I
””
.
fl 5
n
6
0 .
:
.A a*
.
- , c
*- <‘,“, ~~mm,_ ~~ ~~ --A
. . ___--- ---, - - - ~- - -
*
_-- __-*
--r-
; --9---- -_
- m - .-
,. ,i * . b
a -_ ‘<
c 4. - -
I
,
\
I .
c
a
R
_I
I
a- -Q
L_
..
,’ .‘\
j
,’
1
y;
Attache greenhouse !!jyst&n I(
I /
1’ -_ CT:
..‘.“’ I
%- ~
*. ’
;A
Photo IV-15a *
r
I /
.
7)’ 1
“1 i J
(
3 7 .I I
L
d7 :
0
\ ^
0
il!
/ ,’ ’ b
i
u” ‘,
’
\
.
B .-
:.I 5. Sizing.the:Greenhouse I
~__ -- b
*
I
’ ,
.
” The con$i6at& nature of thermal energy flows between ,a; attached green-
A ,7- house an& building makes it dif&ult ‘to accurately size a greenhouse and to
” ‘ n ’ predict its perfo&ance as a heatinasystem. W’h& properly sized, the attached
1 gre’enhouse not only heats Itself but heals the spaces adjacent to it. ‘However,
’ the quan@~f heating pro@kd depends upon many vaiiables such as lati-
0
I. . ,+tude,*clima$e, therm$$ora’ge
:
mass,.,trzgdthe size atid insulating properties of
the greenhouse and $pbceg’bei.ng hBat:d. c
i
1 + .a d’ * ‘H
*_ * ,
:‘.
1-P
” /
The RecmAmdation .* * ‘x I
I
,
Extend the” gieenhbuse al&g th6 $outh ,wall of %the buildin$.adj.uln~ng the - : :
*spaces you want to heat. 16 ‘&Id climates;,uG between 0~65 $,kd l.Ssqclare feet
for’each one square fodt ‘of (adja-
use O’.33 to 0.9 squate feet of’
ing floor area. This area of glazing will,?&
day to keep both the greenhouse and
of 60” to 70°F.’ B
I _’ .
,Z.’ _
5.’ - , .
;qi h. *
./ b
? d 1
, . . I d
.* . n . 1
, e
-c i
b - ‘0
-
The &ssivq Solar Energy, Book - * , A
,I
.’ , . *$
m
‘I
’ P
i’ *
I
i
I 0
‘9 ~ -
I.
I ‘I’
. 7 ,.
. ” -3
‘I f \
‘,
, Locate ‘enough therma.l mass in the greenhouse so that it absorbs direct sun- a
. ’
., 8 light and dampens interior temperature fluctuations: Construct the mass wall‘
betkeen the*greenhouse arad buil-ding,so that it alloys;for the efficient transfer
r ”1
:of
: _” heat bet-the t~Go%pac$!sT r*EE~-coI;INFeTION(1,6).- 7 .-~ -
* I’ If41.: @ Q(,:‘- y ;. .;f r . ” _ ,, q J1 ,, . -,
:
.. !,The l&x y&ori , ,~,-’ “i’ t,
,’ i ,b :c ; “,
;A$ .. .*; 5
._ * ..” ,#.ln m&t cfimatesk well-constructed attached solar greenhouse collects mofe ’ m
P+-rergy on a jl&ar winter day than it nee&foi heating. For ex%nple, a green:
, house’ lbcatedk;n r\?ew York ‘City needs about 720 Btu’s of thermal, energy for ’ I’
\
&c-h square foot of greenhouJe gjass (double-glazed) to ‘keep it at an average
“I .” .2 temperature of 650 F .over the’day, However, the daily solar gain. through ‘e_a_c_h_ -.__.
. . *. square” foot of dowble‘glass’is apRroxi.mately 1,420 Btu’s, ‘or inea& 6 the
I a
quant;ty of 4ieat needed by&e greenhouse.
&,i’- ’ ’ 1 .!
,
i .A 9,portione of this extra energy .‘can be conducteij through the common walj
~‘.V> 7 between the greenhouseand the building. In this way, an attach,ed.g&~%oti?,e
‘0 I
j$’ ‘4 . B ” ” ;
3.. ~”
d 174, ;;‘i ” ‘,, _“‘: , ~ , . *. ,.I
,, -, .‘e ; m’
ia, .. .’ k’o. ‘9 - P I .-
\,:. ‘., ~ _,.( ~ ‘.‘: j”- * ‘P
.- --.: i I-
r;‘ , i -- *: : ‘,
‘h. . .
7 ‘_: . 1; .’
. . ‘b Vt
:- : __ f
\
. * ,’
I
1L
0’. * I.
lb. __~__~~~~ ~-~ -- ----- t , 15. Sizing the Greenhouse *c
__-- ~ -_>-----
-i r
1. *‘li
41,,1,4,‘ ,.,.,...~ ,‘)
, , , , 1 “K,. ,.a,, ,>,,,. ‘,“y
‘. p,,, .,, ‘ II). l<,. 1 .,.,I ‘ .,S_‘~‘_
1 r %‘
L. IP
/
I Photo IV-l!&: Ait;lched grmnhousc extends along thr wuth \V,III d the
bullding---beiore----and after. .
1
I
”
\‘
1 8
i ~
.
:i
For example,
3 in NewsGork City (40’Ni, average January temperature 35”F), an
attached greenhous,e with a common masonry wall Lvill need about 1.2 square
feet of greenhouse glazing for each square foot ot’ adjoining building floor
area (i.e., a 200-square-foot space needs an attached greenhouse with 240
square feek of south;facing glass). ’
When using a thermal wall for heat storage and transfer, attach the greenhouse
so it’ extends along the south”wall of a building exposing a large surface area
of thermal wall to direct sunlight. A greenhouse elongated along the, easL-west
axis is \he most efficierg! shape fo’r solar collection-BUILDING S$APE +AND
CiRIENTATION(2). *
Whenever possible recess the greenhouse into/the. building so that the east
and w,est walls are also common partitions. This not only reduces grccnhousc
heat l&s t7_ut iTcreases the amount of heat transierrkd+o the adjacent spay+?:.
‘*‘./
D
Photo iv-15c: Building surrouhds th&reenhou2e to reduce the exposed
~ * ..-- r: d
~. exterior surface area., ’ 4:
1:
--.” “,_ ___,._._,
.---.---%y- *
$1 “I .I . d . j.I
’
\
‘,? 177
, , ‘, _’
., ‘. r’:’
; -7 ....i..,,._,
*&
d, I-_
-
‘,,,,W ” Ix- ’
* , P
-am’ .
it
:
I a4
,I-
/A-
4.
..,
‘.\.1 ;. *
..: 0
i
I ’ a
” 0
Q
_: ..*..
-. .-.’
; ? -~ _- *-*-
, B-
\ __,.-L-L . --- . ~-~
_ .
.. 1 I ‘, -
w
,X r:_........ “” ci
,,,_.. c , a m. _ ’ I], = /, ” I- j
t,< 0 t i ^ *. ,’ ” ’ ;;/ ,:c ;;“;
:j ,\ h ’ -I” :’
,-
L- --j
i ..
i
- \
6 \
. Photo IV46a
r
*
4 .
e
16.
1 I_ .Greetihouse Conned&i
a
Q l
, * ‘Tie Recomn&jati($ c ’ ’ , 1 , _ *
1 .
* ”
. . When t,he principal kethod “df heat transfer’ between’ the greenhoye atyd
build.ing is a thermal wall, use the following table as a guide for selecting a
1 wall ‘thickness:
. Q. “( .
/ * . I ,
*
I
Material Recpkmended Thickness (in) + ,
+ y_ f
* ‘, . . 0
PI *-.-..d.J
0 .Jdobe ) I - ,- .- 8-12’ .. r
+, ” n” . ;GP n 1,. !‘-
Brick (common)‘. ‘lo-34 , .\:. o_
,%!I ,”
; i.L ‘J Concrete (dense). .r
i ,\’
~ I\ Water .
_’ l(; .
‘..___,-
R 3
. 4 ‘u.
.-.
ake the surface’ of the,wall a medfum &ark color-and be’careful not to’ . u_
direct sunlight from; reaching’ it. -$I cool and cold climates,Jocate small
~~ ~~
or operable windows in the wall to, allow heat from’ the greenhouse
directiy.into the buil($q durin$he daytime. 8p 0 i ‘I _
I . -i
r\ . 1 1’ ”
I
&,*y ,181
1 --‘“3
J
I
.*
_ 8:
. , _=
., .,y:;h .” ‘.e, tg .-
1 ..;;J .:
,. ‘, ‘%
: *- “i’ ’ T&e, Ppsive S&dGE,eigy Book
.h -,I* . * ; \
L. “. c . ‘. *’
. .,
.
;& . . \’+ * * . .,.,i ‘,, .:
.’ , 8’ I’ , .” i
. ,
--
I..
* a
’ ,‘p
1 . .F
. . -’ _ (i * ’ - I
blASONRY
., 1 * ,, -
.*
LADDED MASS i
4,’ ,I’, ; 1 , -” - (--‘,. ‘* . .- -\
a
:..‘.._,
, ,r ’ ’*s ” 1’ a c
\ ,: b . * II
‘2. . s *. . .¶ ..
.* “LI -- 7’. . ,
. Fig. IV-16a , ’
b- .” .. D *
i r
i -3 ,
:
1- . * *
.*
f
c #L * ‘, .
. , . I
I
-^ . ’ i
*
.. Provide exteridir operable,vents and shading ,devices to’ prevent x heal buildup d r
0’
e ,I<,,; In the greenhouse durin;“‘.the summer-GREENHOUSE‘ DETAILS(2O)dd.
. add M$lyABLE iNSUL+sTION(23) and REFLECTO.RS(24) to make ‘the green-
@L house more ejYecNve AS a heating sokrce-..
.. II 1 : -.. __ --
.I -‘=I .- ,. -: .- _-
DL
*
, fj -.
0
’ * a .” *
th;! spaces) or an active rock storage system with pakive. h.eat distribution. -
1 The active.system is ‘inentioned here only becake.it.ij so f.requently used. , .’
___. -~ _ ~~---~-v~~~~~_.~- .-~- 3’ 5 -~
-. .-I
, +mdn ~a~cmry’Th~~aII’ ’ \_ . ..
I
” 1, , /
P
When a common masonry walljs the method of heat storage tn.cl taransfer ’ ‘, a~ -
” ‘, *between spa&s, daily tern-peratures io he greenhduse will fluctuate V4Oo to,, ’
90°F on a clea-iwinIer day: because the masonry -alone cannot _ c ‘.
. “absorb and store enough the greknh-ouse shou?ld gontain ,,
additional&thermal-- (wate~;~-co~tin~~) to -help datipen fluct$atibns- ’ , I-
5--
GREENHOUSE. pETAILS(20). d . s. /12 ” . ” :j
- 1 _~~. ~. _ I - I-
I _’ .
ey are so .
..:” -‘.. -- -
-.----
-
1:: .-I- +. ~;
‘. ,greenhous,e’ by. a fan is stored.-in, a rqck bed usual& Ideated .‘in the crawl
sp&e under the floor of, the buildin ..’ The idvantage of this &tern &+ha--l------i.
tile gl;e&hoyse can be. constructed .u$ +ny material and need not contain a-- -Y
‘1s. rmtil s&all, This* is Simpo$ant w&n .a strong visual conn&tipn (large
i
’ i J” t ,’
1.1.: :
,
* -.
G, i: .++$& t--- . - J+&
” . Pi
p&-- :*.y _,_. . ;“.;;~-+. ,.2+ .3.$ _
,,I I P
. ‘ i x-- .
, * +. .’ , _,r .’
‘ ., .” __ .’ ‘.- .* +:
-. _.
.- : * ._: . -
* h’ .* _%..
B .The Passive Sojar l$t-&y -2*..L1 . _ _- 3
”
*a . Book
-. ” %yf; /’ 0I , ,”
/ . “= .!I
.p ,
** \
+* d, -.
L
-. .%
‘,- ’ .
: .
,.: . .
L
c-
.!;d - ; *: .
, .:
LROCK BED
.
,i-- . ’ .-
I’
- ,. .-
t’
-&.I.6
.m - Greenhouse-,Cinnection z.
, ,..-*:-. L ~ aI
-
,, -2’ a- ’
.,t _., -- y>g :. 1
il -
2 “,,<_,.---: A@I@&Q be&een the buildin and gyeenhoupe is desirable. -In this case, .the n
--.._~~~~~-::-~~~~~~i~~~~,o~e
2: wiil Fe&v; enough heat back. from the b-b*iIding at night (througti
‘-1 ,-‘ .,_. =$#G$-timqn wall and.. g keep it at a .tgmperature roughli/, midway
.-I -- bet&&n inddor and out mperaturc?. In this case it is important -to 1,’
I ~~~&d&&-&& windo cqr to. ac+e that during peri@ of exkefftdy -7.
cold’ weather the g can r&eiGk dirett heat ‘from the building ‘t6-” ’ ’
\ keep it from, freezing. In cold .clima\es (average winter temperatures below
-._. 35”i), in addition to operable window;, some therma. mass should be located , 1
.,
.I ( in the green,house for daytime heat storage. This insurd an additional supply
a of heat $I -the greenhouse in: the evening to keep it above freezing in ’ ‘.
.- wintej. . I_
.. .
.-
Fo,r id,equate heat transfer (passive) from the rock bed to the space, it is i@- “2 -
.‘. ,
0. psr.tan’t that a large surfate ,&ea of the floor act as ‘the heating source. In ’ . A ;
cold climates ,thiz shpuld b,&!.$~ut 75 to 100% of the floor’s surface area
and in ‘temperate &nt&~Iim’stds 50 to 75”/0. This can be accomplished by I-
supplyifig wa”rm air tb”$$ ?ock bed in .the space between the bFd and the
floor, and returning ciosrl ait, to the greenhouse from the bottom ‘of the rock
bed. In’this way, heat is distributed over the entire underside of the [loor
and then is radiated to the space. In cold climates use roughly 3/d to llh
cubic feet. of fist-sized rock.or 1 l/2 to 3 cubic feet of rock in temperate, .
climates for each one square foot of soutl+facing greenhouse glass. There .!
are many’types of active:tack storage systems, the major variable being the .
location’of’ ;he rock ‘b&A. <or example, another common location iS in the c
I’,
_-
* wall beh en the greenhousk and -bullding.
a
,!I* 111, , .
.... l a<,,gZ@....; %
,, 0 J
!”i 1
i
I II
---
‘. ---_ ._ -
: 7
185 _
.
I
- L
c
.o .-.
Photo IV-l 7a
b
Since rodf ponds igenet$ly act as’cohbiqed sok collect&, heat dissipator
(for sunmet cooling), storage mediuin and rpdiiitor, tliC area required varies
. - _-. ‘accocding to whether the potids are used for heat&$ ‘or &@ng, the type of .’
,.,s, . -movable insuldtion used and the pe of glaiing a9 well as ‘climate, latitude
*;
I’.\ 1.‘; and building load.
b.: ‘4 : -c * f- 4
c: / .’
ihe Recommendation I .,
.-m -.a 9
- (’
._’
-\
“..C For. -heating, the recommended tatios of ,roof pond &Hector area for each
! on& square foot of space floor area are given in the following table:
k ,s _ B-
’ I. Average winter. 2” ’ &.”
1. outdoor temperature (YF) ‘IS”-25” o 25”~35” 35045” ‘\ _i :
.2’. ,. ,. + .
* _ -., y
.*,p : _ Y d
DQuble-glazed pohds’) j
,a-
w/night insulation l , ,,.. 0:85-1.0 , ’ 0,60-0?90 r‘ ._ ’ ,
‘1
” /? . 1
”. ,$ingl‘&glazed ponds _
! ‘k w/nigh~in,s&la$y I ’ :. * ;- ‘:
-‘, e !
,‘T. and reflector.- . . . .. . 1. . .-:,., 0.33-0.60. ‘.
I s ‘< a.- 5 i
\ -!kubli-glazed pond :A ~.~ ’ ~._ j,
” w/night in?ulation ,-p; -
. , .... 0.5w-j .o 0.25-0.45 -
-?nd reflector
. I. 3
‘,. South-sloping collector ,’ q,
0.2cF-o.40 ,* s.
II s i cover w/night iiisulation 0.60-1.0 5. 0.9-0.60
:’ ;t .)
t P
.,: IL
~~ - ,’i ,187
,~ -. . .
-.. .
- *
The
- ;‘Passi&
i---- - .Solar
--,, Energy Book ~~
-. .. ” ,
n .
L
r/ . :.\
_-
--A:
Wlthm each ra io according to your- laiitucfe. At lower lati- . 6
1 tudes use the .at higher lafitird% the higher value. Roof ‘- 7.
L’ --k,-
ponds &uire augcne.~tatioti by ;eflsctqn;at latitudes gieqter than 36”NL.
z 4
I 9
. * *..
.. Re&timended
, 5 reios--bf roof “pond area tcPspace*\apr area for cooling ar?
.,:. \ ,,r. /,_ L, , ’ ,givkzn’ *ih thk, foUowir@ ,tablli?. -The’sk’ G&as. aie -based’ dv t$z._a@etG_o@ 4l+t,
.d -
the &xls are r& “bkxked from seeing at *asi. thrde‘-fourthi df ‘the whole -
-+&me. . I
. “- -.
- I
Hot-HuTid’ Hot-Dry
*? .sJs TyyC;of Pond ’ . Climate ., Cl/mate ,._ L ‘\ k,4
Q j . . ~
_ L
-- _ - .Sit+jl&glazkd pond ,- i.0 . j 6.754 .o ‘.
1
t’: .-e&y
.” FSi’ngl’e-glazed‘pon~ a _ ’ 1 . _ .
.\ 1. augm.ented. by 6 ’
. ~ evaporative cooling ’ 0.75-l,.O r '0.33450~ . ^ .
.
-
.a.
GlAZlNG AR
.- -_
t.
.
:
I
/ I ..\Y
- :
FLOOR RRE$
: - -d
1 .
. - q
I 8’
‘1, . Q
c 17. Sizing the Roof Pond. b_ ,. J :
-; b a ,* .A h
3
1’ * r,
.- .V 4 >: I
- . .
. Work. out the ROOF POND DETKlLS(18) ‘so that the system is-srmpIe?o
I . *. .,
qq - build,<nd functions efficiently. sziz,,@ c
. ’ * . .
~>.. 3
.
,
The h-&~a~iitm .- I I_ ,y,_, y : ,_ 1, _ ., , ,_ . us:
rtr ,i#,,‘i,‘.,,I_,! \,I,!, ,t,,,/, I_, ,
_L_ -...--_-. . I,, x.
Besides cli’mate .and: builh$$Yheat loss, sizing tt&ro& fiGl;ld.-is -dcpep&n’t ’ ‘,’
upon the piimary function of the pond‘theajing or”cogling),‘its rclatlbnship . -0’ .I.
Y JO movable:insylatign and the, type o.f. glazing prov,ided. Each ‘of these h’as I
i !
./ the following influence: * .,
*, . - !’
6
3 *. ,h x
.oFubction _ _ La y .. s. .. 4
7 - -*
11-
. The pbnd size and,configuration d&end upon whether’& emphasis of t,he ‘I -
systkm. is gn heqling ol’&oIitig,‘or a balance” of bolh. -.
a .
.I a
:
Heating-In *winter, at lower latitudes_(28” td $6”NL), the sun rises. to a _i 1.
_ high enough position in the skq ;foc adequaie solal coll+ction. At highci’ 3
.(‘ 2 latitudes (40: to 5G”NL), since Xhe sun p,ai’h is I”ower “ii< the sky, the optinium-
.. *
~~ heating configu+a4& for62 solar soUe.ctar is x sou&iac;ngtilt, This is’ im- ’ .
,, possible to do with a - roof pond since water s-kin its own level J’nd a
-.
i pond at, a slope would be prohibitively ~e~penstv&ti contain. To increase . .= ’ ~,
.- the solar g&n of a horizontal pond so.- that it b&copes a viable’“coOljector, ’ ’ 9
_ solar gain can be increased by the use of a’ reflector. ?his,is accomplished by 3 au..
0 steppi’ng the ponds to the south” with the movable insulation folding in ’
half and becorping a reflector in the *open position. Another approach’is to - t .” ’
a hinge the refleC.tor/moyable insu:lation and I?ave it act as a large ;efle.ctivG * ” *
lid ope.ning to the south. In norther;n.cIir%ate@ where heating is pa.ramount -’ ,‘... ’ ;
and a snow problem exists,, a sIopitiB”io&f can be built ov.er the ponds- with ,. . ‘. ” :
the south slope, glued. In, th,is case, movable insulation can be hi..nged in,
1
. ’ such a way a< to refl&t Ipw angle s,un onto the flat roof pond.
.. .
’ 4 ylat r
Cooling-G contrast to heating, the optimal cooling configuraGon IS-
.w
pond that i:-_gxposed to the entire hemisphere of thQigh@y. Up tq.20 to 30 ,” D’
Btu’s per square foot.of pond surface per hour car; be disiipated undel very ’ r .. r,
clear skies with low humidity and COOI nighfiimg temperatures.,‘If greater coql-, .
ing is needed and/or climatic conditions are not optimum, the.outside surface - .)
gf the enclosed ponds can be sprayed with water or flooded to increase ’ - qj
: cooling by evaporation as well as by nocturnal.. radiation .and con-vection.
. About 4 times,,as- <much heat can be dissipated from, Jhe roof pond. by ~ *
ecaporation as bv iadiation. I ‘* L. n -
k
1, b?;?
T I. :, Y -)I _
-. 189
.
(I ‘_ 9 ,
. I .” , : c
..w+..:-(i,- , -
c
~.. _ *
:.
I.
p.,,’ .
?
! n.
<.. ‘*,. ‘* I L
. . .,, ,. w 1
,-
’ .:h - ,*a
,% c
L. 1’
;‘\
,I_,, k. ., b ‘_ a‘
/ .- ._
‘, ‘.
\ - .. *_
\ f0 ‘\ ::
I.,; “.
\ _ I. 0’ _ I ,>. . .* T..
‘.
, X_l.r, A.~.,” . : ,.... “..: ,. :.., .,* v . I
r
. _ q- ci :-
. .
*.
I. .’
.. . 0 ..
,
‘. _
. .
J
17.. Sizitig the Roof Pond,
- I
e
to the large surface. arCa i:sIYoscd .$\I c-onvrclivc~ k)t;5ct\, 4injgIt~-gl,t/tltl root
; =’ ,-
-,
‘Photo IV-I7b: WjXter daytime position oi reilect-or/lnscllatIng panel. .
9 .’ && . 1
\ I
,,. 191
2. ./ 65 l
i
.
I
&A
a
Solar ‘iEnwgy Book * A - .
&nds are, generally not applicable to* rdegions with ‘monthly tern- + !
peratures lower than 50°F unless enhanced by as .mentioned _
above. The most economic method of providing double glazing for rooe’
, ponds is by inflating an air cell, over tt~ pond as” part :of the plastic bag
b” containi #e the water: This inflated air cell is easily removed for more X
’ effective summer cooling by me-re[y deflating the ce!l. Single-g!azed ponds-
c
are-twice as effective a< d6uble-$lazeb ponds. for cooling, so this flexible
characteristic is va1uabl.e.
’ 1
i ’
,
‘.” ‘: , I’ *
k\
*-.
;;
I
I
,, I.
-I
‘1 a
\. _/-
I ’
I
-‘\. - ~ * ~
?,
‘I
* ‘$ \
a I’
i ,
.”
.
a
:-.:’
1,
-.
;;\ -- *’ +
\ t;.
\ *
---.., / - - ~~- ..” I ..- ? -.. .
‘L- ,_-. __^ ,_ ______=___
.~ .. II.\ r
‘i.,
A. ,
i \
z . .._ _ ‘I
4
‘--L ;
‘._ \
\ . “Y ~
_--. -,I,;
z-z. 3; -_ _
.m..e 0 ‘\ . : __ :
! - -‘. ‘&,
,. ?
,’
- : 1 k ’ Roof
!
. uPond .Dd$ai
‘_”‘_‘\
\ f* , - \
_.
..
Due to the integral nature of rdof ponds and architecture, especially with
regard tdstructirre, roof and ceiling, there are many details th‘at need careful .
ctinsiqeratio,q, Although, roof ponds are simple in ‘concept and potentially
inexpensive, major problems .have been .caured by failure to adequately
work out the numerous small details that make up the system. Generally
‘.
_ -’ 1~ The..Rqof
\ .
L .’ I . .e’
. . ‘.
I
‘)
‘y e ponds on a’ waterproofed metal or thin concrete d&k. Paint the
e *T,‘~.
L ,of the< roof deck (any colorj and‘ leave it exposed to the space .
#‘optiyum heat transfer from the .ponds.. ,, s
*
-# .
&; . 9 z
1 j&..PO”& ” d
._ l-.
I :, ., DEnclose thq water pond (6 to 12 inches in depth) in trans,p?rent iplastic bags or -.
b .\ in waterproof struMuraL metal or fiberglasS, tanks, thaa form, the rdof and
_ ~: * finished ceiling of the ~-space below.. Make the top. of-{the 4ontainer trans-
‘. . parent and the inside a dark color to tiihimize heat stratiFcati@n in the pond.
) -‘- ~ \!,, ,I: ,. 1b ,l
-
..
-’ The\ Insulating Panels _“.i I..’ If! ’ -, !
_-.- ~. lor d flat,, roof--p&d- with horizbtitat sidings panels, make tjie panels as large -’ ‘,
as possible to reduce the. amount and cost of hardware (suth as tracks, seals). 5,
: ., . ‘&
., r, b L
r
18. Roof Pond Details
G .
. 3 I
> I
,
Construct the ‘tracks for the panels to withstand deflection and make sure .j
i*
that the panels seal tightly over the ponds when closed. To increase the
effi’ciency of this system, design the insulating p $ nels so they also act as
_, reflectors’ when. in the open position. Use either a bifolding or solid ‘panel
.- ,
.hing+d along its’ north edge and construct the surface of the panel with a 3
. ” reflective material. . ’
,
For a’! south-sloping collector system make the angle of the south glazing ,’ ’
:
> ‘roughly equal to your latitude plus, lx”. Use movable insulating panels over .)
the g!$zing at night and make the surface ofe the panels, exposed to the “‘* /
I-- - F r ponds when in the open ,posiiion,. a reflective material. ‘L
1
1’ :’ _/ ’
d;.
.,
INSULATION PANELS:
TRACKMfAY - ’
EXTRUSIONS --PVC FLAP SEALS
k’
=.
T
____,-- ---.-
VIES” ...
a, ;‘.
_r
fR
Fig. IV-18at
4%
.
.<
. ,
. *
,
.
*.
a ’ 195
I
.~.+ _ ..
i *u
/j’ ,:.: .’ __.. = _ I . . .
‘eI(.Y ‘..
I -.
‘. . /
.
1 -
l ._
’ * .
. When the panels also double as reflectors, optimize the angle of the re,
f!ector according to the information- given in REFLECTORS(24). Adjust the
s depth, of the pond to provide heat for CLOUDY DAY STORAGE(22). :z.
t -
. c --
\
; 1
& .* 1
. ” ’ :
.- 4. - ‘.. The lqformatiorr
. ’ . - . ”
. CT ci
. -5 “,
. i: .- b
The Roof _ . . .
I _
” In .a Flat Roof Pond System, the clear span for a m&al deck is generally i
.
4 I .L
. ,. ,I_,; . ‘.:’
_~~ 9 -----.~-~-.
d It is e&entiil to keep the transfer of heat iromethe pond-,tb
s*-- -
as-great a-g possible. This means it is desirable to waterp f&f 8
‘7’ --.’
deck~with a thin plastic sheet such as double-laminated ‘pal
.i ,_
“C?‘ -fully sealed at ‘the edges or a tibergIass”she& and a thin coat of asphalt. ~ ”
/o/--
__ ~--
0 emulsion. Hot-mop ed asphalt and layers of felt’provide too much; i.nsula- - ,.
E d tion between the pond B
‘p and deck and is therefore not desirable. Careful
, attention, shq.u.ld beg-given to waterproofing the connection between‘ the
.
1 r- - -A suppor&for the insulating panels and the roof ‘deck.
+. .- -~ /
b ’ d
_.
It’ 0’ Opti’mizin the’ heat transfer-en the .ponds and the space requires
that the Pnderside of the deck also .be usdd as the finished ceiling. It. is
- ’
-. important to ‘paint ,the underside of the metal deck since galvanized metal
is, a poor radiator when bare. Because the ceiling radiates at a re,latively ‘low
temperature (t7s°F), it can be painted any color. \
7
i
1 :(-If an acousti.cal. ceiling is desired, use+a perforated metal acoustical panel in=
‘,
E==mI good th.ermat contact with the deck. A. metal deck. must be carefully in,-
sulated at its peirmwrto eliminate he&--loss-At- its-.edge, If the m&al -deck
-2 .
“. ~. extends past the perimeter of the building, .for example’ as a covering-for’91 mm- -~ --
patio, then insulation must be. placed between the .interior and exterior
,/ . : deck.
- * oi - ‘,
%‘,-. ___ ._
4
\ ‘1 -.
’ .’ c 1
c 196 * i
”
.
I
, - s
. w._r
, * _ ,I
.’ -
,1:> :.‘- ‘_ .
1 v
.
,’ ?l - ”
^ ta ._ ;
., - c 1.8. R,oof Pork Detai$&$&~ ~$~‘~.~~
I’ i .I,-, q$/~ <
‘!a m , _
.- ^r % ! e jj-++ $“ ; 1&
3 4 ;I* - -.?“.fc T
7 4 . ‘; _‘,.
The Ponds 1 \\ -. T$;
. - ,&3
Ponds.can bb ,in&pensively const’;u&ed* by enclosing water, -6 to 12 inches. -3 2
I in depth, in plastic bags made of bðylene, polyvinyl chloride’di-other*: c?‘..~:
.
- “. _ forms of in$xpe sive clear plastic~++Ghi~ settse -the-, ponds wiJ!- reserpbj:e. a. \j.
&ater -bed. Ton,’J s can also be.-const&&$ of metal or’ fibergla
-,rjgid transparent plastic coyers b
enclosed.-pon&7 using the latest
----- ~-~
I
-..^_-
4..^.___
-- -------w&em over- +period of’ a year 0.
-11. o’ the surface *(apparently caused by water vapor
. _. plasticizer).
L b
e
--------:
cj < ~<,C.. ._*
,.
l ,
. ’
d $8.
. 0
l _-
. 1
\
;’ .
* a
I. ’ ,.. .
:
-.’ .. 118. Roof Pond Details *,
2
Panel trqcks .ahd supports jhould be designed so that the panels for& as
~~+ ~~--tight--a+& embly~ ++~~~&l+whet+ closed. This-- r_equires careful detailing,
s* especialv f% r the skiding pan&Is geneLaIty ap,pl$d to flat ‘roofs. Sometimes
!’ ;.
- the tightness needed may require *.the- pse ‘of “neoprene curtains and ‘seals
,.I
* which rid& along theipanels. ~TO il+strate the %pdwe of s.eals, a Study
,’ _ perfo-rmed in_*1973 .shdw&d. that 24’4 oaf the energy strik7ng the ponds on’ an
\
.‘. -:averag& winter day%a$,,t-ost back fhrough- the insul?!i& at night. M:ost of
‘i this loss was due tb air infiltratjon a/round the panels,‘even though neoprene
,‘,_ .._ii ‘_,i
..*‘ : .xrtains:
, were: used. Althdugh.the sflstem still provided the .house with lOOoh
.-Tf j&heating and cooling, it is cask to see that greater efficiency cauld be
I . I .
.otxamea.
,
<.r . ./
< 9
‘, .
: ‘_
1’ “..
:‘,
a’ 0
^, Ti
. . - ,.* ..I,.,
. . . . +I$@...” ‘s ‘-’ : ,,
” \
,.
i
. i
, ” ‘, _*I, \ ,- _ .
.:
/ ‘.
,, r’ -
I , -
.-
‘_ :
.\ y I,: ; ‘.
1..
: .
“.
‘,. : .,.
’ -lgg .
:
Q
P
,
Greenhouse ?
..
(l9. \.sout -Fahg - -,
-ho&e
n (FSf6estanding)
. ‘.
d
Photo IV-l% i’ , L/
- tr
a r
‘ BP’ .
II
e
--- _ _.
- :.---_
f
,
,
v
R
’ .
I
r
tip
i
Y
,$ I
=+ ;.
.I.
- ’s . ;,
, 7 .L? _’
--. ,
..
, *
“-
.. , L
k I. ‘<
&’ . ,.
.,
Ia I
:
.I .Y ..,w
. .
,‘----
.
4 The large surface area oiglazing in a traditional gree.nho;se entail& a,sl’gnificant L*.,
4h.,.‘:
heat loss, requiring the extensive use uf costly and energy-cqnsutiiag con; ?,
vendonal~ heating systems. The class’c greenhouse’was originalLy ‘developed
4
for use in the European lowlands. The avercast, mild winter climate dictated ,! ?- a
- solar‘ radial&t-r atthis time, contributes s&nificantly to the -overall heat loss ’0
\( of the space. It is important that the design of a greenhouse respond to’
,climqtic.I conditions in order to function.effectively. ’ 1, ‘., 0
.- . t Ila *
:.> n
. . ,
The Recdmry$datib~ $-’
1 ’ . .m
_’
/. ,. - 1
3 ! B
. , .. QPi
. I_.
./ .
In cold northern ar&femp&ate climat&s, eiongati’the &kenhc&e along the .
east:west axis and build~‘ih~,north wall of opac&e’ materials, incorpoiating- - -
at ,least 2 inihes ‘of rigicf‘or 3 &chqS of bat-t insulation. To prevent one-sided ’ V,”. :
plant growth, and&r---upper part’ of the north wall’ a light . ‘:” ’
+ color t6 reflect plant Cpnopy.. ‘t- - i; ”
.
* z
CI
- I.,,’ ‘1
,P
-
1
II
I
-
The Passive Sola; Energy Book
1
Fig. IV-19a
‘-5 :
9.
, ... . . 6 :@j,&i . . . . ,, : , , ,*,‘-.-- .
.I ,..-
,‘ ., -, .
~. , __. _~ .
--~~
i .
6
/, ,. -
_-. Add thermal mass to the interio; of the greenhouse to store excess heat
collected during th.e daytime for use at night-GREENHOUSE DETAILS(20):
_
TV,-.., “’ The inforrna~ion ’ I ;”
I’ L .
In 1973, a study was undertaken at Lava1 University in Quebec City,‘-Can-ada,
..’ .
. .
to determine the most -effective- way to reduce the extensive, heat losses
‘.
A. ./ . a-sso-ciated with conventional~ greenhouses in northern &rrjates. Reports of ’
‘ the study state:
.‘.,. , : \ &-Pa
‘3 ..(. .i’
A new design of a greenhouse has beeQ,deJeloped for colder r&
.e 1, \ ’ gions. The greenhouse is .oriented on an e&-west axis, the. south- ..
., . facing, roof- being, transparent, and the north-facing &all being in-
,. sulated.with a on the interidr face. The angles of I
the-rear, inclined wall are each designed
transmittance of solar _radiation a
of this radiatiorr’onto the plant canopy. ,s
.,
/‘_ ‘I,-. ,:,
’ L I .
”
‘“.
’
-----CL---
Y
,”
,
L.
SEEDL!NyED 1
R,OCK PILE
\
.N
.
h.’ ,
Photo IV-I9b: ExteriAr 01 Lava1 Univcrsltv Ereenhotlse ‘. . ,
The important concept tb remember is $at the north wall should be solid
, agd that the sowth wall and roof mostly transpar,ent.
c *
_-
Photo
r lV~19tiC qppropriate greenhouse configurations-
, Y
1
(here and on next page).
. . .-
Y_----. . _’ Y
I’ ;.
1. ;
$ h L,I.AI f ‘205 i
P I ,’ :
4 i 0 , ,
r
# \
I A-- \ I
2, ‘\
.a
-. ’ ,
t
( . 25” ,*-+ i 50”-60”
.I ,i\
_.(
1 .I 3ob ” - 55”-65” .6F’-75: n
---.
‘k. .’
-._ ~_ _- -- 35” -*. -- 60”-70” -- - 70”-80”
65”-75” 75”-85” .
,.
ahd 4WN4,. Within ,each range
For soutbem latitudes, i:e., 32”NL,
i.e., +3’NL,, use the lower tempera-
Io ;% 1
with primarily south-facing glazing
*
, .
./
, ..
? *
1I!
‘L,. *..~* .,I *
Grekmhousb ’
20. . GaLeen
-.’1 use Details ..
, .
^,. P
* 2, L ’
.a,,. n
’ ,:c
;,:.r’.?
SI
,* -/
!ra,
i\
0 .
*. 1’. -.
- Photo IV-20a r
.~‘p
< 1 /‘<
\ .
. .
0 i ,
. :. ‘F
, 1
is d . :
I.*
.’ ‘ ‘L .=
.>
.’ I , *
. d
‘L+ ,“.
,
-_
:>
- , _.* :;
_L, *+;.’
Ir,.. . --.’
I .. *:ym-2
;-
k
.
Q h 1
i
-a
\., --., r
Excess solar heat collected during be daytime in a conve&ional greenhouse ’
is allowed to.escare.’ All greenhouses are in, fact solar: Ih current .methods
.of building .greenhouses, however, there are no provisions for storing -
ex.cess daytime#heat for use at night. But it is just this refinement that can b
make an enormous difference in the, way a greenhouse will perform. Wrth- . .. .
out provisipns for heat storage, the daily temperature fluctuation in a green- *
house will be excessive. _ .8; . .J L
_.
:--- __~- ~~ -K
I d
The,e&ccynendii&n *
a “$7,
o n. ,.z _’ - r
h
=---~- ---Provide efrougbtherrnat
storage mass in-the -greenhouse to
temperature ‘fluctr,&tions
by using’bne of the followCng methods: .
. I-
’ ,“,i >.I.* ., (4.
: -, B I L ’.. -“3
Solid Maspmy ” Constructi@ with ,Additional M&s / ;v“
I . e”‘,,
Construct the opaque walls .a~@.floor in the greenhouse of solid masonry? at. ‘+ -. ‘.”
$, -jeast 8 inches in thickness. N4asonry alone, however, is not sufficient storage, . .’
p _- so fine-tune tlie greenhouse after construction by ‘adding thermal mass (such :.
‘as water in containers) .un& the%door temperature fluctuatibns are accepb- ’ I.ti
,_ able. Make the surface Oo#the mass a mediumito-dark color for maximum 7 .
.
0. 0 ’, ,P solarabsorption;’ L ‘. ;r r
\ (L
.n -.
: -._
k
u
:, . .J * . .
. *
& ‘. * O” -
a ‘_ *
-.. Integrate %ater into the’north wall of the greenhouse using’roughiy l/2 to 1 ! -‘.
..I
.cubic,$oot of water for. sach one square foot’of south,facing glass. Make the .
+ \ surface of the waterti~all’a dark color and be careful r&t to block direct sun- o
light from reaching it. .*3,,;,‘. ”, 3 ‘- ‘: h : .
l
. _
._ .
*
‘. \ /_ ~, ‘,
.‘.. ‘k 1
b,. 1: . , I:
‘0'.
B
0
.~
.. ,’
.L
i .' -
-, . I ,:I’ r’ ,, c l r 209 . .-
.y
_
.; I. -a
The a&rage t&&mperature in the greenhouse over the day wobld he about 7O”F, d
._- .- --which is adequate--for plant” growth, but a ftuctuation of 70”f over 24 hours
+ is vat a ‘desii-able.. condition>; For this reason,- a greenhouse must contain
enoqh thertiqal mass to absorb and to store excess daytime heat for us&’ at
. 1L” ~/
;: ,.‘.
D.
Q
----- -- kDRUM ’
h,
..‘?I&
J--“,?\...C I ”
.-
$CL
1-Q I .. .
*I .: 3 I -.
i
.-.
.i‘ .
P ‘.
II
.’
. m
.
I .
7
a
. * , <
., --
INTERK)R WATER MU&L’ . 1
-9
’ I_ _.* - - ----
.
t
E^* .
Q,
r’ / ;c
--
*L * P
. I
’ ‘, ACTIVE ROCK
c
~STCWAGE :
I .’ ‘,,,w e. *
T’ ,,$-ig. lV-2Qa ,*,” I- : . * D c? 4’
r L ”
,?.
.’ -‘,,‘.* -1e ‘ --~
;:‘ .E.
.’: \ : -*
I- . ;., I _ _ .l, w 211 -.
: . .
‘~
(.
.r ., -I .: * ’
-,. ,:’ t
D .r - * 1.,
-’ ,: 1_ ,.* ,.
-( ‘* . ,’ ,’
~,- k ,“’ 2’ .,: _’
r
. /
.
5 - , 1)’
.
:I \‘\ ..yo
IS .
3- .w
I
s c ” .>a
24
The Passive War Energ; Bfpk ’ .c
‘S I,-
. ,
0
--- -._- - ~~___-_~ I ~------ -? 1 ’ On i
of solid masonry. HoweyeP, masonry &ill dampen interior’ fluct;ations only
slightly. A greenhou’se‘ c.onstructed of masOonry will have daily fluctudtion’s on
+
the order ;of-45” to 70,“i. In most instances, this fluctuation $ too great ior
e I
\ plant life to flourish. This rneq that additional mass is need;d in the green- ’
\ -.
:
house td further feduce these flubtuat.ions. This is’ibsuaily accomplished, after
c.
the greenhouse has been covstructed,‘by adding containers of wgter, (or ,any ~
other apprbpriate substance) in the’ space until the daily fluctuations are
L’
ac<eptable,20” to 40°F. Whenevir possibie,e j[, is desir$bi& to loca’te t5is mass .
1 ’ in direc,t sunlirght and make its’ surface’ 4-1medium or $Brk color. Fine tuning
,
the g.reenho%se in this way,*Thowever, may .lead to pr6b ems -if enough interior ’
_- ,’
space ;s..,not left availablk for this e;tra mass. So remet 4 ber, if this apprdach is
.J __ taken, itd’is important to plan ahead. _1 5
. I
J 1
-.. .-, --
_: J
?he ,location and design of the rock bed will vary depending on spatial and
functional consi,derations in the greenhouse. The most’-common placement, - ,.
however; is in the foundation crawl space (under the floor) since this. is e
&&entially a free container (see fig. IV-20a). A wood floori or concrete slab is
then constructed over the rock bed.. During the charging cycle, the fan
transfers heat from the space to the rock mass. ‘At night, as the greenhouse :
coois, heat is supptied to the space passively from the floor which essentially B
functions as a radiant heating. panel. If additional heat is needed, warm air
f@m the.rokk mass can beLirculated into the greenhouse.
& / .
f
>.-. i
/
1
_-
&
/
FLOW .
;,
3’ -
* A
‘-
.
1i
Fig. IV-20b: Rock be&d~,mens;ions. j
” .. Ld * .
e
’ A variation of this system.is an enclosed, insulated rock bin (container of fist- .
sized ‘rocks) yhich uses air as the only heat transfer medium. The bin can be
located under a,planting bench or under the floei. Again, warm air is circulate$
,’ <_ I.
0 throqh the bin dying the day to store heat. At night, however, the system’is. * <,;;‘
reversed, and cool greenhouse air, circulated through’the bin, is w+rmed and ”
.%
vented:-into the space.- _- “. ,/-
_- 0’ -
.
Another variation of this system is a+rock’ mass expused inside the greenhouse. . *
The north wall of the greenho&e is usually the best@,,.location for-the mass. \
This system works in the Same .way as a rock bed;--only’ now the. rock wall is
,214 . - - l
I
,
.
/I
0’. .
*
.-_ F Q~
._ ! L-
1 ‘,,
,I.. - ~ “. .-I ., r. .1
(..., i.
=~. ~ - -*i- -
0
*’ 2,
’ 9
,_* -a
._
“_- . . i --__ .-.-.. --~_ ---. _ 6 io2 X&enhouse Details I ’ .
‘, .
; also’ in a position tee absor.b sunlight d-irectly. In ‘the No.ti greenhouse (seb
r, ’ - photo 1V-20~) w,i~~mes’h’proved~to be a satisfk$ory method of contajning the ._
”
exposed rock.
n
s 0’
1 1
. 4
-a
1.’WINTER
’ day
-I
i. .
1
I. i .
I’ +
*
‘i ”
.I....
=z=z=zS-
..h ”
.
I
I
‘7.
i:;‘,_
T
L,!
s
*8 -
- l
Fig. Iy-iO& pay@&-and nighttimeIkat f&v. ’ ’
I .“p,
I 0 .41
c
v
21
The Passive Sol/w Energy Book
0 h
: \
I
Photo IV-20~: North wall rock storage. i
b ‘,I
I?I all, the Active-Rock Storage SyC!$m~ stidied, the ability oi the mass ,td .
dampc:n greenhouse tempera”ture iluctuations was n,early identical: Teriiperal-
ture f ;ctcraiio,ns $f 20” to 40?7n the space can be expecte’d during clear
_ winte+ days. The rate of kirflow through the bin nrSd qunntit,y of rock largel)
determine +c” flucluations.
.-+ d!F
For e~h one square foot c?i’ south-iacicg gieenhpuse glass, LISP about I ?‘z 10
3 .cul~ic feet of ro’ik. As a general rule, 8 to 10 feet is the maximum width ~‘i
* rock needed to circulatk the air through, and 311’~ to 4 feet is the mintmum.
Increasing the size,of the storage mass beyond 3 cubic feet per square foot of
‘soutt -facing glass will not inc.re@t,he $erformanceYoi the system significantly. 1
stagnl ti 0’; and replenishing: the 5plant’; carbon dioxide supply which- is ’
neces a ry fbr photosynthesis. To indurg airflow, it is desirable to prbvide both
high ar Id low operabje vents. or windows’ (of roughly equal size) i*n the
5
green (Iuse.
216
I
n 20. Greenhouse Detds
1
.. “
:
D
.
-
.
.
-i\---
c I
1
. . L
” D
1
.I
4. .
-.
.’
.
P
.
?
/ . \
. -, I” Q ’ .i
! .
z ,
- : ’
I
~. ,’ ‘I
.
’ u
>,F&
*
I
*
,‘
.E I
.“-_ “‘-“A . -_--
,Y ~ 9
., .
‘, .I
, 0 .- &3T ,. _ . ‘. ,* _.. I _. I- -. .._
I . ”
- ,
D
n
. :
<
,.
..
. ’
1..
.
8‘
. ‘I r ,
*
” ,J
\- I.
i. ’
t1.
. ,I .e
LI
7 *, c -.
If mbre than one ‘system. is chosen to heat a- space-CHOOSING THE SYS- ’
1
0 T[M(7)khis ,pattern will help determine the relationship between the sites
, ,. _. .,2
: of the various iyst&ns; . a,
:
f , 0
),: c-
.*...*w @ &**
r- -- z
/ A 4 , J
,,‘* ./ . -
/: 7
c ----- ----__ \
1. . - B -----__
When-siring a cbmbin~ation of systems, adjust the procedures given~~pG3us-----~__
I-
u patternt4+$ordinge-to the following ratios; for the same amount of heating, e .
each 1 sq.$are ‘fodt of direct gain gla?ini equal&&square feet of thermal
storage wall or ecjw6ls 3 cquare f&t,of greenhouse.common wall area:
: :, /, .w
_ . I. .I
.i- ‘:..:..,,11, :*,,J ’ * . , VT”, .’
. .
. .!..&@f S)@ . . . . T 51 1,
Q*. +*
t ‘5”- ‘-4 . ..
.A
9’ . 0* +
, :Tdat the de,taik of each systkm ai if it i&e the only system, and slightly over-
siz,c- collector,&eas and’sthermal mass when-heat storage for cloudy days is p.
neebed-CLOUDY O.D+#Y STORAGE(22).
9
b :
0
P
[Thes*.‘~\(
Inf&atibn,
-;;- \, . ~___- v a’ ‘. .
r %a. J’ ’ . I , ------ -1
_I ---------
-Whkn* most of, the glazing normally used in a space also e]ou&s 6; the,,
.
1 220.
,“_
._
Q’ , . ,’ ,\’ I) ,
,.
I. “.I> m \! ;?~- . . I _ (
0 ., 1 .1
.$ ,- * ,’ ’ - i, - .
rs /
1’ L
:... .
e
.
‘.
C’
. . c+ :
, 1, . .
, I .
.. _
, , -‘
‘ *.
-i
: =,a Fig.IV-2la
“;-“.L.., ”
..’
A’-‘\, ,L,. J$
3.
‘,._. O* i
. .
i _. .. ’
\,, _ - ; A. ‘,
1%. . i_
..,_. 0. +..
8 , ,*. -, :.: . 1 .,. I: - .
-A - 1 ‘..
.l t-3
t-3
e $
$ .-,
.-, .
” .
” .
.hJ
.hJ i
?8
__ .’.’
a The PassivqSolar l&qy,sB~ok q ~ ? ” ’ F
”
:
: m ..’ .
?
:,
.\. -’
.I
L ‘L. 8 1 . . .
9 . -
L .
1 \
am .
c
, \
*’
5,l ;;.
. . ‘. .
2e.
All of thi’s suggest&.=th,a<a ratio of l‘(Diiect Gain). tq.2. (Thermal Storage Wall) =_- V $
\ .to,? .(Attached Greenhouse)vexists between the systems. (If the coli&tor glazing ‘- -* “:
‘/ , :.
. a’ I. En a8 Dir&t Gain System is -additi’jal- to ‘the amotint that would normally be ’ .
’T
L‘ ‘us&lx.i.n a:‘pace, t Ii-.en dduble the‘amount of coll.ector a,rea (needed.) This means r ’
a / that -each 1 square fdbt of. Collector area ‘(glazing) .in a Direct Gain System ’
,p. sup,@lies‘joughly th&;same-quantity tif heat-to a space as ? squ’a.re:feet of thermal .^
j,, storage wall, or 3O square-feet of atta;hecj greenh0us.e wall a”rea. According to .
, theS’e r+tios then,‘5,0 square feet’07direct g’ain glazing will produce roughly the. ’ ~
I same glmount of soJar he.ating as the’combinatioh “of 25 square feet of d;re”ct
“’ , gai! glazing and. 56 square fegt of. thermal storq’ke wall, or”25 square feet ~of
j direct, g’ain glating and 75 square ‘feet of attached .greenhouse cdmmon, wall
-.+a.:,n ’ - I: *’ .
, s
,’ _’ (1 0. 1
‘. _.
0 I c
/
--A+ .
I
m
Wh{n heat is a&&/y taken. from the attached g”reenhAuse and’ stored .in the
~~~b,uil’ding~CREENHOUSE~ 4 CONNECTlO&J(l~6)‘~tlie pegcentage df indiden.t’ ,I’ ’
., ,(h PnFrgy ‘supplit$ to a space increases. In this case, the ratio of direct gain to
j
t ,T’ ‘/ ,---- ca.tt$$ed, greenhouse collecjor ?_rea is; roughly,“1 ,to 2. . ,
,,: /----r \ * :JL .
MC,... ;‘. I -‘, -’ _
‘b : .“A’ :
3 ~ “i I/ * 232 .J’b __j “. ! I , .* . . ”
9
;, ‘,I:, , \
: “! ‘. 5 a _,
5.. ’ ,’ i_; , :
;,;;;;.. .‘. -I ) : ,; i ,; ’ ’ ;fi:.. ’ .. .‘
‘. ,, ’
,.I /?,. ,,, ‘_( ‘“.. ,’ . -, *.>I 1 +i, ,,:“- ,, -‘;Y ;~ .b’ , ,‘~
,,,.“~d (, .” ,1 ,:,’ ‘0 ..
.
..,-4
-_
,
S.
‘U
. .*’
j
‘- 3, ‘i
223 , , -
19
.T6d
, .I’ Passive S&w &ergy Book i ” I
_
A
;- @a
c a, * .: I
a .
/ !
e
D \‘.’
_’ ..
* . ./
,,,. ,’
(~224 ._ _ .%ii;L
: : .c ” ’ “,/, _ “f!,‘-; o
Y! ,t’ -.I:
,‘,: 1:, !’ ‘< 1 -1 .
I
“! 1 L I;., 1. ,
!,,., F .) 1’ ; \ I
*. \.
B
.?-’
. ;\
1 b \
‘. L
c :a
..$.; _’
,~~ZIL
n -(loudy
.#’ Day
.> Storage ‘- -
. :
” c
. -.
Photo IV42a e . c .-
*. e ‘1 *’ J 1.
,.I’ - n ’
,,* r- %
5 ,$L I ”,
b
i
.
7
..L_
. .
c
--
“i
_. IThis pattern: I comiletes all thk sizing pattern&-SOLAR ,WI,NDOWS(9), ” . ’
M’ASONRY HEAT STOfb%GE(?i) .and JNTE.RlO% WATER WACL(12); SIZING
,
/” ’ 9 : THE WALL$l.3) and ‘WALL DEiAlLS(14); SIZING THE GREENHOUSE(15) and, p ’ . ’ -
GREENHOUSE COhNECTbN’(16); SIZING’THE ROOF POkDQ7) and ROOF
r *. POND, DETAILS(l8). Ih alI of &hem, the ;ize gf the.GoIlector area and thermal ” c. o
\ --I --&ass can be adjlrsted to provi &eating during periods of cloudy weather.
. d
j -, --I /. L’ n
* e . ~I ,
. z *
’ , d
1rr.a p+ssii;ely h&ted buildirig ‘where thermal mais is part of &e~l.iving &ce$ --
,.- additional heat collected will $fqdt the. ave.rage temperature in the space. - .a ‘-
, .w .kTpatter’k .give kl-es.of thumb: forr si*zicg. .,a system- ‘to-: ma+i@ain”ag .aCerage ’
1. e 1, 2. 2 ,-
. - i’ .
1s; c3, d :,’ 3 .:,
.
. :
‘I .:
II * -* 1_ .;‘, ; * : -
I
“.‘*As a. $&eral~n&!, fo*provide’beai s&a@ fol; onb or ~yd,;cl&dy, days,:increas,e ”
, . J .,,a .
es’ the sc$~h’gliizin~‘(collector ar$).by .jO to 20% and:‘ ‘.‘. ‘i-. x l ’ * ,I’ < ,‘bk j. c Tbc r-$44 ’
i * . c: .I, .: ’ .
*k> , 4 - 1 ”
? co&&t :interid) wall’s and.?oors of..&id niasonry 8 &he+or more ‘. (
.I , ’ “i
,. _.I .’ , in .thickness, oji F’;‘Sl?’ ,l. ~ : ,. . 73
.a . u.‘. ., 3
4
_“I .* us& 2 to % cubis feet of i&eriqrPwaier “wall’ for $ach one &hare -foot of. ‘O
* . .. sout)! $a&& - .‘:. ~,.i~o ._ * d r o
I ,. i a
0 ” - . *., .4. , @,:. . ‘ 3o(I
/ ?
In&r&$ Garh“Syst&s. : ; e. >’ , r’ ,.:s.8’ ; ’ , ,- i :, ..!’ .- <, . .
_. i c
‘. -1 , ..,aetii. ,.‘T&- provid6%&t’ ~t~~ge for ohe 0~’ t& Jcydy days: izcyea;e ‘the collector
b
’: :
e. ~~~4’ ‘abea by ID’to 20%‘ianf use: - oh .:.. i ,‘, -, ;* ? ‘.I
. ’ . S>f’ -@ . ... ,. t , ‘. - ‘LT. _ _ - - _--- 0 _.
_ ,*.. - n
.” : _ bdyity, ’ ‘Y; .-
‘wall of i areate 1,
. o.- w ‘i .’ ‘. .. . .
/I _ 1 1. . ,;. y ,~-1 ’ ; _ .-I a
. e’
*’ -,. -‘,
,’ r J - , ic ‘.
t’ 1 0
* . ,. a .’ - ---.
::-I~ :-- q ’ - J
.\ ::.
a -_ .>,
,.:. I . .b ”
.- _
: _
>:
” Y
,
1,
. .i
.
is. 0
.“b . .
/* _
t 0.
i 0 :
i’
‘.
;/ s * ‘. 0”
:
e udy Day Storage . ’ .
, I I
L.,
.
‘” * % ,~,ly.“,.l~.Il~..l”.II.“.”
,..,
_.-‘-‘-‘““-.-I-
i -,*,:;,,.,
I l ore cubic fbot’ or’ more of tiater wall for each- h~‘*square ‘foot Of -‘“--lU.*~UI*.rlrr-l~~
, ’ 1
cOllector area or ‘. .
L 1,
D ,,
h *. ‘0 6 tg 8 inches of roof pond depth; 8 to 12 inches for two or .three ,*days.
z *I ”
.) hfat storage, *- _ I V^\
k n
.. ..
r
(I
. *
. 1
.’ . r3 \’ 1”” 10
. ..+.@< 3!@e..-** “c . s . .
,? I
* s ,
” . . ^ 4 ,**-
. . “a
._.
‘:
i
s-3’: ^ .a _-
I
..- ,’
.., d 7
0 +. 1 *
.
*
.
<-’
_ :’ ,’ .,
1’19.
Slok..&e rate -of’ space. h&t jcjss,o’k~ cloudy days
.*
by applying .‘MOVA~LE . I .
I -
0‘. IlYS~~LATlbN(~3) ‘over the* south ,giazing at night. In. climates .with hoi-dry” _”
.;. ’ BF :,-
0 ,.. stirkners, co& the therm?l~,rn’a’$ at=hight to’ provide for SUMMER ,CO@jr\r~ v
..
1. I. &’ .‘727) ipthedaytimti’
I- ” -- - --,-
. ---_~~.--&~~ ---- m--;;mi m_ ., --\
: ;- :. r _ _m1m * .
I
._
-,.;+-- ‘. *. ’ \
~~;,:i”‘;;;. ‘:&&q \
ii,~~~~~8,~~f~,~,~~~~~~~~~~~,~~~~”,~~”~.~~,~~~~~~~~~~~~~
qmji$:runs; 3. pqssixl,y,: ..: j..:Y,:\: .:.I s..:
:: -.
l(!i.4L,~pIL,~:,li1(
e.1L,,L (L, t,
,:’ _. ’ **)%!ated s1j;acBlwill, Gab7 Ii& as sy~te~.‘.Thi~.meacis.fhat.tHe heAt.-infbyt intg. ,tbg ., _,__,,,,, ,, ,
.I
,;,p.,,,- - space. will .equ.al.,.thk .heat puti_ - ahd the average
. ‘interior
. temp.e,ra$re will _ .
I
:,;;:$. :- ” ren$n,,approximately the to .day ‘as long as these ;copditions
*.T
,. ‘4&i+- ,. B *....
‘_ .. i-. ,; ~ “‘b ,_ ; j ’ * * ooo -, y., h ~,‘.
:,:
CL .
., .. - \
.& ? n
.C I 0 ,\
a
I .‘P, , . e IT
,,
The’ f%ssive Solar Energy .Book ; , +
;P R , “I
-. Y 0
stabilizes as a system (is fully charged), the more mass it-contains, the longer
it will take to cool down. * 0 @’ - \ ,~
... ;
J
Fo; these reaqbks, in climates where. consecutive stinny days are cbmmdn.in ‘” 8 ,
4winter, the storage of heat for cloudy days-is accomplished .by, r;lightly ov”er-’ ~.
0 slzirig solar windows and thermal mass. :With. larger sduth ‘glazing, it can be
expected that the, average ‘teinpera.ture in-a.spac,e will be warmer than 70°F.
. 0; sunny winte.r days. And, beca.use-. of the additional mass, the space will -J
;cool slowly during periods of cloudy weather, a few degrees each day. An * _
+ .’ example of this sithation is a. sp&e with slightly o;versiz& solar windows and , . i
- P‘mass that maintains dn average. temperature of 74°F duri.ng su&y weather. If x 9
’ th; average te~mperature in the space drops 4°F each-cloudy day, it will-not be
L_ . _’uhail the sect&d .or third d&y that auxiliary heating r-is *needed. - -mj _
*- ..
. in climatys where cloudy or foggy winier Meather conditions pr&ail, design- ~ ,
ing for clgudy day storage is not recqommen rice_ i-t takes a-Qeriod ‘of
., : Cnnsecutive sunny days to build up tempera -it’\ a large (thicK) t’hartial * .
‘. &mass. ,ln cloudy clim&s use the glaiin& are’s -minimum” mass thicknesg z
.f.r,bPV
q;!\,‘,$.,;; -1..
L1,LG, , 5 xmyqrpme;&fixl,- ~n.5KX.AR &VlWBoWS(Fi); ‘hA$ (&AT STC)RtiEfll) an$
,_ INlfERlOR WATER WALL(12). This-does nobt -mean thdt- the systein is ri’bt
workihg on.clotidy days. 0~ the con\rary, pajsibe s@tems are a/wa+‘working.
.They collect ‘and ‘use all ,the ene,rgy that passes through the*- glizing. qn .,”
*, .9
cloedy days, hqwever, a space does not collect enough diffuse sunlight to;
-.a\ . keep interior tebperatures at 707, am,: therefore, some’ auveat-ms~;.- -Y--+
I necessary: LJ \
,. Y *
I _ I
I .
\. ,:,.i , jddirect Chin 1 .
/’ JTh~rmaJ Sto,dge da//,~Atrached Creinhqqse a/d Rod Ponds) . I
I 1 1’5 - i,. . 0
.+Si$ng adjistme/lts ioi. cloudy Jay stor.<ie ark .different for masonry and waker. .I ~:
5- ,heaMqrage.. I 1 - ;,, - ‘-,, o ,_ s
r ‘,‘. . :
.:. ..: ,-
..
~-
D -5-m
;; . _
;:‘-’
< &.
b : * /:. -
I’.:
;
.
.-.
_ I
.. ’
22. cloudy D;:v Storage $ * ‘“u.Is
’ .
.:-.
‘.. . I : I
*; . ‘, ” ” ._ ”
I -...
0
(
degrees each,cloudy day. T$e rate a! which the, space cools is,largely a- function ,
‘, of the.quantity 06, heat stored in the wall at! the hgginning .of .the -cloudy ,
; ‘h
:.- mendations ‘for waII,thickness4t can be seen that the-,. ‘.
,..V’, “: ity of ,a material the greater its optimum t-hickness. 10. i ‘. (_
.:. I
.generaI’, after a- of $nny. days,*thicker wajls of higher conductivity will, ,- 1-
,, ‘(.I‘. ,h’eat than -thinner walls with‘ Idyer conductivity and4
: I
., 9 .. :I, __
: -a/slower rate;’
i-8‘.
, : C
0 ’ 2 a e n_.
.’ <. /’ _’ *
_- s$;yk
‘. By making the surface %ea .bf ‘a. water ‘wall p’F’roof’ pond larger than that * ’
‘3
._
I” ‘:s: ;ecommende.d -in,.~SltlhJG THE :yA$(13);, at$ -SIZING THE ROOF. POND(17jI - D
>’ l .
j, ” ., * . _ -’ -
w - ‘-a 0
.:-j ~ .*
-*
_ !.
1. al’.‘. *
6 4
/ ,/
.
e:’ 0. o ~*, \
, D’ s
~&---.P -_.. - ,- -. i *
0
: ./ ‘ 0 :
a’
I b
03 8 :
‘i _’
‘,
_., -+.
.., .I ; d
‘, y. . ( e
0’ - . .
~ ‘:I ‘I 0
I ; .
P
\
,h \
23- 1Movable l LIn&latiori . ..
. .’ c
‘:
‘I/
!
s- .
.
,
t
c u
:
0
,’ -
1 .
Photo IV-da =
-.
.
\,; ‘i ’ .
4y.
10
‘“L .
,. *,.
, i ,_
11 0
c
.I
1:s
I e
I
,I -
.
h
” .” .*
/ ‘*?
-.
I Once the solar - system r for each living jspce h.as been determined-
CHOOStNG THE SYSTEM(7)-and the glass; area: for each space located-
. ..._.. .
/I l’ WINDOW LOCATtON(6)-the building cat? ib [I ma-de more-&icient as a. solar
;r, _-. cpl’lect r by the use of movable insulation. ‘)I)
I 64 I’ ’
‘e .% ” -*a
.. i h? h :
i b.
). .
<.
-.
opening. .
,
t
I
‘r;
c
,
,
.
. r ,r’, -\
b- ” i. 8
a
I
. ‘7
2 .
83 4’
2
f$&.
.
t
Cc>ntrol &ii? amount of sumlight entering a space at different times of the year
t4 -. * -
,, by %detailing m&able .it%ukttjon so it doubles as SHADING DEVtCES(25);
* . i /_‘,When-using exterio; insulating shutters 01: a,panel$ design them so that they
0 .. -_ / (. ;
\ ,&. -.-
1
/ f
a .-
_ _-- _I
,_
.”
231 I'
0
-
,.o-
> !' I_
I -
_f *
, p .
-
f ,.I” . .
I’
I%
,
1%:,.. -...... . . . . . . .._.... 2 ..,.,.,., ,.,... .,.,- .- 7.
k 81
‘._
I
._.. The Passive Solar Energy Bad / I- 0
‘.._ -
I
:i
t Fig. IV-23a
,
dso serve as KE-FLECTORS(24) ‘to increase the solar gain throu’gh each square 8
k _ , k n 0
Heat is transfe.r;ed through glazed openings by two
duction through the-glass (or plastic) from the interior surfa
to t,he exterioror by infi!tration, the exchange of s
* outdoor air-th ough tiny cracks aroundpindow fraines.
F /.. . c
. , ’
0
The purpose of movable insulation is. to ,:educe heat losses when the
g.reate’st. In winter, the major heat ,loss
i example, in Boston,’ during an;average
/ ti’on heat toss, through single.orSdouble
single .glazing with night insulation performs, more effec:
glazing without insulation.) However, the use of insulating
I va,lue of IO) can reduce this heat loss by approximately 80
\.
I togo%.,’ . “,. ‘j
. I
li
I 1
232 0
I - @. 1,
i n :r
,1 I e:,,. ‘: ?, ; %
5, 1 ’ i p:, ‘,.
1 */ ;“. . ” ,
: - -
#
” 3.
’ ‘,
I , .,. .23: Movable lpsulatioh
(I
. I
I 0 *
\ --d *
C’ Table YiV-23aConduction Loss& through Siti@ and Do’uble Gldzing
ti
4th and without Shutters for Boston ’ . s
r),
3
* Heat Loss (Btu/sq ?,,I ’
I*
i .
- .
‘B P
n 0
.I
.I
I
t :
h
D
a
233
/
t
I \
n
*
-e a
1;” . P
m I
-..,
. ‘
_;
’ .
. 5
,
. - ,
r’
:. .
‘3
“” 4
“-
:
1 x, I .-
* 234 ‘d .. c >_. :t ”
., - II
?,’ 0 . -- (7
.*’ * s
D
’
0
,”
Stephen,‘-Qaer who has been studying this problem for miny yeacs obseives: a?, ,
I, i
t l . * ’
Be
E ,
I The great probl.em with movable insulation is craiks. . . If you are \“,” ;
0 . likely to have cracks, plan to torture an; air that daresAp& thrsbgh’ ~ .a
qthepi. This can be. done by pressing tJie in9tilatibn -panel di&+ly 9 ’
against thep lass--any- air leak around the edg+Omust then spieid -
. out in q. thifi film in ord.er to warm the glass. ExperiFenting tit-h
snioke introduced. in thin. films behind glass., you find that once
ca er--
%. It
’ P
c &I$ 235 1 ‘-
I .D r 5 .- ,
; .I
f
a
.
d !
I- ‘7 * . *:
: -
. 1 5
.. Sk-- c 4 ._ ’ \
.. -1 .
I .’
1.
.i st
-The 6as&ve Sola! Energy yak 5
9
. \ . i ~
F
. “s this layer (space betweeg gl,ass azd’ panel) is less than l/16 inch in
thickness, it is slowed by endrmous re$stance and actj almost like %’’
._ 1 ’
* * 9,c s&p. dieat a glass area like a %hip--brea!? it into separate’tompqrt-
-I ’ ’ ments so that a leak -in on@ place
. won’t be datai.* ’
I c.
* ,a . -I.
!3$ uS.ing insulation over large south-fa’cing &indo@s or skyiights, the sol& a’_ , . ,,1’
hea! gained during the daytime-is prevented froi escaping at night. In this-
*. .
4, Gay, a large heat-gain area during tbe day becomes, a low heat-loss area at t.
A .F ’ night. Heat ga.ins (or Ig$ses) through spyth-facing glass, with and without _
8’ ra movably ir$ulation, are‘pldtted for monthly solar and weather cqnditions. in “^ . .I.
,_ 1
fo~r.,l&itions.
Y ’ , ’ ~_
L.-e -- _~~_~ i
* Q * c ‘“‘..’
n
’ , ‘km &
0 .
Notice .th’at single glazing wifh night in’sultitioi is nearly as effective as double ,
II
, glazing with night insulation in Seattle, Madison and New Y&k, and in _ ,
: b Albuquerque it actually outperfdrms double.glazing with insul&i,on. It seems.
.
reasonable .to co$$u.de, that in msst.c;limates, double glazing &indows is not
,necessary with ‘insulating shutters. However, a.masonry ‘thertial storage wal!,
‘, ‘,-becmsgvof”the;high surface ten?p,eratures it generates afjacent” to, t$e glass;,
..I should be’.dsuble-glazed: i’nsimates to pevent excesslie fhea.tOloss. 3.’
0 \ .
+*’ *,^_ 2 a ’ ’ I.. . * ’ .F , , ,. I,
, 4 I
1 -4 : T&i application of movable4insulatiou can be divided into three c,ategories:
- .i’
-. Y ’ - . u] ‘ha&operated, (2) th&mally sensitiie an&d (3) mot& driven. Hand-op&at<d , I,.
d&ices in&de sliding pgnels, .hinged shutters and drape’s The initial c&t is
generall’y low, a’rid the rnakrials tisuall’y pay.& themselves in energy savi:ngs
within d few years. Tl@&taJly sensitive devic&&!e activated. by heat coriyeWd =
‘to. mechariicai. mov@n;ent. So’me examples -are,” Skylids t +I Fyeqn-activated. _
r$oxable louver0 system), -heat -motor9 (as used i@,greenhou ve,nting systems) ’
ar+ large bi.metalMc ?tGps. ,They.‘fun%tion automatically an x can be. placed ‘in 3 +
are&~,,,d$fitiiJlt to rea’cb *like skylights and high ‘clefestory witidows. These
“mechanisms use ho el&iricity’Land ire usually more expef’isbe thati hand- , I
*Stephen ‘c. Baer, “Movable Insulati&~(~ P&s& &jar H‘ating an< Cod/ink conference and -
.
Workshop, Proceed&g .(5i;ingfield Va.:.lj&oqal Techpica I IRfprmation Service, ‘ilJ76). ”
‘tSkylidi are a batented &vice by, Stephen Bq%r,;“&mewoiks Corp., ,Al6uquerque, N;.Mex. ’ I*_
*Beadwall is a ~ate&d. device by &id’43&ison,
\- iomeworks Corp., A&uquerqti&,.N. f~4ex. * ,/’
.t. .
‘* - -
.. s
. .’
.., I. .dI_
&j’ :,,’ l ,y*,, #‘;: i *
“* -4 ‘I
k
lIc yj i ’
: : 5.: .J. . .:
‘,;.. ,. . . .
i‘
* b’ -* - ’ ,! g\ I “8 .
.,;,$$ :, ,, t ; 6
-Es
: Y
/J+b .‘. .a
_’ -1 .
,.> . r’ ’ , - -.
., !_I .a, h ._ . ,b+...
;.,, , ,’ ,’
1’
;,,,;,. , 8, 1,’ _ :i’ ,; ‘: i I* ; ./. ,_’ : .’
*
\ 23. Movable lnsulgtion
,.'
U @w/w ....*s' ;
0
.
seatjle,wash 47”NL l
‘r . .
B .’
1.
.: , .. . ”
“,;’
etqa _- ‘p -- i-----++- .--. 7 h+“f .-..-....- _I__.--.._..--I. ~--... ..c _..--.. I I
A
,:K :: - I
>
. ‘II- - I
?-- I I i ’ I -__ I
I
‘i
Abuquwque,^N.hx. . 3?pL
1.
- ._ - .,. P ,. _
,“. &l
0 ~ *-- ” .
\
L
,.
-3 _3. ’
I’, 0 ,‘,
4’ Fig*. IV-2% ; Glazing perdorniahe Cth and without m&able i&ulation.. - 0 o: -.
1/ = r%r ” ,,(, .
‘I m I,
.. u .
: ,. >
,.: ” d. , *’ R
. . .
,‘. c. :. LC
0 -
. _ ‘I
-, 237 ‘- ._-
” $6. _ ’ \ 11 0
‘Y ’
Jhe Passive Splsr Energy Book
”
L
% ii
0
. Photo IV-23~: Insul~tiq devices: thermally sensitive,Skylid (above)
7 and tiotor-driven Beadwall (facing Fage). . 0
4 D
I
23Q s ) I . 3. ’ ,
4
k F / 4 .. .-
9
:> ~
I
23. Movable Insulation ‘3
4 ’
,
-\ \, _ . , A
.
‘9
-.
- : * . ;
.,
II
.
B
3.
1
t -
. . . :
L.
. Photo IV-26 ,
_ . f
.‘o,.
El
D .‘.
. d I- _ - I_
c.
-.-
4
;
P’
1’ L.
.’
e
‘a v,
‘.
‘i- ‘. .w
..
t
. ‘:,, .
I.
a
>/ ” s * ” .
“, -.y ”
‘. ‘.
/ . *
0 D c
I ^
01
*
. .
>
.d
24. R.&flec&,”
-Q ps’ .’ o,.; . 0Y.-’ ~
-.8;., - ie ’ !’ .
;. 78’y m’ * ‘-1,..
-
” *2-
’ : (, .
” r *>
:Afte;~‘~-~OOSiN:~.THE’SYSTEM(7) for gaeh space, th% ar$unt 6f solar ene’;gy ’
a3 incident on a collector cati .be increased with the additiqr;l of’ a reflector.
, ” RFfEectors, though, must:be integrated info the, building’s desjgn ,$hbn sizing
n c A
and detailing the solar system.
.,- 0 Q .p ;. e
L ” I” ,
* B B-‘ -0.0 f@. , .;:r8’,-.,
Q
+J 111.,,
<I’ 1. I
.:l? * ” I
7 ..:y.*< ,,,, ?;*a’*.. “, ~ .I
“.
- ‘.. n .) 0. ..
-..\ <,
. d
-^ +
_I D t _i
z _: - b
e .>
a- ’
A=large amount of’collector area ,(s&th-iacing &ssL.rq&*not be feasibl$r or. : - .O
des.irable in many building situ&& .In- a num&r of situations;!.sudh as partial ,?, “,
Pi
shadipg ‘,bi rreLirby buildings o”i vegctatioh, acgthctic considerations *or’ the, - ’
I ‘IimiPed availability of south wihl. for so1a.r collection, large s~ut)&H~g glass . , *
j 8 0
(.. areas may -not be possible. In addiiidn, since glass is a ~~oF&uI@~L, it makes. . ‘,; .. Di
. ,$e,nse id’ mi’nimize .the!‘area of, glazing needed to heat a space. ,By u.s.i:g ..
.
‘9 exterior reflector;, the .a$qunt of solar r@iation transmitted througjl ea-cjl
sq,uare.tiot of.glass can be dramTaticaIIy increased. , TD -- /
.- _ :. ‘- I
\” i, 1.
I k
-
.’ I v 1 .
/ The Recomme”ndatiori llD <
‘LI
. , ‘I
s 0 : ,.
.For ye’%c$ @ping ‘us&a horizontal rgfiector roughly ‘kqual in width,, dnd ‘1. to’. BIW
1: 2 times’the h$ight, of ‘ihe glazed opening in len#h. Tar south-slo$g’skyli&s ..‘. .’ #:
j-f-- I- “loch-reflector
i -abo%e, the .skylight .at=a At. angle-oLapp+xi~~I.fM_“,~ -.‘-..L :Y: .
/ J’, MaJwthe reflector: r6ughly equal tq the length sand ’
wid!h of the skylight.,
. ‘_. ,, :: _
@Y, ; ,Q,“* ‘\ t?. ” - -’~ . .
s /. LJ . 8, ‘3 &;, : ” .
I.. %_
“. .o
r> I
L .,
. Iu
..
= >’ &. .
* * *” - - o rJ , ,
b . -E
_’ “. 0
.$&en possible, d&si.gn reilectorl’t~~~;ncti~n
0. .&ten asSi-tADING
as:Si-tADING DEVICES(25)
DEVICESGW and/or
, insulating.‘.~hutt~rs,
r tiOVABLE
M’OVABLE lNSULATIrOtij23)z
l~SULAT~,rCX’f(23)z s ; . * . .
_,
_’ ., _* .
dr
,. ^ ” _*
L - _,,-,,:‘r
” .b
- . .
d ,. : :
. .
(, ^.C’ . ‘,,.i”
.. . . .
l
,.,,* .
“’ .‘, 1 -.,, . . ._,. . .,, ,1 ,. ,;.:-.,. . ..*.. ..n ‘,>
D .
.’ &‘-
.’ ‘.
b ‘. b
s’. “.’
._ ’
__. d
I’ . __ 2 :
‘,. (1 0
‘-T:, . ‘C>, :
- _ :
Y. . ?..
C>L _.’ *
‘. .,,:., ,.$I‘
“” i-‘, . .
“- 0 ,
h
a
0
“:
1
“2
.% r )-- _
$
_
a IThe f$ssive Solar Energy Bodk .s
D
e I t
-.
x
i
f,
“.:.
i .
‘,i
A.
. ,. ‘L=l to$,xH 3
u
/
,I
. _:
. /Y A
--_
z
:. * .c - ’ <
\
.- *. *
=.
D .
”
.6
c-’
:fi
.
0
!
/ ’
s --- -A ___ I ___-_-_ _.. ---- - . . ._
.I
/
n
Fig.%-24a
.
Cl
D -‘;z’..
p
I The Inf&nation n
There are basically’ two types 0.f exterior reflector/collector configurations:
reflectqrs couplid with vertical or near vertical glaring, and reflectors coupled
, 44th south-slopislg and horizontal’skjAights.
I* ,* ‘. I
$0
: . - I
24. Reflect&s .
0. i , I i’.
:. . .
._
. w I- ‘.gf 0
Dr, ’ 01 .
8 optimum ge i metrical arrangement for reflector/collector tilt angle>.* Results ~
” for 48”NL in&c&e that the optimum reflector ang6 fo,r v@i’cal~ gl.azing. is
,-_’ DL
about;9S”, or a 5” downward: $loping reflector. The result of similar c&ula- ’
: .’, _ tioas, for ‘35”.NL, found the’optimum tilt angle to be 85”, or a 5” upward
,/.>J sloping reflector. Howgwer, for architectural reasons (such as water drainage),
3 it’is conveni?nt to use:,a-,sl~ght~r;war;d~-slo~~g reflector.* 11 is interesting
.-_
a. , to note that,at 35”NL’ogly a small, loss of collected energy (less than 5%) ~
1,;” _.
+‘!*h ,. Woutd be' incurred by usbg’a downward -slopi@ (5,“) reflector.
, ,
_” . .* _. : 7
.
I, i The Lactical optm$m length of 2 reflecto? for, vertical glazing y/as found 0
to be roughly-:1 to 2.‘times the height of, the glazed opening< Theqjresults for ,
,.; 45”NL during the month of January are presented’ in ‘figure IV-24b. Notice -,
/’ ,,’i . that the rate of enh.ancement (percentage of added ‘energy) decjines sharply
-&--,
,_ --,--.--‘-,~---.:-.a~ :the..reftectsF--le~gih ,j,?increased bey,ond2 ti@es the height of -the collector: .
I13~ .” The energy g”a$&ed with a..reflector IengTh of II/Z. tin&s the hei ’ . ’
! b. _-
coXct0.r is only 7% Jestis\han.that gathered with” a Wry long reflec ’
: ted declines almost linearly -
0 ncement .of 35% is pQssihle. Similar results
K
ctor combinatjons’ at, 35?NL. For maximum
,‘I. ; the shortest possible reflector’- length is
*&” . -*- . . l. 9. ,’ -.
_, B. . f- . 0 c> ;
:
C .y,t ,Lu.,,~~~~~~-~reflectcus.
; , int~~~,solar.,rad~~tion incident on’ vertical ,’
/..‘. .gla&ng can ‘be incr .3Q to. 46% t during’ the* winter months. , Ir
..,: - - .
\ * eJ .’ I-
I
I
‘, .f,
‘: ,: ,,
. .:
4 ~0 C’
I \.- *
I, , c a- * .’
..
. I, :;.” %
\ ^’
35”NL .
._
‘1. . mvi
\ 9
\ =
\
c
\
\.
\
I \ i \
.; ’
I I I I 1 T T
1111 110 c .’ lI#I loo ‘j# 4 .r ;a
. .
3tEi&3+t$CKLECTC+R
.L’ ’ :.
ANOLE (TNSiREES) _ ’ ;
.”
,p
Y---.:,’ ; F$. JV-24bi Perce’ntage of Aar &&gy enhancement for various g _
,, v
. , refle&or/colkctor tilt angles ‘at 35”NL -(herb and
c T
.; ;i ’ -, .45”NL (iacing.page). ’ ,, . :-.-
D c * . I
_ _~ ..-- . .._.. _ -z. -=. . --..
‘, .- k
‘. A,
_
dF*, I,
:, _ .
i& - 5 D
\ ..
Nbtc:’ values plotted are .for a r&ktor with 0.80 refle&@g.q. &d a * ,T ‘.. ,o.. ‘” :
9,
reflectorlcolkctor ratio of .2.0 (or the reflector is 2 times’the -. ‘r ,
...’ heightof thkmcollectoi in length),’ J ~
#
- Source: -S. .B&er, D! &4cDaniek; and. E. Kaehn, ‘:YTime Integrated CW ,
: culation of the Insdatiry Collected by a Reflector/Cdlector
.: -.
L ’ 0
System.“” ’ : ” I
or-.
b “* i . I
/ * .! -._
._ *’ . ,.- 9. . 7. I
,
. 1 . . . :
*
. .
.
h .
..
:-_ - _’
0
. 0 c
0% Si
:)_..,‘. c . .j .
;.
, * 4 ;
_; I 2
* a .)
,\ ,
/ .
: .
‘. 0
244 a*. r
I
0 0 =_ : ;-
, , * .a .* “-_e-.
5: ) ,I_ &I
__I--7.--
-I .-_. --._ “. _---.“- -. 1 \ .
c
.i - ” 1 Qa
0 “q’ -- _ -
)- ,,’ *-:
*
I” \
. 0
-i-
---- -t -_~.
0 l
0’ a
24. Reflectors 0
I
&
.. -
*
( .O 0
.-
1.
y. *r
-*,‘”
*. ,J \
1. I
\ ’
I\
\rrol . 00
” I/ * , ;
.- / ~REFl.E&U+RAMU,@HyREEb) ’ -r-- .o -
._ m”.. /
.“.. :.. 9’ I
. i
. iAIIL$ b&a ~Recorn~i odd * ~R&c-tor Tilt Arc@& for ,&tith-Facir&‘Skylights
: _’ . * .”. . ‘. . .
. .:.__ i : .P
i. 61 ’ &yllfh! -Slope,, _ -7-- _-..:5-M. +
.:
.‘. ‘.” %.’
I
.,,.$‘;$,.*
.,,,,.!:I.., ,.,*/‘,.I**‘.**I.I-,..;
L,L.. : .. ..... .....bI.j.l. ‘.
. . .’
/’ .b. .o li iv‘1, L horirontal : ._.” .i7 -‘_ so0 7QP'. 7+ sip -: 4 y .
’ ‘_: .,, - . 30" I:. ‘.‘\ loo” - 97” 93” 90” * j - ._ ‘.
. .+ 46;; ’ . : 107.O. a039 .loo” 97” “t
ti. 1 :* j- 4. \
I. so”/ ,: * 11’3” .j-q& 1@“. I()36 ’
b . “. 3 T,
-. I I . ~
NO%; I& in&e -deta l.reflekiorkoll,estor studi& fpc%q& avgilable, resotk&nda4 reflector . .
_ /~-: ,“_Z..--. .-_~_ .. _...._. Lctilt-on~f~-.~y-~~.~~~-, -- ..S.----- --L--n.L-I---‘* 9 - :.
_I -_ -..- - .._
. .‘& .I
_,..-.
ic::d ___. ‘7_____.___._
..,.-.“.,,...;.:...:::...,....~.~.~.~.~.~.......,.:.....~
____._.____ ‘. *s..... -.. -.“...:...*...*...*.*
m 0 ....,-.-._.-,..-..
:T~-.-.-l.:,,,...s.,...::
* .i.....
:. * , -_
-.- \’ l g-2$- ,
Sl<yli&t .refje&xg co&d ,be adjusted f6r the sumrrier .tionths to serve as r
SHAdlNG;,DEvleESr(2s). l~~~,~~&zr the refkxtor wqutd 6e ‘raised to ‘increasi ‘.
,.sylar. cglfectipx, an+ in sunjrpq d lowered .t’o .stiade the skylight. .Remember
i. P * ? ,i ; ‘.
e I (I\ ‘1.. :’ I i : _ ,, ‘. I 0
, .,.
,j” ( : _ : ’ 1 ,,y: .I
245 -~
‘~ I I ”> .
I&.. ‘” I \ L<’
.’ ,, .~ I_ ,’-” ?
” _ ‘..);-.‘.‘.. 1,-y .; ,“..,. ‘. .,,. .._‘..I .
,
,
# -, .,
-9
27 .
c
- 4, I
,u
‘, e
-. ,. _
r ,.
.- ,.._...( ,.. ,,. ._. ..
‘4
9
246 ”
c
24. Refktors
/ -r
.
wa .>
. /
,b .. 0
‘
.”
/I
-’ -1 “< d -. ’ _./ ;-
d
.,....~..... ..,.,. . . . . . ..I. .,. ,” . .._. _. ._,, 1’ ..:’ .. . . ,: :..,.. ,.,. “,.”
II
i’
;’ .
I
< -.* 1
I -. ‘C”
I
0 d .. ‘(
~\, .”
/
‘
B
0
i
: b
s
R e J
c _
n @I I_
._
‘The Passive S&r Energy Book .
I ”
.
water wall. .Mgttirials suitable for- reflectors include shiny &etals .‘such as -
” polishe”d altiminum, thin metal foils, and gl&s or plastic mirrors. White-
colorkd materialls’ can be. used but &ii1 not perform ‘as- well as polished
surfaLes. ‘Care should be taken whera using reflec”tors with windows because
of possible glare. ,,
, 0 .
_
4
Table Iy-24b Norma.1 Specular War Reflectance of various Surfaces
/ ..
-, ”
. Surface . L Percentage of Specular Reflectance .
.
-- I
. 0’ Electroplated silver, new -\ ,0.96 ? a
__/-- .-
3 High-p;rity aluminum, new, clean e 0.91
Sputtered aluminum qptical reflector 0.89
Brytal ;processed aluminum, high ptiiity - . ‘,’ 0.89
Back-sjIvered’water.white. p clean .:. 0.88 , ..
Aluminum, siliconeoxygen c 0.87.
,
Al,uminum foil, 99.5% pure 0.86
8
Back-aluminized 3M acrylic, new ‘. ’ 0186
Commercial Aizac process aluminum ‘(plastii.w/ ,(&(I5 1 ”
aluminum surface film) ,
. B&k-aluminizcq# 3M acrylic, n?w .- . .. 6.85 *. 0
,
Alumin&d Type C Mylar (from Mylar side). 0.76 p
CII .
_.. .’ .(
.
- SO,Ul$[: ‘job” A. Duffie and w’llig.rp. 4. Beckman, Solar Ene?gy Thermal Processes..
_,-
6 -- .:
...‘Y. *
/-- 0 c\ _ “*!q _-
4 . -&. .
D, : , yl 1@.L..’ __
~(, ‘I.,,I.‘:.., -< ? l ,a
* 0 a
..‘, .’ ‘\.A .. :
* ” ~‘..
,
1' \ I ’
0 I *
? ' :
. .. I’ “‘B ;’
0 F ,
d
i \
*.
1, = .) : y- * ’ .-
:. \... .-__
\ --- '." .'
-.
%. . . .. #‘ J’ . ...\,:,:. a 1 .[
l
.. .
*
s ,’ h
!’ . ‘0 d-
, ,.
:, (0 a . /
”
D ‘. -.
\j=-‘; , .
,sg -
,’ ’ .\
! :.‘.
,. #
c
.o 0-e~
(.\ n
* b ‘1
‘\ ‘/
‘. .-, -
. .,,v \
ul ”
CT3
e Shading I
evices d
. ,::
T.
‘. Q
Photo IV-25a ’
/ E
* -25.’ Shading
\ ‘. Devices .’
.”
_,
+ ,/’1, -!
CT , J
.‘
hi
‘1 ‘
+I .Yi
00 ,Y--
in the building to
for shading these
.
1 Q%
;‘.
,! e
ia
c *’
I’ 0 ..:,
7 . /
.
Yl large souttyfacing glass tieas, sized t.y admit
,v :. . wilt also +dmit solar gain in summer &hen it is not
I
less .scqpl’ight ztri’king south-facj.rig vertical
.L IS ’ enough to cause sdvere *overheatii-tg, problems. Forttinately, by *‘using an
* ov@iang with south glazing, summer sunlight can be effectively controlled.
_ T$e- kffectkeness
” ‘of any s.h;ading device,’ however; depe’nds upon. how ke1.l
/’ 4.i shades t.he glass in summ.er wi.thout shading i,t in wi-nter.
,,I..’, I
,x b G’
. .“&
.; 1
“.G , .i
.
I _
I ,.
-_-~ -
I 0
ff I
p. 1
*.
*
, DD
0
-4
8 0
- 0
.
i’ --.
~
d”
Fig. IV-2Sa
, I
0
I
,The In’formation + c
n .’
b
The most effective method .for shading south-facing glass in summer is kith
an overhang. This shading. device is simply a solid horizontal projection
‘located “at the top ,_exterior of a window. The optimum projection of the ’ ’
, overhang from&the face of the building is dependent upon window height, ,
‘I
\ latitude and climate. F’or exampl the larger the opening (height) the longer,.
the overhang. At southe.rn latitudes (36”NL) the projection should %e
.
slightly smaller than at more northerly latitydes (48”NL), because the sun
follows a higher path across the summer skydome, An overhang when tilted
up will. not only function ‘as a shading device in summer, but also as a
reflector in winter.
3 - i
The foIl,owing equation @ovjd.es a quick method for determining the projec-
tion of a fixed”overhang. p - /I . ’ o 1,
r t 0 . ., ’
7: O^.
window opening (height)
in Projection = . .o
F
f,,.,?!‘$
,
L”i?$’
:,:-, 0 ,
‘,g 0
‘?s,>,,‘;
‘ where: f= factor from following table
.,::~.v~~, d
‘I5 / ?,L-
i 251 Ij
.. _
, < ’
.- *
-.
.
r
Th;
0 Pas&e Solar Energy Bock- ?
c
de
D _
’ North Latitude I F Fact% l
s,
”
* 28". 5.6-l 1 .l
0 i 32" 4.G 6.3 -
-a ‘-.
36" 3.G 4.5
‘4
J -. 40" ‘2.5 3.4 v -.
B ., a
52" l.5-' 7.8 b ,i 1 T
NOTTZ *Select a factor according to your latitude. The higher values bv111provrde f~“;b shadrng
at noon”np June 21, the lower.values until August 1. .
INSU
EFLECTIYE MATERIAL
t.
,-.,.c
\
*.\
h<,.(_.,
., !...: ,m
1
,: ., ;: i,“.
.,;.,‘,~.:j.,‘.\.)~‘..
I i I ”
\
i
d ‘. . ‘a..
I
25. Shading Devices
_ /L
*
d ‘.
a month. In addition, a fixed exterior shading ,device will protide the same,, ‘+~ .
sha.ding on‘ September ‘21, when the weather js warm, and on March 21’.,,: ’
when it is cold. ““Th& happens because the sun’s path across the sky is the
@a same *on those days. Adjustable
: 44 ’ 0 /I
6\ a
c 2’53 , t*,=
0
,z/
0 .” 8 3 .
‘6 Q 3
F ‘-
: 00
L ”
0 P s> i o- p
,I‘ i
/’ .
/‘”
c :
* ^
c I
“%,F.
,.
ii
i!’ i’,
:-
L ’
I?
’ e-
rr
..
[I .” . ” ’
0
1
” _I - * -< , ~*
--
% ._ ' ^ 4 :*.
0
' ."
s. -
i,,, Lt.-
'_ .‘
~p&*h~ng. Since vcgetati(,n ‘<l~seI\’ Gllpvs rl~matic rather than soiler variio
e will be .cov&ed with 7eivcs “in ,surnm&r ;tgd tMrc in &lntcr.
1
4 .
P 0
0 .” . 3
do not providk
!I # ad,equate ;hading4for mrt- and kest-facing’ glass,
y~p+~~n~rcqs tree; amd tall hedges, tvhep properly located, wiLI blocky th: low
; :;‘4GG.f$$jJ x-?~i, i “”
,,j,,~p,rn~~
'i
and la~e’aft~rnoon,su~~~mer sun. . - c
, i ?%I$
-,,.& ..x;‘.f / ,: Y I’ 0
. 4 I. ”
yG$:,_.aq,$*/I/
.,*-;,&Lh2 ’
:&c’-_I,..: ‘b,.,r.s
,. ; ,;,.,+
Adjustable verticar lo&ers a,nd awnin@ or ,retra+ctabjIe eitrrior ,ctirtaiKs are
:, *. als6i’effective nlet~~ods 6f shading ea.st and west glazing. Vertical buvers
n
.
,.
, )O
0
A ,^
:’
,
*.
i. l r
I Y. *
8 p-O-m+---n- r-- -7’
z-Lix- .~ r-F: ._ dd.l,I.C.,.F . . . . . .,,...,.... .-. . . :
- -
a
‘3 ’ .
0 >
v
_ 0
.a I 0
I - a’ ” . ‘-
0
c
.’ I
@>
a -
Y
J’hoto IV-262 .
.
s
b
8 0
‘r
_ R
:
” n n
I , ..’
While good “at storing heat, a masbnr)c exterkf wail uvd a; diheat storage ,
mkdium within a space will alsb readily’ pa+ l-this t&at to. ihe outside.
M&dnry ri?ateriaj: such as brick, stone, con&W aid adobe’. can stbre :4i. :,
large amounts.,of heat. A ma;dnry wall by itself, though, does not provide -
’ G ,good insulation. -For example, 3% inches bf fiberglass insulati6.n has the I,
insulating p’ropeytie’s of 1.2 feet of corkret: ‘or 4 &et of--a&be in. a Direct
-Gain System i large‘ pbrti’on of-the heat stored in.‘ an exposed mason.ry wall
.’
i* *Gill be lost to. the eyteiior.
‘2 .‘,’
< ‘., u. p-“,
0
0
t
‘t
+ W-hen using a ,,hson, walr (exposed to the exterior) for heat storage, pl’ace
* . (iqsuiatibn on thtk outside of the wall. Also, at the pgrimeter of, foundatio-v
wails, apply appkoximately I l/2 to 2 feet’ of Z-inch rigid waterproof insulation
b&w. grade. This will preqent ‘any heat stgred in the walls and floor from
* be&g
- Griducted rapidly to the outside.
0 0
‘.
259 w
*
$’
- Q
-.
J- .w
.I
___-.._.I- -
. ,
I I
.\ P . PI
Ii 0
The Passive ‘Solar Energy Book
.I @
,. ;
Fig. IV-26a +.
1 ‘*
.;.
.: ,,
d
I
.
ahe Information
0
When hsed in standard ma;onry construction, insulation is Customarily p*laced,
‘., --.-73n~,the.insl‘de-f~ce of a wAt;.diyectty bZhind.ihC,interioY Eni&, or within ihe .
,i
. L cavity of- a wall. However, to be effect& for heat stara@; masonry -should
*’
not be insulated fr& the;iDterio?>space and, ‘mom 2%. r
’ \ “’ .‘ B # Y- . .
?&> -di. .A D 0
Therefore, when us~.,rn%on+ry‘In an. interior iall ‘that also .faces the exterior,
place ,the insulation oh the outside face> of the wajl. :This kheps any heat
” storedy,,in the wall i.nric&e the space’. A masonv wall coqstructed in this way b
-. --can ab$qrb solar radiati’on lduring the day, store it’as heat and.re,lease it to .
“.
3-i
260 ,‘. * >., .* :”
a I , ‘. *xe
.-. ‘.. f
3 ( I ‘,i. ,. .’ , ;m-. u,I,,;;;;$wy .- ’ : : o ‘- y
‘. ! ‘$, ..* _ ‘PC”-
I .1. _ !‘,,,+. - ,” :
,
, d’ I.
a
.:/
26. l’nsukation on the Outside P
! ‘Y- c
\: - -: , I . 8., ‘
' '1
' - "
1
l.
\
While.sr,multaneously deciding on th,e placement of win’dows for winter solar ,”
.
0 heat gain-WiNDOW L-OCA~IDN(6)_thoug~--Prmsr G-given to the location ..,
., : f
of openings for-summer breeze penetration. _-
;j
’
, I
.*...&G&** . .. . .
* a , ,.a’ ?
Q,
L .
Ii,
*. (
.
The &commend&an -
.
bake ;h& roof, a lighi &to; br reflective material. In &mates with hot-dry
Wtimers: a D , i e
9 _1
c 0
c( c
. li % ’ ~ “:
t‘ 8'
I.- &I,& the building’ up at riight (operable windows _ -..or’ vents)’ to
-.-- . -~._I r”.-veirtilate__.._- -
and cqol’intenor thermaXa&
2. Arrange large ope$ngs of roughly equal size+‘so’ tha.t inlets face ihe 1
0
* Sprevailing nighttime summer breezes qnd outMs are located on the
side’o”f thh: .buildi’ng directl,y oppos@ the &lets&r in the 1o.w pressure. - ’ . . 5”;
.,,I *
%“; 0
.‘ area! on the~~o+art&sid’e4 of thk building. +j?
* 3. Close the:buildin’g up dur$g the daytcime to keep the heat +t.
. R =-. -’
.-.’ # ‘1- e ._I u
. $‘. , :$‘.
. *.j mIi
1. Open ihe building up to the prevailing sum’mer breezes during Yhk day
and evehing.
2. Arrange inlets, and outlets as outli’ned above, only make the area of ,.,, ‘-_
the outlets slig’htly larger than the inlets. *-.:-??$
.
0
* r,
i Y ‘..
-8 0
0 /-
,* ”
.
I ‘..
+=H.iGHPFE!sslJRE tinbutt ‘I 6.y
Fig.’ IV-2?a . D
1’ -=LowPftEpuF@buttet] ‘>.- y . .
0 . <,’
I * .
_. .. ..s..,;
.... . l f‘3) *i&T.. Q’’*
<I 0 .o. .,,,d9
.i Shade al.1 glazed openings in sun~me~FS~ADING~ D.EVICES(25)-and setec- r
tively plant,, vegetation .for b&h wimd,:@rotqctian in winter md sha.cjing i?
5 1 .’
3 sum,mer. ...-
.? . . .‘‘69; _.
,.. i
P. ”\
=i ” , .%
: I ,
,’ A ., “’ , 26.3 ”
Vd .
0 I ,- 1: .’ 4 ** 0
. I
c 0
** .; I r:..; .
/. I 1.
,I ” -
. -
- ( , = 1 , ..$I
i \ 8
’
c . The” P&W S&m &rgy BLok a *
&V
z -’ \
0
.a h ‘a, ,-
.13
z. .
*
ihe Infaimation 1. = . I ‘- ”
r
l
, 13. c _-
a Building requirements for summer cooling are dependent bn summer climatic 9
conditioris. There are essentially ho distinct conditions: hot-dry and hot-
o ~.
i , humid. 1 ri $7
1,
. 0” 9
n D,; 4 > ’ al 1
: ~ 0” ”
_ H&dry; ;,
e
<
.,De;ign fdr solar .heating and sum.m-er ctrolingQin a climate with cold-winters
I
. ,/’ ,,’ - ’ and h&-dry summers is compatible. This climate is also characterized by ljigh
’ daytim’e and low nighttime (comfortable) temperat.ures in summe‘r. The large
(I daily’temperature fluctuation indicates intensive solar radiatidn during’ the
/‘./ I
’,cw ” * day, and strong outgoing radiatiorr (c1-e~~ skies) at night. These conditions
,
rtec$ssitate shading, reflecfive &,rface colbrs, insulation and .mason<y construe- .
9 ‘ i
--: t@tooreduce and delaysdlar and convective heat pins during the day, land
c ,=a
Irjighttime sooli;g of thermal mass by either ventilation or nightsky radiati0.n.
*b
u-
.’ Shaaing-The first litie of heat control begi% 414 the exterior of a btibilding “0
where both trees and SHADING DEVICES(25) are needed to keep o;t the sun .
in summe;. Trees he$ to- moderate tempe’ratures near the’ g,round under the
c ,tree-and when proptirly located: are effective in dntercefiting s’olar radiatibn . *
D
;.. h before illreaches east- avd,we.st-facing windows a’iid wall6 If a building is wet1
. shaded in gummer then heat g&n ,will.be timited’primarity to the_iconduction. ”
. 0
of hGat thr.ou’gh rhe skin of the euilding.
v/
: / : ’ .,a
,I’ L S,urface:$Ioloi--The ‘next line of heat cdntrol
.sI/ ,I , ”
-,I $urfBceS which reflect rathmthak absorb
i.- * of .heat trans- R L
’ ,i “: ., \ _...’ the the&al energy- that is absorbed will reduce the amount
? ,mitted to the interior. Conflict’ arises when both dark colors_ fo; maxi&urn ., l
7
-.:~ :
_. ~~.~.
‘----~-
. .
._
,_ ‘J::<, .. ..
.’ ..a d
*
._ ,.
. D’ I j,,d I
I
“’ ‘-1
‘.. 27. drnmer’
,.. ..
-
:
* . ‘., -
8 =.
”
In essence, the bassive sys
night, &hen outdoor tern
.-
“.
1’ i, 3
. 0
i
._
.Q -
;
--
e h
. r The &sive Solar Energy Book D
, ,“I2 c
1 T
iy
n
.. outlets (relative to the inlets) increases airflow buf not in p<o@&r.tion to the - .f
I7 -
* additional area. 3 ‘G
. *. r s. . I,
I1
- Tha temperature difference betweeniwarm ,indoor air and coole[ outdoor aif e
* will cause a stack effect. Warm air risks out throughtopenings located high in a .*
ro h space while simultaneously drawing i.n cooler outdoor tir. through openings m
located low in the space. The darger the temperature di&rence bktw,een 1 ’
i .‘“‘. indoorOand outdoor air,the greater the height between inlets and.,outlets,’ and
, * the larger .tRe openings, the greater will be the flow of’ air. When natural
d ven.tilation’is not possi&,~other methods of inducing airflolv.i.nclude wind- ’ .
“?. a- -
! . driven and mechanical #an systems. ’ . * ; ,_-, ,,
rs,
.- , I -_. - .
-_ I
-s/
.;.t
” 0 I
’ c Hot-Hurt&
.:
‘. ‘:i 3 ci
,,it
P
x/$ocations in hot-humid climates are characterized .by high0 daytime and night- I ”
time temperatures. There is very little” outdoor temperature fluctuation over ?
. the day. Indoor comfort in this:ciimate i<,largely dependent upon the control .
. . -. ’ p
- ..‘;.n: .,, ,. ‘. of radiant heat: .gain and‘air. move-ment. These requicements~ call fok, effective
.. :. shading, light-colpred. exterior surfaces and -reflective ‘materials; and well-. stg
. %rs@!ated .construction.-’ Since outdoor air temperitures do not cool down
a ‘.n - -s6bstantial!y .at?night, too’li’ng is accomplished- by moving a sufficientquantity
* ..-..
-.--.-- ‘.__ .+.,*.;;.;;,z.- -. of air past the’bo’dy to.ensu.re-the rapid evaporntion of sweat from the skib.
; 4. To:.provide,for‘ adpquate air movement foI.low the, sugge?tions’ for0 natural * ,
. vent$at@n outlined above; The: most effective coding takes place with a high q
.\\ velocity’ of’a.irf.low. This G.an:*be acc’om&ished by maktng. the
I,
:.y... \ \ .. . openings larger tha,nthe.intets. $I s F ’ ”
-.._.. . ‘.‘..__
‘. , .
a ;.. Since interior fher.mai mass has little effect on indoor temperatures ; in-this i_
’ *
cliii;iaze,,3lt.is~:r~~~ssa~~ to weigh tl& rengthand .intensit&‘of the,various seasons
I.
in order-.to de3velop a design tha’t makes an integrated s.olution .p;bssible. For
.
s ...__ .. exampler-.$-Roo.f Fond Systems .with:.: eti$orative coo/in8 can’ p’/ovi.de both
......:
, ‘. 0 -heatin@it$&inter and coolin.~:~~.:climates with jong ‘hot-humid summers;; ,;‘. e.
s._*-so * ‘-en.”
y..; .Yf ~ D” \ .
.-.,-a .. ...,_ .. , *“,
“”I t= ‘_‘a
^_I .:“~ 1.a. Y. ’
*..I.
. 0
: .
P ~‘0 ‘.
8
: ., 1 7 0. .
* - : 4 :
)1. - .-...oD ‘,0I ,
-“.. ., I .%’
0) .-A;..
-‘.‘:
L * .’ f .:
..a 1 ‘8 ..I,’
..‘-/-*
‘V,
. .c.
* *. . ‘. j . - : ‘> ’
.-4.
. 0 “I l! :I j
..I? c . [i I. 0. o J.’ ,:
.o.’ :I .. Q
0
a. '.-. I - -4' 6)
. _ . '. "1
d _.:_ l .0. D_ “.
.. . 7 ,;:
:.
. : 4
/ . a 0 ‘p 1 '.
,,
y$
..2p 2:;. il 4,. . -.: : .;I ,, .D ,, _ i . ... :'" ,_. -, .-
a'
O..
;. . -3. .. 4 . ..$ '0
i 0 I ---.. ,4..1* ,i'
a‘.\. ~ ::.
: ;. . * 'p i 5 .#'O
.s. ._ I .I , c 8 .' * r;/',. .
. '0
R
? S. r
-I ,
Ue. L ,> . , ”
.’ ‘3 ; ‘?.
T. .
:
ST For our pu’rposes, it is convenient to asjume that the ea’t~~=.i.s”stn-tionary ~~cl“t.hc ;“‘$ ,,, ,$
’ sun iS in mqtion around. the ea,rth; Figure..V-I lists+ the 5ngle (declination) of ‘“%W
.+%-*.“‘I
8 ..! -
the sun akbve A+) or below (-.) the $q’ua-dir, on the twentieth of each n?dnjh, :F ,t .:
as se&n from tkc ea&. froni’Phe Northern Hemispke<ei ,yoti’&,n $T .tll_a-t’the; . + .- ; .‘:
-.. sun lingers at its higRes1 position in the sky for three m6ntbs d.urjng%he -9suti-t-1) Y I’. c
. mer, ‘thin moves very qyickly through fall ,tpw.ar&_Lv$nteC YheTq it appea.rs _I . ‘F,lA, ,:
ICW in the’sky fpr;,anotheP;hree months. il. iz : * ‘1 z “# 1 ,~ “,; ‘!(; ; ’ . .. .
D .” t . .:’ .’ - ‘- ‘i *. .I
r s
‘In order tb undFrsi$n$ a& be responsive ‘so the efiec&‘of rh$ -sun ,bi~ th.e. ’ ,
\ * locition .and design of plpces, it is .h”ecessary [d Jpc& ai,any.:giClen $timent; ;’
‘a the s$‘.s pdsi tibn’ in the’&$.% rrnation. i;‘li~c~~s’sctry~n~o~c~er to calculbtti’ I
salar, heat gain,,and-to J~~ate%c gs,,?.;tdc& spa&s, irit’erior ro&n ayrhngc- ’
rnents, wiridd&, shadink deyj, egetation and sglar co’llectors. ., ,,.’ ‘. -& ’ .*:- ;
. .
.. * .Q . “p;
. _ “L o . : a ”
-+ .,
The Cylindrical
u?iderstand-8nd &nvenien,t waq’2o
D =‘-*t%s
\ seen from any. poini”%.‘the
. $zrticaI projection .of the SU’&‘s
R
t’har theiStin’ Chart is an;
*,eo d &y%or;;ue. <* .o .L
: ” ‘. 2-:
.I. ”, h _ i , -.rr.
(
.,!, @8’bil -c
.
* I.’ P
b:j MRUJAti .
.&; I -
o-
.n ’ 0
(I
> ._
Tl,
” ,
’ . .
i. _
L 6 7
. Q ‘8.
I .a
d
.-
*“. i I .r
,.*. I B ‘.
) , b
‘i
The &bfe ‘below listi approximately how far above or.
below th.e eqyatar the sun: is on the twentieth day of
_ .
each month.. I” . I 0
:0 3 I @ ~“.
20th of, - ? t.htgftH , .I8 D
p .
-1
jan: --$0’ v
. I c --iI- ‘, .I -
Feb.
‘.
-’ (i, ’ . h&K ip '0 ,
.f ,Apr: :’ 11 /_trr
I I May 0 ’ 7 20 k '. r
.s. I ' El
: June 23 s ) .'_. .
c \ : ,2-l- B
. . . JU'Y& _1 // . ,3 ,,
1
Aw*.
Sept.
(-j(-t* .
‘Nov.. , :- ‘n I -20 v
I I;
/ i , .. ,’ . ‘. Dec. ‘y -23 )
/'
/ a ,1 "* f * 0 i
.
.P; :f A/ Fig. &Jz The sunas it a’ppears frqm earth on the twen,tikih’.day
“<
‘II . * .ib of etih month. -* 9 c : ” I^.. 2 ;
& .F, . ” i‘ . . .Li m :v
. 5 _) B”
- 'r~ / ,'.
,/ _. .* 1 Y‘, < m3 3?; .-, . .
,..:' 6.6 B.
-c i
. ,, \
" ',.,. .b
a *I_ 3 L- v
” ” s ’
I .I s .=’
.. _.“d a L. , hL. ,. I. The Tools _ -, ~-
; I .2 * .., +.
._ >* -* ~ -= a * d
L I
s, ^ b D
0 i * Q ‘a
.. . . ‘I 1 ._ * :a
“.., c.
.-; &e -foIlawing sequence is. a:,descrlption of how a,‘sun chart is developed. ’ 0 _
‘. *
-a<. ‘.]t is included here lCo- provide’ you w,ith a visual =understandi\ng
j_
ofl$e
.I I
suti’:
,. movement”across the skydome. 0 * * , 3
.’ A I, *1
c D 7 - ‘. t ,.
-,. c
^* TWotc&rdinates ard’needed to rocate the positipn oi the i8un ip the ski: Theye 7 7, -m+.’
n _.
.I : L -, ,> a~e-&dl.ed th e a/Gtu;e D’ 41
4,sj .
I 0 and.a$muthB (also Qlled the bear’iri:g angle).? .*
I, 1. -.(. * R0 a, /^.
\ _ -: 1‘ 0 .
+a - ‘i
.;t
. 0
0
0
$1, - I ..-.
c
6 . 6
.‘.
. 0 d
’ \ ii I
. . .. .
.Ja .* -> ’ q\
7l
.h ZA
’ .= h
I;“. ‘* ~.
- ,, i
-- a P , Y
-e.. *_ .
?. ’
c .-‘t,
. - * _
;
.”
1
:
._
.’
:
e :<
‘-..< *.Y
P - : R ,r .”
‘-_. I e
,,,4 ‘.. ;+ * c
h-, e ^.
..c 2 , I: -‘-
r --<
. ‘-. t
a , .$
I : x--.,e~ig i&2$ Al’titudc and azimuth angles. I ’
,. 0 .’ J
,
‘, -z ‘w *
r . _” < t
ap .‘- . ‘6; .\’ ;+ . _’ * -1. . . ’ - ,. ‘*
: :.
w $69 ’
-/ ‘\.. # - a ” ‘.
*‘? .’ ,, .’ /* a
-a, .:. - - -0
8 1 L : .Y .. 8 ‘l j ..?.-
” -J’.
‘, . .
$9’ *a ~ ‘O. c
l .’ * “1
,“+.. : h:
.-I% ‘!”
..+a.
,: A'
i
the Passive Solar Energy BIdok i
Altitude B rj ++ ,
Solar,;aItitude is the angle rr-teasured -be’tween the horizon and the position of
*. the sun above the horizon. T)e horizont.aI lines c$ the chart represent altitude
angles in IO" increments above the horizon. - .%- *
* ’ .
.a -- ‘, u ’
-%
0
\ The Tools
,
0
’
6.
$
.- = <x
I
1,’
r
.
+ L
,
.
*I .
f,,
P
,-
Gi
0
\
.’ ,.
n ,..‘:
,
h
.
I
c
l
27-t &.
a _*
’ .
0 I7
B *
WL.
,D
. .
c I>
_ . Skydome (ski vault) . ,,_- 3’ 0
-.a ?
The skydome is the visible hemisphere oi’sky, above the horizon, In all dlrec- ’
tions. The geid on the chart represents I;he vertical a~i,~j horlcgnl.dt .~~ngtp\ ()j the
whole skydome: It is as /f there wercC;l clear dome aroun(I the obsc~rvc~r’, ,IIIC~
then the chart:$ere peeled off of this-3ome,* strctchld out and Ia~d fiat
~’ 0 ‘,
.-- a-r-- --- 5 0
LA--- : h ’
, *
“0 P0
1 i :* 1
30
c. rl _ ,a
. ‘- L Ii* -.
8%’ 0, . . ..
a
;.
4
* a .. 4
, Fig. V-5: ;:kydomi. ,, O. p
il I
,3 . ,’ . ‘,
. /
s
. il
I : ‘In rraltily &is IS not possible. The intentIon of the illuskrat~&, IS to present you with CI v~sl~al’ a
image of theskyclotrk projectcd,onto d flat sheet. 1 4
” P
!/ -I * II- .“.D ”- ”
_” 2 D 9 I(0
. (
= .a ,j73 . _ ,’ 0 .> L’
4. “). ti 4 ,
7 c
0 ?
., i .’ . (1e
., c ~ \ n
9
Sun’s Position ’
at any *’
:
position in the sky.
_ __ a-,.. !
-.._
=,
0 ; * ‘
-.
oc t .‘”
* ,. * ,
. .. ‘0
m
c
. e .
B s
’ -, (1
5 :. . .
. . . *.
1
a * . .,.
f .’ I 0
.
,
t b40
:y _.I_
. * L . . ,...”
..I, CT++ iI’ .
-
4 . r
‘.. _” .
* .- * ,. * ,. f 7-.
I> .,
‘, I‘ , ,> - . ; . .. . ~ .; . :. _. , , .. .,
,’
1 < i ; :
I,. 1.. I _ _. .._._ I._-_.- .
me’ ‘<
a w
. s
>:
2 -1
273 2
d v
.\ .’ ‘\
.b’ ,. ,. .’ , I. \ I 1.“. .-”
*>/ /I I%( il -.. P’ . -. .*.
’ ( .
t _ *
1%
.I . ’ . ,.
, 1
; + ^ . .‘j q
ct. i+ .
., - _ -,
- .^ .
.\’ .
_‘. * ‘.
.r I .
The ;Passive .Solar tnqgy .Book , ’ - “i 1 ,a j
. -0 + ’
l
1 \
> 5. - A c
a . ST’ D
* ’
&‘s Path ’ ” ’* ?.
By connecting the.points of tkId&ridn”of thecsun, at different times throuih-. h
I- .; t
,‘. 1 out Jtib day, the sun:s path for !hai ‘day’can be drawn. I 8
.
. ’5
A
t
*’ 6 .,’
,I-
r/. ,a : ! . bjy$J+-\ ! 1, ,, *
4 b
,_ *
-. ; .
. .. -‘,.i .,.I Ii i
Jc ’ *. ; .I
, P .
n ,,\ ‘.
\r **
0
\ , Q a
x
1 ,,m
---=..
-4 4,.
I ,,g -‘. *’
‘yy *P .’ *
‘,. , I , .
“,&j ,‘,,/_1; ‘: “a&& 1
>..
- / ,/ , ‘km I 1 /’ ,,
I e
!- ;I
‘.
I s ‘.“‘, i *
;:: ,. “S” ,
i .
* t 3.
I?, ,,lv,. ‘? ’ I, ,
/) / /I --z. . ”
‘,‘. I
.
/‘, ‘_. .’ , ,
;/ I*.
,./ I I’ I * 0 *
r i
,. . j” ,
k.
I
1
..._(
The‘Tools q* .
. 1
‘.
_
I;
‘.
I
. B
.“, 0
,.’ r 1
. Mopihly
Paths ’ ’ ., - ’ ‘j P
11
., This; we can plgt the sun’s path ‘for any day’ of the year. The lines shown
.%‘.
~
represent the’sun’s path for the twentieth day of each month. The sun’s path
,L< . .
is long&t during the summer ‘bonths, -vhen it reaches i‘ts highest altitude,
-h
\-rising and setting with the widest azimuth angik frdin true south. ,During t,h~# ’
. w’inter months the sun’ is mush lower in the sky, rising arid Gtting with- the ^
.,
narrowest azimuth-ingles from true so.uth. .
’
-. I ; 0.
,-
--
.a
Y I IlIlt UI uay.
. ‘;11-- :
* L::’,‘dy .
. :,,
: : ‘: 276 ;p;. 1
.. , );’J.;,
7i’ )I ,C.
‘:o.a-. P- (, ~!,;#A’;... 8.. ,
: ,!, . .. 1. .*-,L
11.
. .. 5’‘ii<,”( 1 ‘I e-5
,
.o
v .a
The Tools
r
s
.
0, . ‘0 1
P.
I .n
Note: The times on the sun chart ,are fo.r sun tim’e. This may vary from
standard tim,e ‘by as mu,ch as 75 minutei to; different locations and different
times of the yE;r. This -‘ii fine ‘for. *mos+r:practIcaI us.cs of the sun nchart. It’s
,: f,mportant to remember to atrleast use standard time’ Iit: daylight savings time
is in effect, subtract 1 hour from locql’time) when using the charts. For tiery ,.
detailed studies, where it is necessary to know the exact relatignship betw&n .
o sun time and local time, an explanation of th’e conversion process is provided
0
!pte.r in this chapter. 4P 7 i
0
1. _ _~ ~--s ~~
\
‘(atitude atid Magnetic Variation 0 h’ n
0%
iince< the sun’s path varies accoiding QO the:locatibw on.e,ar.th from whick hit _/
Lis being qlculated, a different sun chart’ is required for different latitudes. Sun 1
,char?i‘:f.&‘r latitudes in “the United State3 and southern Can,,ad”a (28” to 56”NL) D
‘are brovide’d in this section. The vap ,in figure Vi11 will a&ist you in selecting
t *the sin chart (latit;de) closest to your.Jocation,
d . Q , I’ ’
’ The .rn~ap~.al& shows magnetic cpmpas?, variations’lor your area. Becduse@f the
eprth’s m’agnetis field, it isanecpsshry to adjust your compass rea’tling by ,a few
- degrees east or west to obtain true.north (as different from magnetic north).
‘)
.The amount of <variation depends upon your Ioqtian. Wheh true and maghetic I
.nor;th are in the same location, the variatjpn is zero. In the. United States a
line of ,>ero variation runs frdm the- e-astern end of Lake. Michigan to the
Atlantic c@st in northern Georgia. !f you are located on th@ w&t side of that
line, ;~ur cotnpas.5 needle will point to the east of true north. This~is called an- _
4
TRUE SOUTH
P ^
.a
D 0 6
I
*: L
*
-A
7--t -t-+-i.
I \t .
,I 0
(.. . . * : (.. .I, I .1 * _
/’ ’ ,
I 6
\
*
I ‘\
I: , \
,, ., : P
:’ : .:*2781,
c
/( Y
.. P
, i! i 0 !
L. Q
..\>. ‘[ _- . .. I ,J. :_ / ; ‘J
I I .” ,*
I
. x ‘i #
0” ..
t
./*I .. n ”
.=- - :
I’ ,,
n
,
‘8
2’ 4
i f
b
I ,’
1
..:.
.-
0
0
_I . .“‘1 1 ” The Tools
. a+ ) qg, ‘.’ c) ’ (0
_ I . ‘, c ,:
,/ “. ?
* . /.
: ‘./easterly variation<.!J Similarly,. if you are located to the east ofi the line, y&r . . iT *
-3 combass.needle will point to:the.west of true nor!h. This is c,alled~a “westerly0 .,
variation.“+or example, the map’shows a deviation ,of 14%’ west for Boston.%
. .
,.. .Tbis ineani, that. the compass is pointi,ng 141/20 to the west of true ‘north; or’ .
&UP north -is 14% “: to the &St of compass-:indicated ‘north I’true south is then
'.: $#;lz" west of ‘compass south)., Due to “local attraction’,” magnetic yariation rl .
‘! - fr+@‘E%$ig~tly different for your locality.* The’map is accurate for most uses
0 .
of the sun chartT,for ‘mpre exact information, consult a surveyor. ..
I. *
; ‘. I. e
.i ~~
-. i ~-F p -“..
YI.lTbe su,n chart enables ‘you to.gczsosition of the .SU-I ;t any time ,of, day,, i
:
,‘,tdtir.ing any month,.for any location within theoU:rii\ed Sta-tes iexcluding.Alpska) ’ =
i) ‘v i . _
and southern Canada..’ ” ’ ‘I ’
; 5 ..- ,G. 9 .~ s 1.
I 2 a!
I’ \
i ’ 3
*’
c -”
_’
233
0.
fi, . .a
n .*.t Jl
I . 0
I ‘- -’ .( ,’
I1
-y Yl!
F
*?+I ‘cd
.- .
- ..--..- - . .. .,-___
I.. ----$~~ •~ f
4
..--. -......._/,_.eII..-,l-i__-_--
0 g
L <' . . *Y
ii
w
L t-
I l\h I\n
.I
t 1. l/
,-
y/
i., i
,.J
... ~ I .F j
,’
c
F ,
;d* ,: -:*
‘.b ..
--,““& .
28b ‘. *”
- b- ,-. .;.‘
+;!,
a
.. “’ 8. . ..~ -y.. ’
,-_ 0
-..
I-
”
j’i_ ---.__
’_-
.,.eI- ,
,>
.
_-._-._ .’
--..,-
‘ ...‘L.-.
.r,I.’k.~-. d
.-
/:,I‘iI-O
“.‘--._.
_....
iA
:*._t/t,__,
I--
>-
.--_--
--
I-.. 4
. 1....--.,-
....-
c
’
;. 1I- _._..
-.. ---_
I
.
.-
,
‘/.
0.
‘.I
”
281 . ’
. _-
j A---
/ :
.LJ
.Z
-.-
“co
m i--
L
.
\
,‘!
) :
,
b d’
c
- 5
8 - 3
.
iI+ ‘0
.
. 9
8
I I
I
I
I=
I
I I
I
I ,
I I I
284 ‘. -.
1
I- --_
__--_--- ---
I--
---L..-
‘.. 285
.
t
_ --- 286 5, \ - ,
-
‘. +
,
i
J L.-’ .
\ _> I
I
‘7 ( ,: _. rp
c
I I I 1 1 I 11, I
. , . I . 1
,.
287
The Passive Solar Energy Book ‘?& +:.
! Sun Time
* ..
..- 1_,
As the earth or’bits the sun, its speed varies depending upon its distance from ”
the sun. As we move closer to the sun, the earth slows down, and as we ,swing _
away +%rn the sun, we speed,* up. This difference in the earth’s speed is
responsible for a variation between sun and earth time, stnce a man-made
clock keeps time uQi.formIy and does not take the earth’s speed into account.
i From the sunechart, you can see that sun trmc is measured by the position
of the, sun above the horizon, solar noon corresponding to the .sun at its
highest position and due south. Figore’ V-13 give; values for the “equation oi
time,” or the difference between sun time and earth ciock time. The upper
parI of the chart (-+) gives values when the sun is ahead of ctock time, and the
lower part (-) when the sun is behind. j
MAR.- APR. Luy JUNE ’ JULY ho. SEPT. “OCT. Nmc QEC. -
For the purpose of tellfng time, the earth has been divided in 24, time zones
-(longitudisal segments) of 15” each (a- total o! *X0’, or a complete circle)
extending from the North Pole to the South ,Pele. This corresponds to 24 hours
(I hour foi each 15” or 4 minutes for each 1") for the earth t make one com-
plete r lution about its axis. The time zones that affect the 7C’nited States and
southern F anada are eastern standard time at a longitude of 75”, central
” -standard time at 90”, mountain standard time dt 105” and Pacific standard ‘time
,,.* - at 120”.
.
A,t any given iocation’within the United States or Canada, sun time rr fsund by
starting with local standard time (if daylight savings time is in effect subtract
1 hour from your local time). Since it takes the sun 4 minutes to move 1"
longitude, a correction needs to be made between the standdrd time longitude
line and yuur local longitude- Find your location on the map in figure V-14
and subtract 4 minutes for every degree of longitude your location is west
of your standard tim%e longitude line or add 4 minutes for every degree of
longitude your location is east of it. The equation of tlnte adjustment is then
added to this correc’ted tin6 to find sun time. D_
/ .
_ .
Fig..V-14: Standard
. time zones of the United States.
I
\
. /
.
.
‘i
The Passive Solar Energy Book
Then use this simptified equation to convert standard time to sun time:
For example, what is the,, sun -ti?ne corresponding to 11:30 a.m. centyal
‘19
I
, standard time on February 15 in Minneapolis? !
_- -
To find sun time:
,
7.
-.--. ‘LOG% Minneapolis on the map. Its longitude, is 93” whi;fi‘is in- the _
10 central standard time zone with a standard? time longitpde of 90”.
. Since ihe stm takes 4 minutes to move 1 0
the equation is 4(90--93)’ or 4( - 3) or - 92 minutes.
2, To correct for’ the time viriatiori onC February 15, the
tirpe or E from figure V-13 is
minutes from standard time to obtain sun time.
“% ’
I .A,. _
‘,
sun time= standard time -L&--IA -. \:.
1
? sun_ti.. - : -:--.
0
.i _ _-- e=-77?Da.~~-26min.=l1:04a.m. I
_- -
.., _ - ‘
1 :.4 - --I-//---~-.
_,‘_
put the building. Plot the skyline (from that pornti on the sun chart as follows:
! _.
1. Using the compass or transit, determine Lvhrch dIrectron IS true south
(remember magnetic varratron; see fog. V-l 1).
2. Aiming the hand level or transit true south, determine the altitude
(angle above the horizon) of the skylrne. Plot this point on the sun
chart.above the azimuth angle 0” (true south).
3, Similarly, determine and record the altitude angle .oi thr skyline for
each 15” (azimuth angle) along the horizon, both to the cast and
west of south, to at least 120”. This is a total of 17 altitude readings. - -
Plot these readings above their respective azimuth angles on the sun
chart and connect them with a line.
_’
. \_/’
.. .‘- fi
. r)
I- 291
” -
r--*
(I
.‘, , L
B
6
1.. 4
,
)i-, *” t ..:,:,
-/;-
‘,
0
. 1
The solai ii\tensity m&kg are used to determine the amount of heat energy
strikini a surface. The lines on the masks ,Tepresent winter-c/ear day, hourly
totals of heat. energy (in Btu’s) striking a square foot of ‘surface. The mask
marked “90”” is for vertical surfaces, mask "60"" for inclined surfdces of 60”
(as measured from the horizon),.mask “3Oq” for inclined surfaces of 30” and a-
mask’%““+or horizontal surfaces.
.,..
,Transfer th’e mask you choose to transparent- nt.at&rial and use the “center ,
axis” and “base I$%” to align it wit6 !he sun chart. In order ti find., fhhe
.amount of heat in Btu’s per s:uate fdot per hour intercepted by .a surface
facing in any dir&tion, “set the base line of the mask cjirect!y eve; the has?
line of the sun chart. Using a compass, determine the.directio? that your surk
‘faqe faces to the east or west of.& south. Keeping the base ‘lines aligned; .
. shift the pointer of‘th,e mask to line up with the nuinber of degrees (azimuth.
angle) your Suiface faces to the’ east or’ west of tr& South. You are now read?
to determine the .solar inteniity valuei for that surface.- I _, , 1..
- ‘-
Set the pointer 6w the ma& ti:line up ‘&ith 45” west.on the base line oi th$, L’ ’
sun chart. Be su@ the &se lines of both sheets are in line. fie sun chart and
-_
- . :..
mask are now &li$jnecj to rea.cj the solar-ij&psit)i values. -’ .. ’
:
I.
._,. ... - ,
: ,,-
: l Comptiter program w&&&l~ped by Mark Steven Baker frbm wlar radiation iormulas fount)
..I
.. in the ASHRkE /&t&#ok of b+~~aamenta/s (1.97%. f I
.: i.-- ‘-‘P
-. : ’ i I
* - . ., .% _.
.. . . *- I
4 , __.’ iq
.. .-
7 ‘7 ’ .. .: .
.,t
1, .,._ -.
*. _‘.
’
,
* ’
3 ; ’ !/ ,.., ,f.[. - ;:’
!
-- --.--_--I-
’ 2 : -__- - ____.. .
-----L-
-t- ___...___.__
_-i --i
. .11 C___.__--L----
i ~-~
C---------L.-
A.----J!!!-
---I
-iI _- .___.--
- __._ 1’
-----+---.L----...:
,
. .
. 1’ _b~ _e-_-- - T -6
’
.‘8”~ “. 1 _
Y 0
?I 4p’;r ; .5 s
III
.c Fig. Wl8: Alignm~~<&~;nple fur a-pertical surface facing 45” west Of so”,“.
(’ ,-
s., +
;
1
_’ ‘<
’ Hawly Radiation Totals ’ ,//’*
.’ ,
s TO determine the winterw?leasday, hou’rly totals of heat energy,,in”gtu16 per ‘-
,,A i . _
~I , hour+triking each square foot-of surface area:’ I’
’ > , i
!
*
\ -
1. - Selec,t the proper mask based on t,h6 slope of. the surface (horizontal,
30”, 60” and vertical).
2. Select the proper sun chart for the latitude of your location (if your
lpcation is in+between latitudes, choose the closest one). i
3. Keeping the base lines aligngd, ‘set the pointer (center :axisjc’of the
mask on the-,azimuth angle that the surface faces to the east or’we
-7 Y
, of true south. 1
4 Select the month you want to takethe reading and use that sun’s path
to read the values. ’
a 5. Select the hour of the month in which you wantthe reading: the inter- ‘I .-
. .
section of the hour line snd the&n path will @ate the po~sition of
‘3
., I i 8‘
G 4; i-
/ .@- -I .i
‘/ ..; ,295
I 7“ 4
$3
t,he sun. Read the number of Btu’s for that sun’s position from the
Y
radiation mask.‘If th,e point where you want the reading falls between :
. radiation lines, interpolate to find the value.- -
I ,
D
Note: Bezuse the -value of atmospheric moisture content varies greatly ’
’ a~c@s-th@-united States, the solar intensity numbers need to be ad-
.*--- __ _s-* ‘--justed depending upon your location. A correction called the Clear-
ness tactor inust be applied to the cleariday values. The’ map in figure
V-19 shows lines of equal clearness for wirrter conditions. Find the line
and corresponding Clearness Factor closest to your area and multiply’ -= i
.i I
it by the hourly solar intensity numbers from the mask.
-_
1,
I\/
110”
I
8 - f$UrnMpl 1lV
W - WIN;r_E7r! I
.,8. i>* To determine the tots-l- daily amount of heat energy striking a surface, simply ,
.“a
.. : .fqllow.%he procedure for hourly total,s for each hour on the sun chart and total 7
these to get the daily total. Cf the h.ourly totals have not b@n adjusted for your ,
are& then adjust the dail;$&tal ‘by multiplying it by the‘appropriate adjustment
‘% I’
factor from the ma’p. ’ -
._,’ .
--_. . . _a
3
__ ~.-~-- -- _.- ~.-~
r) ~- -?XJtJV?~dDlATlON CALCULATOR 4’
0 H,orizontal Surface Btuhjft* 9
I
:-
i
t i i I I
I
.I
I
i
I
i i
I
--f----1 c -tI
I *
1I -.’ ,,
!
j
/ /I
1%
------
I
I
,>a
,
.o
‘0 _+ 0
. ,:.,‘.:~--. 0 : 297
* I 1
-_ .~
I
--SOLAR ‘RADIATION CALCULATOR .
~gld \’ .. 30’ Tilted Surface Btuih/f t2
‘0
0
-
m
,~
/ /” /’ ,,,j
/’
/
/
/ /’
/ I.
/’
/
;
I
!
I
I
f
LI.
II
I
:I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I \ \\
1
*
\ \\,,\h,b ’
.- ....w
-4 I
.A
--2\
. _ +
c
,
c
D L .
(D
I SOLAR .RADIATIObJ CALCULATOR
VeFtiA -Surface Btuh /it’
0
0 1.. C’
; I’
-------- - -,----\.~ ‘,
~-‘--~F.-------
#__----
i
I
-\ 4-
\i \ ----- / / i’l i I
\
. ;2
2;.
./
---I-
-W--V_
-a.-------- ,H’
-A-e
..
-i-
.-
,-
I
;, The Tools
>
SHAM
-- LINE --
..
Fig. V-21
..
‘_ Fig. V-22
-ii
302’ . ’
SMAl?lNG CALCULATOR
The shading calculator show.n in figure V-23 will assist you in generating a
shading mask.
The curved lines that run from the lower right-hand corner of the calculator
to the -tower left-handcorner are used to plot horizontal obstruction lines
paral,lel to a windc )w and the vertical lines on the calculator serve to plot
vertical obstruction lines parallel to the window.
I’
SHADING CALCULATOR
’ _(
.
,I
--
Fig. V-24 ’
,& (
- ..,
/J \ .i -h
I
._.~_~ - ~--
___~ __._ -L------ ~-.
s
. !
The Teds
-.
L
ct
4’
Horizontal Overhaqg
To construct a shading mask for a window with a horizontal overhang, .
II-~~~ first determine the angle from a-line petpendicular w tk-bottem ~WW-- ~~~
window to the edge of the overhang (angle a), and ‘the angle from the middle .
of the window to the edge of the overhang (angle b). These angles represent
?OO”h and 50% shading of the window. Then, using the shading calculator,
draw in the shade lines that represent ,angle a and angle b.
l. &*.-:;‘3 .
.
‘~‘qECTlON
-
‘Fig. V-25
the shading mask. The mask has a pointer and a base line fQr
tie sun chart. Select the sun chart for your latitude,’ then
line of <the mask directly over the base line of the sun
of the mask to line up with the number of-degrees
faces to the east or west of true south. -The
the times that the sun is ,above the
at the 50% shading line.
The Passive Solar’ Energy Book ,
----------
Fig. V~26: Alignment example for a window facing 45” west of south.
.
- .
Although the mask plots 700% and 50% shading of a window, the prmedure
‘1 can be repeated to generate a more complete r&k which includes 25% and
75% shading.
Ve~Gq$l Fins
There are basically two types of veiticat fin shading devices,: those that project *
-~ - ,out perpendicular from the face of the window and those that project out it
an angle. To.cohstruct a mask for either device: ,i +.-
>
306 -.
.. li
5
h
_ ,.’
;“c ‘.;2 .
.
The Toois
L
First, determine an&s a and b as shown-in figure V-27. These angles represent
the IOO~IL shading lines. Then determine angles c and d; these repTesent the
50% shading lines. From’the.base line of the shading calculator draw veitical
?,-c lines that correspond to angles a, b, c and d. This completes the shading. mask.
50%
r rlOO%
c
/
I.
-
_,’
’
r-’
k
.
I
, .
.I
,.
$9
’ ./
/ _I
/* ‘kg. V-27 MASK
1
The Pass,ive Solar- Energy Book . 4
I
.
Then align the shading mask over the sun chart to the angle-_the window faces
to the east or west of ,.true south. The window will be completely shaded
.i during the tjmes the sun is outside of the 100% shadi-ng lings and partially
shaded (50%) at the 50% shading lines. ‘7 ;
. L .*..
\’ .k .,,<~
. 7
Combination Horizontal Overhang/Vertical Fin
To construct thb shading mask/for a combination horizontal overhang/vert<cal
fin, simply combine the shading masks for each device. *-:: : =
.
. 2. Ii
, ./ L
4..
4
-L I. /
‘i: .. “1..
! .\\
‘,
,.I
\
L Fig. V-z8
. 1“
\ * b
1 b< .“.
1 * 308.A ;: , - ‘_
I-: -. -4.k
.’ . ‘.“’ :
., -
: ; ,. 0
-.. .- , 1.
I
,-.7 /
‘$i
j,
-_
I)
1
-“jj.
Appendix .._’ I
.‘.L
1
F . Performance Calculations 9~ ’o (.
So far, general rules of thumb for designing and sizing a passive solar-heating system
have been given in th%form of patterns.‘The,,E$terns make it possible. to integrate
. passive solar conce$tsY,\when designing a btiildipg. They give enough detailed
* inform.ationio size a system that will function effecG,vely. After a preliminary design
for the building is complete, it. is ,then possible to calcui,ate the thermal performance 1
f
of each space and make adjustments to the system, if necessary-.
. ? $
The patterns give rules of $umb for sizing a system based on clear-day solar
\\ ._I radiation-and avera.ge outdoor ,tetiperatures lf,or the winter months. Es,senti,ally, this
j* - sizing procedure balances the h&i‘~ost‘from a space (kept at 7O”E! over the day with XX
-3 C’ the energy col!ected from the sun (when shining) that same day. This condition is-
.y
f ‘~ referred to as the design-day: Because design-day data have been used, it can be
Y expected that the system will not perform as effectively under more severe
conditions, although ‘th,e massive nature of passive buildings tends to moderate the
b
effectsof weather extremes. It is reasonable to eypect that a sizing procedure for the .s
worst possible winter weather conditions is usually not practical. To do that would ,
. YesuIt in spaces that are uncomfortably -warm during periods of normal sunny
weather.and would lead to a design that is oversized, and most likely uneconomical ‘.
.lo build. For this reason, some form of ba&up-‘heating system is desirable in most
passive solar heated buildings. Due to the complicated nature of energy flows in a - ____--
passive building, cal&lating system performance ‘is a difficult and tedious-process,
usually rec@ring the use of a computer. However, bj?.~compresstig this process into a i
few relatively simple calculations, it wasfourid that o&\ly a small degree of accuracy ’
was sacr$icedSinceeven the most sophisticated calcuiation procedures are subject
_---- _-Am~-------I---
to error due to the large number of unpredictable variables associated with passive
systems (such as occupant space use, interior furnishings and surface c&lors,
estimating infiltration rates), this simplified procedure is, appropriate for most I
. I
small-scale applications of ~assive$&ems.
,_-” ‘I
/”
.__/’ 309
.
. .
0
e
n
Ibe ,Passiire Solar ,Energy Book 0 i I A
m . d
B c d
. ,. -4
r . . - n
‘- _ --~- , :i
**1__
There are six steps inv%lved:in calculating a system’s performance: - I.
R ’ 1
*
.-.
.. , iaJ
> ‘. 7 “,, t “&*
.. ,* .. n \ ij
”
.,..
..
.:
- step 1 l ; ,
,_ ‘.
, r % ) i ’ 1 ,,_ ”
.‘. .~. Cakulating ‘&I&&il Heat Losstin Winter’ c
-,.,; . .”.,’’ *‘.: ..’ “& c * ‘\ -
f ::..r*:,* ”
‘k -: .,a’I. ,‘. *
“:* .I .:.‘.. . ./ The qu&ttity “of solar energy need& by a space in winter is dependent upon&e .
.;
: .‘.‘ .( - . . hourly rate of heat loss throughihe exter@’ skin of-the building. Heat i&lost through
.’.”.~1..._ ..B
’ ,’ the skin of a building by two methods: he.at,‘Iass through the \;sall_s;floor, roof and
* :.
;:*: . . :. * wjndows (cond$uciion losses) anddthe.heat loss through the exchange of warm4
,;. 0.“ra... ’ *
L(:,,: a_ .n indoor ai‘i’with cold outdoor air (infiltration losses), The total space heat loss is th,en
;- 0 :: D. ..: 9 O’.‘thp.,.sgm of the conduction losses pius the infiltration tosses. in calculating heat loss, it I
-0.: ,. *_.: .i *,” ..
.‘.,,. .0., I .is:necessaryto compute the hourly rate for each space in the building separately.
.:
_. - 0 . . . -
*_s
.-n. I “,’,..L ‘.a$& hourly rate, when div;ded.by the floor area ofthe ‘space and then 1 *,,
.
I:‘.; .._ -.* r,;a.;” .,“-?$ th&rs, gives an o\erall space U value, expre&d’in Btu’s perTday per
;“b.. -L1: ,:’ .,
: .i’ 4 ‘fi.e&area:p& OF@J/day-sq ft+&-OF): ,. @ A
il.‘: <,’ ~-r-!..,! .’ ,; I .
I . C?,
” _;,..i’
eI,.. ;:.‘I1 1;. *- _ ., -. -\: ‘A .-c L
‘.
. .: ( ; i. .
I,* .A I ,.-,: n ..,I .:
*C.. : *‘/ *i ;.- . ..- .j. J, ~ 0~
,..
.- _ ”. .1.,.,..: . :L:;.:. *i (” ;, rl.,:., sl+- ,, D .
r, c ,:‘,.jo : .- .* .(I... _et. - . ,
D -.
2.;faN,
. ;,-‘* ..+
_r’.. ~ e . I*
0 r( .”
8,*dI) -_y 1,* _ P’ ‘*, a. s,
“d
,. ,;,,--,‘:‘,
‘A. . .. . ;.;- :,~~:‘ii~‘~~~~irenie~t figure to use whe? calculating in&& air temperatures and.the ‘* 1 . ;a
‘. :. .’ * .---., yearly *dCjntrib,ution,of sQtar energy. ’ L
.
‘, hL- ; ..i “‘. ; * \. .., aI(
.a= I” ‘,: C’ 0
i : EI < :b.0 *: <
i a_- - ‘.+I) _ *
_’ = ” .I,..;- :..,, F’ &is re&nable to expe& that htl e overall space U value for a well-insulated residence .C
: ”...>
_,<‘, ,.ef
. 8’. . -‘. - &ill~&~,between.% and 12 BWday-sq ft,,-“F, and fora gr&nho8tise between 20 and i
‘, :,:‘-$@. 4[1,‘Btw/d~~~s~-f-t,,~OF,-Table l-l is included .here to provide you dth ‘a quick an#
-. n
‘) . . _.’ s. easy- rneQ+ of-arriv~~---atuj,;-Hte-~ble;skot,l~~ be used ,for-estimating purposes ” -,‘a- ----
n ‘,on.ijl., For a de&iption lof detailed:heat loss calculations, seetheprof&ssiqna/ editicm * a
a.,<‘ ,
< ;‘-< or 0the ASHYE H&dbok of~~un&pe@a~s.
, L-cifi?l4f, Fgsi~e S&i
‘; 0:’: .’ Erkrgy’ Book
:i I’
9 ‘, 0I o. . * v..
.’ : I 7, ,:,P
‘,.,;,’ +, ”‘_. . . $1: <
2 by I
, .I., --+Jb’ .,:“.‘,, ,,#.G/(: . c ,. -’ - 0
” .I:,.h ,t.‘( - ,II . . r ,‘U ’. )‘, I * .. !.
. ‘_ . *. . ,;,I
_.I L;_ _” ..I,,
- ‘ij) . <*
. , I. ’ ,I ,.‘,;. ’ i ~_ ‘*. 1 * ,r s
1.: .’ 7 , j, ,,; .“.‘._ L 00 i I.
,. I
. . 0
2cnw ‘.’
: * ’ 1Exposed Expoud Ay,, ,
.c D Wall walls F 7
”
>.\ AI‘.
.’ )i
‘\.-F{rst-flo& space . “Single glazing 8.1 ‘* 12.2 7.2 6.6 ;
‘: .\ .
1 ‘f4I _heat+=
j. space fbove (B
. 0 : :’ a P
7 0 Double glazing or ’.
single glsningwl n
)
:, !.
1 *
j insulating shutters 4
a
5.6 +
,
a.9 i 5.5 4.9
T
I
P, 4 /
I n /
Upper-floor space $ngk g’laziy 0 ‘a.9 .13.0 a.0 a i 7.4 0
or one-story-typq ’ I
spqx” ‘, D- ,’
P.,* Same as above but L ”
a I. l/$?:story-high ‘.’
” space 12.4 78.1 . .12.5 i 11.9
>i> n
” /
.1.; :
0 - .
_- ‘.a
. 1. &uble @aZing or g 9.
.- ~ F o single glazing yd ) - f
,I 54.7
,, ‘6 :c insulating shuners b.4 = 6.3 ; - 5.7
:-,- _’
‘,@.. ‘.L I\
91..
0 ,ja+.-? il
I same as BboveLt .. .
/ a I lL?-st~ry.~~$igh
-L II 9.1’ 9 .:y ” j.2 _
. ” 1. space : d” a.. ’ l l 3.7
D0 . u
2:. .,
’ . N()fi& .l- .b&es apply to-a wellk&lated spate with 3 112 to 6 inches of insulation in the walls,
Q 6 inches .or more ii-~the ceiling, 3 l/2 inches M under flcws above pa& of 2 ih+e5 d
peiiyger insulation for :a Zlab on grade. F
/ 7. “-..-.-.-.--.--.-. -.... . _-_.. __._..“_,__-
-0
. ;,.f.. .’ & 2. ‘&jtq is b&M b h Wi*in l!j,;a’** istE?Cm far &i&E5 W!y..
d . L . _.,. .---. ?‘. 1. __ -_oJ-
. ,.
., .
..
3. Are,a of glazing is &ghi{ 20 to 30%:dhemspace.flr#x area.-
*
_ .. .{ _: I,. .
C’ : Q. ..
. . . ’ 1.1r 0
_ ‘4. Assimes no heat ioss througti%e th%rnaJ-$I.
\* CM-. _ 4 0 . ‘,
-. .e_
0
0 . I. ,;,- -3; ,&&“les ir6. heat loss thrr>ugh ttk common wall betkeen’the space’ and gr&ha;.. :*’ _ d. .’
,~.li_ 3 -- -
s .a -ooo / I ,’ _ .I . ,, ..
.‘I*‘: I < I, .’
-L - ” ;
.” 0”. . CI .I: .
I 411. :,t-
_ , 'CL-2 7 _
y' . DY. . . ._ 0.
.<. . "*:..:
- i.., .;;
‘7."-9..
; .._ . ,,: .." .- 'd I -.A... .
The Passive Solar Energy Book
’ Step 2.
’ &Mating Space HeatEain in’ Wider ‘- ”
Heat ‘Gain Formulas
-~ l Directftiar~Heat Cain (I-/C,,,)-All of the sunlight transmitted through a window
3s collected by a space, as heat. However, the amount transmitted through each
square foot of glass depends upon many factors, such as the location or latitude of the
building, the orientation of the window, the number and type of window glazing
used, and the shading of a win-&w by nearby obstructionsn/incIuding shading
devices.
ApT.agndix.6 lists daily totals of clear-day, solar heat gain (I,) transmitted through
* double glasssat various latitudes and window orientations. To calculate solar heat
r
gdin, first select the proper table for your location. For instance, at 4O*NL, if J vertical
window is oriented due south, the solar heat gain through a square foot d unsh,$ecl
a
’ j /
0
/
, /
/
./ *
/.
.,1 /
/
. I..... __ ,‘;
- I
” “0
.e’
I I
I _
I+
J
-i 1
.
, I...., ;
,.(
n a ”
- -.
3 ^ double pane glass during ihe mbnth of )ar$ry ii lm,Lii05 Btu/day or 1,506 x .,a (%9b‘, .;
h abs_cx@n I&J =, 1,415. Knowing the solar heat gain through one square foot of0 t
_- --‘IT _- (HG,,) is -calculated0 , 4 -
_._2.fe ‘?&k&v, the heat gain through an &tire section of wit$ow
* using the following equation: 0‘.;\I -
I 0
. k so, 3 A,, x It I
n a n ;:A ” * ‘\
. I 3,’
n ‘\.\
’ where!! &, = sirface area of the unshaded pot&n of the glazing in
- -. - - 3qual.e feet .
or 0
: : _-
.* It = solar’ heat gain through one squae “foot of glazing in >.
r Btg/day ‘- _ ,i-
,e
0
&e important Gate: This formula<is used to’calculate the direct solar heat gain in a I
3
space includingngreenhousks, attached or freestanding. The solar heat gain for
glazing used with a reflecioi will be g”reater than ihe value given for If. Appendix 7
=.
-@v&s the percentage of, enhancement of solar heat gain for- differ&t I_atitudes and .o II- ~-
.-
.reflector/co~lector tilt. angles. ,. ,,_,,,.
0 3 ” 0 0,
l Hea? Cain kti a Therma/.Stomge !kall, Rpof Pond or Attached Greenhouse *
(M&&-The heat gain ‘into a space from a thermal stdr&@ Owall, icmf pot-d or
atta?&d r~nhouse..(HG,,)*can be calculated using the fpllowing formula: ~ ”
#5-y/ , -?“”’ 0 ;a
-8.
~ Hdm =- &,, x I, x b (I * 0 0’
.
)’ *
. -c I’
tihere: A,, = sur&e~ kea of the unshaded prtigrp of the glazing in bi - ’
i. .
. ..~~........~~.................. _sqGm.3 feet. .I . <I n
.,
.’
.,,
n Y
I, = $ar heat gaiq through “one square foot of;.~ glazing in ” -
.- Btu/day ’
0 ” * . ‘Pf 0
. P = tie &rc@age of ikident energy pn the fake of a icermal , ‘.\,., ’ 1
.y.a^p. ‘I*.,>
wall or r&f pond that is trapsferwd to the space
LI 0. ‘\‘\..\
. -if
-I- Values of P for d,duble~gla;ed thermal. storage w&i (black exterio! v+ll sudgce “\+, ‘-.
color) and tkf ponds are plBttd.for a variety,of conditions in figure l-2. To find the
:- .- .--
value of.P, first determine the ratio of the~~&wal+- orro&pond+rPXtC,pacef@-.--
_’ ._. ~~~~~~~,~,~2T7D’-sq~.~re-f~~+lyce .? tith a 1 &kquarEfoot’congTete thermal ,.F%.
_-.- -I----
.---.---&k has-& ratio of 1 OOti60 $ilj?X?: Then, fioki”i 50 ‘on the hoiizontal scak, folloy a s
v&&al line until. it intene&the c_ljfie for. the oerall v val~e.(.U;,) df the%space=you i :
calc&&d.i.n Step 1, Calculating’Space Heat Loss &?/Vinter. From thk M&&tioti . ‘. ”
”_ move horizo&lly t9 the left and read the pe!eentage of erikr&t~nsmjtted
.-_ through
0 0. 4 n . ,
‘W~~wall &!he+&tie&scate~tf~G- ZkampTe, .the ZOO-scj,yare-fodt space #ad an
-_~--- - O&&i u value Qf 6 &u/day-sq ft-OF.,t@n- P will equ‘al 35% or 0’.35. Whet-i ysing
... _. .
“’ -0O1 _-
, & o,’ yable
0 insu!?ion 8over‘gl&zing ai night,. ddd.5,%0 JO Ek value of P. 1
Q.;:.;. ., Y‘.’ : _ -_:
:0 ” riJ. ‘.,..
- & 1 ‘.I n I_, .I -~_
i? ~ h * . 0...”
rv +-’ - .3.1$
_ c .a--
0 e.,
i “’
..e _T:‘. ,. _. \I
. ‘# 0.. .,,_ ‘.. ^ ,$s;
-3.
,,,
@ ,,.. ..-- ..; I. 0. 0:;. .. L,
8 ::...,I,,;.,,,,,....
/ ,,, .I . ,.-..a;. .. , ‘?- . i 0
0
I /
I \‘-
:
-% _. I--. -_
‘> .
‘.
-i L
n4’.
:
I
4 1
mi- -, - . . 4 .*
f
/
i I. .mmm_o 1~
"~-&r~;Gf+r,~r~~~ ,-., r-T7 ..,-, +.,TrT~--T~T-.lT+ _._._.__-___ ________Tr_____* _.._____+
-- 0 a 20 30 40 ‘so 60 '@Jr
,
._ tat&dthumdndrulRmxuu
_ 0
. I
’ CONCRETE TERMAL STORAGE WALL (1 Ff TWCK) .
_c ,I...I. ’
~_~~ Ed. I i
-.
i
i
r
r----.,7 .
.
_ ~..- ~, -- ” .
i_-__ L-_
_ . Appendix 1 -:
-_ To find the’total daily solar heat gain for e&h space, first establish the design-day ‘.,,
conditions. An average sunny January day is a reasonable condition to illustrate a \\%
I system’s Fjerfocmance. lora Oirect.Gain System,‘ usi‘ng clear-day January values for “\.\
_ solar heat” gairi through glass (i,) from Appendix 6, calculate the heat gain through “.s,,,
I each unshaded skylight, $!erestory and window opening: \
. b;
\
kol = It x &,I
t gain, in Btu’s per day, is simply the sum of . the& values, *
: /b 7
, fti Bids per’day, from a therm$ s&uqe--- L-.--F
-
Y
-.- -. ““,i_“_
. gild the heat gai.n; from eadh
-- L..‘\ --. >
0
-----a; __~~--- 0 0 e’
.-- -- ___--- ,i
. \ es
.
I , . 0315 '
t
*
l -
1 , 0
“. 1, , * I *
, ,
.“.-“.I?-. “._. .-- ._..,,, .____,,_ _._ ‘. _ _.... - I ‘----- ____ - -.---
., _ _ m. : ,. _” ---- I
._- -‘- ‘jh --
I. I
/,’ - n
_~~ - where: ~I%&,,= total space heat gain per square t73ot of floor area _ ’
*
\
- ~- i
.-..
A.^.... .....”.,,,Sf’e.p.v.$ . . ”
m-“.-.^.~“.-~.-,.“,
~~
3 0’
d
,‘i. _LDeterrhing Average Indoor ~ernper.&we~-T +
. .
After 1 to 3 days ofsimiiar weather conditions (clear or cloudy days in a row) a space .’
will stabilize as a thermal system. This means that temperatures in the space remain
-.. ‘5 b$,
roughly the’same from day to day. Finding the daily &&rage space temperatuie for
8. this condition is relafivelystraightforwar& .-- I,
a. -Yip
r . .I
-C’&
. Using the rate ofspace heat loss (U,,) and daily heat gain (H&J calcul,ated in Steps i I .
+-.-A- -mmdzheragEf-oal or temperature&is%und-by divt?ingH& by U,, rtnd s. 1:. o
‘adding the result to the average daily outdoor temperature (TV* for the design-day. I(-” -c
:j
t[ = -+t
H&P a L @ ‘I,,
U SP 7 ,. ,:
\
*
;. ” “.
where:. HG,: = rate of space heat gain in Btu/day-sq ft,,
-, . .
_ . .: \
.A k U SP = rafe of space heat loss i,n Btu/dBy%q ft,-S \-/ L
-. , _~_ bI. I .’ ‘i\ ~
, ..~ *.‘_I I mt, =. averSj$&&ly outdoor temperature
:( i
!
.~:-;\ * : - /* ‘!.
‘b,.’ “--
~‘~------...
&e-member ‘that this calkulation must be done for each space. The&e of Jinuat$
-- c~tearclay~sdlar radiation and temperature! data is recommended ,as @put, howe,ver, \
7
_i., ._ . I averagdindoor temperatures canbe found for any month. Simply use solar heat gain
r. and’outdoor/temperature data for the month you. want to calculate.
.-” , 9 9
m.
..--- ’ Figure I-3-presents a simple graphic~method for calculatjng the average,daily indoor.
: temperature. Knowing the rate of space heat loss(U,,) and daily heat gain (H&,),-the ’ ._-
-i g*,4an-bLused--todet~ne tk-n*&~~theG~Woor ‘.
:;’ _ ‘.. ‘Average dai,ty outdoor temperatures (to) fQr each n,qnrh are given in Appendix 4.
* ,I ^ - A- ’ ,r
’ a .F _ _.-- ~~ -.
0
,I, i --
;:’
;‘..‘- ‘. 316. ’ ” a= L ~----~__-_--~ -.
:;r.,,’ , .___ .*----_ ._ _I
_- .,a .i
*..:
.*‘ :.’ ‘;~~- -~ _---_ .“i’---- .“... ,-.--- .’ __--a-.-J-----___- -_ Q’
!s?+y-
M;, ..__.,.. c-*.;- ‘1’
~1-yI.__. ‘_ , D II ‘(. .
f, !.
.
,’ .’
w. ^ t
.
\
I
1 Appendix 1
.,
\
I \.
“\ -
, ‘\\,
\\
\
i I ; : ’i
” / 1 :. ”
-T GAIN mti-c$F-
0
-4 B I
I
”
n Fig. 1-3: Deterkining the average indbor temperatuie:
hi 9
L
“‘
” :~ f
‘,,
’ \
;
317
i\ ., : a. ~ P o
,\.I 1’ , \ . ‘?.@ _,- *
:j;, : ‘. ”
it. -. ‘.I A’
_
._,’ .’
.9
.’ c
, n
.
r
.,., - * -
318 5, 1 - .,
9 ., r
\-., ‘,__ i I ‘_ _I La , ’
‘I I_ I I *” ’
., .I ,-_ , _-- .* .o
.
Appendix 1
select the graph that corresponds to your system. Then, using the average indoor
temperature that you calculated in Step 3 as a reference point, plot the number of
degrees the indoor air-temperature is-above or below the average for each hour.
.
CASE
. ,
.. .-w
resents the way sunlight interacts with masonry located in the space. A graph cor-
responding to each case gives hourly indoor temperatures above and below the
daily average (t,) for four masonry materials. If a space falls between the%o cases,
theninterpolate between the graphs plotted for each case. Also, it is probable that a
space may not be constructed-of just one material. Therefore, when more than one
material is used, for example, concrete walls and a brick floor, take the he&-ly
temperature somewhere between the values given for each material.
CASE 2 +ze
320
‘.. _I
.I .,
.
*
:
,i i’
.’
/.
.. :-
‘h ‘jj - ,? . . - ’ Appendix 1:
i
.ir L
0
.
,a I -
’ , I
l lnierior Water ‘Wall-In the case of an interior&hater wall, the volume-of water iilr
C’ I/
direct sunlight is the major determ%ant‘ of space temperature fluctuatiot% over the!
day. Figure l-5 plots indoor tempergtures for variqus,quantities of water per square/
foot of south-facing, glass. To’5orr@ute t;his value,. simply take .thq volume of witer ,
(CIJft) in the space and divide it by the arqa of south-facing glass (sq ft). One imm;?nv J
note: The s&face of the waler wall is asstimed to be a dark color. If the wall is painted
, a light color, ,then air. tempeiature fltictuatio?s in the space will be higher than thosk
given, d
e’ -. I
__ ~- ~-
‘I’ a
* . I’/ .a
,’ ’
*C’ .I . .
,’‘_ .1 . *a.. .*-
.. ** i .n...’
” j. I *. -
L
I.
4 I, . < I- .
I , c - P
- 1
1. ,I -1P - ,I
/
, I
__.I’ /'
,” I
.' \. -,----- -- --- ----.- .-.- _._..; _._ ~-~ -_ ._ l * ~
:, ,,’ .
. -MO& -,-----z Ir, - /’
1I.I II I 81 11 III1 ’ 1 ’
.
,..+’ 5 6. , *
3 6.. 6’ l0.H 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 i 8 0 x)011 l2
-.L' 2
w 5
/
e _' . . '
.’ I :
e -
-; ,L , /
‘Fig. 1-5: Ho,u&y in’doot temperatures foi dire& gain systems _
b D ‘yvith various volumes ,of water.storage per square e
c- . ‘foot of south-facing glass. _ -
-. -.
6
i i ‘. *
321 ’
25 . < I _. s ., . \ .1 ed.
.I ? \
:
;.‘,.,).
J”;;‘.‘,
: ,,
‘,*I’-
y1 _’ ”
.,,
.:‘., _I’,0:<0_ ..a-‘.
,,.~
(, /-8 z .’ 3 .i - Q
__;._“-
-,T” ,‘:) ’ -__.- \
a n ’
e
e* : :!
7
‘c-. *
/ / The Passive Solar Energy Boo6 c,
x
’ I
CONCRE+&ALL~ Y..
I ‘/ii& l-6’: .Hourly indoorj temperatures fo*r thermal Storage
walls of various thicknesses (here and n&xt two ;_ pages).
. Note:.Tempe[ature fluctuations’bill be less if additionalbmass is ’ _,
%& * located’in the space, i.e., a masonry wall and fly.
\, 6 / 0
_ -- 3 /’ ”
- 1’ . , /” .
il < /’
.%~322 ,‘,,/ 1, -..
.;
0 n
pi:, : . ,/ / ,” ” . :
,: ., .” e -. * . )
g ,,. . a . .L: ,“,,’ )*I” .,I,. ‘; - ^ I :’ “:* = ;~ , ,_
-I t
n TN
? ,’
.I
1,
J
a
*lo” I ,_.,.-*-‘- .... . . .
- .. 1
7 -.., :.
..
T . .. . . ..A
. . .. .. .*
2 .* ..,..... -..
‘<.”
>-.-’ 1
.I “k,:
. ii iF-
\ I’ i ,’ a
-1
__-a’ * .. ii i ' " 1-a..
c,. -150
‘,'
r, n
- .
_
1, WATER WALti;. .* 323 g’ .
\
z - y
e *
.* b’
“‘, - .- II \
,
? . .. -_
3
n. c i
L
c1 ‘_ 0 c
,
T
I Y ,
I/ i /’ _(. ‘ ? .- I.
_ , . .. I 0.
P h&..i.s & .I f rb. *
:a
5s“ : ? “, I
D , e
.i
'.i In 4
.lS t- ;
%
4
/ ‘.
I
45” + _ I.
rn 1 ? 2, .
i.
II i
.
I ” ‘” .
“k
m
$, D -
k 0
?, “C
0 n
I-
I .
0,
d
5
.:, I
‘,
. c .^
RBgof Pond $&q,y : . a
Space temperature fluctuations foi’a R?ofl%nd S&em .are proportional to the depth
of the pond. As the depth insreases;the fluctuation decreases. F,igure 1-7 plots hourly (
,indoor temperatures for various dqpth? of roof ponds. ‘ - u ‘. ; o
.‘, , h li
3
:.
da+!, , , , ., (. I ; ( , , 1 , 1 I , I **I I I / 1 I .I 1 !
- , .Z 3 4 I 0 7 8 0 l0 ll. Q f 2 3 4 S 6. 7 8 D lo 11 (7
1\
IS . AH m
&p. .
o *"I'. <
&i 5'. i
L. “; kg. 1-j: Hourly indoor,tegperatures forroof ponds of,,vyious I .. *
,.
5’ depths. u,
4
* -.~ 1
Cry&d&se (attach&d ori freestanding) n P 0
Solid Ma&nry Wa//s ‘and jloor&
l a greenhouse’ constructed of solid masonry
w&Is and/or flobr, -many factors influence indoor .temwra&;ie fluctuations. The rate .9
of greerihouse heat’loss,.~ the aria of south-facing glass and the” type of masonry
f miiterizil alI contribtitk; to the extent of,greenhouse femperatqe flu&ations. All this n
’ /mplies
( that $=iS @ual!y jmpiissible .togener.@i z~.,,$-n$~ graph to.L.+...1
‘&edict
.‘W”i(WL.~. .L*h..r- indow
-- ._. - = *
/
I
.a ‘* 4
.
0) - _ . 4 ,-,“&P -^ ‘. ~ * A y” B ‘0 : -
.D
a .. ..’ 0 ~ e
-/%
I
Y \ . . \ cc * 325’ ” ’ ;
5 ,‘b ,” , 562
:‘. s .y .
‘.
0sII
*-
bf* 4 *
: l
.l
ec n i,.,,, _
‘, ..l . 0 ‘\ ~. * .
,,: ,’ ,:.-* I(.. *,
,.
.j
ct
,T _--- k 4
b 0 ., ,z,. ,>I, .n
“( 9
I.“.$ CJ ,m
*. L
.
/ ,I -’
t
The c Passiye Solar Energy Book ‘_..P
d
,-
I. -- -~
I‘
^“‘-
. ‘” e
hourly.ternperatures. In this case, the daily ,range of ,indoor fluctuations for various q *’
greenhouse,conditions can only be estimated-GREENt-@LJSE D DETAILS(20). i
4> *
c
l Water Storage Wall’-SLnce a greenh;)wse is essentially a’Direct Gain System, the’ *
B
c
quantity of water in the greenhouse (in direct sunlight)- Iargely?ktermines the indoor’ . .: n V
-
temperatu$‘fluctuations. Figure l-8 graphs hourly indoor temperatures for var.iouP ’
J.D
quantities of water (cu ft) &r square -foot of.-south-facing greenhouse glass. The
,.- . ,, 1 ,
c Y . “’
.~ ,. 1.. i
I
.:.:0
:n.II -0 -“‘.#
I -
u 3 :
‘L
Hpurly gr&nhb& temperatures f@ various volumes
pf qater:tiorage per square foot of:south-facing glass.‘ ,4;
0 u’fl
.* I
: o’ r- 4 - 326. .i’ 0
.,. -* .-’
-. : 0 -, I: ‘
b ,. I
\ ‘. ‘.
R ( .!- i -c ,p c : L,\6- Appendix 1 ’ .
,,-:,;.. .
“P .L--. ~--. ~A”--- .-. L- - -~~~ ~~-
” - : “.
i
.Reiposed surf-ace of the w&; &II is assumed to,be a dark1 color ,and in direct sunlight’
.-- m&t of th’ady. 0”. ”
0 ,. -
_. ;. _1. ‘a
‘a0 , .b. 0.~
*9:;
c , L
“on@ final wgrd about ind,Aor t&$&rature fluctyations. Figures l-4 through 8’plot
..a _ _ . : hdti~l~ji&$ei~itures foe a space .&it6 no addit!opaq ihermal mass other than that
“$. -&1
0 incj&rted f& the system., bf additiSondl mass is located in a sp&e, then fluct,uations
Will be”:lesg.than thosg.gra&ed. For .ins@nce, a space co?structed of lightwekht .
’ materials (wood frame) Miith an 8ortich Thermal Water Wall !System.&ilI&pve a daily-.
*$:&%perature fluctuation of appdoximately 12°F (from -fig. l-6). If the entir; Space we&
\, .iil C cobstrucjed of tiasoniy=matefials (w.+lls and floor),~,#& &e daily fluctuation might
‘a
:p :- be only S’ or.6”F. As a genera rule, additional th&nal mass distribute,d~-in~~Space’ ’
Will rdude indoor fluctuations from those indisated on the graphs.
. e T
^. :~
.. .F 0%‘,3” n ‘>‘” i._ . .
’ *fi ey :*I )‘r 8 :. n
Heating Reqhxkrnents
c . r ..i ” *\ .
;i\ ”
* L. ’ .,
5 -.L .~
;&A’
.5 -The&qiCiary energy”<required &J heat a sp?& is the arnountOQded, in-addition tq.
-. ‘,;..
that p&c& by the solar system, to keep th$space a? a deGe@$nperature ‘&cially y ,:r 1.’ .;
70°F). The-auxiliav 6nerg.y requirement (Q%,,Jis estimate? on sn annual b&is fop;:
’ e- -:. the entE~R&building.9t C.FI$b& &ulated by the eq”o$ion: *’
- _. ,: t. 4’
-y---------
-- --.. .____ ‘, -l?q .______,-_ --
-.....-.-.:
c ---- -.- _.__yz \ Qaul = Qr_ L - Qc ..
,,I’
, ’
.2 1 m., . I. ““O%. _ ;r, b aI --
“XI L* . where: ‘“Qr’,r = an&&l s’pace heating rec@:rements in.Btu’s ‘. “” o % -; “cG-~’?
n , Ij a.g I 0 “‘I
,, .;-
0 _$$Ap ’ zn Q, -i&r F annual solar. h&&g contiib.ution ih.‘Bta’s. i 0”
0
,.’
-.;i ‘..?,a j ~ < . “.,,~.”
I ,.?a __’
3 ,‘, d 0,: CG
/@ P 1.
“h _ ” :
- :,:.
.‘J>’ -1
,$ 0’.
&&al Space He&g -R&ire ..‘4a .A.-
‘$,
:.2. ” space U value by ttt,& fl&~&&‘~t: thgspace and the number of h&ting degree- o“~
:. a. .. I ,...*c ; , ; ~” .~da4.
a _ * .g 8..
0 .(i
.‘< for the year:. ./1
\. ,_% ,, O.,.
.I ,, %
.n PPI, s’ Q:, 2. U,, x A.f,oo,x DO,, c,,.“F), i p
,,. --.._,*,._ ” “.%.. .;.; I
-- ‘.T’ ‘-,y--.!&erience
,r has shown that the heating requirement% of a ;pacq:,kepY at approXimately 70°F is’diiectty &’ ;
proportional to ti&riumber d degre&i average,<daily qutside temperature:<falls below_ 6WFJLhg,--- ---., -- ----_---- y
_ d&g&day is l@d&i this fact. Thus, tP e number of de&e&ys.per-d%$“is the nun+&%fdegr=~ -khe : - ’ ‘:
E“G 1-- ” average outdoor temperature is Iqej0-w 65’~-or,~~-~~~it.an&her
e+&P;’ way, the num&pf degree-days foi a -
,
1 g?‘v.en day equals 65°F miti& the d$ly.~$r&e odoor temljerature. TIWIWJ~ de
/’ Ienger briod of,time is then the sum’of tIiiiYdegree-days for each day in.that*e-C o-, A,
. ,c .’ . _ ..-< “p- c
_ ,,I” ...yY : cl 327 ,”
., .’ -.* CT.:; o4 ig ‘-13 :; L
-.I ,o l _, _ , , .
_.a. I 0 _---
.
-. .._- P
‘, ‘.“.., -. . Y sbo.--- h( 0 0’
‘, 8.0 ., , . ” ;i
‘: ,,’ >, L :
-.“L-
.7-,-~-=?r~~s171~. .-=L.L;,~i&-. -,-.--_ ~.~~=.~-~.~-.--~~-.-L=~_ _>le Lz._=;lr-mri LZ,, -+2. ‘--=7-y --z-Z?
:;;,,:,‘y‘ ._, .f ,, . .$.), ,, ‘:.%‘:;--: . , “._~.a ,“$l
.
i .n
0
J/ .-- ‘. = . \? %.
.h
\ ’
~~._.+- G-- ’ 0.
‘“/ ._.* -..., s* l1
0 ‘.$
: :. ~ :
” Tke PassiveOSolar Energy Bogk ‘,
.d’ .o’ .’‘- O.‘O
.! __i>___ -2--. .~_ - ‘-- -- -- - --.--- ? ~- -.
-3
--- .““ckesending.SHF.
,
If the LCR d&s not exactlimatch one of the values iistd*; then __~.~ _
_ ~____ -.--~-- I
‘09nterpQlate.betweeri
.. the tti6PGfosest
_ _ -_ _~~_ values.*
--~
~-~ ‘. .;.r
‘.: 0 :.-;..- - -,
~_ - , -~-,-J 1’
,>v: 1 ‘Ada&&-from 1. D.‘Balcomb and k D. McFarland, “A Simple kmpirical- Method for Estimating the ’
-. Pkformqnce,of a-Passive”.Solar Heated Building of the Thermal Stprage Wall Type.”
=.c
- _1
Proceedings of the
Second Nationa/ Passive Solar Conference, Philadelphia;karch 1fj-1 B, 1978,
OI =
df..--’
_. .y
:. . , _
0, ~..
-
328. .~.~0. . e _I /
7,:
I’.,,’ sr 4 -.
__ ..__
;- .-- .~
; ,, --*y.;g;, ‘, 5. I, .I. ._ c-
/,,~
-A-,
‘r’-+
&--A_ “-;-7 -..--,.._ ‘: :-- -.
-,,I.:,,“’ ,.,’ (8’‘,,“~, ,,;~_.~
...-..
_ ;-.k -- -~-.’ ,* ‘. .
c ‘..
!
Appendy
I
-. ------~ __...___
.m
I. . I
--
- Table--4!3 -Fr&tion;of the To&l kearly Space-Heat& Requirement Supplied by Solar Energy
i I
5 I
DD = ;;;%ree-days i TW = maso& thermal storage wall prombe)
WW = water wall, rooq pond or direct gain TWNI = masonry thermal storage wall (lrombe)
WiVNl= wiif er wall, roof /wmd or direct gain with night insulation with night insulation ’ 0
‘i I
s
Page, St-IF .I 0.1 0.2 0.3 , 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Ark. I .;;
Y
ww ” 196 88 -54 * 37 27 19 13 7
3. 6,632 DD WWNI 312 145 91 65 49 38 29 22
IIV5
,
195 94 56 37 25 17 -11 6
63 -. c)- 46
37”N 304 141 89 3.5 26 18
I 12
4
Phoenix, SHF 0. 0.2 0.3 0.4 , t 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Ark i
ww 626 a4 188 435% 102 78 60 , 44 29
1,765 DD -WWNI 863 407 26; 189 145 114 90 P 49 ‘1
.:.,.,,,,.,.,...,.,..
. . . .. .,......... . ,.. -53.7
...JW .,_,_._..._,.,_....,...~. 287 179 123 88 64 47 33 21 .I ’
33”N TWNI 819 386 247 176 - 132 .lOl 76 56 f8
@
Tucson, . SHF I’-+. 0.1 0.2 0;3 0.4 0.5 B 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Ark / .
LPVW 631 291 184 132- i 100 71 59 43 29
1,800 DD WWNI 871 403 @ 256 185 142 112 89 68 49
TW - 578 284 176 121 87 63 46 _ _3_3 ~/21.-L --
’ 32”N - ,-.~~. p&/k& .~- &r& -m 243 ’ 173 ’ 130 99 75 56 38
-r
rt *
Little Rock, i SHE. 0.1 0.2 ?- 0.; \ 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Ark. I - ,- \
ww * 239 108 66 46 33 24 17 11
-3;219 DD WWNI 365 172 107 76 57 44 35 26 18
Tw 232 . 112 ’ 67 .44 30 21 - . 14 9
35”N TWNI ~ 356 1-65 103 .73_’ 54 40 30 22 ^ 14
” P /
,
”
”
.6
2’
-,. ‘:29
_. .-.I-.. ,_ _.. -----.-.___
‘---‘-7 -
I
Davis, ‘SHF 0.1 0.2 h 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Calif.
2. ww 409 187 115 79 57 42 30 2'1 11
:.’
I,, 2,502 Do WWNI 585 272 170 ';120 89 68 -52 39 26
..J TW 376 183 36 25 16 -9
._ -3~~N . ., . Ye
111 74 1 - -.
TWNI 556 259 161- --.-olF2 .- q.-,5
82 61 -45 32 21
,, -‘
Tr
c____._
_.._-_- . . ..___ A_.---
.* . -2
Inyokern, ,. SHF 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 +-- 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Calif. ,_ ‘ - t. r
WW 453 209 129 90 66 e 50 .v 37 26 16. .
3,528 DD ,WWNL 641 300 188 132 ' 100 ?7 I' 60 a ‘46 a' 32 .-~
TW 419 204 124 84 59 42 30 20 . 12
36% -) j TWNI 613 284 177 124 92 - 69 52 '\ _ 38 . .?5'
-. .,. 9 c.
Los AAgeles, _ SHF D 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 , 0.; 0.6 -
.
0.7 0.9
c_
Calif. ,.
- ‘I
tiW 763 362": 225 158 118 .- .9t 70 52 35
:,, 2,061 Db WWNI 1032 498 310 ~, 219 165 131 -103 80 57,
Ip ” Tti ’ 687 344A 213 145' .. 103
,
75 55 35' 26 :.
-34"N ': 'TWNI 979 .464 291 205 153 i16 -0 88 .. 65 45' (
,' .
+I- -Riverside, ~HF , 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 ' 0.6 0.7
/
0.8 _ 0.9
c
Calif. *’
ww. 767 356 224 160 r. 121 *' 94 ‘/ 72 . 53 ,4 ;6 :
1,803 DD. / WWNI 1039 488‘ * 308 1 221 I 169 134 1'06 - 82 $8 ..
Tw 692 344 '214 146 . -105 77 56:‘. 40 .= ,26 . e
: @4"N. . :
$L TWNI 984 459 29u 207 155 118 .. 40 67 46
,*. 0
Santa Maria:, 0 , ?iHF 0.; . 012 i d.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 2 0.71 0.8 0.9 -
Calif.
. -.:-I i!Yw ---.-. 544 " - ~272 : m.G6- _ ~124--. ~~-- 96 74 56 41 27
2,.967 DD WWNI 752 ,. 376 247 179 ' 137 G 108# 86 66; J -'45 1
.:
TW 514 264 167 115 83 61 , 44 31 20 ‘ '
35"N -. TWNI 720 358 231 - 166 , 126 .96 73 54 36.
i, '
4
. - . I
._ .
‘” . . n '
: . . ..
_
“
’ J
c P'
I
1
.
i. ,7
m
%, ‘I
..
c
. Ap~ench 1
. i-
\ l
(I , s .
‘1..
a,
r :
-. Qanhy, SHF. 0.J.I’ 0'.2 0.3 6.4 0.9 ' 0.6 0.7 - 0.8 0.9 .
Cola.
0 0 -(
WW 196 90 a 56 39 28 20 14 .a
. 5,524 DD WWNI 313 146 94 -67 51 40 31 23 * 15
Tw 197 'r. K 58 38 ?& 18 I 12 7
40"N ' TWNI 303 143 91 ‘6'5 48 -36 , 27 19. 13
Grand Junction,, 5HF O.l- 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
# '3
,i . GOJO. *'
ww 199 92 56 -39, 28 20 13
5,641 DD WWNI 317 150 .95 6-7 51 39 30 22 15
Tw 201 97. 5s' 38 . 26 17 11 6
39”N TWNI' 310 145 91. 64 48 36 26 19 12
Washingto?, - SHF 0.1 012 0.3 : 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Oo.a 0.9
I
D. C. i
ww 179 79 47 3.2 22 15 9
4,224 DD - WWNI 292 '135 -58 44 f 33 25 .la .12
TW 180 8.5 ,K " 21 13 " a
39-w TWNI 285 . ~131' ., al - 5: 91, 31 22 16 ~10
. I.
e a .a-
Xpalachicol& SHF .’ 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 , 0.6' 0.7. 0.8 0.9 -
- Fla.
ww 700’ 34..P
44 204'
281 , 145
203 110 a5 65 48 32 ,
-: 0 1,308 DD’ WWNI 956 155 123 97 75 53
Tb! 635 $13 ~ 194 133 95 70 ‘ 51 36 24 k
3O“N " ,TWNI 906 -240 266 189 142 o loa 82 61 '42
:
+ Gainesvillel SHF- . ,+ 0.1. 0.2 0.3 9.4 0.5 ' 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
fia.
,,‘l, ww ' 7il 333 ' 212 152 116 , 90 ' 69 51 35
DD’ WWNI 1000 4 457 s ' 292 211 162 '129 102 79 ='56 '
, l',i3ri
TW 662 326 202 139 100 .73 54 0 39 25 *'
300N TWNI 943 I e35 276 197 148 113 _. 86 64, 44. ' '
5 .
v I b
I Tallahassee, StiF 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 _ 0.7 0.8 0.9
Fla. &!
ww‘ 621 285 '- 179 . 128 97 75 57 42' . 28
1,48FDD _ WWNI 857 397 249 I' 1aq 138 109 87 67 48..
.o ~ J-w 563 279 172 117 84 e 61 4s 32 21
30”N TWNI a09 376 237 - 169 127 97 '73 54 37
L
Tampa,, -’ SHF o 0.1 : 0.2 0.: s 0.4 0.5 . 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Fla. D
. iiW 114> 573 374 272 210 166 * 129 98 .- 69
1 , 683 DD WWNI 1526’ 760 a 500 365 283 227 182 141 ". 102
a Tw urg59 548 351,: 245 179 134 1M)” 7j 49 >
28"N - _ TWNI 1443 :.717 467 339 258 199 ~ '
. 152 114 ,!‘"' 8o
< c r S! I !
.a $ d 4.
a
II ,
. . ‘, c
0 1.
. c -? .
. :. i.
.
,,e.
j’
r
”
. * . . 1
.’ ,.
/o.
r
;.. .'. 2
~, .: : .. -. - _ ). -.- -. ..%-..” _= -. -” ---
_ ‘” (.,p.,-r, ;;,. , ,~., ,- ~,,
:‘f ;,_ : .!; /
‘
I
. I
Q _ ~.
_mA:c----:-- - -- I
_--_
i
e
.. .
0.5 .
Ddge City, SHF 011 0.2, 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8. (I.9
~
Kans, : ,-F
.
i&w 214 99 6.1 43 31 'i 23 16 10%. -
4,986 DD _ . __$!((I- 335 160
’
101 72 54 42 33 25
214 104 63 41 A 28 20 13. 1 '>.I a
38&N : TWNI 21
327. 154 97 69 51 38 29
,I *
Appendix 1
,
.*.
Lexington, SHF ,> 0.1 0.2 ; ‘0.3 0:4. o-5 0.6’ O&7 O& 0.9 .
.I
KY. , ..
WLI/ 14-3 ‘63’ -36 24 16 10 J”
. 4,683 DD WWF4 “2451 114 70 49 36. 23 121 15 10
TW 148 7p ) . 40 25 1% 10 5
_- 38”N TWNI 242 112 69 48 35 26 19 13 8.
/ ‘cl
La e Charles, SHF ’ 0.1 0.2 ~0.3 0.4 0.5 O-.6 ’ 0.7 0.S’ 0.9
_
La r
- 0
ww : 522 239 152 109 a2 63 - 48 35 , 23
i,459 QD WWNI 730 338 214 1 5,s ; 119 ‘a 94 74 57 4b
: : TW 481 237 146 “rpo 71 52 38 26
3Q’?N TWNI 695 .322 204 146 109 i ‘83 d3 46
\
Shreveport, SHF 0.1 0.2 0.3 -0.4 \ \\ 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
La. . . .- . \__
,
’ .-361 166 104, 74 ‘” 65 42 31 22 14
’ 2,184 DD ‘ ,W&‘NI 524 111 =‘a5 67 53 40 28
TW 340 69 49 35 25 17 10
” 32”N ?jWNI - ,500 234 105 ’ 79 . 60 45 33 22 ‘...... ‘a._ .
f 7.,b b e 14..
r+ **
4
-’ , Caiibou, I”. . .‘SHF 0.1 0.2 8.3 0.4. 0.5” 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Maine
* ww 83 34 i7 a .
g,‘1&[;‘--I--- . . WN 1” 172 78 48 33 24 17 13 B a ’ 0
43-? 23 e12 .5
7g 48 33 23 17 12 a 4
.. .
Portland, 0.; 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 b.7 0.8 0.9 *
r. .&i&. o I ,_
>,I
54 31 * 20 I 13 7
r’ “7;511 DD ’ 103;. 64.* 45 33 25 19 14 8’
62 . 35 ” 22 14 8
102 63 44 e 32 23 If j 12 7
5
‘k. <, Boston, .. 0.2 0.3 a.4’ 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
.
Mass. D
60 %’ ” 35 23 15 > 9 .
5,634 Db 110 _’ ’ -” 68 48 36 77 21 ,_ 15 9
67 39 24 15 9 5
42”N ‘. 108 67 ~ 4i , 34 2.5 18 13 -8
. ‘8 .
:7: .
East Lansing,, 0.2 0.3 0.4’ * 0.s 0.6 - 0.7 0.8 0.9
G Mich. i \
== 46 25 1 5 ii’ 3 a i
f&fJs DD 94 57 , 39 1 29. .- 2’-2 s 16 !J -; 7
54 -30 18 1. 10 - 4. I---‘-- .
d l
_ .--
~ 43”N * 206 z 93 57 39 28 20 15 .. 10 i;
__,’
,I’
--
, L - .;.
x
_
-- ‘L-3
:
333
c
a’. __ _ ,. ;.
0 I ,
‘.
. ‘\ _. ‘_..,
:.:
c
.I .’ w
._.’ , I
_i
: ,*.. . ,
: .;- -4
_”
The Passive Solar Energy Book ^ II
,’ .
, - ^. \ : , ” ~.
‘.i
PI
6
j
Sault St. Marie, SHF 0.1 ” 0.2 0.3 014 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9
Mich.
e
ww 100 40
9,948 DD WWNI 193 a7 13 5
TW 110 +49 / :
46-N I JWNl 192 a7 ” 13 a 4 D
,1,49 69 40 .
‘,
, 47"N ~ “’ - TWNI 243 112- 69 la - 12 7 .
: D
-
‘%
>
. .;” \ .
I
* Lincoln, SHF 0.1 1 q.2 ‘2 03 0.4 c& 0.16 -* -‘0.7 0.8 0.9
‘\,
- Nebr. “3
-ww, 175 7; ~. 45 30
5,864 DD WWNI 288 133 82 57 42 1% 12
Tw 176 83 ’ 48 31' "20 . *
‘41”N TWNI 280 129 ‘79 55 : 4b. 16: 10 ’ o
.i
,
.
- /
T-- , -
Appendix 1
. -
Las Vegas, SHb 0.L
0
L 0.2 0.3. 0.4. .- 0.5 -tlI& __\ 0.7 0.8 ’ 0.9
Nev. .-. _
ww 448 209 130 92 ‘58 52 39 --. 28 17‘ _
‘2,709 DD WWNI 632 300 - 188 134 102 80 63 48 33
TW’ 414 205 126 . 85 60 43 31 21 ‘13
‘36”N , TWNI 603 ,I q4 179 71 53 39 26
ii
__, _---... /
Reno, . SHF O-cJ 0.2 0.3 o$ 0.7 0.8 0.9
t
Nev.
88 54 37 ‘_ 26 18 12 6
_I
-
6,3‘32 DD’ ;;N, ./-:er 145 91 l 65 49 37 -, 28 21 13
_’
Tw 192 93” 55 36 24 16 10 5
TWNi 298 ‘ 141 89 62 46 34 25 18 11
Seabrook, . SHF 0.1 * 0.2 013 04 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
N. 1. .
ww ..I63 - 72 43 29 20 13 8
4,812 DD. WWNI 271 126 78 -55 41 31 24 17 11
TW 167’ 78 46 29 0 19 12 7
‘39”N TWNI 267 123 c. 76 53.” 39 29 21 15 9’
( J
Albuquerqbe, ..?Sf@ 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 a
.< N.~Me-&. T B
.ww ‘278 133 83 ‘59 33 24 16 /‘9
4,348 DD WWNI 4:14 201 128 92 55 a- . 33 23
; ---fW t 271 135 83 * 56 28% 19f 13 7n
35”N * - TW 402 193 123 87 49 37 27 18
3 .$
Los Alamos, 2HF ’ 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
N. Ibex. D
ww 179 , 84 52 26 18. 12 7”
6;604 DD WbVNI 288 139 89. 48 37 -29 21 14
c Tw 183 89 54 ’ 24 16 ;’ 1 1 6
36”N ’ TWNI r-, 285 136. 86 , ‘45,. ., i-f4 25 18 a 12
. -r._
. . 3’
< ; Ithaca, 6.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 O-6,:. 0.7 0.8 0.9
. v m .:
N. Y.
,’ ! -
WY- 3% 18 9 1
6,914 DD WWNI 83 0 34 i 24 18 13 .9’ 5
;,
Tw 46 ----: 2 13 i 6
42”N TN1 83 *_ -51 ’ 24 17 ” cl2 4
34
i-i.
ww’ 1 147
0.2
.-
64
P-3
38
0.4
‘is
. 0.5
17
il.6
11
.0.7
.5
0.9
0
: Raleigh, SHF ” O.l.% 0.2 0.3” 0.4 0.5 -0.6 0.7 jI.8 ^ 0.9 L
: NC. :) - 9 A
‘\,I”
~Z
” ‘*ww ‘256 ; ! 1i ._,,/’ ,-fL 50 - 37 ” 27 19 * 12-j 7
..‘, 3,393 PD WVSil 391 ) wz”~ 114,. 80 61 > ir8 . 37 :-. 28 19
A.- ~.~.‘-,. I :TW- ;;;; ’ 2---
c.. 1175
fo I -72
109 = l 48
7-7 0, 33,, .* ; ‘23 16 10 .5
,1 ‘/ :3&N, 57. 43 32 23 I5
.*
--c -‘?
o.i,‘a 0.2 ‘* 0.3 I. 0.4 . ‘-6.5 0;6 p 0.7 0.8. Q,c) : :
0 / 8
G/W ,‘lll’ ’ 46 25 ’ 14 4: .,,$. -0~. 21
WWNI 108. 94 57 ; 39 “15 10 6
.
i: ,‘ WV r 170 J 54’ 30’ .I7
., -MN -iWNl 207 9’4 _ 57 ._ 39 .k 27 20 14
/ ,- :*4 5 ~
i
6
‘.
il a . I P
i,.; 0 ,, CJevkland, , SHF 0.1 $2 ‘p:” 0.4 0.5 ; ,0.6 - 0.7 6.8 0.9
:,,, :’C.’ Ohio .. ..’
._.. lJ5. * ‘&IN. ~ l,OZ ‘-4’- : 41 1 @ 22 iz ”
: 6;,351 D-D WWNI 202 . ’ 89 53 .c: 36 ‘26 ,, ” i0 ) 14 6
Jo ,y
_.,, 7-w ‘3 .114. 50 27’ z”‘i l’s, fj
-, 5 4VN’ TWNi 200 ’ 89 b 93 ’ 0:’ 26 . 26. / 19 13 ‘,9O
- _’ g5
. %
- ..
-. t
* .a
,. -_
‘- 1
,” . --! .f
I,,. .a. ‘/ -
<.
‘I
.,I,. I’&
” n
Appqndix 1
.I i 1
Cdlumlys, SHF 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 &6 0.7 . '0~8 0.9
Qhio .* ~.
F ., ‘WW 120 11
e 51 29 78
5,211 BD WWNI 218 loo 61 -' 42 - 31 22 17 '12 7 3
TW 128 59 33 20 12 6
.4O='N r TWNI .' 216 99 61 42 30 22 16 11* . 6 '-
- s;‘
.%
Put-in-Ba$, / SHF 0.1 0:2 ' 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6. 0.7 0.8 0.9
, 0 '_
Ohio r,
‘= kw 102 39 20 9-
5,796 DD i WWNl 199 88 -52 35 ‘25 s 48 13. _, 8
TW 112 48 -, 26 14 6
42'N = ,:I-WNI 199 87 52 35 25 16 12' 8
-
1
Oldahoma Ci,jy, : SHF 0.1 \'.r, 0.2 ‘m 0;3 0. 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.8" 0.9 -
1. '._ I y-5
OkI’& I-* : 1.. .
I9 ww 250 " 36, 26. 19 12
115 i 70 4?
.3;725 PD. WWNI 382 179 y A12 1 8o . 68 47 . 37 " 28
TW 243 1 l-8 71. 47 32 23 15 10‘
35"N , TWNI 370 17x, 108 76 ,I 57 43 32 23
9.
I. Astoria, SHF 0.1 0.5 Cf6 0.7 0.8 q 0,9 , /
Q loa2 Ov3 Oa4 L
-0reg. ,’ :, ’ ’ .,
4~’ 9 / 1
ww 207 38 59 39: 26. 17
.,‘. . *5,‘186 DD J. ‘:, .WWNI 158 99 '69 .50 37 '27 lg2y, 1'
_, , 322
‘6,‘i 99 59 38 25 16 ' --A. i
> \’ TW '205 ')-9- B t
-2p4’ ~_ _’ TWNI ’ -315 '152. 95 65 '47 34 24 1 16 < 9
, - -:
Corvalljs, l l J AF 0.1 0.2 $3 5.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 9-8 r\ ,o.g .
““,$ ,;.:Oq, ~ R- i 0. - t .
ww 224 96 _ 5-7i--.. 24 ? " 16 .9 7 I
L ii8 97' 67; 48 _ 362' 26 I8 ii
-‘WWkl 352 ~~
‘* ., ‘TW 2l+ 100 58 '~ .36 : '- 24 15 9 -- .
P’ 63 I 45
23 116' '1. 9 C‘
45"N. ' p TWN! 341 153 ' 93 <. ,33"
.t ‘2
/,
Medford, ’ SHF * ," .O.l 0.2 , l0.i . 0.4 -0.5 .,0.6'
i
ore& ; ‘_i
rD I WW 188 83 _._ '-49 31 20 ' , I\*2
' .5,OOi ‘DD WWNI !06 139 86 60. 43 3i -23' Ii -16 9 .'j_
,.
TW. 186 87 ‘50 . 31 20 '2.) 6 ', ._.
40 '29 21' 14 - " '8 a
TWhlI --’ 296.. 136 83 57 ="-31
0
\ ".a?+-;t'j* ,*
‘, State C$lege, StiF I 0.1 8.2 , 0.3 0.41 0.5 L 0:6 0.7.. ;. lq ., . ~$%;9 , :
pa* ” ;.i- -_ -1 i il .
I , ,
- 0 ‘. I :-
117 50 18“ 11
23 4,7 12 7 :, : * a : ',I .?=-
5,934 DD - wwy , 214 ’ 98 42 31
0 ‘TW 126 58 20 12 6 .' 8, 9-
22 L 16' 11 -e6 &
41"N' TWNI ,243 b- 97 41 30 ;
.b
ra ‘\ *, I
.I
.
I’ . .1
’
:,. ,:.,
:,,7:I, ,: \* .B
v : F i t?_
I,.,..
‘. ‘. - _.
* ‘/
”‘h.L.-/ _I
..~
.
:*1..,( +. .
“i
5:....A ,_ The Pas&i, Solar l&rgy Book , /‘
,“_ __
‘. I < .,,._
- I’./
NeGport, S;IF 1 0.1 0.2 .;--.0.3 /I 0.4 w 0.5 0.6 0.7 ‘- 0.8 0.9 i
R. 1. o _’
i’
I ww 150 66 -. 40 27 1’9 + .12 t 7
5,804 DD ( WWNI 256 118 ‘74 52 39 I 30 23 17 11
i
‘k ;.. ^ i TW 156 74 ’ 43 27 18 11 7
., 41”N TWMI. 251 -116 72 51 ‘37, 28 II TO 14 9.
, 1 - ’ .:.
..-- * n
Chailestoy, _ . SHE 0.1 ’ 03 - 0.3 -0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7’ - ; 6.8 0.9
_..:* I .-. ‘I 4,
..‘l c Y?,S.C. ./” ,, .* ;4
... / ww 204 -’ 127 90 67 52 39 28 -18 _
L 2,ij3j”oD _ WWNI 624 295 184 132 100 79 63 48 34_
: _ ----
,_ ,c -5 TW 4b7 ,, 202 124 ,?84 ,59 ’ 43 31 21’ 1 i3
i 33”N . .’ ‘TWNI -- --sty 279 93 .’ 71 ?” 53 39 27 _
. ~- 0
.. * !\,i ,
i’ Rapid City, . SH-F . 0.1 ‘.(, 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 6.9
..
ww” 149 io 67. 40 26. 18 11 6
,.W%‘NI : .253 ,,,118 * 74~, 52 39 30 22 16
-- TM! .155 73 43 27 17 l! 6
‘. TWNI; 249 116 72 . 50 37 27 20 14
1
“‘. SHF 4 1 0.1 0:2 0.3 tF .- Ol? 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Tenn. ‘, ’ n
99 59%. ’ 40 28 20 i IL; 8
355 161.. ._ 98 . m 68 51 ‘. : 39 ,30’ 23
‘t 103. 61; :..39 ‘< 26^ 18 11 ; 7
1,55 -, 95 48
CI 36 27 19
.
0.2 0.3 0.4 0..5 0.6 0.7 O+ +..
,..-e\ .. ;Tenn. 1 .. -’ .q i ‘,
l;ijk,; :: .,-.ww “-*‘&IA ’ -90 54 36 r ;6\ 18 12 ’ 8
,.1 ‘.
,. ,, . 3,877 DD ’ : WWNI : 4, 325 149, : 48 37. 29 21
%,‘i
‘I
i,,,;..,.’ ,‘2 I ,TW 20’1 95 24’ ’ 16 6
+ $,,I ,‘_
: 3&N: I ’ d TWNI 315 ’ 145 ‘4, 46 . 34, 25
c
i -‘- .
0.5
0 0.6 ‘0.7 0.8 . - 0.9 o
i< I
/
\
: 0.
.
Appendix 1c
,
\.
Fort Worth, , SHF .- -q. 1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 '0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
T&. L
10
366' 171' 108 ;6 - 57 : 43 32 -23 14
* 2,405 DO * WWNI 526 “: 251 159 115 87 69 54 41 29
Tip 344 _. 171 1067 71 .50 36 26 18 ,. 10
1
33"N TWNI 503 ;V? \\ 152 108 ~ 81 61 46 3q 23
. -.
n 1\h
Midland, SHF p -0.1’ - 62 \ 6.3 , 0.4 0.6 0.7 -0.8 0.9
u
Tex. I
ww :385 184 11‘5 - 82 4.j 35 r-25 16
i 2,591 DD WWNI 548 267 169 121 73 57' 44 31
TW 362 182" 1 13 ” 76 39 48 19 12 ._
TWNI 253 161\ 115 65 .24 .-_
-5 ’ 'I 527 49 .36
k ._
‘;,
San Antonio, i SHF f/. 0.1 0.2 0.6 '0.7 0.8 0.9 :
. , Texf
ww 547 t "253 m66 50 -37 24. Q
1,546 DD
. - WWNI 762' 1355 98 78- : 60 4? ,
:* I 501 @ 54 . 40 2 28 -18
; -j , ;:NI 87
30"N . 722 66 49 33 '
r.
1 Flaming Gorge, SHF 0.1 0.2 : 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 -
I.,i '.
Utah
,, *
I.
. f I
i
,A;(.,..4.“.1....1.“1_.....-
..,.._”,_._..-fl
/I I, ‘%he Pa$ve.S&r Energy Book ~ -
.,
a ..I]:,. - 4
_ !4 ~
Richland, .+ . SHF ’ -011 , 0.2 s ,a.3 0.4 0.5 0.6: "0.7 0.8
-Wash.'.
_ .
- '. ' . 7 . r
ww 17-s_, PT. 43 25 . 15 7 0
d
.5,941 DD WWNI ’ 293 ' 133 0 81 54 38 27. ,, 19 13 7 ,:
*
-x. o TW ’ 1.76‘ SO ,45 27 d6 9'
47'N i; TWNI ,,, 285 I 130 78 : 52 36' 26 18,‘ ' 12 , 7h* .,
,I:.
F SattIe,’ SHF = ‘= 0.1 _ 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 .
I L. -d o-4 I
Wpsh. /’ I -1
I 4 ., “,,
‘. . i wiv 219 93 52.. 32' 20 -11 '9 l..
4;424 DO WWNI 346 ; 154 93 62 44 31 22 15
TW . ,211 54 33 "?&$o 12 6
S?
48"N TWNI 333 14+ 89 59 '.41 29 * 20 . 13 ”
*.
Spokane, SHF ’ 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 9.6 . b.7 - 0.8 0.9
,-, ‘+h. : . c
.. . ww 149 ' 63 34>. 20 10
OWi.DD WWNI 255 116 70 47 33 23 17' 11
, TWX , 151 68 38 22 13 7 6
-. .\,- WN I * TWN,I '251 114 68 <.fls 32 22 16 10 5
-:A \ .-
\
Madison,. SHF 0.1 .(. 6.2 0,3 0.4 0:s 0.6 0.7 043 0.9 ~
Wis. _ - 1
‘C &
WW .108 44 # ?4 14 7 y
7,063 DD W’+Nl 206 92 56 38 28 - 21 16 i 11 6 _
TW %19 53 .&.,*k 29 /7 d 10
" ,43'N TWNI '204 92 56. 38 27 20 ._...., 14. .I@.' 6
. .- _ ._..-C...'.-
z
Lander, SH; ’ 0.1 _ 0.2 0.3' d.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 L ^ (I.8 0.9 *
WYO. ‘163 -* 7g. .-.--- G ._._-__
-’ &ww $2 a:.- 22 15 !9
7,870 DD -/ WWNI 267 1\29 58 44. . 34 ' 26 19 12 ;
.; I TW. 168 . ‘81 -32 14 9 4
?'
4&l : I -hVNI 264 126 80 -56 41 31 23 16 10
\
Laramie, ” : ’ SHF I * 0.1 0.2 .0.3 ci.4. 0.5 L 0.6 0.7 0.8 4:;
wya. i .
* /
” ww 15; ?I2 44 : ; 31 22 15 9‘ 10' "
7,381 DO0 WWNl 263 124 79 56 43 33 26 19 13
* ,TW i64$ -79 47‘ 31 21 14 9 '4
+l”N TWNI 259 122 73 55 1 41 30 '23> , 16 10 !
-i
’ Eamonton, SHF 6.1 0.2 0.3 .0.4 ?, 0.5*, ,$x6 ;" b.7 _ 0.8 0.9
c _'.
~ Albe$a 1 “-5 I
93c .3?
I,&268 DD DWWNI ,184 83 48 31 20 0. i 13 8. 4,
T.w 102 42 20 .
'54"N i l%VNl’ 18q 83. 48 31b -20 14 .9 5
c
.
: ‘ .
. n
..
2340. r y _
h 0
,’ i _.
‘A, c.
,‘.’ 02 . ..F.
,. ,’ ,. (.‘.“., :,,. .., \ i I .._ _
:‘) ,
*
~_;- & O”.
. ...
6. 1)
i
‘,Ap@endix 1 .
,
;*
* gg. : . *
- -,7iOBax?tm..~ S?HF 0.1 0.2 - 6.3 -’ 0.6 0.7 ;‘, 0.8 0.9
Ontarib. e ‘b.., +?sr .-a
,;, j5 , _- -
l-7 - 7---
7;-8;js” DJ3--- ,- WWNi - s35” 81 142 33 24 12 . .8 4
o J-W c ” ‘103 *a 2j ‘? 13 . _.
, 1 ,45”ti -,,.. .TwNI 189 ‘” 82”. 49 33+ 24 4 17 12”” 88 4
i* I
‘.$; -.
0 /
B
E 4;
I -Tordntb, SHF 0.1 0.2 0.3 : -0.4 0.5. 0.6 * 0.7 - 0.8 0.9
P
Ontario’ .” 0 ww 103 42 23; 14 6 3
.6,!27 DD ’ WWNI 198 a9 , 55 .’ 38 27 21 15 10 --’ 6
m I b.
m.,‘ .- -p/+“. 114 51 28 16 9 0
‘1 .
. :
-d--.---
: ;; .4 1
‘..” ‘V
t .: *
L
,..,..I’,
-..
..‘.,. 0
P
’ 341
‘. ‘%:* : ?
i .,. (, ,\.- ‘,&’ ;, :A?, . .,,’ : .
., m “p---z7.. -”I.-.-.. 4.
,’ ‘,/ (’ /: ,, , , ;g, ;’ o - 4.. , ‘
I 1 ,
’ r “.
,i
- I
I I / -”
T
.
,
,;‘k, “. ; ,,i, -. ,”
._
The Passive Solar Epergy Book* I r J.
“_
w I ”D
\ /. - f
.‘.
.I
1:
- The gapit~l recovery factor is determined ‘from bankers’ tables or, foqntjlas.. It ‘is’*
,, ---I-- - .-$ &fined as-the-whe.ef-capita~~divhhal. It may be th,e interest rate that your _ ”
‘* .
“~moneywould earn if you invested it, or the annuai’cost of a~loan made to finance the
1extr.a cost of the passive system: For example, the’capital recovery factor of ;b 10% \
D
_,,.. ’ 30-year loan is 01106. * t -
f\. a%l ! , :b
‘1; f. 8
To illustra\ e the use’of-the formula, ‘if we assume, for” example, that
co . ‘\\ ”
\T- --I..4-z:.
;\ :f i .,..
e -th,e pas “ve solar heating system costs $5,000 above installed-conventional o
,:.\.’ i) ;9 constructi ii costs, 7
* E -the .%’
capital ‘r covery {actor is 0.106 for a 30-year loan 0at 10% interest, ’
. i--- -_
cost*for the system is $55 a year, and
.,
,- I
. ‘,:.r,:
;‘- : ‘, 0 8 Cd 7..,y _-
.I . CI ._
., ‘- . : u I 7 ----.
\. ’ ,I- ’. i 1 o ..-
8.: (( _,.I t 3’42 , ’
.I, -f I 5. . 7. 6 -.,‘r:
..::.I‘. .’, ,,
I;
*,
; *. ‘.
!
,“.‘....,’: ;’,,,“’
:,,, ‘. _L_ - _---...._..___.
... _, 5 “:, _
-I,‘,,
,,.I ,, .” & . .’ >..‘, . ?----A,‘,.~
Appendix 1
n I
BEQIN
(Example: 10% ) ?
d
o 3. Intersect line representing the amount of collected
solar energy which is utilized in the building, ’
0 2 10 , 15 20,
1
expressed ‘in Btu/sq ft of collector/year. b ...e
.
ANi&&INCFJEABE IN
,
c, (Example: 200,000)
3 ENEMY COST, PERCENT 4. Intersect line representing the cost of alternate~fueJ]s
expressed in cents/kwh.
i.. (Example: Gas at 1 .O cen;kwh)
‘I .\
* ‘I
..,5. Read the number of years to break even on the .- - ~-1
\ . -
initial irivestment.
I
(Example: ,S years) _-- 7
L
; -g& ‘-
I / Based on 8% interest, 1% maintenance/year.
J ., a
0.191 07 '
12 O..l 1 6 03 0.119 28 _ \\ 0.125 90 0.184 48 ,,
13 0.1'09 68 0.112.96 ., U.119'65 0.h II
0.17.9 69
o.i7i 02
i, --- --- --. I
0.167 95
'. ----IT7------.0.092 04 * Go95 44 " 0.102.43 0.165~37 ' :
0.163 19
0.161 34
0.159 76
0.15842 =.
'0.;157 27
0.156 28'
0.15543
0.093 68 .m 0.110 17 0.127 50 0.154 70
: $154 07 .:
0.15353 -'
28f .@Ci7Q*81 .Q.P74 59 . .e-;os234----~;e9s-r9---~~~*-----...-0- -175 2~; n I ,,.,~d,------
215; 0.069 77 cd.073 58 0.081 45 0.089 62‘ - 0.106 73 0.124 66 0.152 65
Ie .,:bo O.d68,81 -i 0.072 65. 0.080 59 dI.O88,83 0.106 08 - O.-l24 14 'k52 30 % F~
r '1 ,~
II * ~,I31
' 0;067 92'. 0.071 79 ‘0.079~ 80 00881; y“'-01055tj 1.123 69 Of152 00
''u, '! . ,3,2 ', 0.0$7'10 0.071, 00 ' 0.079 07 oh7 45 k.,o:l 04 9; 0.123 28 -. .O.l
(I.070 27, 0.078 41 . 0$86 85 $pp&--().j22 *-- (yj .-
0.069 60 ':C$p7j'80 ,,0.08$ 3Q 0.104 07 0.1'22 60 ,o.i5i 3i
0.068 97? , 0.0!7 23 "0.085
. 80- 0.103
.z 69 0.122 32 ., ,0.151 j3
..
'_ ,
r. .J.' 3, . ..
--
.
A.pp&b&x,,: 1,’ ,
(Figures *are expressed as the percentage of the, intensity of solar radiation striking the surface.)
.
r
.: .. 0.20 r?
Reflective iurfaces .........................................
For white, smooth surfaces ................................. : ... 0.25 to 0148
For grey-td’dark grey .......................................... 0.40 to 0.50 ,
For green, red apd brown ...... ........ :. ..................... 0.50 to 0.70.
For dark brown to blue ......... \
................................ 0.70 to 0.80
1 For dark blue to black .................................... . ....... 0.80 to 0.90
il ’
“1 ’
. J
? < --A
-‘I I -- .T
,,.l ’ P
;/
,’
/”
3
/’
Appendix
,’
&ston, Mass.
” 505.5 738 8*z '1067.1 1355. 1769 _. ---
‘Lat. 42;22’N’ r ,./-
.
_ .._~ ___ ....
~l~&ww&te--propertv -zTM&T& -far S&IF Satrng anCI%mesfrc HCH Wa’iei, Nkional Bureau of Standards,
/---
Washing&, D.C. ,-
8 ,'
1
'346. )
i. / 0
r, .I _. ?$? ' c
.-
Y . .:.
L .A' !
Appendix 3.,>",,,
: L,
.,'.,A.
,/ ' o,fi_ '.
.9: ._ 6 ', .\_
;"T
-* ' '?'
,&- ..*-
-‘- (. d+i_ : -
'9 ,,.:L:
>-,'_-
.% \
G , .‘
.- _-
.d - .
r
. The.Passive Solar Energy Book, . ‘_
l
). ,.’
.
i.
L
_L. January
Februqry , March April ? May
/ .
7
Charlest&: S. C.’ ,,"J” 946.j . 1152.8-m---1$52.4 1918.8 2063.4
I
,' "
’ Lat.‘32”54’M . ,1.’ - 1
‘/ /’ m__- -
/
* 331 ..7 652.4 1165.3 - i541.7 19FQ.4 n
c s . - -D
\ 0
' 124'7.6 ‘.1612.9 2048.7 2447.2 2673 ~ 1.
,
_ 7 i
Ely, Nev. ‘\ ,’ . ’ : +‘187,m6\ ! 1i5’5 ,.,‘I 1744.8 2103.3 2322.1
Lat. 39”17’N \ * v - %-.: -- .. 2’ &d .
-$
.T--~
I .- d70.8 1702.9' 1.247.6 699.6 323.6 .$D 104.1 20.3
'...
:. *
I 1
b -1
P
1)
1 b
1 ./
-,
,, “W--I _ ,349
J” (-
-_ -
/I’
.I’ t .:.
;1;-/ _, ; .. .. . . .~ C& F --__ 0
- I - -._. I!
--. 0’
a
4
J* “_
*’ ‘d
\ ”
i i
\it, mw -ry March A& MY 0,
D \ ^_
Fort worth, Tex.> \ 936.2 1829.1 2105.1
Lat. 32”SO’N , ’ 1. 1
Lat. 40”1S1’N *
1
I
,
Great Fails, Mont,. 1 524 869.4 - l-369.7 16i1.4 d 1.970.8 '
.
: Lat. 4P29’N +
-; Ii ‘.
..o
Gkensboro, N. C. * ' 7431.9' 1031.7 -' VJ232 '
1755.3 19088.5 *
P
Lat. 36’%5’N .d , n
I
---~-~-~--x5., b
$ATinj C$. ., . 889.6 a-ll3$.8 ". 145019 '. 19d3:6 ,'2163.1~
-
1- ’ I
,,+ ” Lat. 33”lS’N ’ $ ; . f-
c
) .
’
L/ Hatier+, Ni C. $91.9
I
' 1184.1- 1590.4 / ' 2128 - '2376.4.
-lat. 35Y 3’N
‘8,
<’ I
i; ;, “I 2 P I ‘.,
c
Indi&apolis, Jnd. * 52'6.2 *.. 797.4 - 11sa.1 1481.2 '1828 8.”
*-&at.39’44’.N \
@ ,$ 6, b .
;
‘- J’,j
-., --
lpyokb, C,alif: -7 - 1148.7. . 1554.2 2136.9‘ - 2594.8 2925.4 0
Liit. 35”39’N ..a .-
‘. \ ..
si \l
! Ifhuca, kY.. 1 434.3' 755 r 1074.9 .. 1322.9 1779.3'
Lat. kZ”27’N i .‘..-
. ::
J
La& Cka@s, La. Fffb.2 _~ :1145.7 ' !487.4- i801.8 2080.4 '- .e
.-
Lat. 30”13’N
m : r
1, I _-
s.
. f -..-- ,_- $3 >.-
.‘. :, ,- - ,a -
: $1 .;54 ‘: : 1
L * %., r;; ./
_.
/ ,‘,:.‘: ” ,..; ” I’
,, _(“,, c: : ‘-- _ -.: 3 c : \.
:
/ :.v ‘-. I 0 -
-’ . ’
P
“r
, i
f Appe’ndix 3 X i .’
p /j
i ,~ ” ,;’ I . \., (1
. ,_A&st ’ September : ’ October November December
Li- ‘6 I ,
2216:6 1880.8 1476 ,1147.6 ~ 913.6
*
4 1: _ B *
I
a 7
*: -__
\
‘ZE 61(”_ 2645.4 -251F7 1 e157.2 1957.5 1394.8 969.7 * 793.4
- ;I . n
m ,, ‘) 8. 4 9
’
..ajg,; ‘) 2103.3 i 1708.5, --.I. 1715..8 *,, 1212.2 . _ 775.6 660.5
,A . ; :! -_ ;
T1,’ *,
. @~,",~"&2020~~"~,.
lo ~$0391; o 1832.1 ' 1513.3 w lb9414 ' 662.4 .,,491.1
I$! '$ ,. I -' ._ ,
-.d 1: .. I
,
...m310d.8 -_- 2908.8 - a759.+ 2409.2 .* '1819.2 3170.1 " '- 1094.4: !
.-
b I
-1 10 8 &,'
--.
-2025.8 - .' ?031'.? 1 i736.9 1320.3, -P 918.4 I 486.4" 370.8 z
4 I _'
9 ,
r . -.. 0
fl : I
- 2213.3! 19i8.6 1410.3 1'628;2 . ,J505:5 !1122%1 ~, . 875.6
I ‘
I -* .
=
: _. c- v.
I /. .
_. . : I .'
..- 7 SF
2 L.'.i'. i
- d $1 r 3_51. 9 1. -,, )
i I(
I_ 1
i., <' _ - .; '5
I '
,A _( “.y,,, ; '/ ', ? @
? Ijj.7' , / ', ._ L' .* '0 i
” (r I
;* ‘$ \ ’ ,
” . 0 >
b . ., . , .:
.’
.’ ‘..
-.,-. ,i.
‘%
. *& .-
..
‘I
i:’ ,
, J:“,
_’
, ’
.:
,
^
1
‘,
Appendix 3\ '
/ ^
I-
@ &,
June MY , August Septembei October November , December x’ .y-
‘.
’ .2492.2 2438.4 ' 2120..6 ~ 171i.9 1301.8 837.3". ., 694.8
. . - _,-
. __ _ .,, . .,.,.. ... .
.-.a'
Ir
,-- - 2799.2. 2524 2342 2Q62 ' _ qfj~-j-.g ' 1190 964.2 '
, 3 _-'
z ,- 1.. -
.._--.-- -q-
‘.
.._ __. ..----------
-
___---
_ .e -~
c
The Passive Solar Energy Book
9 <
‘January February March April &Y
Newport, R. I. , 565.7 ‘-
ii. 856.4 1231.7 ~ 1484.8 1849 ~
Lat. 41”29’N
.. Stare College, Pa: j.II. 501.8 749,1 1 106.6 '-' "k,,l 399.2 . 1754.6
“a ‘->
Lat. 40’40’N
.i .,
StiHwater, OkIs. F763.8 1081.5 ' 1463.8 1702.6 1873.3
: Lai.’ 36’09’N ‘1; %- .-- A- *
:> .’
’ -9 P
-- T&$&, ,Fla, ;‘ .:: ‘*’ 1223,6 1461.2 sm 1771.9 + 2016.2 '. $28
_..-..-" --- - .
.gg6n5'N. .*._; 't . '
-' I'.,,,' ', * .. - 1
IToronto, Ont&io ‘[ 451.3,' :+ -674.5 -," 'I p88.9 .1388.2 1785.2'
L ’
,bLat.43’41 ‘N ?r .
>” ”
5’ ,.:..,
: Tucsgn, &ii, . *, 11;l.g .‘1‘ : ‘:‘li$yJ;J- <.i -. -- 2434.7 'lo ., D
.. Lat. 32”07”N )
I: 0
:. ,
.._ .-
j-ggj , 1 2110.7 1688.5 1211.8 702.2 ,386.3
0 __j
23g*5- I
"
;A
.- ,_ '1724
_ k.> 1129.1 638 o 325.5 *. 218.1
’ /
- ___ -.-
--. 2226.5
‘_ 2479.7 2076 1511. 844.6 q _ 486.3 t '279
--\ a
2027.6 1968.2 's 1690 - ' 1336.1' 1017 ( s80.1 44319
'
,
'J
:/,
n'7. ;. '1941:'7{ -.. 1968.6' 1622.5 : $84.1 ‘835 .. 458.3 352.8 \
I
4.,>y'.
'. I 1 "' I .i
. A, .
2601.4 4 2292.2 2179.7 X22:5 o' I 1640.9 1322.1 1132.1
'7 2 2
= ‘Y.c_- i. “,.i D ..._ ‘
,
.
‘Average sol.ar radiation values generally available in tables and maps-are measured
on a horizontal surface; however, the values required for passive solar calculations ’
_- are the. actual solar energy transmitted through vertical south-facing glass. ‘The 3
follo,wing formula can be used to convert .horizontal incident solar energy to the \
\
amount of energy transmitted through two sheets of vertical south-facing glass:
r,
2
solar energy fransmitted solar energy incident on
LFx.
through south double glass ; a horizontal surface - ,
e
where: F = conversion factor from the follo,&ing graph: .
t
69
GRAPH OF CONVERSION FACTOR (F) ’ MONTH
/qDEc.
1.1
1 I i’j.& JAN.
1.4
I_ I’ i%’
i .i i .’ n
Y
il
-. .
MAY
JULY
__ F I
I. *
_o :.-
.7 .. ,
.I *
Appendix 3
-------I-‘---- ’ 3
‘X. .--.
0
The coirtversien -factor (F) isthe ratio -of-the ‘monthly solar radiation transmitted
* through vertical south-facing double glazing to the month1.y total horizontal solar
,’ radiation. For vertical single glazing
-A use 1.213 (F) and for vertical triple glazing ,
. 0
use 01825 (F).
; * .* I
: -For &a&g @he-n- vertical or atorientations different-than true south, a correction ..._
, -
to the-v&e calculated inust be made. It is recommended that the clear-day radiation
_ = tables in Appendix 6 be used. To establish a Correction Factor (CF), use the fotlowing ’
m
- formula:
:
k
, kuxlay transmitted radiation for
.-- tilt and orientation of glazing- -
!. CF- _
clear-day transmitted radiation
for vertical, south glazing
.\ 4
’ Next, riiultiply the,average solar radialion value transmJtted through vertical glazing
by the Correction Factor. c i I
Q
.-
1
^.
h
..u..,,
. .I.... .
” SOURCE: Adapted from J. D. Balcbmband RI 0. McFarland, “A Simple Empirical Method for Estimatingthe
&*
d Pegfortince of a Pakive Solar Heated Bu’ilding of the Fheqnat Storage %all Type,” +xedings
of the Second Nationql Passive Solar Conference, Philadelphia, tiarch lfS-18, 1978 Washihg-
ton D.C.: U.S. Energy Revarch and Developinent Admi&tration, 1978). *
‘4. I I
*
b
.
._
\ .
;;
Appendix
‘\, Average Daily Temperatures - .~
\\
’ ‘(OF),. in NQrth America
a .b
~~_;L.--
‘1 ,...^....
-- \
‘3, January
i
FebrQary March 9 April M-v
‘3
\, AIbuouerciue,-N_.. IV&X ----._~-.. 37.3 43.3 50.1 59.6 69.4
,
\Lat. 35”03’N 6 El. 5314‘ft
‘0
&
Astoria, Oreg. 41.3 44.7 46.9 51-3 55.0
Lat. 46”12’N l El. 8 ft
.
, Atlanta, Ga. : 47.2 49.6 55.9 65.0 73.2
Lat. 33”39’ti l El.-976 ft
e
-.
Barrow, Alaska -13.2 -15.9 -12.7 2.1 20.5
I
Lat. 71”20’N l El. 22 ft
s SOURCF: lkermediate Property Standards for Solar /-/eating and Domestic Hot Wfter, National Bureau of Standards, _
Washington, D.C.
4' .' .360 :I
..
ryb . i
.i
I --,I/.“’
j\
Appendix 4
, 7
-
:. .,
0
“-
-.,
r 56.2 : 5a.+-.:- 5q.a -J’- 54.8 48.2 . 41.9 # 37.4
.
I\ .~-.- 3
r -
I 1 .,
‘~-~.-fJl.-s ~~-I _- -.f.~ f@.l- t- 83.I (‘ 80.6 p T3.2 -0 I-_ 63.7 5a$
__- -:--- r ,. 4.
i., .J
,. 59.3 62.6 63.6 62.2 55.7 48.5 43.9 ;
I’ \ i
c - D
:, ,
’ .Q
>’
80.9 82.4 ai .6 77.4 ’ 66.5 -,-- 47.7 j
B
‘i4
a ’
I
,i q5.5 56.9 54.8 - 47.4 33.7,, 19.0 - “9.t) I -O
/ i ‘9 a. .
E
..
;
..,
:.' ) I. --
'1
i 5' L CL " '.
;;.~,,y---‘!: a
P Lb ;
I .+ 0
L .'
ii ._.. -_ L-.--1:... b. L
2. <- ; i p .. .
k *
,!
: ',_. 8, ', : i*
:... ,,.’
.I. ;
‘\\
7 361, :.~ ’
SC’ ,;,I. ’7
P 9. ,’ ‘.
\s #%
_I -3. ‘. . ‘\\ ‘- %
ltl
P 16
‘. ! h
!. *
, _.
” ’
>’ i
I >
___.. 1
-, .<. Tk Passive Solar hergy Book o
v i ,” ; -
P
January s February March --. April ’ May..
n
-L -t
F Ikmmsvilk, Tex, '63.3 66.7 70.7 76.2 * ' 81.4 .!
*
imst.2!+55’N ‘d El. 70 ft.
. -
~ !. ‘Q--~--- -_ -
; ‘1, ,,, /; I, i ’ >?;
., * P
\
D **
+ I: f;
*
LI Appendix 4
, 1I
I ’
-I- ,u;v --zs- August ieptem&Y October November . Decfsnber ’
_ I
",
7.
v
c
2. A.,.
~. 'Al!! il, ..-- .‘a *. 0 L- A-
s. : n
6 ‘i.
I’ :.
1 I .- J
* ‘VI
.
I1 / //* ;-. 1.’ _ -,&I
i / *
-/*n ” -
II - i,
,: d
. . *-a The Passive Solar f&r& Book j
!‘l. .
,- - ,+ 1 ’ *
/, ,’ wu c ~ .’ * Janyary I February rch :,$,~I -- May .L _
. .
---“__ t ”
I. /, -Fi&W&j*jex. La- R 48.1 1 52.3 "' /59.8 68.8 -. 75.9
r; * ..‘L
Lat: 32”50’N-i. ;4aa ‘- .._.- \, ’ !
I .. ‘. \ ---
1 ..
4y.3 -- --.
Ft-es&, DC&i’f.l’ -533 -. ._ . _59.1 e65.6 ' 73.5
\
Lab: &“46’N l ‘EI.e 331 ft \ ._
c 67.5 : !'Ii ----- --..-..- -.-.JF-r4 j+
. .Gafbeghlle, Fla. '62.1. 63.1 72.8
--.___
- --.___
'- Lat. 2Y39’N.m El.‘165 ft . 1 I ---.._.__-
,.. I
-=\-
3 1 .l &.--f- ---47.8"' -----:.-';',g.,
-. Glasgo’w, Mont. : . _ . w 13.3 17.3
,’ Lat:48”13’N i El. 2277% “-., ,\
-. % 1’. r.. 1
I b - I
-‘Grand JA-Aion, Cola.- k:a:., “ ;.
35.0 44.6 : $5.8 .66.3 -
Lat. 39”07’N *‘;I. 4849 ft !
(’ :
p
Grand SLake, Colo. ‘ 18.5 23:l 28.5 39.1 '48.7
1,
G ,Lat. 4ndl 5’NUl:d389 ft ” a
A ” .I
a
_--- -1-3 4.
70.9 e177.4
.,, ..
I' : D ',,-
>
0. 364’ 1.1 I
* i , bt;
I’ 0 1
:igr. ,’ .:, . ,, ; ’ in :. i ‘. a
‘I\
” ‘B-,‘- ---
,
c
*. ’
c d
,’ ‘. .
Appendix\ 4
84-p ' '; ' 87.7 . 88.6' (31 z-3'-'. 'Jl,.S : 58.8;; 50.8 '
7 , ,,
^I I ". *-~~
'3 . t
n . : . c
s4.; ~
.57:3 .l. '5.48.9 , ,,.?
8d.7 i7.5, .O' 7fG , 68.7, ('
1 F r
_, c ,'
I%&&
w
83.4 R ^ . 83.8 - 84.1 , 812. 75.7 67.2 * : 62.4 -,
c2 . .P
L P I
f _’
” 0 I.
. ., . .
” .- . . .
f’ !y c .’
“. I : .,
.
84.8 .: 0 85.0' p.5 ii' 73.8. ' .i i : 62.6 ,! i; ' . 56.9' "
0 I 1 .%
. 'i
I~ :.$5 -1 , - _. -
1
I
,;. ., c _ _. . ,f -
I
,*.m j.
./* ‘. , q:
!
1_
?I j .- '. , ;. / *: 1 !iC ' *I .. j c
-3; ., ‘v .-' 'L . .,' 365 '- < '
E... .' ,,
: ',,, -. .).,- .&+F l' B .. -
,:?;., .: --..-' . .:/
I.* '.
-. > 7-- / + .'
:,,;
,I'\ ,,i J ,., , .-e _ ~*
"
'. /. A ,- , i.,: -
..'. ': ." ,(- . rf. ,,..I
; .-;*; . -.
.;,_;.:x: * ‘L .--- .__
2;; ,..,y2.,?.-- d, L I
. b m /
$ +:- r 4 L.. -. v
( ,i
; .
t I( _-
:’, /
+g + !’ &ja~ve klar Erie,, B&k ”
--/ , i _- \
:. /-
I /,:
- : January February .kch April May ._ ; ,‘G
, .-
\\
Land&, Gio. ‘: 20.2 26.3 / 34.7 ’ 45.5 56.0 \
Lat. 42P48’N 0 El. 5370 ft , “/.I” _’ i
I d c
;‘. ‘,’
.
Lit-&l& Nebr. ,.z”’ 27.8 32.1 . . 42.:4 55.8 * 65.8 ? !G ”
--:- li&,~40°51”bi ,* El. ),1&J f-i I* ^ -r
’
.,: 9” ,
_ :. ,’ ..
.. s,2_. 0 .
Littjp Roc.K/Ark. 4?.6 4 48.5 56.0 65.8 7’311
’ ” Lat. ‘Kjyd$ 0 El. 265 ft 0 %
I % ,‘* .
,- .-
,, ,, 3 I. _-I.
‘., .i’,,,,J?& Aiig&h&s: Calif. .(WBA’S) 56.2 56.4 a 59.2 q .i .61.4 __ 64.2
.I I
/ ’ Lit. 33”56!N . El.;99 ft “
,z..
/D 1, * _ ”
1.’ b
.I’ L&h An&$les~ Calif.‘.{WBO) 57.9 59.2 ” 61.Q 611.3 67.6 ”
. .& :
. i Lat. 34’03’N . il. 99 ft ‘\ = . ’ ~ i .P I’.I
:_ r e
! \ D ..
,f,,P . I*.^4g*i I *-
Madis 5, Wis. 21.8. ” 24.6
0
Lat!. 43”.i 4% l El. 866 ft :\ I .
. ^/ \ \
7,. .
\,’ 1 “’
- . l&t &ka, A.laska 13.‘$ 2ld, _ 27.4 1, ;8.6 ’
L.‘ _ La,& rQ30’N b:El. 1a() fi . “\ ‘I. i \ .
,f c . ’ . .- 4 1( j.
1, ,
,- b31j.4 T
e.2‘- ! M&@ord, ,(&$$+,’ 45.4 . 50.8 ’
n L&.I4$23m .t:~j. 1’32g:fi + It’ _ y ‘>\ ,“y:’ /’
..’ *’ I . /
-’ I
. . ,’ \
‘, A’ i;_-I
\I . .‘Q @hi, Fla. 71..6 72.0 ’ '73.8 ; ’ 77.0 . r 79.91’/
: Lat. &‘47:w’ ..El. g’fj ” .I J‘ ” -I
0 s
,‘, ..
. ..2.
/’ ” y._
, I
:
‘1 Appendix 4
.-
The Passive SolarI, ipergy Book I
I’
Januiiry February * March April May
L 8
l)lewport, R. I: 29.5 a:. 32.6 --3\9< 48.2 - 58.6
Lat. 4129’N . El. 60 ft -_ --_ .
” ,.:F.
9i
beti Y&, ii .CY. % 3-5.0 34.9 43.1. 52.3, 6313
Lat. 40”46’N l Ei. 52 ft ‘k
I *
-
-.~
_---I-- ---~~ ~- ”
f$Warid, Maine ,23.7 ' 24.51 ' ,I 34.4 ' 44.8 .' 55.4 &-
,! .
tqK.^43”3 9%l.-~-El. 63 it 1..
t ‘. % i -s
n I
Rapid City, 5. Dak. ,’ ’ 24.7~- r- 27.4:' 34.7. 48.2 58.3 1
, ; 4at&+wH.32-l:8,~~~ . i
\ ', :.
“y.. .‘-
-., Riverside, Ca’lif,.;,’ ~* - i 55.3 . 57.0 60.6 65.0 '69.4
;
I Lat. 33’57’N ‘0 !d 1020 it
I c
/ I I
.. si’ St. ClFud;“Minn. “1 - 13.6 * 16.9. 9 29.8: 46.2 -- "I 58.8 '- --
0 c‘
.Y Lai 45y&l . il. 1034 ft
.’ . ,‘- ! 1
n 5, / ,
- s+tf -&g&j -(-jtq; ut&- 29.4 -t 36.2 44G4.1 'I -B53.9 i. 63.1 .-
\
at.‘40”46’N 0 El. i227 it I
/ - .A
79-e ~.~~ ~~-~;
/ -San Aritonio, T&i. ! : 53..7 58.4 65.0 ' 72.2. ii
* Lat. 29”3TN l El. 794 ff ’
1. i- e :
. -7.
- ;Sa$a~b&ria, Calif. ! '54.1 ' "'. - 55.3 ~" 59.5 61.2
Lat. 34”54’tj l El. J.3.8k. “.’ ‘-’ , - .. #.‘I:. .‘y 9&. Q .- ,_
- .
AppendS’x
.- ,4
67,O
73-J -~ - f2;3-- - 66.7 56.2 46.5 34.4 -
.I I' .
I' 72.2 7&&I ' $5.3 69.5 59.3 'I 48.3 37.7 o
\’ I
.’ i _. _- .- ~- .= __._-. f. II.
= ~.S
-- $8 *: 74.5 62.7 ', . sop- 42.5
:i 2, .
ri /
.
_
.,+-.
y; 7J.7 81.3 . . 79.0 68.7 ' 57.0 .42.5 34.0 j
l I.,.
. ,
m
\
85&I . 87.4 * 87,8 v; '82.6 j4.7 .' - 63.3 ',; j6.5
1. -4 "6
9s \ ; .j @' >' i
/' ,:\..
63.5 65.3 65.7 65.9, / 9 64.1 %O..B : 56.1. ,.
'.'_. _' f
\, ! .1
,. .' _"...'."' . *
‘i
.,
./
.G
\ -‘rT..
-ll$te Pa&ye Solar c<nergy B&k Q A&*.*
a I
, +E: -
1 January February March : April-’ May -
.
j
- Sayville, ;N. Y. 35 34.9 '43.1 52.3 63.3 .
'c I +’
Lat. 40”30’N l El. 20 ft
.I 4 \ 1, ‘. :-
Stillwatdr,~~,kla. 1: . 41 ,E2\'
. % 4i.6 5Si 64.2 71.6
Lat. 36”Oi’N i El.’ 910 ft . I
9
/
I
\
T&m, Ari. . ‘, 53.7 9 57.3 + ,* 62.3 ,. 69-.7 , of 78.0 :
m
kit. .32”07’N( I+ .I.. 2556 ft I ,c , . 9 1
. a
:\ .' b c
Upton; ‘N. 4 .- ,;‘. ’ ’ 35.0 34.9 n ; i 43.1 'I 52.3 <; ,L63,.3 "
.
L’ai. 40”52’i i Et. 75 ft y u i
- 9 i- - 7; ,r i
._1 /.
Washin’gton, D.;C.‘(i@BdO) 38.4' :' 396 1 " F.48,,-~'p 6717' I
u
$Lat.3&51 “N 0 \El’. 6’4 ft .‘,
..v \
rl /
0 .,. e
I>
71.8 ' :: “75.8 *< . 73.4 66.1 55.6 -43.2 32.6
"$h$ %
,I :i,,. .; i c
t
, 81.1 ,I; 85".< ., ,>.t;: 85.9 7i.5 67.6 52.6 43.0 .
'? *, t
I , * ,I. ,
* !-
83.0 84.0- 84-4 82.9 77.2 69.6 - -. 65.5
i i-
I . ' * _ ,
0 ,
68.4 . 73.8 71.8 64:3 52.6 ^ 40.9 30.2 /;
br ':
0 I ?
*! a ,
87.0 _ 9b.l 87.4. ' 84.0 73.9 62.5 I 56.1
= ,
I
.72.2 -'e 1 76.9 ';'75.3 69.5 59.3 48.3- 3T.7 ~
IA - I #
I !
e
s
;-.,
J’ d
<I
ir
’ I 0 .
’
.- !
c
.-
r, . , --Fc=
* i -2g=&$-.-.: -y----s- -, --
S / ii J,. --fy-Ys++- y,:-;‘.
.;--., - ;
De&llkr January Februaq March’ * p April May ,. June k e da1
CW~ ‘F
. , 9
. ,’ \.\
I ‘r
i ! .;.*a..
> ,.:. I Y\W . :
k
-f
i... 6'!4 ' .'61.4" - -485 381 1;8 25 .o 0 -;:, : ~2&4:%
i" 548 623", 491e .,378 ' i28. .^ '30, 0 ! 278 k!j
663 , ,694" 557 : 434 ._ 138 .,;i9 ; 0 :- 307p"',;r&
357 : * 412 *' 290 209, o ' m; PO 0" : ;o 1529 - '$
+.,
,458 , 483 . .ztijJ I- 265 c. &j :- ‘: 0 0 ** 1 954 0 ~$;&v,q
/ n ..i \I",
0' ^ a $\.
I I 0
: ~ '. 1. . ,,t\
a I
1 0
6 1587 " '1612 _- 1.229 - 1'246 '. '8th = 598 ' 339 - i.0789 _'.
896 " ! 942 ' -809, i 384 BP 672‘ 496.;,( .,,i 32./p-m X' b iO';)6 -1
V ' ,956 mu'.' 1432j , 933 i A; 1'4994 .
2237: c 2483 .r?q ,, 247% -
62337, .' 2536 2369 ' 2477 - .,,A923 1373 i.1: .p2‘4 1~' i986z
(, 1!9;2 1804 'I'~ 1565 1 659 /'"': 1 146 ' 775 272 1 12980,. *
?‘12? 1, 1153 . . f 1036 '- 1 p12" 951, ;- 791 591 988.0
'11'90 ' 1240 'c>, IQ89 .+ 1082 ' 858 * 685 471 961'5 ' O
'!. 2297 n :,2319; * 1907 ; j '1736 ,j. '108?j <." 546 - 193 -14158 =
" iq35 -',! 2303 1'887 ji 1894 1224 .> 6x0 226 , 4 1,4538. 1 .'*
165sr A354 0' 1767 1845 1'425 1135 810 1'44p4
\I.066 ,I lcf, 983 -_ 949 ' 73f3:, &= 315 * ..~$,.&l87- - ,
1606 ls'ij@ n, 1333 ,141l '. ia- 966* D 673 408 " 11343 ( *.
2130 l- 22Yo ,', 1952 : - 2@65 153.6 .* 'JO97. 65-P "' ' i.6151 ". .',
:, ?241',' 2285 ,!. 1809 1789 li70. 676, 283 ; -.:- ;',443'gf'J ';.>',* : 4
1776' -1841'. 576 ? yl4()86 .p o
i660 1752 ' lCp0 97
2474 2545 '2083 1801 1176\ v 62 312 '_ 15506, .“A.
1
1107" ' lJ97 1154, 1256. 1947 ~ 1 Lc 924 .. 705 1.083'9; : '
. 6,
e\ ', 'Yj : , 1 IKf 7:xI _" ,_ \ ,.%~
'* .F, 1 6 , */ ' ,. -&?
J E I- - \
h 'I !A ; $ -, ', ,, ' " I"
.: . 37;' .' .f 'Y$
., .i 8.
, . 't1' ,a ', ' * ,‘h' , . * z
.- q.'. . * 4
0 \ 9,'. : , !
; ., ) .I,--: - _-I' ._'!,
ii>..,_
=:
,. , ‘L .'.I 1'b.. : 0 // y- -\ .* .y
,:: .,.,
.. ,i('. _ ..I.. f.-‘ y.1'*,y ..,",. I,' [ ,,1 .I_-, ' * '_.I . &- :. '$. '
$8 .'
;
-_ \
0
i. 'i'-- '* ,
I i * \
r " 1
*
*
. ~ ::
Appkdix
\ 5’
_-,j -1135 1231. -1014 .., 949 687 _~~~-3!i5 mm.p21L.p -.--' 753c;
'%O 425 275 1175 62 0
.,I 0 1492 *
'843 '? 921 717 626 ' 368 16 17 4533
403 474 330 239 84 ' to3
P 0 * 1776
,
/ 946.. 1001 706 605 335 $4 'gn 470i
'
.\, 259 * 318_ 167' " 88 14 .i' 0 0 -951, '
l s
,’ j
\
! \
\ i j
I r ”
\
:
‘. \, -- ‘”
_: 0: “0 47 “‘ g&z- I 585w, 9
* I
6 :
.DlSTRICT OF CO11
7.y-.--- - -
---
. , ‘..Silver’ hill Ohs.
Washing&-A
Washington-C
-
1
-?,”kpalachkola-C j .,!o 0 ..;o- 171 ,, 154
,’
_ ’
Daytona Beach .-J ‘0 0 0 0 ' 83
,/L Fort,Myeti$ ’0
.3 ~a,-.*.!
0: 0 ._ 0 ' '25 1
%:, ,~ - : jacksofibille-C .e 0 0 ’ : a 11 *129
Key ,WqtX I ; ‘1: 0. ’ 0 0 ,‘J 0
; “!e .._ ’ :o
L
? * Lakeland-C b OP.0 yo
.-. i ~$murne-A . 0 0 L 0 :o .
I
,/I 0 0 ,. 0 - .o*
_ 1 /,a;9;;~;each .‘I ,I b : 5: 0 0 0 0
I.
Orlando-PI’ q j 2 ‘0, 1 0 ,o 1 , oy;<
. Penqxcola$ I ’ 0 ,J ; .;
I
I;:, Talla ‘., 0.b e .
. ‘. -
t-3..0’ 0 ‘. 1.
., . 6’
+.
; ” _ / P I
..
. ‘,
.‘I
‘,.$ ‘( 376
\ .. .
‘1c’ I
2,
‘, j’ . 1 . 6 I “- 1 .
t I
. ?i
i i
a’
.- 4
.’
f
!J
* - .
. c
.
,’
Appendix 5 f
a ”
.
December _ f- Janwry February March April ” May -5 . June Total ’ (i,
,.
!a”’
Tampa-A 0 -; o- -0,. 0 60
W. Palm Beach-A ’ 0’ 0 /- 0 0 - 7’
L I I
8 I’ I 7
;* EORCI-i Jr *-
i ; ” ’ i ~ *
” . Fi ’ I
II i :
n (-yl ;Jj ~~-~- 2J> --‘- _c
_- __ *Y-A __ ~a:
Athens-A ’ 0 Oi” 5 100 3po
LAtlanta-C ! ’ , ’ 0 8. ^ 107 387
3 Augusta;A 0 -~ :- ~.l~- 0 i ” 59 282
q&tibus-A ‘.i * c . 0 ’ 0 0 ? l 78 326 I,
Ma&-A-“ t i+ "0 0 '0. 63 280
1 : .:*: Rome-A * 0 1‘ ‘0 = :: ’ ,i3 SE 140 435 '- -4
Savant&h-A , / 0‘ : 0,
> 0 38 225
j 5. Thomasville ” ’ ’ 0 , 0 -0 ,25 ‘198 \
Waldosta--A I I, , I 1 ’ 0 0 '. .o " L . 32' 203 -
. ( 1
9 0 ,
* r
IDAH,O r. YI
J t ^ .’ !’ Ir ‘.( *
,
Boise-A ,I 1 ‘_. ‘, 0 o.u 13,s'. D ,389 'I 762
Idaho Falls 46W * ,: 16 34 2768, ' 623.' 1056
s Idaho Falls 42rw, .
\ J6. 40. 282 648 ilo7
'i; \
,,Lewiston-4 . 0 133 406 747 .
P~ateilo~A' I'*
!, < O
) a+' .'I' L \ 0' OF .' 183 487‘ T 873
T Salmon : d dw.):i i ,f 22 55 * 2.92. 59i ' 996 _' "
..'9,'.
I -. , *' ,* .7 l, '
j i B a .
>
ILLINOl+ ,1 ,' ., o _ .
'_ > I'
.L' Li
,. ', , e Calrok ., ‘0 0 28 161
9, , 9n 492'
._ Chic&o-A I 0 350, 765,s ' -
j-01@-A 0 0 .. 0 , j; .’ l;i 396 79’ ’
T-=------y&@+-
5 ---i, - ) .:_. --_ ~_; 0 i
-c 363 . ,78. ! ",
,'> --()- .~ ..~ .’\ ~~F;. g ’
Peoria,Aq ’ ’ ,?,
04 1. . $59 759
I@A Rockford’ a 6 '/ 9-- 1'14 -~-~~~~--I -~ --&-jo -~ -&g-m ~~.~
~_~,~~~~_~
s $ringfieldX _. u, * 0 1' i- " 0 ,, . ,56 259 666
0
1‘a+
1: : +
2.
:
0 .
hi
. ,
i
.,‘.
.> ” 0 /‘1
L, 1
‘,
:: “? : ’
,.,’ - .’
‘:
DwYI&&~ ~~-Ja+ary, g kbmary March April May , June .’ Total
._. 9’. i
. 163 ,201 148 l‘b2 .> Q ! 0 0 - '1 674 -
v 62. 85 -$ .‘r 61' "33 0 - 0 .' 0 0 '1, 248 '
-.! , .h *
.i +-
_ 1 5. /
.~~--- ,.,.,::i:
‘. ., '. .a 1 '*
--p., ; -
: ..,r - '/
'- A-- -,-- ~~ __. -- -do-- _ j--.~~_~
i- . , &I
427 - ; 446,,-,L,'
629 i: +I5
333 ;. ':' 404.'
236 128
40 150 o '. 0 ' .p63
280Q ~ ----
,‘I .“.<, v j I
\ .
.‘* t) ,. 13
379 ") ; ~ .,
c : \' 1 /
*I ' i .i_ .,n f
i ' : . <'
I 4 ./ . 1
',' (.,I! ~,_,, z',..I ' =*. .L!. . it%
, . ,._ L! .I. ' _~
ir-*!
*' I L ',_ D.' ;-
s
7. ;;s
. . - .s 2.
.I n n e_
,>
I?
%
L -’ _
.
i, f?assive~S&ar n P v,
The Energy Book _’ . c3
@y-- - .*jillY.~ A”~~~~i;q~ySeptem~r Octkr * =. November
--~ ’ 71
.-. 1
-* * : I*’
‘.iouth B&d-A “I 5 13 101 381 - ’ 789
Terre Haute-4 ~’ 0 5 -*77 . 295 .% 681 I
L c
A _ 9’
‘IOWA * 2 ,
. 0 .c
‘L
i Burlington-A ; 0: a- ,83 336” ’ ‘-765.
.- Charles City-C c +. 17 30. i 54 444 %912 ^
mavenport- - . 0 ’ 7 - 79 ’ 320 ’ 756 .~
““& ’
Ccmcordia-C ,, .O 0 - .‘55 ’ 277 j. 687
, .. Dodge City-A ” ,, 0 :y ‘O- 40 262_,. ) ‘<,6fg . a
m-t
Goodland-A O. ‘.O 95: 4,3:.:: ,.i_ 825 ~
Topeka-C ’ ” - ,~, ” 0 0 ,, 42. 242 630
-+-_. ---> . . :. - 0, 0 3,2, 219 “5gj ’ :
- ---.- __
h-K., * -._’ *.,. s’
KhTUCKi 0 - ,
:‘.. ;. m 1
, .o 22 218
New Orleaps-C _ 0 5 .O 141
Shreveport-A 0 l 53 305
: 1
MAINE. A -. i ,I
:.. . II? I . ,
. :
h Qiib&.A 1 i 85 133 354 -710 . (1074
I .f> I
. - .,. _ h
a. 0
r
. ati ,
e , >
380 I
._ %ka,
” _ 1 ‘do T
I:a\ , ‘/
.,
-<.,(/_ . ’ “,L 9 I-
h
.- 2 4
‘i . c’.=;
-<- 2 & p
nc
..’ ;’
i 0 c
!, , ‘. . c
,
s
’ i - 5’
‘e
.J. ^ *.
R I n .’
m Q . -
0: _’ Appendix 5 ’ -3’~
-l-L--1 -.. - -~ _ -m---p- .( “-2,
K----- -- -- -LIT- ->. ._~. ~- --~ Fair-- ~--.
‘t February March -
/- is ‘i&edw
‘.<
January April May June
$1
,_,
$ c 1153
.x lij5.2 '1081 908 * 531 .-- && ~.~
.-.m.---&&- --..- ~~ 6524
.' . 1023 ' 1107 . 913 725 ., 371 145 24 5366
?*, - :
. .
. -
1 19
r s , -ii ,
BP
.c! :‘ I i
-i . .”
11&Y 1271 . . 1036 822 42i' 179 34 :- --+Jm-b:t'm
.'i<
1.352 1494 . "1240 iooj 537" 256 74 7504
1147 a 1262 " 1044 - 834 432‘ 175 &‘ 35 ' 6091
. .~- 5-L - ---
. 1178. 1308 1072 n- '-849. 425 ‘1 83 41 6274 '
i 1290 -@ 1414-
.I=__.
1187 983 i43 267 76 * 7271
:'.*,., 1 290 1423 1170 936 -1 228 54 . --,
. 474 is 701'2.
"': 1296 .*- ,lU6Cj 1221 --l-O23 531 229__ ~_ 54 7320 "
/ --- _
. i
(s 1 . W'd
I
---. -: 'a
102i‘ -1144 ' '899 -0 7i5 .y 341' 146 20 . 5323 g-l>
'< " 980 1076 840 694 -. -347 135 15 0. ,.5058 '-.
.~~
- li28. /I215 - 974 -884 534, 241 '58 6367
_' 977 ' 1088. '85 1 I' ', 669 295. ,112 4919
,. -.915 1023 778 +619 280 io1 ~-.A;. _. ~~-:4571 --%
F
-
co c
/ *. -
1562: 1 ?45 -'-'.‘i 1546 1342 909' 5#72 201 10173 .--
I .s - Y h
/
h ,< ,,
" 3 t
"1 -381 4. ' %'
; . -- -' -- ._. _ <' .- .
I... .-.. ._. _, -1 0
.,i; _ . ,.&, - .. .x--
--. D
i ,iy " I.'
,, .: I':.:",., :,, ;, 1. *,' - I
_1" n. 1
. s
‘. ‘p- 3 ‘:.
, .r~P;;; L. +? j&-, ,’ - -
. *
‘2
% ‘,*, *’ r... .*
, 0 ‘_
I .,- ’ * . -I .a< . .
I
:r I
j. - , 8 I
-‘-, ; 4
c
._ -
n ;
- .f+ +
1, Th&j%ssiv& Skar En@& Book \
D .
o iv< 1
. * .
. ^-L ~~~Y.lM!K- 'Xptember~--__ October. November
. .u.
f .
,Eastport-C -. I'. : T -4dg. 136 -261, ‘. ,521 * ?98 ’ ..
.:Portland+c _“,. z Ak : “;i;$ 56 A 199;..;, -515 > 825 .,
, ., '_
.y ,: I,. ,:
i "' - .,. I
Tbt~ftpiND D, " "1 il..- ~/
.Y.. -0 ,_ I
.. ,:
1 o s
0 . Baltirnbre-C “d ” a.. 1,; ‘489 -,
,_ Freaeri$-A ” 0” - j+fq& ua;; ~ (:. $; n ‘; 588 - .*
0 I . .
~SSA~HUSETJ-S ~------~--~-~~--~--,--.
.( ; _ ' .o
I .i n. ^ -
T. i' , Blue Hill*ObS;;..! ,., .+ D II -,b
. . .
- ‘. Boston-A .$*c;$:::
A* o -‘&g,., -0 :;- _ 7 , 77 * 315, 618
NantticJ&$ ‘r! -22 ~ 34, 111 . -372 .-? 615
/a. .c .,* P$tsfield~~ti$?. .$,,,, .,_,
'..'. c, .="I .
-.-. -.~ _ _ .--.-.- -- -. ___
_, ~.~--~&f&y&
0 0 @ c *' ' ., 1 ,:",;.:,. i .%J. . 0:b
: .- ..J.Y‘%$ ,,,,%
.h*&
_-..:+!,-L'- 8' 50 i. : 85 ,?. . 215 ‘w 530 864 .,
: ‘$y.Pena-C
:;,.~~~'~.$'&tr~it-A , 0 ;', .8 .+; ;,,+ -'&,96 . ?8i "d747
~j -~ rv <24?
ri -1. p~mEscanaba;C :,A 62 ,,:i55 L.nb -933
Flint .“* ,,...,:
:.,..::~fqq? ; .;-!g '465 0 843‘
( ,.,,-y ,.
, -:'o '.,, :- i$pgIf&~,;,: ;.g " _ 75$$? *+,
. _&W~ .3 94
e
, +..+;;; 455 __, 813
.. : ~ 543. 933
" . .~ :----
~. .-~Msh,+ ~--~ ; ~.~ ,'--.-= -152 ; 46i, 795 -
Sailt S&.%4ari&A 3 : :q,“+~;: loa 126 .-kc 2% 63’9 J ' #loo5 IF.
_' ,s&c.y ..,$.%:,*, W(,.O .;g 0 I
i'? . ' .. 6' -* i -:'- .~,,$:.
:
'.T&z
'"f 'C . /
MI@IESOTi t ,-.,!?-z
.. *.. . -
-:. .
&:, ,C' . -@.- ;\,- *-.ol ’ --h. yog2
- - ~~Du!~t_hrC -2776-m 7, --a 614
#$& &. .
_.' tnternationai Falls-A
..~~.-’-...- :--..-
~a-.~’ 70 i ,356 .716 1230
--~-__ a
MlSSlSSlPPl '
,.. ; :
.i_ . -
I2
. 5, ,p :;R - -.
z “‘.4!
,‘Appendix 5
c, (’
:
i B
b
. ‘: d * ..fi,$,4 z ..
.‘i.550 2: <,‘I’ 1,696- - 1448 ' ' ,.-.- 1252 801 .!i 487 200 9574,,
.- .- 1,.73c __
.- ..il$zL ---x618 I'. .' -9'395 J34 437 171 * 1oqoo .
"'-1414 - ': 562 .1310. 1057 ~- I .5'70 259 .' 80 ~ 7853
' '. 1426 -,_ B1 72 1$16 * .1073 600 A qq., 8095
1555 ,, '1690 1439 6L, 3181 - 663 3.31 q‘106 8893
14q1, 1553 '1.305 ; 1051 ." 564 256 I ,77 .7804
.
7
7
_, --
:,,.
- ,- .. : 1
:
---&- '- ou
CL 503' i $35 -
. 405 299 0 _ -2202 _.
<;.
(,>,,f -+ h
,/ -1
5
)_
2- *i
$,
.
./ 1 m
: * -
@
.. .
,11 I The Passive Solar Energy Book . - -\
B
0 city. ,’ . IUlY hP$ September October = November
-
~L--M.L~SOURI _‘_...____ e,,i .___
-. .: . .: I ___-.. ._ ~~~~..~. - . _....~_
1
:. .I._, a i
.I Columkha-A , ‘” -’ i 6' * 62' ' ' 262 654 1 _
v .-..L
_. _'
,- B 8 Kansas City-A 6 ~.. 0 . . 44 240 621
_
:Saint J&eph.-A 0 ..B5 L -49 265 681
- 0.
,ksL, .'. Saint jhuis-CI ‘__ ? *I3 38 -i) 202 ) 570
.’ . . Springfield-A 0 8. 61 249 615
-E.--- , -A e
a h
7 MONTANA c ,= - D
‘BiIlingaF---;~-- - - ~. 8 20 P34, - 497 I 876‘
Butte-&? 174. m450p-m ~-~~ 744 1104. .
115
r. , C;lasgok& ’ ” 14 30 6. 244 574 -f -‘-" 10.86 *
,:
,_. ? Great Fa!;fs-A 24 50 - 273 524 894 '
,' 270'
‘Havre-C ! 20
t.<
38 =- ,564 1023.
?-- *- -- Helerfa-C -1 . -51 78 a 359 598 969
c Kal$xll-A -T *; 47 83 326 639 o 990
;'----~-r'.~~_ci_ty-A;,'
. .---------6- y- 1-1~. ,187 I 525 966
t.,.' "-~~s~ula-Ai~~,',-----~---~ ------'. 22 ~
‘” a? -_~_
L..‘.
: - 84 h 69' 822 I‘
,:. "1.~ -.; '79 % 310 *. , 741
'~:- 122 " 422. 903
,_T 120 425 ' 846
0 I.\. 5 88 .. ' 331: 783
'.
137 456 .' 867 '-
145 // 461 891.;
‘\ : : I 1'
.. ', .\
.
'".. I
__-- ._- k ...I.
:I “,&o-A ' .- 6 ‘“‘28 4 229 - .'. 546 915
$2: 44 .>.;
. Ely-A.1 . e 22 _, 228, e ) 561 - --i ‘894
Las. l&gas-C ;.. ‘5 * ” -, \ . . 61 \; 44 a.'
0 0 0
,., ~ @fio-A * ' ' + .' 4 24: 61 165 443 3 '44 ‘
7- Tbnopah - < . ' 0 ', 5 96 - 422 723
.-0 Winnhnucca-A ,’ ,o-' 17 180 508 - 822
: > -L
/ a . . -.
,- 1
',: .
.. L ‘. .Y-
A L. i ’ . , D
._ D c -
j-.___._
?I‘j ,Ei‘ *
,/’ ,: 384 4 ._ . _. ..
..I
:, \ ^. e 2.
.: '-\
:,:,--.
':. '. - ;,
,' : ‘ ,L,
:; 1 I p
.,', :. _ - --
1 m
I’/ ‘_
---_ .--- -ad-. ~--~ -.-__.. ._.~. -_--~ --.-___
*cl
.
. .h i
P
-
/,
/
/’ / \
-. 2.
\
,rDM& /January ‘3 I Fekary March &I ‘May JUfW “TO&d,
\\ </ 1. .. q a- A... -. ._ .-.. ---- ;--- ----T-
_.. ___ --- -.... -.---
___ 0 . ’
r *. k
fi’ .
.:
q..I. ,, . ..’
e .- 989. .I-0.9 1 876 698 ' 326 135 -n 14 5113. "
\ 970 '., 1085- 85-L+ 666 B2 n .ll,l ?' 8 .cp888. -
,-.. ?F\O48 -1175 930 , 716'~ 326 J2Z 'l& 5336
ti93- 1. " \9$3 "* 792 620 270 * "94 ^ 7 'b "7 4469% I
908 1001 ' 796 - ' 63'2 ( 295 - 5 118 .I6 -’ d 4693-“.
n e
“I
9 ..
."_- - ~64 2
Y-
~-It172-‘-.
_. 1305, . '1089 .a958 304 2-119 ~- 7106 -
‘c .' 1442 1575. w 1294 lf72',' + 804. 561 .. 325“ 9760
-.-. ~.- 1yo , LJ683 . 1408 '.‘ ~ ' .111.9. ,- ;5,97 ~ * 312 113 , 8690 c
1194 :--xaL.- :y31 1008 621 359 166 7555 -',.
1383 1513 --- 1291- - .--IO76 : -~ 597._ _ m. 427313 1 25" .. ._^
8713
j215 ?I438 l..J 14 , .992' 660 ~ . ~- 225 J3U6 a
.
s .
: ,: o ; .J ; * L_
;;. WC,
,-I ,, G ir ‘a
_....-- ~-- ‘.‘& A
.
!, ,A \zz *\
/,.-,.
“‘“2 ‘-‘“‘,“o .‘- . 4.
,“_.. -, .;
_ -~-~~ ~-__ _.__.. -,k -. . ..~ TV -~. .2.~---
‘, ,* a a,, ;
_- / 7^; _/--- -
I _ w---
._ 0 The Passive Solar’ Energy &ok w-- ----- *L. d .
“z. -c_1___J 0
# I “1 ‘--G-6
.. l ‘>.-
‘. a
/ ;., ^
_i . Appendix15 **
I - ’ . f :_
I 4 0
DeCember January : February March &il June ~7’Total I_ ’
..~ at ~ kY ,,
e c “d
* 0 c/
0’ -I# e -
'I 831 '. 905 829 729 * 468 -189 24. ~ 4741 -
961 .1039 932 760. 4% 148 811 .s52
930 1o04mp : 904 735 b 429 133 11 . 506'8
.. s D _ =' ,-
7 ., .
0 . -
.
,' * c 1
:
- _ 899 9io . 714 " 584. 209,- _ y '^ 70 no * 4389
. 927 995 795 ,729 * 420 184h 24"" 5138 .,
1104 12032 :-- ,924 ; l3K ~~~ 543- 292 ~~~~~. w ---e msm,
'750 .7ty 566 443 185 .28 '0' ,= 4424
d <. .
.I %. ,_ .
4 . I
P 3
- . - --~.~
. ’ 76.9 794 678 572 . " '285 -. ,105 5' 4072 a '
‘682 r: :* 704.. 577 ' 449 ' 172 29 0 . 3205
772 806 672 528 241' e5o 0 3810
48:1 c: 527 l --. 487 l 394 0; 171 * 25 'TO '23t2 '.
I,1 .T651 : i 691 577, 440 O 172 29 i Q. * 3075 I'
" ,508 . 533 ," . 463 -' "', = 347 104 .'7 ..?+'(-J 2323
J/.56 ' .-!
79i 866 519 232 . -49, 0. 3721
6~ L II .a
't l ~
1
..‘” e
&
>I
**
‘.
I
I
<a 387 Lb '
*,::
.'i \ -_ i :
-- -j.-- ____
~~_~. _ ._ .: n- ~ _-__ eT,I
:
;.
“& .o
H
ii
.,
1 ;;% i ,“- , ‘I
,‘- r 1 * _
; G lil
.
1m
c
.’ .
: ,‘i‘- P
r P
I .~ t
.‘,
I
-5 a
-e
,. ‘. ‘” .% 0
;’ b ..
’ ‘2. ! 388 I -. "
^ ,
‘ '. .I
'5 i .
_ ;
'i"." i : 'I ;
g:',,:,,'5,,,
$\< +,; '* ., I \ .-0. j
- - . /
_T .s by-
,,P . la .n . )
/’ ,
I B 4 c.
i. I,
.‘! t 4- : .-
r D
e .
k n,
, G’
3
i
/I I c Appendix s x
’ El d .A e---.. _ -
.!&A
~pecenlbir January debruary March April Ma; % 1ne .--.+@al
/’ @ - / 2
p I I 0 . 4
I
.B
!
7
Ii535 1730 ii64. 1187:;" 657' ($55 1'16 9033 1"
1668 - 186fL .15.76* /, ‘1314 j 750 -<.' ' 394 137 9940 ,'
' 1615 h' qJg5 - 1518 ., '1231 ; 687 338 101 9274 -
!' ., 1528 ""1iO5 1442 ~ 1194 ; 663 360 138,- 9068
! ~ icj
I
.
,1u l
c
5
<
<. I’ --T-_, , , , ,.,.,...I .,.,.._, . ,_,., ,(,.,.. , , ,
/
i'
m_ ‘,1
\
T () " , @ I.
‘
0 i 0
ha-Passive
$i Solar
, Energy
1. F Book ..*,. -
City 4/ ::. L 1. ., July August Septembei October
,
pEN&JS’yLV,&NI.A ‘;I ‘i
i.-
t
Allentown~~$ ' ( 0 9 89 . 366
Erie-C ,.-> ~ :,A,,, i, : 0 17 ,, 76 , 352
HarrLiburgiA %$ 0 0 69 308
* Park Place-C p \ .- 14 57 173 484
Philadelphia-C Y 0 0 33 219
Pittskurgh-C 0 0 56 298
.o 5 57 285
0 I 18 115 389 . 6931 .'
0 -. 16 101, 377 6g7
RHODP‘lSLqiND’
’_
Providence-A
Providbnce-C _ 330' ' . ,'624\
J
\I 5
Li ‘F
, ‘I 10 * 16 472 - II 975 X$
149 *
32 / 24 193 500 ' 891.
16 . a\! :s:1 155 472 .,. 984
.
I I
-TEtiNES$E r~ , ‘_- , . .
, -
’ ‘. Bristol+j:,,<. ~ >:o .o II 58: : 239 / ,576
t ~..
0 %.O 24 169 -477
B or BO R 3'33 _ 179 498
Memphis-C -+ . ~. 0 : 0 / 13 98 -392
. 0, ‘.I.
Nashville-A .. :, ._ 0 22 ._ 154; ,471 0
II
Oak Ridge !- ’ g, ’ 0 39 L--.} .... i ,92 53:yf
- +..;
a c ..-,
"..
r.. .L-- ' 0 e ,, P
*;,,.,. 1,..,,., (,.,,.,.. ,.,._~90 .. .. ..'.. ..,..,.,1..I).,. .G
. . . .. . . . . . .:<.,..,.I ,._,._,..,...._!..,.. '. .,.,, .,.-) . ,. . ....'..1).I,i".,,. .J.,_, _, .
c I* _
.c
"
- .. --. ."I
j .
ci.-Appendix 5
1 ‘,
”
1.
.- I
; e
,
Appendix 5
7..
479 344 ,li3 0 0 2657
85iI 42f 71 l- 586 298 9%‘ 0 4345 -..
3, 402 4p4 322 211 ,50- 0 0 * 1713
619:. 454 314 lo> 0 0 ii\
.21'9 106 74 0 .o 0. 0 6.17 -
252 u i 330 192 '118 '6. 0 0 1011
= 518 60; e 432 -288 ,' Z5' .O 0 0 2272
^ 371 419, .235 147 - 21 " 0 0 1407 : Q
626 6701 445 1'330' , 110 ..’ 0 .O 2641 a
. ,\>
/ 533 622:, L'446 .. .308 .'i 90 5 o-' 2361
., ' e?71 356 ; 247- 176 .>o , :> 0 E 0 1211
303 -378 240 i66' -027 d 0 -. 1276 .~~~
'/ Li-
' 3 0215 '. 270 - 134 71 0 i 0 ', 781
\ ' 0 756 * 812 "-. ,613 481 ' 2oY 36 ,o ' 3587
592, sa 65.1 + ') 468 322 :: .g() 0 0 'w 2591
368 265 71 0 0 1980 __
\ J\,8‘
\ 440
31.5 ' - 381
531 . 258 : 1‘81 27 1 0 9 0 a 1340 c
556 '0 --R 378 > 257 62 0 0 2.107
462 293 ' 0 = ~6 ‘1579
'2 352 333 ,,I' ' 0 ) d;?.. a. '1126:
, :--. $57 ,-I 385' vb 263 66 v ',O 2025
' '~657' 756 5,$8 394‘ -* 140 ' 16 w ',. 0 "3025
t-
;
*,_
i
\ .L s
: 1 ‘c ‘2 _I
.‘\ ,
\ ;\ii -.. i ‘, ‘* .;” ‘4
.- \. ,. /~.
/ y...i3 I“
13&i _ i '\. , J,i60‘\, 1'107 '; '681 ,: '307 72 A, ,T.'..7865. '
..' n r*
* ;c+ 4 ?< '
'. :
I '),,' '\\ \, : FI , ;a : y$? ,T.: '+1;.. "‘..\
'\, I
648. ' - - ‘698 "(636 $ijG- $6; :.‘:\( .’ ;cj - ,** ; 9307 -.“:,
s 808 ‘i, ,&I6 ‘?’ e 722 + ’ 584 ..’ \ 41 53 '0 i:;
;*,A . 636 ,
679 ; 60? 4fk 220 41 ,* 3 :' T 31$19. _
c
'.787 254 57 0 J A :3720
.. 9 750= ~ w--- ‘\ 675~~i
529 “it,;
i, ,,., A?;-. ;’ \
1, ; + \I\\ k\P / _, .’
__,, -2,.I.+ 1 ::
.:*, ‘i ‘.‘
1 , ,/
,y” 39-j ‘. ,‘s,v
‘,v. \i
b \\: \’ *.*./ /
,//” , ,’
,, >I . Ys ‘c . I. \ ’ I - ‘\,,.?
’” ..<.’ _ i _’ -:? ’ . ._ i 1:’ ’-
‘, -:._,
.--
, --
\Ii’t). I 0
WES; VIRGIt&A
i
I _
-
(?harleston’-A I* l . . 0 0 . @ 25.0 - a 576. O+,
JJkin&f * _ . g .3 1 122 412. 726 0
- ------ .Huntington-C I .. c ci 0 . 35 ,210 . 549
4 .. :Parkersburg-C 0 ‘0 ~ -~ .' 156~ ~ 27L 6M __- ~~
-qetersQfg-C - 0 05 72 308 ,654
. )
I
.
i
- ‘M;~~S~~‘NSI’N . c ,>
. .4 : I
2
i
, 394- ’
I L/ \ s
\ * .
.^. >. ‘7,.. , Appendix 5
. l
_.-1.
220-“. -450 c
Lethbridge I , ,, I
McMurray ,,. ;: -/;” 120 220 -520 e 880 1 Fjoo
-:
$5!$g .. ktedicine Hat ’ +. /‘: ^2’0 50 300 603 ,107o .-
:;i; ;:&...,,, * .- .._..
‘7 &T, -5 1 // , , I,
BRI?!SH CC&JMBlA . ‘,,” o’
.,.
..A’ ’
5 /
- ?&Iii .358 360 ’ 560 . \ 870 1240 _
_*
” Bull Harbour 270 “’ _,, 260 ’ a$46 490 .: 630
)’ I 330 ,JO
t,. c. Crescent Valley ‘I 0
‘.90 . _ 120 680 ’ 990
--ye Estevan P-dint ’ -- 270 /’ 240 ,310 O.” .~460 ’ ’ .p80
c F&j tie,&
120 , 1 220 I ,‘460 920 -, :1680. Y,.
Kamloops 10 >?O I-. , .; ;g ^ 540 890 .v+=..
,_ .A..R
* P+i‘cton * 20 . 20 520 820
Prince Geolge li .2-a: 200 260 46Q , 750 ’ 1110 .a
.: ‘.
,i D ‘Princk George City LI_ 770 ,+- 220 430 ,740 1 100,. ‘y
.,,;*,-.. - frinqq Rupeti .,. .,I. .;.‘270 240 340 p 510 ’ 680 ”
__-_- ---~ --7
Vancouvyr.,; ~---~4 / 70 : 70 220 440 650
* . ‘* ~Van.c,ouy&’ City 70 D 70 2oq. ;.:i 430 * ,650
: .
Victpria ‘(Pat. .Bay) ,/’ 130 : 130 260 470 660-. ’ .*
“’
I,,
Victo&‘&ty ..I ,’ ” ‘.: 160 150 j. 230 4 6003 ..*? 1
2 CT 9’pg\.
i I
,r d. ‘-...nv
&NIT& ., 0 I’, :: ; ’
r_ .-- > -- -; -, .q
I
.: -
pm/ ’ d .J
‘/. ‘_ l _ \ * B&$-j /n., ”
,- 1’0060” “i 350 3 ‘730 1290
,‘ii3
y---v. _ Churc, P ill ..r/ 360 390 710 1ljO i 660
i. Dpuph’in. . _ 90 320 670 ’ ;.‘I250
‘CT ’ -a 50
,
-..--_ The Pd+ ;+’ .-------L~--~:. . -8_Cj _: _ .160 5440 )- ,840’ .* e l-480 ‘-.
_ --.‘~Wi?t$&g - -37 ‘75 : ~3-31 i 686 1255
- \’ . ’ --------- __ __~:
. I ., ,
_ 1 ‘3 4 :.+$’ ..i
NEW &IJN$&IG 1 >- ,!.
’ 0 ,I,
i. ’ /
,: ” -gathljrst I ., “1 - +j ‘, $ o\g()
:o- :’ 3 dlS 310 - L,‘.
_,_.----- - ,.g --:
“.._, “Chatham“. ,, 46 po’ /6‘ 640 yo- 2 7-o.: . .!.+>
,,: ‘lZp .’ 0 50’. . 70 _‘.’ 2.50
. Frederiqon. ,I’: ’ I- -$.&OQ!g*” .*;g ‘!+m ..is;r”Ti
,’>i ‘. <a .. : .~~$,..‘?$~.I~./,..*y
“’
,‘, .’ ., ’ . ? **
\I; ; SOURCk Rkprintbd w$ p&m&ion from Handbobk of Ah Cqn~~~ioniog.“Hea~in’g,‘andVentilating. s ’ .’ .e: .L
pi -. q&.. ,J!;.*c
..:i I ’.. :..:,
::).;j;:d;
:..:
/ :.’
i./?’ , ,. . -. i ,: ,.:>..;‘y.
~.’,,<,y,
: *-....,a
.<‘,‘$?“:,”
; .::<-
%! .; L/ ,,./,_,1:.)-.
.i-
.L c-.,396” iv 0 L .*L..I ..“,o,
.,
:_1._‘:. ;..,j .,.*
.,/_ I(‘* -” ‘/, j. ., .‘:9; . , )- \< -.
I .. .- _ 4.’
1; l ./ .‘_
.: (‘, -),, _, I. ,.- ; _ ~’ .>.- - ,,. ._ i
_:,, ;,“ ,,‘::.
I~,_ .
‘. .
.. _ v
r
Appendix 5 1
s 1
,C
1430 1.; 1530 - ' I.350 1200 z 770 460 270 '6' 9520
?pi
..', 1660 - 1780 --i..m"1 5 20 1290.. '760 410 220 10320
1750: I 1820 1600 1380 - 830 460 250 1101.0:
0I LO ,145o. 1290 .. 1120 ~_ ',.,690 400 210 8650
-.- &o '": 2210 *182Q-' 8 1640 '920. . 500 270 ', 12570
,144o 1590 1380 <,,,. 1130 @Q- .JF:.:>rvp3*o 130 O"0 8650
--- ----- --~ .-.. . '~ I. 7..-&e-&e~. ,_- ..- -. .
-_ F
CL ~--x+.@ I ‘_3..
c-‘- ._ _---- -.-.-. __- --_
.
.’ . -___ _..__ 1‘. -- _
0//-g&j~~‘-. i790 1540 1370 " <,sdO 670 410 11710. /'-"Q
770 820 c 710 r. 69Q 580 4;7o R' 3.40 6370 ,^.
* 122y3! 1360 1080 " 940 :61? / 400 220'. l - 8040 ,-se
,710"' 760, . 1 670 ,-700 580 470 340 ' 6090 :a :
-2190 _- 2200. 1870 , ' 11460 ,,. 890 4.60 220 12690 "
1170 1320 0 1050 * 780 '--9.- 450 Z?lb i 80 673p
:=* *1‘()5o J190 960 .780 ' 490 .- 260 100 64'fO
:;,;440 -"; 1570 -1320 1110 . 740 480 28'0 9720 a
1450$ .c -- " -. 1540 1290 l-070 730 470 - ?50 9460 . -
' -. j360 910 8 1.0 790 650 D soa 350 . 69'110. '.
.
. 0:: ia.81 0 890 740 . _~ 680 480 o .32@, 150.. ' 55io
Fa : 8,-K) ’ 880 720 650 470 ' 3.00 140 ‘,;5396, . .
!
i..; -:,"_ 7~~:~. 870 720, .; 690 a ) 520 370 220 5830
-. 73q<. 800 *" 660 '</620 - 470 4 330 230 5410
1.” .( .h%’ j
; .JZ>:.’
.z,‘j: ...:-:. ._ ._. . . ‘I _
.*,
) ,4,$>.’ ; &
. RP @lo
.’ -
* .:z.-. 1 %
D
1.810 ',I-- .. .i ._ ~"~~0, . . ~~ 1730 14.40 820 - . 420 170 10930 '.
2240 :, : 2320 215.0 ,I580 1130 6.70 . 16910
, : -25go'-
174b by 1940 16701 ,‘ 1430 830 - D 420 150 . 10560
1980" *, o- 4;~'~:& _. 1.850” n 1620 '1OlT) ' 550 L: ,250 12460
', 17.78 - = "-i,?_993 1 71‘4 ,. 1-44-l '810 . 411 147.; 30658 '
*_._ - =. , 0
,.I_ * o*
'0
-1 Y
-i -iG
1. -*' d" :
-. ~, I< '
. "
li80. l-690 880 n 520 180 9670
.P
c '1450 ' 1620 :,s 850 490 l-80.. .:; \I.,., 9290
" ,; I.410 lS!O I 33-j ’ .‘; A2Q' '150 j I- 8830
\ K" ,
.~ -. ‘- .:i,Q ." . b .
.D ,'\ '
. ,(.' I ~ . c o-I n .j:.
: .. ...* 'a_. *-.
$ -' 0
0 _'
The Passive Solar Energy Book
.
b City JUIY-’ August September’ October November
) ‘I Appendix 5
0
Decembgr January Fekruary March April May June ’ , Total
. i
.
A------ 1080 -_- ______,-.--.-
1240 _ ~.~. 1170 1150
_---__. 950 78'0 560 9290. -
1200 - 1410 _ 1360 ', 1240 400 .640. 350 \ 9180
.L....~123Q-.? _I_._____ 1430 _ ' 1320-e .-~ j, 1220 ..--970 --~ ----A50 380 .9440
P 1740 ., 2020 1710 1530. 1101 770 a 410 -. 12140
.1130 -'1270- 1180 1170 .920 700 '460 8940
1 0 *
;i-:
. r-
i
--&
68j..
15 q 1260
1830 1i1.90 -
1580 ',1380
1020 89Q
670 330
540 230 ' "10640
. 70. 7150
770. ~~ 2030 ',,I"50 1550 1030 '. 600
800' I.)- 1980 1670 1420 860 * '430 240
160 1175!
107,o
2.50 1420 1290 . 1110 710. 380 100 , " 7q10
240' $1350 l.240 1 080 680 330 80 7620
-., r
f! 1200 1 '1320 ~ 1210 1 040 . 650 330 "90 .. *: 7380‘
1550 1710 % T530 1 350 840 470 -170 +98~80
1510' 1690 a90 1 280 810 ' _ 420
_ ~-.~ 1‘20 ' 93,40 _
1460' 1640 1450 ~+2(--/-----~r---- 330 70 8740
/--J
1320 j470-4 1 130 690 I'* 330 96 - 8040
._ 1 150.0 1310 . 820 470 210 959.0.
......... ...._. .. . 4-T@-
._ . .__. _,,._.,_ 1590-
_ ._.-.~.-.~ z 1 _.-...
.?-
: 1 I 399
a
.'>.
F 7 -' a
4
. .*. "0 .:: * , >, -
i* I - ,-
.” m
0 .
n
* \ (‘i ,P
‘, 1
/
.
,” I.
,I’ k
-- ,$
, ..u;a .
,,. .
The Passive Solar Energy Book
City. July August Septembe; ’ October November
‘I
Sioux Lookout 70 120 390 780 '1310
Southampton '70 90 190 500 830
Sud.bury 60 " -140 310 680 1100
Timmins -1 10 170 410 78o< J&270
Toronto (tialton) 30 , 40 180 540 a40
Toronto City 8 29 154 . 46,5 777 *
Trenton .~ :. --
L :20 30 1 6.0 * 470 840
White River J 60 230 ,440 820 1270 ( .
-.<
Windsor 10 :, 10 120 410 780
QU,EBEc. . - c 2
.. , :
ilr /, ;<
Jiagotille 80 i 120 370 >, j+-y .
... __.
1160
,G&~fi
>,. Chime ,..,...,. : '?~:,A.....-,..~-~.
386 45(r- 700 . 1040 1440
3 /‘Fort George 350 ,380 - 550 890 1‘270
j/ Knob Lake 300 410 670 1080 1500
Megantic 80 140 330 660 ,'lOOO
’ .Mont Joli 70 120 310 660 I 103-O -
yontreal- (Dorval) .lO 40 190 550. (910
.‘Monfr&al ‘C$y 10 ,40 _ . 180 530 b - 890
; ‘31 tcbeq*uon 270 _. 320 590 - 970 1430 :
Port M&.rrjson 560 570 730 _ 1050 1430
f.‘j VueDec (An. Lorette) 40 190 290 650 ,103o
Quebec City 20 70 250 ’ 610 93Q
.\ Sherbrooke City 7 - 20 .:iO 246 590 920
. ., -Three Rivers @iiyL + 20 r60 - 250 Q 610 - 980 ~
1 .a
’ I-’r-;;i-;. ,
’ -- SASKATtiHEM@f I’\! ! ” ,._ ” - L-A
.- ;& __----
L ! ---
North UBattlkfdrti _ 60-/--my---‘-- 380 750 * 1350
prihde All-&~ I---- 70$ 140 410 780 1350
'I .Keging I, ‘it 70 110 370 '750 1290
?jaskato& 60,,< 110 * 380 760 i320' ii
, ‘0 t-
yufloN TERRITORY .
I -~ .\ * ha I
Dawson - I’ 170 :. 320 -660 1170, < 1890 --
1. . Whitehorse.:.
. ..i.,,._,..._,._
._._._._..,.,.._ .d!1.280 ._.._.
?.:.. .: ..,3.50 ._... . ..gfJ. _ .g40: .':;,1. .,.151(-j ..: . . _.....
c _
..i'. i
c
.,'
'40d - ‘
x ! %- ‘I __- -
l
.‘I ,, a* @ .t ->---- -- Pi
D ;/----
I
WI ‘/ _’
- -
Appendix’ 5 ..
J!
---_1__ &c&ber ‘-January - February March April June Total
- hY .
1850 1 2()&g-J ~-_-~ - ~--1-?5Q~_m__
-------~- _ 15 ?Tl 1950 520 220 11530-
1200 1350 1270 __~ ~-
fTi$ff -=-~a----.~pg - 450 17D
.lSOcr- -' 1720 1456 8020
1740 . 199'0 1340, ~ 870. ~~-~~~~--
g+ -~ -~-_lgp.
1680 1530 1010 I 9870
550 240 ~~~
~~~~~
-l-l+&& ~~_~~_
1220 1360: 1260 1090 700 370
1126 1249 100 7730
;.;g 1018 * 646 :
1280 1400 316 73 7008
1080 670 330 70 7630 e
1770 1990 1740
11,30 1554 1010 590; 280 11850
1220'b 1100 . 950 580 270 70
F' ~_ c L 665b/
+.e . ( . -
\ “I
j
P i
,. i .,
1730' ~ _- 1950" 1710 / L i450 940 I .570 ,220 11040
2010 .., .2410--m 2170 ~I 1920. . 1460 1016 610 _ 15600
1’88;O 2340 2090 1950. 13.30
\. ‘<;...
,920 530 14480 ,',f.-
I
-2010 ' i ‘2410 2040 810.. - 13'00 910 a450 14890
1480 \ 1640. " 1490 290 870 500 190 9670, .
4440 1656. 1470 I 310 9io 550 ' 230 9750
Q90 " \ 1590 1430 180p 730 u 270 60 8350
i370 :. \, 1540 1370 150 \ 700 300 . 5b 8130'
.',2050 \ 2340 201q 820 1310 910 490 14510 _
2050 2470 2290 2190 1610 1140 790 16880
1530. -. .I..
'1690 1510, i300 8bO . 430 130 9540 /
_ 1470 , \r
.,640 1460 ' 1.250 810 -' 400 .lOO 9070
i400 1560 . 1410 !190 ~~--.Jzo~-----IM)--~
75cY --m---
$ 1490 l&30 $c- u -'- 770 -, 370 '80. 9060
I ^
0 , '& - . . . d
-' 2 ; A!
\ I . '. 53 1 'z 0
..
._ ~.. mm-j820. . 1990 p .171o 1.440 ii‘ 8QO.. - 400 190 - 11000
.1870 2960 1750 1500 '. 850b ' 440 210 11430
* , 1740 ., 1940 1680 1420 790 420 190 107>0 '
1790 . 1790 17PO 1440 800 9 420 180 10960
-0,.? '
...I L '- 7-i
-, -4 F . 0
.--_ _.
2410 z ': 2510 2.1.&j 1 a30 1100 L 570 250 15040*
. ._.j.~t+@.‘ ._ ..........) 8.5O.v. ... .. .. . ..l.&&..-.!,.,. 'J.350 1 .l.ooo.i : 600 ‘310, =12300 '
;! i
-t
;:
*
‘L
401.
B
.L_.
.
c
,? .
“-/...
, I: -. --i)
.-: _ i*
February 206 310e 816 1191 1350 1832 192 278 l 772 1200 1424 '1688
‘.?
*
March 248 464 923 lOF4 912 2184 240 433 904 1116 1034 2084 '
{ April 306, 658 989 893 - 492 2428 302 636 ,997 955 600 2390
- __ ----
_~OL8B~~-lWS--75&~
I m-36TmE76 396 789 1040 823 ~ 422 2582 '
La.
MY 416 808 1006 741 ~272 2494 408 789 1024' 803 ,420 2558
2.
August 324 656 961 862 482. 2386 . 320 636 968 920 582 2352
I
$5 Septembe 260 4B ,883 1029 '884 2110 ' 250 426 864 1067 al000 2014.
\ -R
_
t October 214 311 .788 1143 1296 1796 5 200 280 746 1151 1364 1654
Novembe 1 90 194 625 1151 .1526 1444 154 168 567 1125 1528 1280
December 152 162 564 1151 1586 1306 136 144 518 1.128 '1574 1136
,'^
SOURCE: Taken from computer stu?iies by M. Steven Baker, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 1977.
\
402
,.1 ..
,
. \
Appendix 6
NE, E, SE,
N NW W SW 5 HOI&J?
-
August I 318 616 973 978 6'94 2304 312 595 975 1034 806 2244
', .
.
Septembe 1 '242 399 842 1100 1102 1906 230 370 '816 1126 1190 1796
i
t, .
.I
r ‘,
October 1. 186 250 697 1147 1410 1506 176 218 642 1129 1436 13$8 .
I I I - i
i
122 130 466 1056 1472 *9i2 -
-*z "
..
.-a.
403
1’
_ .
I
= TheJ&ive Solar Energy Book
F
January 102 107 405 1004 1420 772:',
c
I ~82 :&r&G4 320 894 1284 598
_I
< February 148 i83 603 l@lb 1506 1208 I Se1'30 153 540 1106 1486 1040
JUlY 400 741 1067 999 694 2508 408 741 1992 1068 806 2474,'
>
August 308 575 ,972 1085 916 21,72 ); 300 ;53 965 1131 1018 2088
.
' ;
. September 218 343 : 787 1 144 1262 1660 '(; - -206 31 5 753 1151. 1318 1522
*' .
,
October 154 187 582 1098 1438 1186 138 159 523 1056 1414' 102.2
.
Novembe; 104 109 '399 983 1388 768 86 87 317 875 1252' 596
zv
,.
.’ ”
‘!’
’ .,
B+3
0 0
a
466 1005 1368 856 102 113 403. 930 1282 688
405
c
7 @’
, Appendix J
0
i
-Y
,
reflector length (I) = 1 o
glazing height (h) ’
‘>
P ar;;
I
.’ 406
: ,
c,
Y
.< ”
c. .r
5 ”
.li; c
f
I
: <
0
3
P .- 7
I’
,’
‘_
? ..
I. I I I
‘.c-. I ; >’
I 32" : 1 36" 1 40" 1. 4+ iI- c 4+ -1 '520 1 56"
‘- latitude I 28; 1,
, . 1. . I 1
* Rdectod
cdlector 90” 95” 90” 95” 90” $9 90” 95" 95” 100, i 95” ”100” 100” 105" 1 OfY 105"
\ Tilt Angle
u I r 1
48 49 ~42 1 466 1 37 1 p2- 1 31 '1 37.4 132 1 37 ,I 28 33 29 ;3 25* 30
.
February 62 48 58 50 51 50 45 38 41 37 38 33 36*
. I 1. 1 I I 1 I I I Y
I <Ii' I 11 I I I I I
March’ -68; 37 6 i 42 67 46 66- 49 51 34 -; 53 38 r 41 26 44 30 “‘: .q
I 0 n
April ,- -44 -12 $4 i 21.- 73' 29 72: 36 42 14 11. 46 21 27 8 32 13:
./' . -a
/
May /' 76 0 76 2 a$' 9 75 -17 26 “2 ,I,. .33 6 11 ",, 0 %‘18 2
I
June
"lR/ / 78 '0 77 0 76' 2 76 8 17 0 !I .-
25= 1 5 = 0 ; ii‘. 0
,/
*
,J& 77 0 76 0 76 5 ‘ 75 , 12 21 ,-O iI 29 3 8 *, 0 14 1
n
B
s 407,
.& *
‘E I1
., -c :
.=%a.
,> -. I
Q
._ t
~_ m..,pr ._‘. =Y-.
.;-~
hO.
*r -(, _,. . “,
,; .
\ i -@ , *
., e \
L .‘Q
.I! 6” 0
opt A”~plenClix ’ : .I
_. ; .-_- _..~
/ !,
i
.c4’.. Ccglversion Gbles
< .
c3
.3@.,,..
t I
:.
. . ? 2 Y:
?T
1. Eonvedion Factors
*_ b -
F. ‘)/ _ P
\
-
‘To tqnvert From To Multiply By
--
c
\
1
“,
\
.
h i 70
_~ . . - ._,
-_. \, -- _.
b -
B
? T--~-~
*
..
Appendix 8
. , P
1 . ! 8 *. o
, ’
--?kv. *
‘(.S
..d ToConvert From ’ ” To \ ii&fly By
,
l 1
j -. .-c_ ,,; --
. :,.:
.,; P ,-
* *
.,.,-’ /’ :
_’ - ‘1 /
2. Fahrenheit-Centigrade C.on~ersion,~Table - ‘Ix ::. n
j :,- __ i
.I’ 0 .’ /’ .
‘.
Thq,kumbers in the cent& column, in ’ aface type, ret& to the temperature in either. .-
Fahrenheit or Centigra$e degrees; t is’ desired td convert .from Fahrenheit to
Centigra& dbg$es, &%GdeF’&e cent ,. co.lumn as a, ble of Fahrenheit temperatiires’ 9
-and read the’correspondin’g Centigrade tem/jeiatur in the column at,t+he left. If‘it is.-?
desired. .to- cbnvert from Ceqtigrade to Fahrerih ,% It degrees, consider the center ,‘I ,
column as d 2,bl.e of Centigrade value!, and reBd .the corresponding Fahrenheit ,N .‘*
:. /../. -“-
kmpkratu’re.pn the-fight. .’
l . _; ,... 7 . /V” . _.
; .^. . .._._ _ _
L _
r->z
-\’
yz;,
: -
Ei
SOU&X: Clifford Strock and Richard L.’ j(oral, eds., Handbok of,Air Conditioning, Heatihg, and
_.-- Ve@&pg, 2d ed. (New York: mdustrial P&s, i.b65).‘
-v i __
/i _ -
f / ” _.,
,
1. u 409 z
* . _- , i - ,-
ir‘ . :
,;: 0
-) ..I. . 0
0 ;. , .
: I ‘F --.’ : ,. - :
- ..
- ., r
n ~. .
__ .~_ ti
2-2
or +nversioni. rkZco<ered-in%e table, ihe-followingformqlas are used:
..,.s.
<,’J ;‘: _ I’ - : -
-
- f
I ;- m -. _.‘I
F F 1.8C + 32 C = (F - 32) + 1.8 1 .I” - ‘.
B 4.. - a -
I -..
_ oeglc , .- -\ e DegF . DesC Des F.
\
‘46 : - 50 :-58 ” 8.9 48 - ‘. y:4
:~_ -L$& _ -40. -4(-J 0. 9.4 ., q9 ..-’ -tPO.2
!
.a -34; - 22 ', l.d.0. s.d 122.0
- 30 CA P -.
. _,
-29 - 20 - 4 10.6,. L 51 .’ 123.8
-23 - 16 L 14 11.1 . 52" 125-.6
:. ,- ’
G>
a.3 47 I 116.6 _ . 37.8 \ 100 212.0 J
.L
/ .... .
m
.I ‘\ ^‘:
?l-.,
y-i .Ij- ‘; *,,I --‘+
.,‘: _’
-410 *. I
.’ __>_._-> I_ ” _ .
i.
‘:.’. J ,,i . t -_ i.
‘. _ Y.
-_-... --~. I - & -_ L
.I ‘., . . L--
_~ p1 ,
m .
#
^
c 0
.:
!
, b.
n ;
n I
‘; c
. rr . u
‘.
*‘I
-ii*. .
,’ c
D I
1
<:*,.
.I 1” Glossary* -C’ - ,- \
* .&!a%--
_a. e, 0
. . . _. .,
,~.,,,. .;j 1),,I .IL ,, ,Ij . .,..,_. .,
.~...~
.,,*.
,.,.
.
: ,. .L .
k ..:’
c. ,&+r&&eih
r’ e ratio of the radiation absorbed by a s&ace and the total>@hergy
1;&
c falling 6n that surface mebsured. as a percentage. * 0 L
. .” =. ~
0 , .r/ %! ;
n
A active, solar eneigy sy?tem- a system which requires the importation of energy.#rob .a:
; L autjde of&% rmmediate environment: e.g., energy to operate fans’and
.’ - @umps. .-
> - 3’
..+....
ado&a sun-dri&&tinburned brick of clay (earth) and 5traw used in construction.
. primarily in the Southwest.’
& ,.,,.’
;z,:, a house. as3&empera&r$ ardund
.”. : ” 0” ‘, \I
: iF$ .
.- an le of‘incidence-the -angle that the iun”s rays make with a line per-
‘/~- --
,+ / 4 =.. pendicular ‘to a surface. The mgle of,,,,)&cidence determines the percent-
. 6.. age .of direct sunshine intercept66 by”3 surface. The sun’s rays that a’re D *
1 perpendicular@ a surface are said to be “normaj” to that su&ce;See table *
b i .
-6
--... II-1 in chapter 2 for the percentage of poss<ble sunshine interc$ted _by a
,> --
I. - ,_ ----.--surface
I _ -_ for
-- ?/arious angles_ofincidence. Y . 1
_- - - 0__-.- -~ o*P e ,, ;‘!
_’ / _
Y; auhary system-a suppiementary heating unit to provide heai to a space wher?its
\ ,-CT:.,.. primary unit cannot do so. This li‘suafly occurs during periods of cloudiness
??a?
/, ‘. ; or interise cold, when a solar heating system cannot.provide enough heat to.
;?v
-.
” nieet the needs of the tpace.
8. f =, .. --
th-the angular distance betwee? true south and the point on the horizon
. 0% directly below the sun. .I:,
.I” .,f ^
i’ o/ ..c.;
p sy&erri--see iystem.
.(‘r
,
auxiliary ’ j
j. 3 . e 5
a’ form of m&able‘; ins&a?ionz developed by David” Harrison of
,,
Zomeworks Corp., 1212 iEdith Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, ;NM 87102. The
system employs- tiny poly$tyrene beads blown into the&pace between the
’ \ two yheeti of glass (or p&ma double-glazed wi$&w_. or skylight.
I- 5 0 .” . ) <
. -. :*
*berm--a man-inade
Z’
hound or small hill of earth. ,’
*Compil d by Bob YOU%; ;:_ ^
‘- ! ’ r
--A+-- .a 4
_I_- ~-‘-~--.-..t 1,j _ .
.. --_. ..
I 0
k, - a “411 ~ I o .
L - i s
_ _...- -.
_,_. _. ’
4 .
.“’ .
t
:
:*y! ”
0
The Passive Solar’ Energy Book
i ,’
-t-
* bl&ck bod+-a theoretically perfect absorber of incident radiation with also the
highest possible emittance. ,_
‘)
Btu (British thermal unit)-a unit&used to measure quantity of heat; technically, the
,. *
.. quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water 1°F.
One Btu k 252 calories. One Btu.is approximately equal to the amount of
’ .heat given off by burning one kitchen match.
I
0
cdlector, solar-a
device for,capturing solar energy, ‘$nging from ordinary windows -1
.: _.... .. -’ 5
. to complex mechanical devices. .__
c *
i -8
conductance (C)-the*qu%-rtity of heat (Btu’s) which Will flow through one square
. foot of material- in one 1°F temperature difference
. between ,both surfaces. given for a specific thick-
II rii% of material’, not per ness. For homogeneous materials, such
-- as concrete, dividing by its thickness (X)
gives the conductance (C). P
,.
conduction-the process by which heat energy is transferred through materials. ~_.__..-
w ;. .+(solid,s, liquids oAgases)-by molecular excit&ion of adjacentmolec&C--
‘\ \ __ _..’ - ,. --- _
_>I _--- __-~~_~~-
_ A
\ ‘\ , -~--=;-----
__~ B
I. . ;a~--.-
_. ~-- . ..~ _~ __ , .-’
412
-____------. ~------ ‘\ *
~.__
,,---- , .-.- -.- ‘\ .
\ T
I
.
.a
2 d
1
,,
. g-,
.
0.
-.. Glossary ep- :
..
-
> ’
1 conducti& (k)--tKe &aptity of heat (Btu’s) that will flow thrdugh or&square foot of
. _,__ ,. . . I .. _ material,‘one inch thick, in one hour’: when there is a tempeiature difference
.._.
of 1“F &tti&en ‘its surftices. ./ I’ _
0
,
e-
convectimhe transfer-of he&be&n a moving fluid medium (liquid or gas)and
’ a surface, or the transfer of he& within a fluid by inovgments wiihin the fluid.
K
I
I
d&d air space (sk air space)-a confined;Space ofiir-.“A dead air space tends to
..
ieduce both conduction and cynvection of heat. This fact is utilized in
c’ . \,+ ki$a!,li/ ‘all insulating materials and systems, such as double ~glaiing, ’
,.
“il Beadwall, fibegglass batts, rigid f&m panels, fur and hair, and* loose-fill .
insulatioAs like putiice; v.er@iculite, rock wool and goose down.
* s
~.- ~..
degree-day ‘(DD) cookg -see degre&day for hkating, except that the base tempera- . “r
. turt is established at 75”F, and cooling degree-days are mea&red above that ?:-
V
b?se. .... * I,
I .
I
degree-day (DD) heating ,ari expression of a climatic heating .requirement ex- . ,
-. *pressed by the difference in,degree.F below the average outdoor teTperature
for each day and an established indoor temperature base of 65”F,, (The .
l
-.
assumption behind selecting this base is that average construction will
provide interior comfort when the exterior temperature is 65°F.) .The total
number of degree-days over the heating season indicates the relative &verity
of the winter in that area. (
/
_ dm:ity (p)--the mass,of a substance which is ‘expressed in pounds per cubic fob;.
....
diffuse radiation-radiation that has traveled an indirect-path from the sin &caus”e ’ ’ .
it has been sea ered by particles in the atmosphere,, such as air molecules, I
dust and waceri vapor. Indirect sunlight comes frym.the entire skydbme. , V
\ . j\
P
direct radiation-light that has traveled a.st;aight path from the sun, ,as opposea.to
--diffuse s.ky radiation. ‘\
\
. - __----. /\\
\ \.
efficiency--in solar applications, this meqtire pertains to the percenta.ge of the solar “\, -
energy ir&i.dent on the face.of the tiq.Jlector (glazing); that is used for space \:
‘heating. . - , -. \
.,. ,
emissivity- the pr$erty yf emitting .he’at radiation; possessed by all materials to a _ ,,
varying extent. “Emittance”. is the numerical value of this pfoperty, ex- ‘~i
. u
_ pressed as a decimal fraction,&r a.p?rticu.lar material. Normal. em$ance is
the value me&u&d at 90 cjeg$ei tb the‘plane of the sample and hemispher- i:
..
r’
! . R
1 413 “’ .
~ . de ._
.‘,... _: ‘.‘;;, ,; ..L..L_.,L..L .- - 0 0
m -
.< ,A -
,a t’
‘. .’
i’
:* . ..
.I
* The Passive Solar Ener& Book ,/ r -’
. I
n ‘a.‘.._.
I’ .? I
: * i
..~.----.. - .-_----.. -... ...i ---- _ _- _..__
--.~.-~ -~ t
lcal emlttance is the total amount emitted in al@i%tions. We are generaily 1 . .
’ / -+ ..‘ iinterested in hemispherical, rather than.normal, emittance. Emittance values D I- (
t , ,
_‘.-”I . . ._~ range from-0~~5-forb-rightly,potish~d’ metals.!2 9:96 for. flat black pairit. M%J
.‘x n&metals have high values of. emit&?&.-) m
.B_..
e&inox-either’of tihe two times during a year when the sun crosses the celestial I
:
equator and when Jhe length of day and night are approximately equal.
. These are the qutumnal equinox on or about September 22 and the vernal
equinox which ‘[soon or about March 22.
0
* ‘\
’ eutectic’ salts-+&s used f6r storing’ heat. At a given temperature,, salts melt,
.-
absorbing large amounts o( heat which will be reIFased as the salts freeze. i 3i
~--- ._ .- - Example: Glauber’s salts. The melt-freeze temperatures. vary‘with differentZ
/ _. _-. B; -.
salts and some OCCUPat, convenient temperatures for thermal storage such as
.. .* I ,.
in the range ,of 80” RO 120°F. l I
..
,I .,
.I
I
_
gl+ng-a coveiin.g-bf <transparent qr transl&ent%aterial (glass or plasticj used’ for *
b--
1;
admitting I,&ht. Glazin’g retards heat ‘ibssedfro’m reradiation and c.onvection.
Examblej: wjndohs, skylights, greenhouse &d ,collector Goverings.
0
. ;, L‘. .
1
glking, double-a sandwich of two separafed l&.rs‘&g;ass or plastic enclosing, air 0 ,.I’
to create-a-n’ insulating barrier. s _
. i
,” _,I .
greerkou$&z effect-refers to the characteiistic tend& of Some Jransparent mate-
rials’-su-<h as glass to transmit radiation shorter than about 2.5 microns and
block ra+tion of longer.walelengths. ’ ’
, I
heat capacity (volumet=ric)---the number.bf Btu’s d,cubic fiat of material can store
+,&&a soneldegree increase in its tem’perattir;e. b 0
$4 ‘?p ? ii c-
1 .
‘heat $ in -an in&ease in ‘tke amount of heat contained in7-A space,-reiulting .f’;orn
. ” direct s&tar radiatign, and thee heat @en ‘off by people, Iights,‘equipment,
--, m
’ 1 ‘machinery and other sourc&. P
I .
a ” I( L>
3
b,sheat Ic/ss-a decrease’in t&amount of heat Contained ?n a gpace, rejulting from he& I
:, _ _ . .-
‘flow through wAitIs, window&&d other buildirig. envelope comp& 61.’ b ”
I * ‘. ‘. . 1
, * I’
‘. . nen&., / 9’ * 0 .
. -. b \a
i, -- ~ ‘
w
Ji.
.I . . ‘, .infiltraii,or;-the,uncsnt~~lled
.
,mo~$,men&~outdpor ai,r into the interior of a building
i through cracks a$und windqws dr&d&& or-in walls, ropfs--and’~~~~;si’~hi~~~
<. 1.. . . 4. ? :,*. titi y.. work by co& ..air leaking in during, the winter, or the rever\se in the-
;-’ -,
i fi”: summer. if ., L. -: .*
I, .:: ’ ‘_
ii
c
/
‘.\
,,+ .,.,_,_,_. ,,.. .>_
\
“.
.I, , ’ Glossary R *
i
4
.
.
-insolat&+he total amount oh? solar radiation-direct,- diffuse and- reflected-
‘-. striking a surf&e exposkd to the sky: This incident solar radiation is
. . . ,. ._. .,
7
<I
..“.^.. .. ..measured.lin.I~~ngleys per.$.t-+, or, b’s per square +t .per h,qq or per day.;
,d $,
I
‘kc
3, .
- --^ 1
t f
. .._ -.~ solar-constant-the- amount of radiation or heat-.enkrgy that -reaches the outside of
the eatth’,s atmosphere. ! o c ’ .
. !!
,
. _.,..^. . _ I. ..’ I r
sora~;P~di~tidii~.lect~~~~~~~~~~..r~diation emitted by the sun. I
,
solar window-openings that are designed or placed,primaril.y to admit solar energy’ $ ./
into a space. ’
- *
specific he+1 (Cp),---the number of Btu’s required,to raise the temperature of one + a c
.pound of a substance 1°F in temperature. i ..
”
,
thermal
mass--the amount of &tential heat storage capacity available in a given
assemtrly or syst&ii Drum Walls, concrete floors and adobe” walls are
examples”of~therniaf mass. .
*
‘ @iI
2 thermocirculatiw&the convective circulation af fluid which occurs when warm *
, -- fluid rises and is displaced by denser, cooler fluid in the same system.
A 1 time la&--the period of,time between the absorption of solar radiation by a material
‘\ and& release ,jnto a space. Time 1agr.e an,important consideration in sizing -
,i
a’thermal storage wall .or Tcombe waL 0
i *\. ~~ ,~~ -
~~ -~ -.‘.- -~
--~ ti%ducq+-the quality of trans ‘itting light %ut, causing sufficient diffusion
4
to
-0
eliminate perception of di’s- ‘net images. \
_ i1 /
< ” ;: ”
transmittance-the ratio of the radi&-tt energy transmjtted’through a substance to the
i, total radiant energy incident bn its surface. In solar tpzhnology, it is alwalys (
7
affected by the thickness ‘and composition of’the @ass cover plates on a
p,
_. k( *- collector, and to a major extent by,the angle of incidence betw”een :the 3’Sun’s ,:,,.c
,=
rays and “a line normA to the surface. r
\\
‘5. ,v
U vbyz (coefficient of heat transfer&--the
number of’ Btu’s that flow throughsone * .
,I .’ & square foot elf roof,’ wall or flooi, i.n one hour,’ when there is a 1°F
i
“, difference in temperature b&een the~inside and Gutside air, under steady ‘, -
’ state conditions’. The U va’t;le is the reciprocal of the resistance or R-factor., \
\ * - d
- vabr barrier-a component of construction which iscimpervious to the flow of ‘..
moisture and ai’r and &used. to 6revent condensation--‘in walls and other
*
locations of insulation. \ i
i _- .. _ .- -. _ -~
-,-_ _ ~. .._ AA._.. __.-- _I_.. -__. .--. -. --
----7----p
.._ t < _I
b -
. .‘-
c 0
. 1 8
‘b a
4@ .I I
. 1- 4;
a <-
\.,‘. *:,, i ..
1
k--- ’ \
; /’
%:j
Glossary
.,
,
-- ,.
wat$r wallian interior tiall ofwa(er,fitkd cbntainers constituting a one-step heating
system @hi& combines and storage. a cotiectiqn
J ... _
weather stripping-narrow or jamb-width sections of thin metal or other material t
prevent infikration of air and moisture ground windows and doors. ’
I
a ,.p
t-
‘, f ’ .
8
a di -A r_
&.’
.m V‘
* ,3‘. :
:. . . I .‘
1
\
.
.-----.. --- -----.._.i-..... ..___ _,..
r’l I “\
.r
*
, .
0
-
k417
*’
f$.,, ,
1.
: _.
!
^ I \
\/^
m.-
A
__.-- -..--.- --
-H-F- c a
:* American Society of Heating, Redrigerating and Aircondjtioning Engineers.‘
1972. ASHeAE handbook of -fundamentals.. New York: ASHRAE,
i
51.; *
. s
Baer, S.=f975. Sunspots. Albuquerque: ZoImetiorks Corp. @ O.
,_,,
. (4
B,rinkworth, 8. J, 1974’. Solar $&rgy for mp. New York: John Wiley 9( Sons. ’
,*
I .
,,,’
.
D
dhffie, J: A., and Beckman, W: A. .1974;;-Solar energy thermal processes, New
York: Johti ‘Wiley‘8; Sons. - %a
B
c 1.
” ,.
Portola Institute. 1974. Energy primer: solar, &a{,@f, wind and bioi he/s. Menlo ..
:,
‘, :: 3.. * ~---7 -~ -
/, ::‘” Park; Calif. --....
$
:.,, ‘., . -
:. <. n
,:::r’
I’ \
. ’ I.
,.+
1 Scientifi@ American Editors,: ed. 1971. Energy and power. San Francisco: I
y W. H. Freeman & Co. \
..,
‘. I. ;/ .
.-
I . 2!
.,
,. ~qhapter’ ‘111 ’
D
I, B
%
AIA Rese&h Corp. 1976. Solar, dwelling design concepts. U.S. Government ~- ‘..._
;/- ,; Printing Office, Washington, ‘DC 20402, >stock no. 023-OOO-O0334-1.
-I *
i’,; ,.
L
.?’ *
~
AIA
Research Corp. 1978. ‘A ;hrvey of passive,so/br hi/din&. U.S. Govern-
^... - ment Printing Office, Wf:hington, DC 20402, stock no. ., 02+OOO-OO437-2.
, ,
* .
‘Anderson, ,;B.. Ed. by Riordan, M., and Goodman,. L. 1976. The solar home
I: , book:; heating, cooling, and designing with the sun. Harrisville, N.H.: * . i
L’. I ,$ 2
L. I
I> Chestiire Books. P .. ‘7,:, . a
I ; L ’
.Hay, H. k. et al. 1975.-Research eya/uatian,of a system of’natural air-&ndi- :
::\ . tioning. San Luis 0’b)spo: California. Polytechnic State University. ‘?:L
.’ .-+I “:“,
. ‘. ’ \\ i I
*: 0 , _c.lc
> ,I ’ _>r
“,
418 .
i - ,
,,:, _. ,’ ’ ‘I * - -.
“C..’
,.s.I/
:’ ” _ .I . +%& . ’ ,. .,
1,a. .I ‘.. ; --, : ‘5 ‘.
f
, , Bibliography
”
d
Baker, S.; McDan&ls, D.;i and Kaehn, E. 1977. “Time ‘integrated calculation
D of the insolation collected by---a -r&lectorLcQUecztor system.” Eugene: 1 _-
-~~!ZGirEnergy Center,,University of Oregon. /’
G ,..
Callender,
0 \. H. 1966. Time-saver stan,dards: a handbook of architectural de-
_
*sign. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-HilIdBook Co.’
. c
Calth&pe, P. 1977. Prelimiiary comparison study of 8&r solar space he&ng c,
systems. Farallones Institute, Occidental, ,Calif.
I
Clark, G.; Lo.xsom, F.; and Niles, P. 1977. Roof pond cooling vs. active solar
‘cooling in a subtropic marine climate. Presented at the Heljoscience
Institute Internat-ional Conference, Palm Springs, Calif., May 1977.
Duffie, J. A:, and Beckman,‘W. A. 1924. So/x energy thermal proysses. New
.
0
‘York: John Wiley & Sons.
.:
,
General Services Administration. 1975. ‘Energy conservation design guidelines .
for new office buildings. 2d ed. Wash.(ngton, D.C.: &A Business Service _
P Center. b, _’ .‘.. ’ :
“\ _~~ ~~ ~~-- -- II---
~~~
‘% / _.~-
..
s Haggard, K. 1977. The architecture of a passive ‘shern of diurnal radiation
heating and cooling. Solar energy, vol. 19, no. 4. ’ *
= ,*; .-
\
.,9 \ R ‘-
,
D i
8’:
\
‘I
d * ‘1.
, \;‘;,
‘1 3
, * . --
----A-.
,-
..
‘, I.
Kegel, R. A. 1975. The energy intensitf/ of”building materials. Heating, piping,
.*: -4airconditioniqj, Ju’rik 1975, pp: 371-40, 7
0 0 e...
a d
..;:
Lawand, T. A. et al. 1977. A *greZenhouse climates. for northern Solar age,
D ‘T. ..: .’ .
: , +2 II 1 Octobe$1977, pp. ,x&13.
?
‘3 ,>..-i -J .\\ ‘*
‘.,_ , kos- Aldmos Scientific Laboratory. 1974. Pacific regional &jar heating hanci-
”“‘.,;
1. = book. 2d ed. U.S. CoyqxYte&+rihting Office? Washington, PC 20402;
g’ ‘i ?-,;r&;~&~~24-~.~ g. _ 1; r
7---- 1
. @CuIla‘gq. C. 11978. The solar greenhouse.ijook. Emmaus, Pa.: Roiale P&s,
‘. 7
1.. 1”
,’ MacKillop, A. 19?2~ow energy housing. Eco(ogist, December 1972, pp. &IO,.
\ ‘\ e =-
F,
. -_. Makkijani, A. B., and -l!Tchtenberg, IA. J. q97.2. Enzgy and well-being. Environ-
ment,tiol. 14, no. 5: 1.1-18: ~.
I
Naz’ria,. E. 1;97i. A design and ‘sizing prbcedure’ for direct gain, thermal
. sfqrage wall., attached greenhouse and ‘roof” pond systems. ,Proceedin&“’
I ( _.
vi of the Second National Qassive.. Sol& donfer’ence, *Philadelphia, 1978.
Washington, D.C.; lJ.S- -$&ergy ~Re’harch and Development Administra-
tion, ” ‘_ “.’ o ” ,
7;
3
. I’-
L
d Mazria, E.; Baker, OM. S.; and Wessling, F. C. 1977. An analytical model for
pagsive solar heated buildings.. Proce,@ngs of the- 1977 Annual Meeting
‘. .I
of the American Section
r of the /SE$ vol., 1. .Orlando, ~la.~,J.une 1977.
.~ -. 0
r
Mazria, -El et .al. ?977-, Noti’ -solar greenhouse -pertormanci and anqlysis.
, - Center for Environmental Research, University of’ Oregon, Eugenb, OR
*q d 9+03: a . ,
!’
.‘. s ,\ i
O‘lgyay,‘V. V. 19.63. Design with climate.. Princeton: Prim&ton Uviv. Press. j
_r
3 -..
0
-a
liMiography,
u
*‘-”
Olgiay, V. V., and Olgyay, A. 1957. Solar corttrof and’ shading device,s. ‘-
I/, Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press. _ _ ’ . .i
9 . .’ *
, a .jl D
Raber, B. F., and Hutchinson, F. ‘W. 1947...‘??ape/ heating qnd cooling anal ’ .I . -~
h s. >
New York: lohn Wiley &.Sons. ’ ‘i+T.Z. + :, 03
c .
.*
2
l
r”,.
n 3
:: <!,A&. ‘i ,
^ - if A- ,: i.
n
‘\
*. ?t
0 0 . , -
~\ ,t ’
n \‘
A.-& *;- _.’
! . s- .d,
‘__ <.’
. I
5 .,~ c ,/y-G .
ir
0 ,,/’ 4
& \ ,-
__I’
. \
I * .\,
1. _
” Photograph -A\knowledgnq& *
-,..
_I 7”; Maxamilliank-restaurant,
I Ill-2 Albuquerque, New’Mexico. ” .
~j Edwatd Mazri.aj designer! Robert Strell, desi+er.
-.
’ .. i. !
I .._.. ._ 1 P-
,- I ._
-‘ -‘I ,+-2,’ ’ Ill-4 Karen/ Terry house, Santa Fe, New Mexico me’- ~--~~--‘-~~~~---T~
=r,..r,---~-
--- _..-..!---- ~.-i .“- ..-.~-.~d’~vi~.~~~glit,~arch.~c~;-~~~~~~r-~~~~~~.
‘,
, -.. b .
-‘.
5’.
~,. ” I I l-8 Att;ached greenhouse, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.
8. 1”
_-~~ dhzirl.& Klein, architect.
: ~~. r ,
III-11 i- Bus shelter, Snowmass, Colorado.
b, L
‘_ .
I b IV-la , Fitzgerald residence, Santa Fe, NeBw Mexico. - ; -#
- . David Wright, architegtb’Karen Terry, builder. .‘i
I: *
f
-...-..-:..------ .-J,!& ___.__._.... Lasar’residence
---. -- ..--.L- F-k
, Stephen Lasar, in -
._* (1: .u
a,,
,’) _ . : :. ,‘_ . ..i. :’ II 3 .a
/ IV72c : Lasar residence; .New Milford, Connecticut.’ -
‘---.*^ i .. Stephen Lasar, architect. _- -’ _,’, ’
~ : .a I
__ % ‘-- *.
/’ . -Iv:& , Fitzgerald residence, Santa Fe; New Mexico. m
‘, 5- .
a/ 7 David Wright, architect;, Karen Terry, builder.
I ,
. . ,. W-+. \ .*.:&asar residence, New klford,,: : 2
.._ ~ /.s zI -St.gphen Lasar, architect. 0 =’
‘. 1
,_ - 7r 4 ai
.. _ L4
:( ;.-; IV-5a , ” . 6$khols residence, SantaI+, New Mexico. 0 * : -:‘: - l
._ ail
3 I!¶-@ Attached Greenhouse 1 yste’m, Occidental, California. . -” : _ ,a.
Peter Caljthorpe, designer; ~ ~. -:
; s 1 ^
,I -L ‘Roof Pond System, Wjntek, California. * ’ T&E
.s ,’ , ._
w D John Ha~mmond~clesij$tier. -: I 3
p ._ * I .! ._ .* ’
ThermalStorage-Wall System, France. -
,_t;T,y+--“‘, -Z> ‘,
I I. , ‘\. . ‘lacques Michel, architect. - . . -
3.’ ‘y-. :e
.-..--.-,-
..-.- - ._....I
___...-_
_ - 8.
’ ,~- : T ), ;ro . . _ t ~~ ,’ ;, ..-
* 0 :_ -8 , @
2-/-~~-~’/ -. . ,;
h -. _ . .. F
/
-. ,P(
1 _
< i > ~ ___.. ': '3 Cr. '
m .:
:-----.-_- ~ + 1
.. --
.z d
-_
,- ' ,
c
.z.. .~-~-.. ~~ _ -- P A, ,
.: \
, I Photograph Acknc&led&nents.
4 : * -
.
\
IV-IOC Maxamillian’s resiaurant, Albuqugrque, New Mexico.
Edward Mazria, designer;Robert’Stre,!l, designer. .
~ <:
0
IV-lla- **
n : Stephen C. Baer residence, Corrales, New Mexico. . .
Z Stephen C. Baer, de,sign&r.
/ ‘a
.\
IV-I 2a Longview School, Davis, California;-~- .
.--i- ‘.,” .. John Hammond, solar consultant.
___ . ’
n 1.’
l,V-12 b .*Residence, Davis, California.
=-_ . John Hammond, solar consultant. .’ ,
.t x..‘1,-._
n
1
I
.r .-
P .’
’ IV-l%3 .Lasar residence! ,New Alford, Connecticut. ’
,;I i* : .- .
P Stephen Lasar, a:rchitec? I :- .:
,,.,,.
\. - --~ ---- 4’.
.: *
“V.,,
.......,.; Longview School, Davis, California: . ‘
_- -” ,:..,,,, 1
.i*‘,. * John Hammond, solar consultant. .
,.- I . .,<-.
:‘c$ ;. \
. I .c\li IV-14b - ‘Wolf residence, Durango: Colorado. .
. Brian -Kesner, architect. ’>.
-% . R‘ e I 0 . : ‘;-
,.L_
:z ,a’
I * ;>, ‘. ’ ’
/ . ‘, I .a
- .I ( \
F. Y
0
IVy19a ‘5
\
”” i-----
__-”, _r-
i .,-
’ IV-15b,.,. Wessling*attach‘e’d greenhouse, Albuquerque, New Mexico. , /"
@
K” *I,
:. ,I’
,.,.‘ ,.,. ,’ Y t ;,,. . ‘m .I .
5.. i . ..
,,---,-,, ‘v -’ .._.. -.;-. I_ __,_,, 7 ..‘.
., ,.,./ ,. r /.aL .-- I .:
‘iTl 1..;;-‘, .yi ,> ,. ; j, ‘-- , -y;--, /- f ‘~‘-~ ,__- _, - ,-. _
c- e --
. ,.>.
+--. ^ -z
IA . * ‘.
: b ,
I
--‘- ._ .
,.
* . I
LI..
. IV-$a _ Faralloneslnstitute, Occidental, Calif-ornia. _, I
Peter Calthorpe, designer. - $%’
. -,
.;_ Iq49c Greenho se, Seattle, Washington. 0’ .
,’ Ecotope, E:’ roup,.d,esigner. I .\ ‘P
‘.
_ 1’
C..-4 - i
: .
Crei$fiouse, Seattle,Washington. ,.
* t
Tim M?Gee, design&. . . I .,
$3.. ’ f ..
Greenhouse, Noii,.Oregop. ’
Jim Bourquin,.John Hermansson and Andrew Laidlaw, designers;
Ech;Lard Maiila and, Steven”Baker,s&r consultants. ‘-,‘-
--
‘.,
I-V-204 . Greenhouse, Seattle, Washington. s g ..
d ._ ,’ I
Tim McGee, designer. *. j
, 2 :
iv-jot Greenhouse, Noti, Oregon. - L
]irn--&.rquin, john Hermansson and Andrc$ Laidlaw, designers; 1 ‘- -
d,
.: o 3
Edward Mazria and Steven Baker, solar consultants.
3,
‘-IV-2qd
9 . 424 ~
/
‘.i ; ‘,
I
Photogr@h Acknowledginents
. i
IV-21 a Wolf residence, Duygo, Colorado.
Brian Kesner, architect.
1, .
\
7,.
. .
.
~_
.._
i - i
I -4
.
_ > ^
. c
..
i 1 ti
.p Photograph Credits
.L. s- i’
Tom Getting ’ ii IIL2; 111-2, 6, 8; IV-2a, 2c, 3b, 7a, 9a, IOa, IOc,”
“‘~
IOd, 12a, 12b, 13a, ljb, 14a, ISa, ISd, 16a, 17b, 20&,
20e, 22a, 23a, 23b, 23~, 24a, 25b, 75d. ::
3 & ,*J
IV-la, 3a, 7a, lob, 13a, l!ic, 2Sa, 26a.‘; TL
J “;lep L k-
,.
_ Kenneth Haggard I I I-9;“lV-1 Ba, 18b.
” - L
.’ *
Jacques Micf-&l III-S, IV-7a. . I
:*
‘t-
Marc Schiff
II-I. ,.$ 1
-__.__
,. -.
+,
5
.‘.
426 . ” .I.
i
a P,
‘,
,(, .c-, , ‘; i
.,__ .. ;
m
0
’ ; index
/. , -
Back-up heating systems, 31
1
__. . -8,‘. -_ :
adobe
.- fireplace as, 43
-!,, ‘for freesianding green-house,
Ir
A@rption ., 8. - - Y. .
598~ ;
of heat by thermal mass, 28,
~ of solar radiation; i%; 1.6-20 wdo,$ stove as, 40, 52
:
; by thert$al storage wall,, .
-
44-45
r 9, of thermal radiation by glass, ;
6 I .: ., > _&&I5 ,___” * t ’ s ‘Bearing angle. See Solar azimuth
. , ’ -Actives&Fllating systems, 28 f Berming, of earth, on north side, 86,
A . I
.‘-I “in attached greenhouse;- 53,179, 87-88 i 0
u
De .1&3-85 J. -1, Black body, 24
,_ Adobe. ‘See a/so M.asonry thermal Sody heat, 64 ’ .
_I* * ;
mass supplementing heat systems
..’ . for cjirect gain systems,.34,.42- wiPh,31,35 !I
~:Ad,abe fireplace,?as,back-up heatjng ,Brick. See also Masonry thermal’
a 1/
system, 43 mass
4 ’ ‘Air lock, asentry, 97 ’ for direct gain systems, 34,42 *
a.. I -3
‘. ~, Air loop rock storage system, 60-62 -
w C‘ 0
* Albedq; of the eabh, 81.9 m 7
r?.I” a,
._ i
,G ~._. qlexalder,~h~r~tapher;on .A._Ai_ - the~, uses
:; -Carbon cfioxi.de, absorption of solar _
\ * of open spa.ce, 75-77 :. ,a
D radiation by, 1.0
.-.a..; ” \:r‘:’ Altitude; See Solarpaltitude
Carpeting, 134,143 ~
‘r: n
-lo. %’. *’ Angle, of sun’srays, 13-14 Caulking, of doors, 97 .
i,:,-.-: 5 Angle of ,..,.inci’dence, 14,15,18, Clerestories, 84; 125-31 * 2
9 Anticorrosive, in water wail, 42 ’ ’
; in direct gain systems, 34-35, 38
h.. Appliances; suppiying of interior angled, 42
AD ? -
\- heat by, 35;. ; 1 8%. vented for cooting,,37
.. Architectute, new attitude -to.yard, Climate ’ ’
c. 3-2 .” 1 Y---L _ affecting sizing of thermal
. ‘. Atascadero residende, as example of storage wall; 154
.
Y m-Dindirect gain system, 56’ . as-design factor for architecture,
j-2- _’ .
,_ 1_ 1_ Climate,cloudy -b,.-..__‘,-:
P.’ :
design allowances for,’ 228,229.
r-
greenhouse wall angles f&r, 204
reflectors,,and;243 ’
\ ‘. .’ ‘*, ’
.
Clouds, absorption of sola&adi b tion
by,10 /, , b 161,162 ‘. ( o
4
‘5 Cloudy day s&rage, 226-49 C$du<tivity, 21. See a&o ’ *
Cotlectors, 15 0 .’ U Conduction
in acfive,solar heating system affecting of heat. sto’rage by, 27*
28 .” Conuection, 21,-23 ’ r’
in dire&&n systems, 29 in attached greenhouse, 53, .
c
flat pIat&, 54-62 _ ‘inmasonry therma- storage L
rn-indirect,gain systems, wql[, 44-4$, 50 ’ * . ~
.; 50,56 in ,roof p,onds, 56’ B
, stippleinented with* in water thermal storage wall,
‘- 24-i-48 - 5O,f47., L’ ’ _
Color Convective fl&,,‘in convective toop,
,affecting reflection of solar ._*,J$-J ? .’ ‘ ,,. 1,. -; I , ‘;’
1 radiation, 24 Convectiveloop, 5942. 3 I c
8.
.A’,. ..
..
.‘.,’ m.
I
_ Index li , i .
= !
L 1
8
. -
Curtains II4 , E, 0 ,.
, . to control-thermal storage wall, q
Earth, solar radiation affected by tilt
* ” “-4 .>I,236 - -, -,
_. exterior,for.shade,.255-57 _ -‘-’ ‘androtation-of, 11-J-2 ___ _ _ _ _ __
‘/
Cyllndrical’sun chart, 267-92 Earth herming, on north side! 86,
i 0’ ‘.. 87-188 ,v
: ‘; ,IJ:s- D-
,.. L ‘Eiectromagrwtic radiation, 5~6. See
i..
..g:. I ~~ atjDSotaf~fadi&n _ ~~
‘., Dai’lyshn paths, ‘274 Emi,siivity, of a Surfa’ce, 23-24
Y
.a
-
,Dam~ers,Io prevent reverse ‘* Emittanie, of a material, 24
2. th,ermocirculation, 50,159,166-68 G Energy. See also Heat-; Thermal
Davis house, as exa.mple of isolated, energy. B
--
w’ gain system, 6662 . ’ .~_ output of the sdn, 5-7
Density, of construc.tio.n materials ”
.‘ Energy density, 13
affecting heat capacity,‘26 ’ -
I _ .- . E&ra~ce location, 94-99
: affecting thermal, radiation, 24
Equation of time, 288 ~_
’ Depth, of;coom,-determining of; 84
+ . Diffuse neflection,,l5-1’6 _ / EvAporation, of roof ponds for .
n
j. 7
:c... ,,Dust, absorption of solar
- , radjation
.. _..”I . , . ,!k- by,>; IO
rt-rmr\mllpl~~t-
Fusion. See Thermonuclear fllcinn
fusion
* -i , -.J l
t : . . ’ *
,.--’
:T’:; :, 1
i * c
I
:*:, ;-, ,f’ , ,- .Y. .
. . ..,. , /’ \ L
! ,;.
* I_ > / I)<
;; ;,‘; ‘.I :,‘; \ .., *
,: ; ,_, .’ .!’ ;
“i.: “,v,‘; 8 ,, ,. ,. 1. _’ s
/’ ., < * / f^.. :; (‘j 1 , ,’ 1
;.. ~ ~., .., .*,.*i”. .
!,.:.*c,‘i;~ ,..,, ‘; ; ,m,\:-i,. _, ;-.
The Passive Solar Energy Book
+j .. ; # ,.t
,i‘:. “,“I, ,/’ .
;, ,(S,_,. ( ... -. ,.” _,:-,_ \ : D
._
. 1’. *
:I ..r L ,_;._ i ” D
.I o
: . .
._ ,”
.
Y -
._ ,c
.. - Q .f 0
p
.~ II
- Index
is
------.--: -. .
‘$1
i
I North side, utilizing of,-8%89
L-r::; 0.2 0 cI/
” . Noti greenhouse, 215
.-
1 Latitude, affecting sizing of thermal
. .
.I 0
storage- wall, 154
Latitude variations, of sun’s path,‘277
Obstructions
Laundry room, location of, 9&91\ to solar radiation, 73,74
<.I c
-. , Light
to south wall, 125,127 d
as parI of sunks~~;nergy, 7
to wind, 88,97
speed of, 7
Olgyay, Victor, on building shapes,
*. .-. Lighting, interior 0’ .
/JO-82
c heat supplied by, 31: 35 ,-
Outdoor spaces -.
.” from solar radiation, 84 . ,
north side, 86-88
~ Location, of-building, 72-77. See
e -south sideJ5x77
also Shape and orientation
Overhangs, 250-57
’ Louvers, 218,236 ’
adjustable, 253-54, 255-57
horizontal, 250-52
/ !
M
Overheating . .-
caused by allowances for
Magnetic \;ari&ions, of sun’s path; -. cloudy days, 229
277-78 caused by improperly sized
.’ . “..,“.*la’ r)
Masonry thermal mass ,‘_..,.
p~‘~‘-“-’ storage wa11s,.153,159,162
compared to &ater wal.l~$7’O-71 * caused by oversized windows, i
,in dim gain system$‘“29-30, _f
.119,120 . /
. 31,34+;.40; 42’ Ozone, absocption of solar radiation i’.
,+,,.specifiFations for, 134-43
. ,-.,,‘.“‘“fnindirect gaih, systebj
by, 10 i
0 ",.l~~+l.,./~ 44-50 6 i,
. ..y‘ * th,icknesses for, l59,161--63, P -’
,/- .‘.‘. 1661,~ J
.r?”
a Patt d rns, for designing passive solar
*
Mater&s, for. building, 115-17
: +IaxamiIIian’s, as example of direct- . . systems, 66-266 ‘\
gain system, 34-38 attached greenhouse systems,‘:,
._ -_
(.I’L
r, Mean radiant temperature, 64 0T - .’ 172-85
:
. Microns, definition of, 7 choosing the system,‘10614
0 ~ Monthly-sun paths, 275 direct gain systems, 118-51
,- ‘ .‘!. entrance location, 94-99
‘I..
:
__
” I-’ ,
A ocation’ of. building, 72-77 2
Natural. convec.tion, 21. See also *’ ocation of indoor spaces,
.I I\
Convection 90-92;
Natural-convective loop. See B .i materials for, 115-17 - c
I
/-I .d ‘Convective loop 0. ::.; ‘. north side, of building; 85-89’
- : .
~-I . , 5.
9 . ,‘. $? --
.+:
.^
.- */.3 0
431 c
al *
,‘,,\‘,,:, ,.,;.;.y ,_ ;; . ’ .,.’ *- ’ :fl
I ’
‘.
.I ,:’ r9
0’ 4 e
;’
.i
i.
I
.
’ I
: /
! 9
--.L.-, .
,,.. 0 (.
‘P-2 8 ’
/i/
- . . 3,T
The Passive Solar Energy -@Book 2;
!
/ \
P
,I’
.:.
t i
Patterns (continued) ‘. Roof ponds, 55-58, 194-991 . ’ i
- >roof pond systems, I&-99. I
-_-shape and -orientation of panels for, 394-95, ’ 1
i
building, 78-84
thermal stor_age~waLls;l52-71
use of, 66-71 temperature stratification in, 8’,
window location, 101-4 197
_ .
Photons, 6 * waterproofing of, 196
Plastic,*as glazing for greenhouse Rotation, of earth, affectingm of so.lar
Q.
. effect; 25 radiation by, 11-12
Pollution. See Thermal pollution Rules of thumb:’ See Patterns :’ .’ e* ~- -~
b Polyethylene, for roof ponds, 197 Rust inhibitor. See Anticorrosive -
. ‘3
Polyvinyl chloride, for roof ponds, \~,
19-Y s
.Ponds, roof. Se& Roof ponds >
Prevailing winter winds, 86,88,94, -.-- St. George’s County Secondary ’
97 0 * School, as ,ex&riple of direct gain
? system, 31-33
-p, 3” P R * = Sash construction, 122-23
S.awtooth clerestories, 34, 38,130
*
Radiation: See also Solar radiation; Schiff residence, as example of direct 3
‘(
Thermal radiation gain system, 3q-41 ”
of heat,.23-24 . Seasonal sun paths, 275 , ~~~~~~~~- ~~~’ --
: -
‘, . Reflection- Seasons
2 c \ of solar radiation, 15 ’ I cause of, 12 ‘.‘*
of thermal radiation, 2425 *. solar radiation during, 102-3
.. :I Reflectors, 51,241-48 Shading calculator, 301-4
. T-..’.-_ -‘
., v comparin.g finishes of, 248 :plotting shading masks,with,
,‘:
.’ for interior su,rfaces, 246,248 .’ 305-8 ‘-
for roof ponds, 189,191 Shading devices, 250-57,264 .
._. ~for skylights, 132,241,,245-+6 _. adjustable overhangs, 253-54,, .
,- “, i . -.. u
: tilt angle for, 241,242-43 f ‘255-57
for verti,cal glazing, 241 * ,d for east and west windows, 355
Retrofitting, of passive s&w ., --for interior, 254 I
- 109,110,.1J,1,11’3 . sizing of horizontal,overhangs,
: Re,verse thermqcircul&ion, 5~‘ ” 250-52
. i Ro&sf storing heat in, 60,62 Shiding masks, 3054”
_.,.-
for a$tached greenhouse, for horizontal overhang,.3056
.::...‘, ., 18L85 , for vertical fins, 306-8
:..~I for freestanding greenhouse, Shape,and orientation, of building, ’ ‘~
210,213-16 ,, 78-84
) . % 1 ‘C
\; ;I &.
_j,P
),‘. 43; / ’ _,, : : ,
,:’ / i.
,.I,/
““( ’
._,1 . :I )
>::-/,;:,.,: ,:.,,I .~.
;& ,.‘!.i_ -c:k _- :., . *, .- y i, -.-’
,_‘: .~
a .
R. Index -
‘-6 i
.. ..
I.
6
./ I ‘“’
.,’
_.
I ‘.
.1 :.:
i ‘. ,
Solar.radiation, S-17. See also Heat 3
position of, in relation to earth’s
i 7.
I -
s ,
absorption of, 18-20’ J , orbit, 7 ‘....
~(’ .. J ‘i -i
(~’
_~-a *affected by seasons,c102Y3 ’ J Sun chart. See Cylindrical sun chart
-
.:;
;, earth’sJa~osgh.ere&rd, 8-12 . _ ‘;:Sundial, determining bud/ding . 0
b’: intensity of, on’a surface, 13-75 location with, 75 cI
reflection o,f, 15 q AS.
,‘$ 7’
1)
. * Sun time,- 73,277; 2&3-!2~ ’ ” L
transmission of, 16-17 $,_. I, * a stan$dard time converted to, 290
i =’ -P \ . --
s 0 : 3 _’ * .-
;- ” 1 i
j’,- ‘. . 5 4..
/I!.< a;,::‘,) \, . , 1 .; --._ 6 ~ 2
, ,.p33p -s z
:.,I“‘;k... , ‘. . _-,- __ _‘.- .-. F-- -.- -.- I I
:9, ,1 _’ \
I!.,.,. ;:,: “,,, ----- .--- c .---i--‘----.- e ‘*
,.‘,,‘.:.:,~,,;
...’ 1.: ,’
,~ ./ 0 .--------;---- . . ____/-‘-‘-
A I’:..- .~.
*. I, ,
~;@“p,:~~ ,‘i’ b /,__’ ,‘,:.:c.I -, * ,. - \ :
--T’;-qqq&!
.$J,~~.h .*:,* :,&*”,,.,
‘i”‘:.‘.? :’ Ij.jsI:, i I,..-,
“_ .I(,,’ .... -_I- ,__’L*.i ,/, ;. - “, ,’ ; .,. f
. ‘, .. a r .- *-. ,
Q. .’ e. . cl 3 ‘a i, (’
:Q 6 .\
,,;.. /*- a- I
.r-_.. r . . ..yf’ .,.a ”
)?, “. J 0 3 w
c “5 ” 0
,~ ,y- “_-. 3 f‘(
‘z
*’
i 6.. fi ‘. . ‘-
.a 0 . ‘ni I ” s7;b ‘1 0 ; 4 .
a-
1~
c.l, ‘.e ?
h. n
,F1.,,.,‘L’1.’ ~
;
a. co @r
-, 4.
.Thje* Passiee $olar Energy Bdok d lq* i ‘I ” _.
.- - 0 _: *
”% ‘1 . *-) ;
.. , il. . . %’ &&
, -ye. _,. .
* *i “.
d su;facg colbr’of, 166 . I_ P
ij
n e 3s7
1.
~,‘., thickness of, y1661-63, 16’6 ‘” *:y’<,: *
...
I a “* -” Technology, ventsand darilpers in,0166-6’8,V’ .~ _ II mm-:_ - -~
T>,.
’e i I,%: ._ architecture, 1-2 iI 0 -. , li) i
-. P water, 50-52 ..
_, . ~Temperature, 28: Sei@a/so Mean - Therinicirculation, 44. 5$e alsb I ; “’ ’
* , . r$dGiht temperature; Space a”ir ,~ Convectibn ‘I “, ’ . @;, 7
P I- _: te%-$erature ., mI_ reverse, 50 ’ I _’
i’. III , -$
_:.-’- --contiolling amdunt of ‘tieat . Thermocircul$ion veqts. See *; 1”” o’s
,,” . , i“ 9. radiated, 23. . .. jll .“, . .Ve~~il~~io”~~~m i 2, \ ’
,
h flu&atio&indosrs ’ , ,. :
”. a Ther’monuc-leat-fusion, 5-6 O’ ‘. L ‘-
.,. in a&&hed~green hbus 0 8
_21 a ThermAsrphqning hotw8tei’heatery T
‘in~~irect,gain*~yst~ms; 31,35,‘. 0
60 ,= w ” ~ . .- > 1
. = -136~41’, 14? “- a
Thermo,s&.ts, for m&at& insula:on, ‘:“’ . a
d. in freestandiq greg+ouse,’ ‘”
c- 1 ‘, o 23-6 _ .- : ” .
i007y2-@Z~;:$? 6.>-/ c’ T.,, (. . ..
._ .>.Illl - 9 3.
.I., ,
Q . . in indirect gain s)istems, 50, *., n.,_ F
.Q-fqqrthj affecting sojar ’
a_ ‘,_ (‘. ,(. +Si, -56, -id ’ .- ‘- _
_I f-radiation, II-12 a ’ c
2~ -
P 204
Time lag,.265 ‘.. ”
., II igstilation, 236 ;. D I 1’ :
“-< ,; ‘- a o-
” Translicent glazing _ a
. .
z
-.
. L
_ of I’oof pcJn&, 133 ’ ’ : to-r cle.re@qries, 130’
~:\:i p j.. Q1
- .,. _> r
e --
.
._ t_ .:““. ‘, .D ,I ?? Index
I ,, I * .’
r ,I -, /- d .
D
b.3 I
-+* Waterproofing, below irade, 259,
Trom‘be wall, 166-67 .
‘ 4
True north, 277-78 261 . “.t>/.*>‘Tb=.\_,
,,,
d 9
*True south, ?79 Water vapor, absorption of solar ~
-~~ radiation by; 10, b I
‘U Water wall 1 /
i Ultra-violet radiation, 7,1.0 cofnpared to,mason+ wall;
-.-, 17.671
’ corrosion -in, 42
3.
. 1
-.
. :