CHALCEDON

REPORT No. 273

APRIL, 1988

CHALCEDON P.O. Box 158 Vallecito, California 95251 U.S.A.

POLITICAL The Myth of

ILLUSION
POSITION PAPER 96
—Page 14

MEDICINE'S
MECHANICAL
MODEL
MEDICAL REPORT 13
-Page 16

A L S O IN THIS ISSUE
Van Til, Ripley and
the Resurrection 5

The Governmental Family . . . 6

Franco and the Jews 8
SOCIAL
JUSTICE
Iconoclasm in Child Care 10
God's Calling 12
Communication 18
Punishing the Church 19 Scott, p. 1 Sauer, p. 2 Case Studies, pp. 3-4
COMMENTARY
D O M E S T I C T R A N Q U I L I T Y A N D E L I T E JUSTICE
What the Constitution calls our "domestic tranquility" is "guidance," parents cannot rear children; without our
in sad shape. The erosion of the law in both criminal and specialist elite, nothing will work.
civil justice is appalling. Our legal process is so chaotic that That assumption guides our courts, governments and
none can predict court rulings from day to day. The corporations. Abortion, abstract art, pornography, condom
Supreme Court has knowingly released confessed ads, madmen in the streets, serial murderers whose lives
murderers upon the people in the name of law — and has are spared, clogged courts, helpless policemen, ignored vic-
even ruled that to discuss the effect of a crime upon the vic- tims, astronomical medical and legal bills, corporate
tim would prejudice a jury. bureaucracy, unruly students, declining literacy amid
National crime statistics are incomplete because neither enlarged schools, lotteries and inflation (the Latin American
the police nor the citizenry any longer bother to report disease), rampant drug abuse, and the world's largest, most
every crime in many localities. Inner cities are virtually open homosexual and lesbian political lobby with attendant
without protection. Women, children and the elderly are A I D S are some of fhe more public results of obeying the
unsafe in many areas. Prisons are unsafe. Witnesses are un- edicts of our elite.
safe. Victims are ignored. Yet many sociologists, politicians,
Results less obvious include a decline in voting (why vote
lawyers and commentators hail a series of "breakthroughs"
when all policies come from fhe same old sources?), a
in expanding the rights of criminals.
breakdown of families, huge increases in personal debts
Medicine, once considered next to the clergy as a and decline in savings, an anti-Christian campaign more
dedicated calling, long ago claimed authority, via virulent than any seen in the West since immediately prior
psychiatry, over criminal behavior. But for all its claims, to the French Revolution, and a rise in what the British call
medicine does not want responsibility: psychiatrists do not "the race relations industry" (governmental intervention in
want to be held accountable for their apologias for personal inter-relationships).
criminals.
All this recalls the historical theory, not often heard, to
We have seen both the Judiciary and Executive and Con- the effect that when the average man can no longer see the
gress accept the myriad claims of social "science" whose working of justice — can no longer see evil punished and
offshoots have now fissioned into a long categories of virtue rewarded, that civilization is doomed. For the
"therapies." average man then begins to believe that those who prosper
Financial confusion and paper money atfest fo the power do not do so through honest effort, but by luck and special
of economists and political "scientists" — elegant names advantage. He begins to believe that the world is governed
for money and power. These experts have played a destruc- by chance and privilege. He regards his rulers as indifferent
tive role in our economy, and so far have escaped even to morality, deaf to the opinions of the citizenry — and un-
rebuke. worthy of respect.
Our elite — our "intellectuals" — dominate the com- Alexander Herzen, the Russian liberal aristocrat, said in
munications sector. They produce the content and shape his memoirs, " T h e warm relationship that once existed be-
the messages of print, film, sound and image. They misuse tween the landowner and the serfs no longer exists, because
fhe instruments of science and engineering fo trivialize im- the serfs now perceive the landowner to be interested only
portant issues, and elevate the unworthy. in himself."
When events of more than mundane interest occur, com- Herzen, who died in 1870, was a revolutionary alert to
munications intellectuals seek out their peers in various signs of weakness in fhe authority of the regimes. He
specialties for comment and assessment. Then, as if to perceived that an elite that forgets its responsibilities reveals
underline the stupidity of non-specialists, they carry a system in decay.
microphones into the streets, stop stray passers-by and What cannot be rationalized cannot be defended. And
elicit giggles, pauses and stumbling replies. They ignore, in what cannot be defended, cannot be maintained. If that
all instances save scandal, the Christian clergy. were all, the future would appear closed. But we know that
Amid all this an assumption has grown that the non- God rules. A world that did not end when Rome fell, will
specialist lacks the intelligence to properly understand the not end when our elite loses its place among us.
world and to deal with others. Without lectures and Offo Scott

C H A L C E D O N R E P O R T D e a l i n g w i t h the r e l a t i o n s h i p of C h r i s t i a n faith to the w o r l d .

Chalcedon ( k a l - S E E - d o n ) i s a C h r i s t i a n e d u c a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i i ) n d e v o t e d e x c l u s i v e l y to r e s e a r c h , p u b l i s h i n g a n d cogent
c o m m u n i c a t i o n o f a d i s t i n c t l y C h r i s t i a n s c h o l a r s h i p to t h e w o r l d at l a r g e . It m a k e s a v a i l a b l e a v a r i e t y o f s e r v i c e s a n d p r o g r a m s ,
a l l g e a r e d to t h e n e e d s o f i n t e r e s t e d l a y m e n w h o u n d e r s t a n d t h e p r o p o s i t i o n t h a t J e s u s C h r i s t s p e a k s to t h e m i n d a s w e l l a s t h e
h e a r t , a n d t h a t H i s c l a i m s e x t e n d b e y o n d t h e n a r r o w c o n f i n e s o f t h e v a r i o u s i n s t i t u t i o n a l c h u r c h e s . W e e x i s t i n o r d e r to s u p p o r t
t h e e f f o r t s of a l l o r t h o d o x d e n o m i n a t i o n s a n d c h u r c h e s . C H A L C E D O N R E P O R T is p u b l i s h e d m o n t h l y a n d s e n t to a l l w h o
r e q u e s t i t . Y o u r d o n a t i o n i n s u p p o r t o f t h i s m i n i s t r y is a p p r e c i a t e d .

PRESIDENT...R.j. Rushdoony E D I T O R . . . C a r r y J. Moes P R I N T I N C . . . C a l a v e r a s Press

C o p y r i g h t 1988 b y C h a l c e d o n , P . O . B o x 188, V a l l e c i t o , C A 9,82,81
P e r m i s s i o n to r e p r i n t g r a n t e d w h e r e C h a l c e d o n ' s n a m e a n d a d d r e s s are c i t e d a n d g i v e n c r e d i t .

1
 Dominion- ^
T H E M Y T H O F S O C I A L JUSTICE
By James L. Sauer
W e m u s t r e a l i z e that t h e p o p u l a r p h r a s e " s o c i a l
j u s t i c e " is n o t m e r e l y a v a r i a n t of j u s t i c e — l i k e c i v i l
j u s t i c e or c r i m i n a l j u s t i c e . It is n o t t h e k i n d of j u s t i c e
one obtains w h e n o n e ' s property has been damaged.
O r t h e k i n d of j u s t i c e o n e sees w h e n a r o b b e r i s s e n t
to j a i l . S o c i a l j u s t i c e h a s n o t h i n g to d o w i t h j u s t i c e as
w e k n o w it. It r e p r e s e n t s a b r e a k w i t h t h e H e b r e w -
C h r i s t i a n t r a d i t i o n of o u r a n c e s t o r s a n d t h e r u l e of
law.
T r a d i t i o n a l j u s t i c e is t h e r e c e i v e d r e a l i t y of a f a l l e n
c i v i l s o c i e t y . It is r u l e - c e n t e r e d . S o b r a n , O a k s h o t t ,
H a y e k a n d others h a v e called this a nomocratic v i e w -
p o i n t . I t ' s root is l a w . T h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n m e n
a r e c l e a r l y d e f i n e d b y t h e t r a d i t i o n a l d u t i e s . It i s G o d -
revealed t r u t h . Biblical l a w embodies the S i n a i com-
m a n d m e n t s , t h e a d m o n i t i o n s of t h e p r o p h e t s , t h e
t e a c h i n g s of C h r i s t , a n d t h e a u t h o r i t y of t h e a p o s t l e s .
T r a d i t i o n a l j u s t i c e is t h u s H e b r e w - C h r i s t i a n .
Traditional justice assumes a fallen, a n d p e r m a -
n e n t l y i m p e r f e c t w o r l d w h e r e l a w is n e e d e d i n o r d e r
to e n c o u r a g e v i r t u e a n d l i m i t v i c e . F o r t h i s r e a s o n ,
traditional justice relies o n moral structures: family,
c i v i l f o r c e , c h u r c h , c o n s t i t u t i o n — i n o r d e r to m a i n -
t a i n j u s t o r d e r . S i n c e m a n is f a l l e n , it r e c o g n i z e s t h a t
mere abstractions a n d ideals cannot g o v e r n m a n ; but
personal relationships, social duties, a n d civil author-
ity, i n f o r m e d b y Scripture a n d the H o l y Spirit, m u s t
r e s t r a i n h i s e v i l . T r a d i t i o n a l j u s t i c e is a n u n e n d i n g
p r o c e s s a n d is p r o f o u n d l y a n t i - U t o p i a n . T h e r e w i l l
n e v e r be a p o i n t o n t h i s s i d e of e t e r n i t y w h e n l a w w i l l
n o t be n e e d e d . T h e b e s t w o r l d t h a t t h e t r a d i t i o n a l
j u s t i c e v i e w c a n c r e a t e is a w o r l d w h e r e h u m a n be-
-Currents
i n g s a r e safe a n d free to c o n d u c t t h e m s e l v e s t o g e t h e r
i n a n o r d e r l y f a s h i o n , p u r s u i n g their G o d - g i v e n gifts,
a n d r e s t r a i n i n g t h e i r s i n f u l t e n d e n c i e s . It is not a
p e r f e c t w o r l d — it is a w o r l d w i t h w a r t s . B u t it is a
w o r l d w h e r e o n e c a n be h a p p y , p r o d u c t i v e , f r e e , a n d
c o n t e n t . E v e n if it is a w o r l d w h e r e o n e m u s t i n -
evitably suffer a n d die.
T h e s o c i a l j u s t i c e v i e w is a n e w a n d r a d i c a l v i e w of
t h e n a t u r e of j u s t i c e . It is t h e c o m m o n v i e w of a l l left-
o f - c e n t e r i d e o l o g i c a l p o s i t i o n s . It is " e n d c e n t e r e d "
— w h a t S o b r a n , a n d o t h e r s , c a l l teleocratic. W h a t
m a t t e r s i n s u c h a j u s t i c e w o r l d v i e w is t h e e n d ; t h e
i d e a l , t h e v i s i o n of t h e f u t u r e w o r l d . It is i n t h i s
e m e r g i n g w o r l d order w h e r e the social justice a d -
v o c a t e sees t r u e j u s t i c e . O u r t a s k , h e b e l i e v e s , is to
b r i n g a b o u t a n e w o r d e r of t h i n g s . W e are to j u d g e a l l
c u r r e n t s y s t e m s b y t h e e n d d e s i r e d . O u r d u t y is not
to r e v e a l e d or e v e n " n a t u r a l " l a w s , b u t to r e v o l u -
t i o n a r y goals a n d to t h e v e h i c l e s t h a t b r i n g t h o s e
goals a b o u t . T h e v e h i c l e s are u s u a l l y a p a r t y , or a
b u r e a u c r a c y , or a n a r m y — b u t a l w a y s statist. T h e o l d
d e f i n i t i o n s of o r d e r a n d j u s t i c e are m a d e obsolete b y
t h e n e w v i s i o n : p r o p e r t y r i g h t s g i v e g r o u n d to " j u s t "
d i s t r i b u t i o n ; n a t u r a l abilities g i v e w a y to q u o t a s ;
r e l i g i o u s i n s t r u c t i o n g i v e s o r d e r to " p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n
f o r p r o d u c t i v e d e m o c r a t i c c i t i z e n s h i p . " T h e w o r l d of
s o c i a l j u s t i c e is of n e c e s s i t y r e v o l u t i o n a r y ; for it m u s t
restructure the o l d traditional justice order b y m e a n s
of s u s p e n d i n g t h e o l d d u t i e s a n d r i g h t r e l a t i o n s h i p s .
A n d it m u s t be c o e r c i v e , for it m u s t do t h i s w i t h o r
w i t h o u t t h e c o n s e n t of t h o s e w h o s e i n c o m e s are to be
r e d i s t r i b u t e d ; a n d w h o s e c h i l d r e n are to be i n s t r u c t e d
i n t h e n e w o r d e r . T h e w o r l d v i e w is U t o p i a n . J u s t i c e i s
t h e c r e a t i o n of s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e s w h i c h a c h i e v e t h e
ideal state. T h e best w o r l d imaginable, a n d therefore
a t t a i n a b l e , i s o n e of s o c i a l i s m , e g a l i t a r i a n i s m , a n d s a l -
v a t i o n t h r o u g h s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e s . T h e a i m of s o c i a l
j u s t i c e i s t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of t h e m i l l e n n i u m —
without G o d .
Traditional justice, o n the other h a n d , w i l l eschew
v i s i o n a r y m i l l e n n i a l i s m . It w i l l s u p p o r t t h e e s t a b l i s h -
m e n t of a m o r a l , n o n - c o e r c i v e s o c i e t y w h i c h d e f e n d s
t h e f a m i l y a n d t h e d i g n i t y of p r o p e r t y r i g h t s .
S o c i a l j u s t i c e , a c c o r d i n g to t h e v a l u e s of t r a d i t i o n a l
justice, is merely institutionalized injustice.
Social justice is a m y t h . . . a d r e a m . . . a v i s i o n . . .
a p h a n t a s m . I t i s n o t s o m e t h i n g of t h i s w o r l d ; b u t a
t h i n g that has descended f r o m the i m a g i n a r y realms
of i d e a l i s t i c w i s h e s . It is t h e e n s h r i n e m e n t of i d e a l s
w h i c h a r e i n p a r t H e b r e w - C h r i s t i a n — b u t w h i c h are
i n c a r n a t e d i n o u r t i m e a m o n g t h e coUectivist l i b e r a l s ,
especially a m o n g the M a r x i s t s .
 Chalcedon Report Dominion Currents

T h e society dedicated to traditional justice takes
u p o n itself the role of s t e w a r d of civilization. It w a n t s
peace, prosperity, a n d civil order; but it recognizes
that the only m e a n s w e h a v e for obtaining s u c h vir-
tues is t h r o u g h l a w - c e n t e r e d liberty. Traditional
justice gives vitality to the language of civil life.
Social justice dreamers desire to i m p l e m e n t m e r c y
a n d c o m p a s s i o n i n the w o r l d . Unfortunately, w h a t
they desire bears little resemblance to the H e b r e w -
C h r i s t i a n virtue of m e r c y . S u c h m e r c y is a l w a y s a
concept offset by the holy perfection of a just G o d .
T h e " m e r c y " of the peace activist brings slavery a n d
socialist warfare to the w o r l d . T h e " m e r c y " of the
looting welfarist brings u n p r o d u c t i v e laziness for
some a n d unbearable taxation for the productive. T h e
" m e r c y " of the c r i m i n a l justice liberal brings release
for m u r d e r e r s , robbers, a n d rapists; a n d grants agony
to a society c r y i n g for justice.
T h i s is not H e b r e w - C h r i s t i a n mercy; this is mercy
at all costs. M e r c y w i t h o u t e n d . T h e m a n d a t i n g of
m e r c y w i t h o u t a prerequisite legislation of true justice
is a f o r m of i n j u s t i c e . •

CARING WITHOUT CHARACTER: Social Justice Case Study No. 1

I smelled the contents of a drinking glass left in the midst completely able-bodied, they had developed an entire
of the dirty diapers, cigarette butts, miscellaneous trash and lifestyle of such manipulation and deceit — to get jobs
unreturned valuables of other people. Judging from the (which never lasted), homes (from which they were even-
urine odor permeating the air in our abandoned basement tually evicted), money and food from friends, family,
apartment, my wife and I could assume that the contents of churches and social workers (all of whom, it became clear,
the glass were not the only source. were subsidizing in-grained character problems). By ages 19
Fighting back both anger and disappointment, we real- and 20, their parents were done with their lies and excuses
ized the great social injustice that had occurred — not to us, and had shut them out. They and their toddlers had few
but to the homeless family we had housed in our basement places to go but the streets.
during the bitter winter months in New York state. What had given me hope was their seeming sincerity of
The injustice? This story will describe it. Our experience desire to follow the Lord. They would have looked very
with this family, in fact, could serve as a primer course in deserving in a T V interview of a homeless family.
"social justice" for those who would spend public funds on
Within the first month of their stay with us, both refused
the needs of the poor and homeless: social spending cannot
to do odd jobs to meet their need for cash. When they did,
afford to be blind to moral character and righteous values.
as with snow shoveling, they worked only long enough to
In November, we took in a couple who had no place to
cover the cost of cigarettes or some similar craving. At one
stay, two children, little high school education and no
point, the baby went without diapers as cash was spent for
marketable skills by the time they had reached their respec-
smokes. The children ate only because food was made avail-
tive ages of 19 and 20. Both had histories of drug abuse and
able through a special nutrition program for needy children.
were from troubled homes. They spoke of "hard l u c k " and
needed a place to stay until both could locate jobs, find a
home and get their car running.
Impressed by media coverage of the plight of the home-
less, we could not turn down an apparent opportunity to
serve our Lord and be good citizens. We drew up a list of
house rules. They quickly agreed. In fact, they asked for
counsel in dealing with admitted character flaws and sins
which might hinder them in meeting their goals.
He had held no less than 15 jobs in the last two years of
their rocky marriage. They had lived in 10 places during the
same period, never once paying the rent or caring for the
property. He was under indictment for major property de-
struction at their last apartment. She was on probation for
welfare fraud and was being required to repay benefits as a
condition for further help from the department of social
services. They had been found guilty of child neglect, and
their two children had been consigned to her parents while
she ran the streets high on drugs.
He was illiterate, having been pushed through a school
system which required merely a 5th-grade reading ability
after 12 years of schooling. He had not even managed that
in his 11 years in and out of the classroom.
Both came from homes where the mother ruled and the
father, if present at all, laid about and drank. The young
couple had learned to get by at home and school by manip- PENITENCE — Detail from a Renaissance illustration of the
ulating authorities with excuses and sob-stories. Though philosopher Cebes' theory of the path to true happiness.

3
 Chalcedon Report
Regular welfare entitlements were unavailable because of
the fraud.
He tried two jobs in the first month, but quit both because
be believed himself worth more than the $4-5 per hour, plus
benefits, they paid for starters. By the end of fhe first month
with us, he had missed two court appearances on his
charges for property destruction. The judge jailed him for
two weeks, not only because he missed his court dates, but
because he had not even made an effort to meet with his
court-hired attorney.
Released into his own custody pending trial, he still
shunned looking for work. Worse, he left the house in a
rage one night upon learning that his wife had taken a job
as a nursing aide. He demanded she quit because she might
meet someone else and cheat on him. As was common, he
began to beat her. We reported his behavior to police, who
arrived after he had departed. After the officers left, he
returned, apparently to resume life as though nothing had
happened. With the aid of a hefty Christian brother, 1
evicted him into the sub-zero cold in the early morning
hours and invited him to find shelter at the police dispatch-
er's office.
The next day he was back, humbled and "repentant,"
begging to be allowed in. Request granted, nothing
changed — on either's part. Laziness and disrespect for
rules continued. Jail, privation and nights in the sub-zero
cold could not change the habits and attitudes that had
made them homeless in the first place. Church discipline for
laziness, according to 11 Thessalonians 3, made no dif-
ference. They were self-justifying when approached about
misdeeds, even though they had asked for such guidance
from us. A profession of " n e w birth" was also part of their
game.
They left us when the government offered them a nice
duplex, all utilities paid. In fact, they were even paid $18 per
month to live there because the federal housing office
deemed their case worthy of "compassion."
Shortly before departing our house, the young man told
me he had been lying about his motivations and goals. He
admitted having taken advantage of us. He just wanted to
keep mOking people and the system for what he could get.
What did he get?
The blessings of "social justice;" public benefits without
responsibility.
Elsewhere in our church there are families whose reward
from society for being productive citizens has been the in-
ability fo live in equally suitable housing or meet heating
bills. They have little or no health insurance as has been
provided to our "homeless" tenants, and they do without
many things for their children.
This is the way of "social justice."
My question to its advocates, who consistently exhibit
blindness to moral character and Biblical family values, is
this: In which case has justice been served? What are we re-
warding as a society? If there remains any doubt, let those
who use their power to demand social "justice" from the
productive take in a family such as the one who left our
home and hearts in shambles.
(Name withheld by request.)
4
Dominion Currents
THE BLESSING OF CITY HALL
Social lustice Case Study No. 2
Veltessia Smith and fellow members of the Christ Temple
Apostolic Faith Church of Stockton, California, have taken
seriously their responsibility to be a friend and family to the
homeless. And though the homeless are blessed, the church's
daily feeding of the hungry in a city park has less than the
blessing of City Hall.
About mid-afternoon each day, Veltessia Smith exchanges
joyful greetings with about 150 hungry and homeless people
who line up at her car for chili, vegetables and bread. Some 16
gallons of beans and 15 pounds of beef are cooked in the base-
ment of the relatively poor, inner-city church every day by Ms.
Smith, Odessia Jacobs and Made Prudhome.
Out at the park, the cheery, grey-haired Smith calls for hats-
off and tells the waiting crowd, "It's time to bless the food.
Raise your hands, everybody."
"It's just beautiful," she reports later. "Some of them are so
thankful, they cry."
But according to local newspaper reports, city officials have
tried to put a stop to the grass-roots assistance program.
The program began after the city licensing department said
no permit was needed because the church was not running a
business. A city attorney agreed.
But Emil Seifert, director of parks and recreation, said the
feeding must stop because permits are needed for such activities
in a park.
After about a month of continued service to the poor last
winter, a policeman showed up to stop the feeding. The church
pastor. Bishop L.D. Stallworth, went again to City Hall and
was again told no permit was needed. Several days later,
however, another parks official showed up at the feeding site
and attempted to halt the program, once again demanding a
permit.
Deputy Police Chief Lucian Nelly said the permit was re-
quired for any use of a city park involving the preparation or
serving of food. Seifert said, further, that people living and
working in the central park area didn't like the idea of free
meals being distributed downtown.
"They said they just got the place cleaned up and these
(church) people are bringing all the homeless hack down there
again," Seifert was quoted as telling a Stockton Record
reporter. He claimed the diners posed a sanitation problem by
leaving a mess in the park after each church feeding.
But reporters found no evidence of a mess, and participants
said they always clean up after eating.
"We know the cops are watching us," said one of the reci-
pients. "There's a lot of hungry people down here. We ain't go-
ing to let it stop because of that. "
Another man who eats daily in the park said he was thankful
for the church's care.
"Believe me, I've been hungry. Now, at least I can go to
sleep without hunger on my mind. It gets bad. Bad enough to
make you go out and take someone else's possessions. Hunger
makes you angry and short-fused and mean,'' he said.
"The harmony I feel here is about family. 1 just can't believe
anyone is against this. "
To the secular state however, red tape has as high a priority
as empty stomachs. It certainly has higher priority than Chris-
tian charity. Such is the "compassion" of social justice.M
 Chalcedon Report
T H E G O V E R N M E N T A L FAMILY
B y Peter J. Leithart
V a l p a r a i s o U n i v e r s i t y political scientist James
N u e c h t e r l e i n , i n a r e c e n t article i n Commentary, t r a c e d
t h e g r o w i n g " f e m i n i z a t i o n " of leftist p o l i t i c s .
L i b e r a l s a r e i n c r e a s i n g l y u n w i l l i n g to u s e force of a n y
k i n d to p r o t e c t n a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t s , a d o p t i n g w h a t
Charles Krauthammer has called a "Lett
i s o l a t i o n i s m " o r a n i s o l a t i o n i s m of m e a n s . I n d e b a t e s
o n domestic issues, liberals h a v e adopted " f e m i n -
i z e d " r h e t o r i c , s p e c i f i c a l l y " a p r e f e r e n c e tor e m o t i o n
o v e r r a t i o n a l a n a l y s i s a n d tor n o n c o m p e t i t i v e m o d e s
of s o c i a l i n t e r a c t i o n . " N u e c h t e r l e i n cites M a r i o
C u o m o ' s m e m o r a b l e 1984 U . S . D e m o c r a t i c P a r t y
C o n v e n t i o n speech, i n w h i c h C u o m o made a n impas-
s i o n e d p l e a tor " s o c i e t y a s f a m i l y , " as a n e s p e c i a l l y
egregious i l l u s t r a t i o n of t h i s latter trend.
N u e c h t e r l e i n describes C u o m o ' s v i e w as " f u n d a -
m e n t a l l y m i s g u i d e d " : " W e l o v e a n d s a c r i f i c e tor o u r
f a m i l i e s w i t h o u t r e g a r d to a n y o n e ' s d e s e r v i n g . W e
o w e t h e m that because they are f a m i l y . It is political
m a d n e s s to s u g g e s t t h a t w e o w e e v e r y o n e i n s o c i e t y
i n t h e s a m e m e a s u r e . T h e i m a g e of s o c i e t y a s f a m i l y
— p e r h a p s t h e q u i n t e s s e n t i a l m e t a p h o r of f e m i n i z e d
p o l i t i c s — d e s t r o y s a l l s e n s e of p r o p o r t i o n , a l l s e n s e
of t h e p u b l i c / p r i v a t e d i s t i n c t i o n . T h a t w a y l i e s m o r a l
u n b o u n d e d n e s s a n d political a b s u r d i t y . "
W e m a y c o n c e d e t h e w i s d o m of N u e c h t e r l e i n ' s
c o m p l a i n t t h a t C u o m o ' s v e r s i o n of " s o c i e t y a s f a m i -
l y " w o u l d be disastrous as public policy. A n d , w e
m a y a l s o agree, a s C h r i s t i a n e t h i c i s t s h a v e a r g u e d tor
centuries, that f a m i l y loyalties deserve p r i m a r y atten-
tion a n d respect. Still, N u e c h t e r l e i n ' s c o m m e n t s are
d i s t o r t e d b y t h e v i e w of f a m i l y t h a t h e h a s t a c i t l y ac-
cepted. T h e problem w i t h C u o m o ' s speech w a s not
t h e f a m i l y i m a g e r y itself. T h e r e i s n o t h i n g n e c e s s a r i l y
w r o n g w i t h s p e a k i n g of s o c i e t y a s a f a m i l y , a n d c i v i l
o f f i c i a l s a s " f a t h e r s . " I n tact, t h e B i b l e s a n c t i o n s t h i s
l a n g u a g e i n s e v e r a l w a y s . G o d i s , after a l l , b o t h K i n g
a n d F a t h e r , so t h e t w o r o l e s a r e n o t i n h e r e n t l y i n c o m -
p a t i b l e . M o r e o v e r , it i s g e n e r a l l y c o n c e d e d that t h e
F i f t h C o m m a n d m e n t r e q u i r e s t h a t h o n o r b e g i v e n to
all authorities, t h o u g h parents alone are identified.
F i n a l l y , t h e tribes of I s r a e l , w h i c h w e r e p o l i t i c a l u n i t s
as w e l l as d a n s related b y blood, w e r e identified as
f a m i l i e s (of. Josh. 7:17). I n d e e d , i t i s a p e c u l i a r i t y of
t h e m o d e r n n a t i o n state, a n d e s p e c i a l l y of o u r n a t i o n
of i m m i g r a n t s , that n a t i o n s a r e n o t e s s e n t i a l l y c o m -
p o s e d of e x t e n d e d f a m i l i e s .
T h o u g h t h e r e i s n o t h i n g i n t h e B i b l e to p r e v e n t o u r
s p e a k i n g of c i v i l r u l e r s a s " f a t h e r s , " t h i s d o e s n o t
m e a n t h a t t h e B i b l e h a s a p a t e r n a l i s t i c v i e w of t h e
state. A s H e r b e r t S c h l o s s b e r g h a s n o t e d , t h e p a t e r n -
alistic state i s a n i d o l : " T h e p a t e r n a l state n o t o n l y
f e e d s it c h i l d r e n , b u t n u r t u r e s , e d u c a t e s , c o m f o r t s ,
a n d disciplines t h e m , p r o v i d i n g a l l t h e y n e e d tor
5
Dominion Currents
t h e i r s e c u r i t y . . . . T h e p a t e r n a l i s m of t h e state i s t h a t
of t h e b a d p a r e n t w h o w a n t s h i s c h i l d r e n d e p e n d e n t
o n h i m forever. That is a n evil impulse. T h e good
p a r e n t p r e p a r e s h i s c h i l d r e n tor i n d e p e n d e n c e , t r a i n s
t h e m to m a k e r e s p o n s i b l e d e c i s i o n s , k n o w s that h e
h a r m s t h e m b y n o t h e l p i n g t h e m to b r e a k l o o s e . T h e
p a t e r n a l state t h r i v e s o n d e p e n d e n c y . W h e n t h e
d e p e n d e n t s tree t h e m s e l v e s , it l o s e s p o w e r . I t i s ,
t h e r e f o r e , p a r a s i t i c o n t h e v e r y p e r s o n s w h o m it
turns into p a r a s i t e s . "
I n this sense, society is not a f a m i l y , a n d the civil
r u l e r i s n o t a f a t h e r . B u t j u s t as t h e r e a r e g o o d
parents, there m a y be good civil " f a t h e r s " .
But the u n d e r l y i n g problem i n Nuechterlein's argu-
ment is the extremely sentimentalized understanding
of t h e f a m i l y w i t h w h i c h b o t h h e a n d C u o m o ( a n d
m a n y , m a n y o t h e r s ) o p e r a t e . F o r N u e c h t e r l e i n as tor
C u o m o , family members love one another " w i t h o u t
r e g a r d to a n y o n e ' s d e s e r v i n g . " B u t i t t h i s r u l e is a p -
p l i e d to f a m i l y l i t e , it i s as m u c h a p r e s c r i p t i o n tor i r -
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y as t h e p a t e r n a l state. T h e y b o t h t h i n k
of t h e f a m i l y as a n e g a l i t a r i a n a n d l i b e r t a r i a n society,
w i t h o u t restrictions, without sanctions. Nuechterlein
objects o n l y b e c a u s e C u o m o p r o j e c t s t h i s v i e w i n t o a
larger social context.
V i e w e d biblically, there are m a n y parallels b e t w e e n
t h e p o l i t y of a f a m i l y a n d t h e n a t i o n a l b o d y p o l i t i c .
G e n e r a l l y , a political entity encompasses a people
related b y blood, constituting a n " u s " a n d " t h e m . "
M o r e significantly, both institutions have structured
a u t h o r i t y . T h e r e a r e l a w s a n d r u l e s that m u s t b e
f o l l o w e d : c h i l d r e n a r e to o b e y p a r e n t s , w i v e s to s u b -
m i t to h u s b a n d s , h u s b a n d s to l o v e a n d s e r v e w i v e s .
T h e s e basic principles are tilled out i n some detail i n
o t h e r p l a c e s i n S c r i p t u r e (see, e.g.. Numbers 30; Dent.
21:15-17; Lev. 19:29; Dent. 6:6-7; Mark 7:llff). T h e r e
are s a n c t i o n s to p u n i s h v i o l a t i o n s of t h e s e r u l e s , t h e
r o d a n d r e p r o o f b e i n g t h e f i r s t tools of d i s c i p l i n e .
U l t i m a t e l y , p a r e n t s h a v e t h e r i g h t a n d d u t y to d i s i n -
h e r i t r e b e l l i o u s s o n s , a n d t h e B i b l e e v e n p r o v i d e s tor
c i v i l p r o c e d u r e a n d r e q u i r e s t h e d e a t h p e n a l t y tor i n -
c o r r i g i b l e y o u t h (Dent. 21:18-21). C o n t r a r y to
N u e c h t e r l e i n , f a m i l y m e m b e r s o u g h t n o t to s e r v e o n e
a n o t h e r w i t h o u t c o n s i d e r a t i o n of a n y o n e ' s d e s e r v -
ing.
T h e parallels b e t w e e n the body politic a n d the f a m i -
l y l e d t h e P u r i t a n s to l o o k u p o n t h e f a m i l y as a " l i t t l e
c o m m o n w e a l t h . " B u t t h e s e p a r a l l e l s a r e i g n o r e d or
denied b y m a n y liberals a n d conservatives. Social
t h e o r y s u f f e r s w h e n t h e g o v e r n m e n t a l c h a r a c t e r of
t h e f a m i l y ( o r , t o r t h a t m a t t e r , of t h e c h u r c h ) i s i g -
n o r e d . T h i s p o s i t i o n l e a d s to t h e v i e w t h a t t h e state,
b e c a u s e it i s c o e r c i v e , m u s t operate b y a n e n t i r e l y dif-
ferent ethical standard f r o m " p r i v a t e " persons. B u t
as w e h a v e s e e n , a l i m i t e d c o e r c i o n i s p e r m i t t e d at t h e
family level. N o r is this merely a theoretical concern.
W e c a n be confident that it the f a m i l y is " f e m i n i z e d "
 Chalcedon Report
i n t h e o r y it w i i i be so i n fact. T h e r e f o r e , it is i n c u m -
bent u p o n C h r i s t i a n s , a n d particuiariy C h r i s t i a n
f a t h e r s , to w o r k to m a k e t h e i r f a m i l i e s t r u l y g o v e r n -
m e n t a l i n s t i t u t i o n s , o p e r a t i n g u n d e r t h e l a w s ot G o d
and enforcing H i s required sanctions.•
V A N T I L , RIPLEY A N D
THE RESURRECTION
By Garry }. Moes
A p r i l 17, 1988, m a r k s t h e f i r s t a n n i v e r s a r y ot t h e
d e a t h ot D r . C o r n e l i u s V a n T i l , t h e e m i n e n t C a i v i n i s t
t h e o l o g i a n w h o s e a p o l o g e t i c s p r o v i d e s so m u c h ot
t h e f r a m e w o r k tor C h r i s t i a n R e c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e date
c o m e s e x a c t l y t w o w e e k s after C h r i s t i a n i t y o n c e a g a i n
c o m m e m o r a t e s t h e R e s u r r e c t i o n ot t h e " s e i t - a t t e s t i n g
C h r i s t ot S c r i p t u r e " w h o m V a n T i l p r o f e s s e d to be
t h e " s t a r t i n g p o i n t " tor a i l h i s w o r k , i n c l u d i n g h i s
a p o l o g e t i c m a s t e r w o r k . The Defense of the Faith.
T h a t w o r k c o n t a i n s a f a m o u s s e r i e s ot c o n v e r s a -
tions i n v o l v i n g t w o symbolic Christians, M r . White, a
Caivinist, and M r . G r e y , . a n evangelical fundamental-
ist, i n t h e i r g o s p e l p r e s e n t a t i o n s to M r . B l a c k , a n i n -
teiiigent a n d scientific-minded m a n w h o leads a n ex-
e m p l a r y lite b u t r e m a i n s a n u n b e l i e v e r .
I n h i s a p p e a l to M r . B l a c k ' s w e i i - t r a i n e d r e a s o n , t h e
f i c t i t i o u s M r . G r e y cites t h e r e s u r r e c t i o n o b s e r v a t i o n s
ot a r e a i - i i t e t h e o l o g i a n W i l b u r S m i t h . Q u o t i n g f r o m
S m i t h ' s Therefore Stand, ( B o s t o n , 1945, p . 386tt), M r .
G r e y relates:
6
Dominion Currents
" T h e meaning ot t h e r e s u r r e c t i o n is a t h e o l o g i c a l
m a t t e r , b u t t h e tact ot t h e r e s u r r e c t i o n is a n h i s t o r i c a l
m a t t e r ; t h e n a t u r e ot t h e r e s u r r e c t i o n b o d y ot J e s u s
m a y be a m y s t e r y , b u t t h e tact that t h e b o d y d i s a p -
p e a r e d f r o m t h e t o m b is a m a t t e r to be d e c i d e d u p o n
b y h i s t o r i c a l e v i d e n c e . . . . A b o u t a y e a r ago, after
s t u d y i n g o v e r a l o n g p e r i o d ot t i m e t h i s e n t i r e p r o b -
l e m ot o u r L o r d ' s r e s u r r e c t i o n , a n d h a v i n g w r i t t e n
s o m e h u n d r e d s ot p a g e s u p o n it at d i f f e r e n t t i m e s , I
w a s s u d d e n l y a r r e s t e d b y t h e t h o u g h t that t h e v e r y
k i n d ot e v i d e n c e w h i c h m o d e r n s c i e n c e a n d e v e n
p s y c h o l o g i s t s , a r e so i n s i s t e n t u p o n tor d e t e r m i n i n g
t h e r e a l i t y ot a n y object u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n is t h e
k i n d ot e v i d e n c e that w e h a v e p r e s e n t e d to u s i n t h e
g o s p e l s r e g a r d i n g t h e r e s u r r e c t i o n ot t h e L o r d J e s u s ,
n a m e l y , t h e t h i n g s that are s e e n w i t h t h e h u m a n e y e ,
t o u c h e d w i t h the h u m a n h a n d , a n d h e a r d b y the
h u m a n e a r . T h i s i s w h a t w e c a l l e m p i r i c a l e v i d e n c e . It
w o u l d a l m o s t s e e m as it p a r t s ot t h e g o s p e l r e c o r d s ot
t h e r e s u r r e c t i o n w e r e a c t u a l l y w r i t t e n tor s u c h a d a y
as o u r s w h e n e m p i r i c i s m so d o m i n a t e s our
thinking."
It w a s M r . G r e y ' s f o n d h o p e that r e a s o n a b l e M r .
B l a c k w o u l d c o n v e r t b a s e d o n t h e force ot s u c h e v i -
d e n c e . S a i d h e : " T h e r e is t h e clearest p o s s i b l e e m -
p i r i c a l e v i d e n c e tor t h i s tact. T h e l i v i n g J e s u s w a s
touched w i t h h u m a n hands a n d seen w i t h h u m a n
e y e s ot s e n s i b l e m e n after h e h a d b e e n c r u c i f i e d a n d
p u t i n to t h e t o m b . S u r e l y y o u o u g h t to b e l i e v e i n t h e
r e s u r r e c t i o n ot C h r i s t as a h i s t o r i c a l tact. A n d to
b e l i e v e i n t h e r e s u r r e c t e d C h r i s t is to be s a v e d . "
M r . B l a c k w a s i n d e e d q u i t e r e a d y to accept t h e
e v i d e n c e , b u t to M r . G r e y ' s c h a g r i n , t h e e v i d e n c e d i d
n o t b r i n g M r . B l a c k to s a l v a t i o n . B l a c k t o l d G r e y : " T o
t e l l y o u t h e t r u t h , I h a v e a c c e p t e d t h e r e s u r r e c t i o n as
a tact n o w tor s o m e t i m e . T h e e v i d e n c e tor it i s o v e r -
w h e l m i n g . T h i s i s a s t r a n g e u n i v e r s e . A i l k i n d s ot
' m i r a c l e s ' h a p p e n i n it. T h e u n i v e r s e is ' o p e n . ' S o
w h y s h o u l d t h e r e n o t be s o m e r e s u r r e c t i o n s h e r e a n d
t h e r e ? T h e r e s u r r e c t i o n ot J e s u s w o u l d be a t i n e i t e m
tor R i p l e y ' s Believe It or Not. W h y not s e n d it i n ? "
T h e dialogue between M r . Black a n d M r . G r e y w a s
p a r t ot V a n T i l ' s a r g u m e n t that it is u s e l e s s a n d
w r o n g tor C h r i s t i a n s to p r e s e n t t h e G o s p e l o n t h e
b a s i s ot r a t i o n a l a r g u m e n t , s i n c e t h a t is a l r e a d y t h e
b a s i s tor h u m a n i s t i c t h o u g h t . It t h u s c o n v e r t s n o o n e ,
but m e r e l y c o n f i r m s the h u m a n i s t i n h i s s i n f u l a n d
lost c o n d i t i o n .
W h a t M r . B l a c k c o u l d not a b i d e w a s t h e meaning ot
t h e r e s u r r e c t i o n ot C h r i s t , a m e a n i n g w h i c h c a n be
supplied only through revelation. A s he told M r .
G r e y , t h e meaning s u p p l i e d b y S c r i p t u r e w a s to h i m
n o t h i n g s h o r t ot " a b r a c a d a b r a . "
W h a t is t h e m e a n i n g ot t h e r e s u r r e c t i o n ? It is the
t r i u m p h ot S o v e r e i g n P o w e r o v e r the u l t i m a t e c o n s e -
q u e n c e ot s i n . It is t r i u m p h o v e r u l t i m a t e e v i l .
M o r e o v e r , i n that this d i v i n e p o w e r w a s manifest i n
 Chalcedon Report
t h e flesh, it m e a n s v i c t o r y i n t h e c r e a t e d o r d e r f o r t h a t
w h i c h is u n i t e d to t h e C o n q u e r e r - S u s t a i n e r .
B i a c k told G r e y that W h i t e h a d m a d e this point.
"He s p o k e ot t h e S o n ot G o d t h r o u g h w h o m t h e
w o r l d w a s m a d e a n d t h r o u g h w h o m t h e w o r l d is s u s -
t a i n e d , as h a v i n g r i s e n f r o m t h e d e a d . A n d w h e n I
a s k e d h i m h o w this G o d c o u l d die a n d rise f r o m the
d e a d , he said that G o d d i d not die a n d rise f r o m the
d e a d b u t t h a t t h e s e c o n d p e r s o n ot t h e T r i n i t y h a d
t a k e n to h i m s e l f a h u m a n n a t u r e , a n d t h a t it w a s i n
this h u m a n nature that he d i e d a n d rose again. I n
s h o r t , i n a c c e p t i n g t h e tact ot t h e r e s u r r e c t i o n he
w a n t e d m e a l s o to t a k e a i l t h i s a b r a c a d a b r a i n t o t h e
bargain."
Since M r . G r e y , i n previously confirming M r .
B l a c k ' s c l a i m to h a v e a t r e e w i i i , h a d a l r e a d y g i v e n
B i a c k g r o u n d s tor a c c e p t i n g or r e j e c t i n g t h e s u b s t i t u -
t i o n a r y a t o n e m e n t ot C h r i s t , M r . B l a c k c h o s e a l s o to
r e j e c t t h e " a b r a c a d a b r a ' ot t h e R e s u r r e c t i o n ' s i i t e -
giving meaning.
H e told G r e y , " N o w I w a s u n d e r the i m p r e s s i o n
t h a t t h e g o s p e l h a d s o m e t h i n g to d o w i t h b e i n g s a v e d
f r o m h e i i a n d g o i n g to h e a v e n . I k n e w t h a t t h e
m o d e r n i s t s a n d the ' n e w m o d e r n i s t s , ' like B a r t h , do
n o t b e l i e v e i n t y i n g u p t h e tacts ot h i s t o r y w i t h s u c h
w i l d s p e c u l a t i o n s . It w a s m y o p i n i o n t h a t ' f u n d a m e n -
t a l i s t s ' d i d tie u p belief i n h i s t o r i c a l tacts, s u c h as t h e
d e a t h a n d r e s u r r e c t i o n ot J e s u s , w i t h g o i n g to h e a v e n
o r to h e l l . S o 1 a m d e l i g h t e d t h a t y o u , t h o u g h a f u n -
d a m e n t a l i s t , are w i l l i n g to j o i n w i t h t h e m o d e r n i s t
a n d t h e n e o - m o d e r n i s t i n s e p a r a t i n g h i s t o r i c a l tacts
f r o m s u c h a r a t i o n a l i s t i c s y s t e m as 1 k n e w C h r i s t i a n i -
ty w a s . "
V a n T i l c o n c l u d e d that B l a c k w a s l o g i c a l i n r e j e c t i n g
t h e G o s p e l o n t h e b a s i s ot r a t i o n a l i s m . " F o r it w a s
c l e a r a s c r y s t a l to M r . B l a c k , as it s h o u l d h a v e b e e n to
M r . G r e y , t h a t belief i n t h e tact ot t h e r e s u r r e c t i o n ,
a p a r t f r o m t h e s y s t e m ot C h r i s t i a n i t y , a m o u n t s to
belief t h a t t h e C h r i s t i a n s y s t e m is n o t t r u e , is belief i n
t h e u n i v e r s e as r u n b y C h a n c e , is belief t h a t it w a s n o t
J e s u s C h r i s t , t h e S o n ot G o d , w h o r o s e f r o m t h e
dead."
St. P a u l f o u n d the same p h e n o m e n o n when
p r e a c h i n g to t h e l e a r n e d G r e e k s o n M a r s H i l l i n
A t h e n s (Acts 17:16-34). A s V a n T i l n o t e d i n M y Credo,
P a u l m a d e n o a p p e a l to t h e G r e e k s ' s e n s e ot r e a s o n ,
b u t flatly a s s e r t e d t h e i m p o r t a n c e ( m e a n i n g ) ot t h e
R e s u r r e c t i o n o n t h e b a s i s of t h e k n o w l e d g e r e v e a l e d
to h i m .
" P a u l does not place himself o n their level i n order
w i t h t h e m to i n v e s t i g a t e t h e n a t u r e ot b e i n g a n d
k n o w l e d g e i n g e n e r a l , to d i s c o v e r whether t h e G o d ot
A b r a h a m , Isaac, a n d Jacob m i g h t possibly exist. H e
t e l l s t h e m s t r a i g h t o u t t h a t w h a t t h e y c l a i m n o t to
7
Dominion Currents
k n o w , h e k n o w s , " s a y s V a n T i l . " H e tells t h e m t h a t
t h e i r i g n o r a n c e i s c u l p a b l e , tor G o d is as n e a r as t h e i r
own s e l v e s . H e tells t h e m , t h e r e f o r e , to r e p e n t ot
t h e i r w o r s h i p ot i d o l s , to t u r n to t h e l i v i n g G o d , lest
t h e y s t a n d w i t h o u t t h e r o b e s ot r i g h t e o u s n e s s b e f o r e
t h e r e s u r r e c t e d L o r d C h r i s t o n t h e d a y ot j u d g m e n t . "
T h a t t h e n i s t h e e v a n g e l i c a l m e s s a g e ot t h e c o m p r e -
h e n s i v e w o r l d - a n d - l i t e - a n d - l e g a l " s y s t e m ot C h r i s t i -
a n i t y " — at t h e core ot w h i c h s t a n d s t h e R e s u r r e c t i o n
as its p r o o f (Acts 17:31). It i s a m e s s a g e w h i c h , as P a u l
w i t n e s s e d o n t h e A r e o p a g u s , s o m e f i n d (to t h e i r d e -
s t r u c t i o n ) to be f o o l i s h n e s s , b u t w h i c h is s a l v a t i o n to
o t h e r s . T h a t t w o - t o l d effect — j u d g m e n t or s a l v a t i o n
— is i n h e r e n t to t h e G o s p e l m e s s a g e . It is t o l l y to
start, as M r . G r e y d i d , w i t h the tactual proofs a n d
t h i n k t h a t t h e s i n f u l m i n d w i l l r e a s o n its w a y to t h e
m e a n i n g . V a n T i l ' s l e g a c y is h i s h i g h l i g h t i n g ot t h e
t r u t h t h a t it w o r k s t h e o t h e r w a y a r o u n d : i n d e f e n d -
ing the faith, w e must begin w i t h G o d ' s revealed
p l a n a n d t h e n p o i n t to H i s m i g h t y w o r k s — t h e
g r e a t e s t a n d m o s t effective ot w h i c h is t h e R e s u r r e c -
t i o n — a s c o n f i r m a t i o n ot t h e t r u t h ot H i s W o r d . B
HEROES
B y Samuel L. Blumenfeld
It is r e g r e t t a b l e t h a t o u r m e d i a c o n t i n u e to m a k e
h e r o e s ot c r i m i n a l l e a d e r s l i k e M i k h a i l G o r b a c h e v b u t
ignore m e n like A r m a n d o Valladares, the C h r i s t i a n
C u b a n w h o s p e n t 22 y e a r s i n C a s t r o ' s p r i s o n s , s u f f e r -
i n g t o r t u r e a n d d e g r a d a t i o n tor t h e c r i m e ot b e i n g
p h i l o s o p h i c a l l y o p p o s e d to c o m m u n i s m . I m p r i s o n e d
at t h e age ot 2 3 , h e s a w t h e c o m m u n i s t h e l l as it r e a l l y
is — a s y s t e m d e s i g n e d to d e s t r o y t h e h u m a n s p i r i t .
I n 1982 V a l l a d a r e s w a s f i n a l l y r e l e a s e d as t h e r e s u l t ot
a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l c a m p a i g n ot p r o t e s t . O n c e tree, h e
d e c i d e d to p u t d o w n o n p a p e r a l l t h a t h e a n d h i s
f e l l o w p r i s o n e r s h a d s u f f e r e d at t h e h a n d s ot t h e
c o m m u n i s t s . T h e b o o k . Against All Hope, was
p u b l i s h e d i n 1986 a n d i s , b y tar, t h e m o s t e l o q u e n t ,
d e v a s t a t i n g t e s t i m o n y ot a p r i s o n e r ot c o m m u n i s m
ever w r i t t e n . T h e dedication reads: " T o the m e m o r y
ot m y c o m p a n i o n s t o r t u r e d a n d m u r d e r e d i n F i d e l
C a s t r o ' s j a i l s , a n d to t h e t h o u s a n d s ot p r i s o n e r s s t i l l
suffering i n t h e m . "
F v e n w h e n the C u b a n prisoners i n A m e r i c a n jails
r e b e l l e d , n o o n e c i t e d V a l l a d a r e s ' s b o o k to e x p l a i n
w h y t h e s e C u b a n s p r e f e r r e d to d i e i n A m e r i c a n j a i l s
than live i n Castro's prisons.
T h e y s a y t h a t t h e r e are n o h e r o e s a n y m o r e . T h e r e
a r e , b u t m o s t ot t h e m h a v e v a n i s h e d i n t h e b l a c k
n i g h t ot 2 0 t h c e n t u r y s t a t i s m . F o r t u n a t e l y , a t e w h a v e
survived: Vladimir Bukovsky, Aleksandr Solzhenit-
s y n , A r m a n d o V a l l a d a r e s . T h e s e are t h e m e n o u r
y o u n g s t e r s s h o u l d be r e a d i n g a b o u t i n s c h o o l — m e n
ot c o u r a g e , c o n v i c t i o n , a n d h o n o r . B
 The World- - Perspective

F R A N C O A N D T H E JEWS F r a n c o r e f u s e d to j o i n t h e s e p o w e r s a g a i n s t t h e
Allies. V o n Ribbentrop, Hitler's Foreign Minister,
B y Otto Scott
said, " T h a t ungrateful coward Franco w h o owes us
M a n y m o d e r n A m e r i c a n s disdain historical judg-
everything n o w won't join with u s . " Hitler, repulsed
m e n t s , a n d reject t h e w i s d o m of p r e v i o u s g e n e r a -
b y F r a n c o i n a 1940 m e e t i n g , s a i d , " 1 w o u l d r a t h e r
t i o n s . T h i s i s , i n l a r g e m e a s u r e , d u e t h e tact t h a t so
h a v e t h r e e or t o u r teeth out t h a n h a v e to face that
m a n y ot o u r i n t e l l e c t u a l s — h i s t o r i a n s , j o u r n a l i s t s
man again."
a n d l i t e r a t i — a r e M a r x i s t s , w h i c h is to s a y , p r o f e s -
sional propagandists. It t h e s e tacts are s e l d o m s t r e s s e d , t h e y w e r e at least
b r i e f l y m e n t i o n e d . T h e tacts not m e n t i o n e d at a l l
P r o p a g a n d i s t s t r y to p r e d e t e r m i n e t h e j u d g m e n t s
w e r e that the toppled S p a n i s h C o m m u n i s t govern-
ot h i s t o r y . T h e y b u r y d a t a that e x p o s e s t h e t r u t h ,
m e n t ( " t h e L o y a l i s t s " ) so m i s t r e a t e d J e w s that w h e n
w h e n e v e r the t r u t h differs f r o m the p r o p a g a n d a line.
r e b e l l i o n b e g a n i n 1939 t h e r e w e r e o n l y 12 J e w i s h
T h a t doesn't m e a n that propagandists a l w a y s tell
f a m i l i e s left i n M a d r i d : t h e rest h a d fled.
o p e n l i e s . T h e y p r e f e r to select tacts t h a t p o i n t t o w a r d
T o t a l l y u n m e n t i o n e d i n t h e m e d i a c o v e r a g e ot
f a l s e c o n c l u s i o n s . F a l s e c o n c l u s i o n s , after a l l , are
S p a i n is that it w a s K i n g A l f o n s o X I I w h o i n v i t e d t h e
p o s s i b l e o n l y w h e n s a l i e n t acts are c o n c e a l e d .
J e w s b a c k to S p a i n after a 400 y e a r e x i l e a n d A l f o n s o
A l l e n c y c l o p e d i a s , tor i n s t a n c e , t e l l t h e s t u d e n t t h a t
X l l l w h o e x p a n d e d that w e l c o m e . A l f o n s o X l l l , prior
a C i v i l W a r e r u p t e d i n S p a i n i n 1936, t h a t it l a s t e d u n -
to W o r l d W a r 1, i n t e r v e n e d w i t h t h e T u r k i s h g o v e r n -
til 1939, cost o v e r 1 m i l l i o n d e a d , a n d e n d e d i n a v i c -
m e n t to p e r s u a d e it not to e x i l e a l l t h e J e w s f r o m
t o r y tor r e b e l s l e d b y G e n e r a l i s s i m o F r a n c i s c o F r a n c o
Palestine.
y Bohamande.
U n m e n t i o n e d is t h e tact that it w a s t h e S p a n i s h
D u r i n g that w a r Franco a n d h i s armies w e r e s u p -
r i g h t - w i n g dictator G e n e r a l P r i m o d e R i v e r a i n 1923,
plied planes a n d pilots, artillery, m e n a n d the m u n i -
w i t h t h e a p p r o v a l ot t h e n L t . C o l o n e l F r a n c o , w h o
t i o n s ot w a r b y N a z i G e r m a n y a n d F a s c i s t I t a l y . M u c h
d e c r e e d that all the descendants of Sephardic Jews
w a s m a d e ot t h i s at t h e t i m e a n d s i n c e .
anywhere in the world could claim, and could receive, full
F a r l e s s w a s m a d e ot t h e tact t h a t t h e e x i s t i n g
Spanish citizenship.
g o v e r n m e n t ot S p a i n , h e a d q u a r t e r e d i n M a d r i d , w a s
U n m e n t i o n e d is t h e tact that w h e n F r a n c o l a n d e d
s u p p l i e d w i t h p l a n e s , p i l o t s , m e n a n d m u n i t i o n s ot
i n S p a i n f r o m t h e C a n a r y I s l a n d s to l a u n c h h i s
w a r by the U S S R .
rebellion, he w a s greeted a m o n g others b y the J e w i s h
M u c h w a s m a d e ot t h e tact that F r a n c o ' s air force
c o m m u n i t y ot T e t u a n , w h i c h p r o v i d e d h i m w i t h
b o m b e d c i v i l i a n c e n t e r s . M u c h l e s s w a s m a d e ot t h e
m a s s i v e financial support — because the C o m m u n i s t
tact t h a t t h e S p a n i s h g o v e r n m e n t t u r n e d itself c o m -
g o v e r n m e n t i n M a d r i d , w h i c h h a d b u r n e d 150
p l e t e l y o v e r to M o s c o w , a n d c o n d u c t e d s a v a g e m a s -
c h u r c h e s to t h e g r o u n d a n d s a c k e d 4,900 o t h e r s , h a d
s a c r e s ot a n a r c h i s t s . S o c i a l i s t s a n d C h r i s t i a n s i n
a t t a c k e d s y n a g o g u e s as w e l l .
g o v e r n m e n t - h e l d territories.
U n m e n t i o n e d i n a n y s t a n d a r d s o u r c e is t h e tact that
M u c h w a s m a d e ot t h e tact that F r a n c o l e d , a m o n g
after 1939 Franco revived and extended the edict of General
o t h e r s , a g r o u p c a l l i n g itself t h e F a l a n g e , w h i c h w a s a
Primo and ordered that any Jew — even in German-
S p a n i s h v e r s i o n ot t h e I t a l i a n F a s c i s t P a r t y . M u c h l e s s
dominated territory — who claimed Sephardic descent be
w a s m a d e ot t h e o p e r a t i o n s ot S o v i e t a g e n t s i n s i d e
given a Spanish passport and visa without delay. J e w s i n
Spain's puppet government.
e v e r y F u r o p e a n S e p h a r d i c c o m m u n i t y h a s t e n e d to
That the Spanish government, which was
t a k e a d v a n t a g e ot t h i s u n i q u e otter, c o n d u c t e d u n d e r
appealingly labeled " t h e L o y a l i s t s " w a s deeply anti-
t h e n o s e s ot t h e N a z i s .
S e m i t i c as w e l l as a n t i - C h r i s t i a n , w a s s u p p r e s s e d b y
the m e d i a . Little m e n t i o n w a s m a d e i n the general Spain even nominated prominent Fastern Furo-
m e d i a t h e n , a n d i n most c o m m e n t a r i e s since, about p e a n S e p h a r d i c J e w s as S p a n i s h v i c e - c o n s u l s . I s a a c
t h e S p a n i s h g o v e r n m e n t ' s s a c k ot synagogues, W e i s m a n ot t h e W o r l d J e w i s h C o u n c i l d e s c r i b e d (to
churches, convents and monasteries. T h e Spanish the W o r l d J e w i s h Congress i n Atlantic C i t y ) h o w the
g o v e r n m e n t ' s m a s s a c r e ot p r i e s t s , m o n k s a n d n u n s J e w i s h A g e n c y i n I s t a n b u l s u c c e s s f u l l y a p p e a l e d to
was muffled by western correspondents. t h e S p a n i s h A m b a s s a d o r i n P o r t u g a l to s a v e 400 J e w s
i n t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n c a m p at H a i d e n i f r o m b e i n g
M u c h w a s m a d e ot t h e tact t h a t F r a n c o m a i n t a i n e d
s h i p p e d to P o l a n d .
relations w i t h N a z i G e r m a n y a n d Fascist Italy d u r i n g
W o r l d W a r 11, a n d p r o v i d e d t h e s e g o v e r n m e n t s l i m i t - F r a n c o e v e n d e m a n d e d t h e release ot 842 J e w s i m -
e d c o o p e r a t i o n . M u c h l e s s w a s m a d e ot t h e tact t h a t p r i s o n e d i n B e r g e n - B e l s e n . I n F e b r u a r y 1944, the
 Chalcedon Report World Perspective

G e r m a n s g a v e w a y to S p a n i s h i n s i s t e n c e , a n d s e n t t h a t t h o s e J e w s w h o fled f r o m H i t l e r to t h e Soviet
two trains carrying 1,242 Sephardic Jews from U n i o n f o u n d t h e m s e l v e s also c o n s i g n e d to t h e g r i m
Bergen-Belsen and H a i d e n i to Spain and safety. h o r r o r s ot t h e G u l a g A r c h i p e l a g o .
W h e n these J e w s reported o n their a r r i v a l that they C o m p l e t e tacts, h o w e v e r , are s e l d o m a i r e d w h e n
had b e e n s t r i p p e d ot t h e i r m o n e y and valuables. powerful interests are i n v o l v e d . It w a s not con-
F r a n c o f o r c e d t h e N a z i s to r e t u r n a total ot 44,000 s i d e r e d p o l i t i c to o p e n l y d i s c u s s t h e S o v i e t role i n
d o l l a r s , 55,000 S w i s s f r a n c s a n d 24 m i l l i o n d r a c h m a e S p a i n after t h e H i t l e r - S t a l i n a l l i a n c e c o l l a p s e d . It h a s
— a n d e v e n the w o m e n ' s j e w e l r y . n e v e r b e e n c o n s i d e r e d p r o p e r to o p e n l y d i s c u s s t h e
I n h i s b o o k , "Spain: The Gentie Anarchy," Benjamin S o v i e t e x e c u t i o n s ot G e r m a n a n d F a s t e r n F u r o p e a n
W e l l e s ot The New York Times t o l d h o w " A t least J e w s d u r i n g a n d after W o r l d W a r 11. L i k e t h e S o v i e t
30,000 J e w s fled a c r o s s t h e P y r a n e e s to f i n d t e m p o - p e r s e c u t i o n ot C h r i s t i a n s a n d C h r i s t i a n i t y , t h e s e are
r a r y i n s o m e c a s e s p e r m a n e n t — h a v e n . . . . F r a n c o or- t o p i c s " t o o s e n s i t i v e " tor o u r m e d i a a n d g o v e r n m e n t
dered S p a n i s h diplomats i n the B a l k a n s a n d i n other to m e n t i o n .
N a z i - o c c u p i e d a r e a s to i s s u e S p a n i s h v i s a s . ..."
I n similar context, a l l t h e tacts a b o u t F r a n c o a n d
Hills, another commentator, concluded: "How S p a i n i n this century have been considered, by our
m a n y J e w s i n all w e r e saved by F r a n c o ' s legal fiction M a r x i s t s a n d F a s t e r n M a r x i s t s a l i k e , too i n c e n d i a r y —
t h a t t h e y w e r e S e p h a r d i c d o e s n o t a p p e a r to h a v e p e r h a p s too s a l u t a r y — to m e n t i o n . T h e r e f o r e our
b e e n calculated; but the S e p h a r d i c c o m m u n i t i e s ot M a r x i s t s a n d the F a s t e r n M a r x i s t s h a v e c o m b i n e d o n
G r e e c e a n d B o s n i a s u r v i v e d the w a r ; the the first s h i p an agreed-upon tale about F r a n c o , S p a i n , t h e '30s
to s a i l d o w n f r o m t h e W e s t e r n M e d i t e r r a n e a n into a n d W o r l d W a r 11.
H a i f a after t h e w a r w a s t h e S p a n i s h s h i p he Pius Uitra
w i t h 400 a d u l t s a n d o r p h a n s w h o h a d e m b a r k e d i n B u t h i s t o r i c a l j u d g m e n t s i n e v i t a b l y e m e r g e after a l l
Barcelona." the tacts surface. Then the trivial fantasies and
i m p o v e r i s h e d a n d m e a n - s p i r i t e d l i e s ot o u r c o n t e m -
I n The Congressional Record ot J a n . 24, 1950, Rep.
porary intellectuals will r e m a i n o n l y as h i s t o r i c a l
A b r a h a m M u l t e r q u o t e s a s p o k e s m a n tor t h e Joint
curiosa; as p r o o f s ot w h a t m o n e y a n d p o w e r c a n b r i n g
D i s t r i b u t i o n C o m m i t t e e to t h e effect t h a t " d u r i n g t h e
m e n to w r i t e , s a y , a n d r e p r e s s .
h e i g h t ot H i t l e r ' s b l o o d b a t h s u p w a r d s ot 60,000 J e w s
had b e e n s a v e d t h r o u g h g e n e r o s i t y ot t h e Spanish T h e r e a l h i s t o r i c a l j u d g m e n t w i l l be that t w o n e a r l y
a u t h o r i t i e s . " M i c h a e l S . K a g a n , e d i t o r ot Ideas ( f r o m f o r g o t t e n k i n g s ot S p a i n , as t h e i r p o w e r s e r o d e d ,
m o v e d to s a v e t h e J e w s ot P a l e s t i n e — a n d t h e r e f o r e
w h o m t h e s e tacts are g a r n e r e d ) , w r o t e , " T h e r e i s n o
e n a b l e d a J e w i s h r e m n a n t to r e m a i n i n t h e M i d e a s t
r e a s o n to d o u b t t h e s e f i g u r e s a n d t h e y s h o u l d , i n
l o n g e n o u g h tor t h e J e w i s h D i a s p o r a to r e t a i n its
tact, be b r o u g h t u p to date b y r e f e r e n c e to t h e tact
c l a i m to h a v e a r i g h t to r e t u r n .
t h a t d u r i n g t h e e a r l y 1960s, m o r e t h a n 5 0 , 0 0 0 J e w s
escaping f r o m A r a b persecution i n Morocco w e r e per- H i s t o r y w i l l credit Francisco Franco w i t h not o n l y
m i t t e d to e n t e r S p a i n w i t h o u t q u e s t i o n or f o r m a l i t y u n u s u a l c o n c e r n tor t h e J e w s ot F u r o p e , b u t a l s o
w i t h a m a s t e r l y e x e r c i s e ot n e u t r a l i t y a g a i n s t o n e ot
a n d to e m b a r k f r o m t h e r e to I s r a e l . "
t h e m o s t b r u t a l p o w e r s ot h i s t i m e : N a z i G e r m a n y .
K a g a n , v i s i t i n g S p a i n i n 1963, w a s p l e a s e d to see T h e r e is n o d o u b t H i t l e r l o n g e d to i n v a d e S p a i n , b u t
thriving Jewish communities in Barcelona and F r a n c o s a i d h e w o u l d l e a d a " g e n e r a l r i s i n g " it e v e n
Madrid. He visited Jewish museums and met a o n e G e r m a n s o l d i e r set a toot i n h i s c o u n t r y .
J e w i s h - C h r i s t i a n F r i e n d s h i p Society. I n seeking some A t a t i m e w h e n H i t l e r w a s m a s t e r ot a l l F u r o p e ,
e x p l a n a t i o n tor F r a n c o ' s a t t i t u d e t o w a r d t h e J e w i s h F r a n c o r e f u s e d to b e c o m e a n a l l y . H a d h e n o t r e -
people, he w a s t o l d to look i n the direction ot fused, G e r m a n y w o u l d probably h a v e w o n W o r l d
F r a n c o ' s ancestry — since the n a m e B a h a m o n d e is W a r 11: tor w i t h G i b r a l t a r a n d S p a i n , t h e N a z i s w o u l d
c o n s i d e r e d to be ot J e w i s h o r i g i n i n S p a i n . h a v e c o n t r o l l e d t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n a n d t h e o i l ot t h e
Persian Gulf. Allied landings i n North Africa w o u l d
O t h e r tacts t h a t m i g h t alter s o m e m i n d s a b o u t t h e
h a v e b e e n i m p o s s i b l e ; t h e W e s t c o u l d not h a v e
" L o y a l i s t " g o v e r n m e n t ot S p a i n i n c l u d e its theft ot
prevailed — a n d w i t h o u t the West, the U S S R could
all t h e g o l d i n t h e S p a n i s h T r e a s u r y : g o l d t h a t be-
not h a v e w i t h s t o o d the N a z i assault.
l o n g e d to t h e S p a n i s h p e o p l e — g o l d w h i c h it
t r a n s f e r r e d to t h e K r e m l i n i n 1939. T h e U S S R F e w k n o w , a n d e v e n fewer comment, u p o n these
s w a l l o w e d t h a t t r e a s u r e a n d h a s r e t a i n e d it to t h i s tacts. B u t t h e h i s t o r i c a l j u d g m e n t , w h i c h a l w a y s
d a y . T h e r e is also t h e tact that S t a l i n s e n t m o s t ot t h e s h o w s t h e H a n d ot G o d , c a n n e v e r be f o r e v e r d e n i e d
S p a n i s h C o m m u n i s t s w h o fled to t h e U S S R to S i b e r i - or c o v e r e d b y t h e l i e s ot p r o p a g a n d i s t s a n d t h e u n -
a, w h e r e t h e y lie b u r i e d . A n d , f i n a l l y t h e r e is t h e tact t h i n k i n g r e p e t i t i o n s ot d u l l a r d s . •

9
 Our Man In-
iiiiir ~
ICONOCLASM IN CHILD CARE
By John Lofton
T h e w a r against C h r i s t i a n i t y i n A m e r i c a has t a k e n
a n exceptionally vicious t u r n w i t h the recent i n -
t r o d u c t i o n of c h i l d care l e g i s l a t i o n b e a r i n g t h e
O r w e l l i a n title, " A c t F o r B e t t e r C h i l d C a r e . "
Co-sponsored by Sen. Christopher Dodd,
D - C o n n . , a n d R e p . Dale K i l d e e , D - M i c h . , the bill
w o u l d d e n y f e d e r a l f u n d s for a n y c h i l d c a r e w h i c h is
e v e n f a i n t l y c o n n e c t e d to r e l i g i o n .
S u p p o r t e r s , n e v e r t h e l e s s , i n c l u d e a c o a l i t i o n of
leading J e w i s h , Catholic a n d mainline Protestant
organizations.
S e c t i o n 19 of t h e b i l l states t h a t " n o f u n d s a u t h o r -
i z e d b y t h i s A c t s h a l l be e x p e n d e d for s e c t a r i a n p u r -
p o s e s o r a c t i v i t i e s , " w h i c h are d e f i n e d as " ( A ) A n y
p r o g r a m or a c t i v i t y t h a t h a s t h e p u r p o s e or effect of
a d v a n c i n g o r p r o m o t i n g a p a r t i c u l a r r e l i g i o n or r e l i -
g i o n g e n e r a l l y ; or ( B ) W i t h r e s p e c t to c h i l d c a r e s e r -
v i c e s p e r f o r m e d o n the p r e m i s e s of a p e r v a s i v e l y
sectarian i n s t i t u t i o n . "
P u r s u i n g its scorched-earth policy against religion,
t h e act w o u l d r e q u i r e t h e r e m o v a l o r c o v e r i n g of a n y
" r e l i g i o u s s y m b o l s or a r t i f a c t s " i n c l a s s r o o m s or
other spaces u s e d b y federally a i d e d c h i l d care p r o -
g r a m s . F e d e r a l f u n d s w o u l d also be p r o h i b i t e d for
a n y s e r v i c e s " p e r f o r m e d b y p e r s o n s w h o are o t h e r -
w i s e e m p l o y e d as t e a c h e r s or t e a c h e r s a i d e s i n a sec-
t a r i a n school or s u c h a n institution w h i c h p r o v i d e s
full-time education services." Further, federal funds
c o u l d n o t be u s e d for c a p i t a l i m p r o v e m e n t to a n y
f a c i l i t i e s w h i c h are p r i m a r i l y u s e d f o r s e c t a r i a n p u r -
poses.
T h e p e r n i c i o u s t h r u s t of t h i s p r o p o s e d l e g i s l a t i o n is
o b v i o u s . I t is to i m p o s e o n e , t o t a l l y s e c u l a r . G o d l e s s
m o d e l of f e d e r a l l y f u n d e d c h i l d c a r e i n A m e r i c a .
A s o n e s o u r c e c l o s e to t h e d r a f t i n g of the" act
o b s e r v e s : " L e t ' s be s p e c i f i c . I f a l o w - i n c o m e m o t h e r
p l a c e s h e r c h i l d i n a d a y care c e n t e r w h e r e k i d s s a y
' T h a n k y o u G o d for t h i s f o o d ' o v e r t h e i r m i l k a n d
c o o k i e s , t h a t m o t h e r a n d h e r c h i l d are d i s q u a l i f i e d
f r o m a n y f u n d s u n d e r this bill. T h i s is the draconian
— w e m i g h t s a y p e r s e c u t o r i a l — effect of t h e b i l l ' s
definition w h i c h transforms 'sectarian' into 'religion
generally.' "
T h e c o n g r e s s i o n a l critic a d d s : " K e e p i n m i n d t h a t
t h e a l l e g e d b e n e f i c i a r i e s of t h i s l e g i s l a t i o n are l o w -
income mothers. I n their low-income neighborhoods,
w h e r e a r e t h e y l i k e l y to f i n d s a f e , a f f o r d a b l e , c o n v e -
nient d a y care? W h a t institutions i n those neighbor-
h o o d s are b e s t e q u i p p e d , a n d b e s t m o t i v a t e d , to o p e n
s u c h d a y care c e n t e r s ? T h e c h u r c h e s , of c o u r s e , a l l
10
Washington
s o r t s of c h u r c h e s . B u t n o t if S e n . D o d d a n d R e p .
Kildee h a v e their w a y . "
T h e c o n g r e s s i o n a l critic o b s e r v e s t h a t t h e d e m a n d
f o r r e m o v a l or c o v e r i n g of r e l i g i o u s s y m b o l s or ar-
tifacts i s h a r d to i m a g i n e e v e n i n a C o m m u n i s t
r e g i m e , m u c h l e s s b y elected r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s i n t h e
U . S . Congress.
A c c o r d i n g to t h e s o u r c e , a n o t h e r " h e l l i s h l y i n g e n i -
o u s " p r o v i s i o n w o u l d prohibit sex d i s c r i m i n a t i o n " i n
t h e p r o v i s i o n of a n y c h i l d care s e r v i c e s . " T h i s w o u l d
p r o h i b i t s e p a r a t i o n of b o y s a n d g i r l s f o r m o s t p u r -
poses a n d thus w o u l d mandate unisex child rearing.
T i t l e V l l of t h e C i v i l R i g h t s A c t of 1964 c o v e r s o n l y
e m p l o y e r s w i t h 15 or m o r e e m p l o y e e s , b u t t h e n o n -
d i s c r i m i n a t i o n l a n g u a g e of t h e p r o p o s e d " A c t F o r
B e t t e r C h i l d C a r e " a p p l i e s to all c h i l d c a r e p r o v i d e r s ,
not j u s t t h o s e n o r m a l l y c o v e r e d b y T i t l e " V l l . F u r t h e r -
more, the bill prohibits discrimination based o n
" h a n d i c a p s , " a provision w h i c h the congressional
a n a l y s t s a y s m u s t be r e a d i n l i g h t of a U . S . S u p r e m e
C o u r t r u l i n g last y e a r i n c l u d i n g contagious diseases
u n d e r t h e p r o t e c t i o n of n o n - d i s c r i m i n a t i o n p r o v i -
s i o n s ( S e c t i o n 504) i n t h e R e h a b i l i t a t i o n A c t . T h a t r u l -
i n g a n d s u b s e q u e n t d e c i s i o n s of l o w e r f e d e r a l c o u r t s
h a v e s e v e r e l y l i m i t e d t h e a b i l i t y of s c h o o l a u t h o r i t i e s
to e x c l u d e p e r s o n s " h a n d i c a p p e d " b y c o n t a g i o u s i l l -
n e s s f r o m t h e c l a s s r o o m . T h u s , u n d e r t h i s b i l l , it is
u n l i k e l y t h a t a f e d e r a l l y f u n d e d c h i l d care c e n t e r
could exclude a child with A I D S .
A n e s s e n t i a l p a r t of t h e 1964 C i v i l R i g h t s A c t w a s
t h e r e l i g i o u s e x e m p t i o n a g a i n s t w h i c h , u n t i l n o w , the
left h a s d a r e d not r a i s e a h a n d . T h i s e x e m p t i o n a l l o w s
d e n o m i n a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s to f a v o r m e m b e r s of t h e i r
o w n f a i t h a n d a l l o w s , for e x a m p l e , r e l i g i o u s s c h o o l s
1
 Chalcedon Report
to r e s t r i c t t h e i r h i r i n g to p e o p l e of t h e i r o w n r e l i g i o u s
beliefs.
But the D o d d - K i l d e e bill w o u l d change this radical-
l y . T o m a k e a b s o l u t e l y c e r t a i n t h a t n o trace of r e l i g i o n
w i l l " t a i n t " c h i l d c a r e , t h e b i l l s e e k s to l i m i t t h e
r e l i g i o u s e x e m p t i o n i n t h e 1964 C i v i l R i g h t s A c t , a
l i m i t a t i o n w h i c h w o u l d set a n " a b o m i n a b l e " p r e c e -
d e n t , as o n e c o m m e n t a t o r p u t s i t .
M e a n w h i l e , t h e w a r of c e n s o r s h i p a g a i n s t C h r i s t
a n d t h e B i b l e i n p u b l i c s c h o o l s c o n t i n u e s to e x p a n d as
well.
A c o u p l e of C h r i s t i a n m e n w i t h a m u s i c m i n i s t r y
p e r f o r m e d n o t l o n g ago i n o u r c h u r c h . T h e i r p e r f o r m -
a n c e i n c l u d e d t h e i r o w n p e r s o n a l t e s t i m o n y of h o w
they were saved by Jesus Christ. W h e n I asked, they
t o l d m e that w h e n e v e r t h e y p e r f o r m i n p u b l i c
s c h o o l s , t h e y are t o l d not to m e n t i o n a n y t h i n g ex-
p l i c i t l y or o v e r t l y r e l i g i o u s . S o t h e y d o n ' t . 1 w a s t o l d
the same t h i n g recently b y the C h r i s t i a n author a n d
popular y o u t h speaker Josh M c D o w e l l .
N o w , t h i s is n o t h i n g n e w , to be s u r e . I n t h e B o o k of
A c t s (4:18-20) w e a r e t o l d that P e t e r a n d J o h n w e r e
c o m m a n d e d n o t to s p e a k or t e a c h i n t h e n a m e of
Jesus. To w h i c h they replied, i n no uncertain terms,
no, " f o r w e cannot but speak the things w h i c h w e
have seen and h e a r d . "
A n d s o , 1 b e l i e v e , m u s t be t h e p o s i t i o n of C h r i s t i a n s
t o d a y . W e m u s t t a k e a s t a n d for C h r i s t . W e m u s t d e -
f e n d the faith. W e must never allow authority i n a
p u b l i c s c h o o l to s i l e n c e u s , to f o r b i d u s to s p e a k or
t e a c h i n t h e n a m e of J e s u s . N o w a y !
If t h i s m e a n s w e a r e to be d e n i e d a f o r u m at a p u b l i c
s c h o o l , or e v e n t h a t w e are to be a r r e s t e d for c o n f e s s -
i n g C h r i s t b e f o r e m e n , so be i t ! B u t w e s h o u l d n e v e r ,
e v e r a l l o w t h e e n e m y to s t o p o u r m o u t h s c o n c e r n i n g
the L o r d .
B e s i d e s , i n e i t h e r case — w h e t h e r w e a r e d e n i e d a
f o r u m o r w h e t h e r w e are a r r e s t e d — t h i s w i l l p r o v i d e
a m u c h m o r e p o w e r f u l w i t n e s s for C h r i s t t h a n if w e
cave i n , t r i m our rhetorical sails a n d deliver a
watered-down, Christless, humanistic message.
P e r h a p s local n e w s directors a n d reporters — a n d
c i t i z e n s — w i l l b e g i n to w o n d e r w h y i t ' s n o t o k a y to
m e n t i o n J e s u s C h r i s t b u t i t ' s o k a y for a P l a n n e d
P a r e n t h o o d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e to m e n t i o n c o n d o m s i n
s c h o o l a s s e m b l i e s . I n d e e d , if y o u t a k e a s t a n d , y o u
m i g h t e v e n , for once, h a v e the A C L U o n y o u r side!
* * * * *
T h e B i l l y Graham Watch — A F o l l o w - u p : After
w r i t i n g last m o n t h ' s c o l u m n , 1 s a w Brother G r a h a m
on C B N ' s "700 C l u b , " where he said, w i t h a big grin,
t h a t t h e S o v i e t s h a v e b e e n " w o n d e r f u l " to h i m i n
g i v i n g " a n o p e n d o o r " to p r e a c h t h e G o s p e l i n t h e
S o v i e t U n i o n — t h o u g h o n l y i n c h u r c h e s or c a t h e -
drals designated b y the Soviet g o v e r n m e n t .
W h e n a s k e d if t h e S o v i e t s w e r e r e a l l y o p e n i n g u p ,
or w h e t h e r this supposed openness w a s just
I1
Our Man In Washington
w i n d o w - d r e s s i n g to fool u s . B r o t h e r G r a h a m r e p l i e d
that " o f c o u r s e , w e d o n ' t k n o w , " b u t w h a t ' s h a p -
p e n i n g is a " d e f i n i t e o p e n i n g . " I n d e e d , h e s a i d that
a c c o r d i n g to " o f f i c i a l s , " — S o v i e t o f f i c i a l s , that is —
C h r i s t i a n s i n the Soviet U n i o n " c a n talk more freely,
h a v e m o r e a c t i v i t i e s , h a v e m o r e B i b l e s a n d a l l t h e rest
of i t . " H e s a i d h e t h i n k s t h e s i t u a t i o n w i l l be " m u c h
m o r e o p e n " w h e n h e goes b a c k to t h e U S S R i n J u n e
as g u e s t of t h e R u s s i a n O r t h o d o x C h u r c h .
At a n e w s conference here i n Washington, D . C . , a
little l e s s t h a n a m o n t h b e f o r e B r o t h e r G r a h a m s a i d
these things, the C o n g r e s s i o n a l H u m a n Rights
C a u c u s a n d t h e C o a l i t i o n for S o l i d a r i t y W i t h C h r i s -
t i a n s I n T h e U S S R r e l e a s e d a letter to M i k h a i l G o r -
b a c h e v s i g n e d b y 258 m e m b e r s of t h e H o u s e of R e p -
r e s e n t a t i v e s , c a l l i n g for the release of 171 C h r i s t i a n s
w h o are i n j a i l i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n . T h e k n o w n
n u m b e r of p r i s o n e r s of a l l f a i t h s is s a i d to be o v e r 260.
A c c o r d i n g to R e p . H e n r y H y d e , R - l l L , " t h e fact of
t h e m a t t e r r e m a i n s that r o u g h l y o n e - t h i r d of a l l
religious a n d political dissidents i m p r i s o n e d i n the
S o v i e t U n i o n t o d a y h a v e b e e n s e n t to j a i l s , t h e
p r i s o n s , the labor c a m p s a n d psychiatric institutions
s i n c e S e c r e t a r y G o r b a c h e v c a m e to p o w e r . "
The F B I has released a report o n Soviet disinforma-
tion, titled " S o v i e t Active Measures I n T h e U n i t e d
S t a t e s , 1 9 8 6 - 8 7 , " w h i c h states: " I t is clear f r o m
d e v e l o p m e n t s w i t h i n t h e p a s t f e w y e a r s that t h e
S o v i e t U n i o n is i n c r e a s i n g l y i n t e r e s t e d i n i n f l u e n c i n g
and/or m a n i p u l a t i n g A m e r i c a n c h u r c h e s , r e l i g i o u s
organizations, a n d their leaders. T h i s campaign
r e p r e s e n t s S o v i e t a w a r e n e s s that c h u r c h e s a n d
r e l i g i o u s i n s t i t u t i o n s are i m p o r t a n t factors i n t h e for-
m a t i o n of p u b l i c o p i n i o n i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . . . . I n
a n effort to n e u t r a l i z e p e r c e i v e d a n t i - S o v i e t f e e l i n g s ,
t h e S o v i e t s h a v e d i r e c t e d i n c r e a s e d efforts a g a i n s t t h e
more conservative religious groups a n d leaders i n the
United States."
A m o n g the organizations the F B I says the Soviets
h a v e at t h e i r d i s p o s a l for t h e c o n d u c t of d i s i n f o r m a -
t i o n c a m p a i g n s is t h e M o s c o w P a t r i a r c h a t e of t h e
R u s s i a n O r t h o d o x C h u r c h , the c h u r c h Brother G r a -
h a m s a y s w i l l be h o s t i n g h i s v i s i t to t h e U S S R t h i s
June.
I n d e e d , w e m u s t c o n t i n u e to p r a y that B r o t h e r
G r a h a m c o m e s to h i s s e n s e s o n t h i s q u e s t i o n of a l l e g -
e d " o p e n n e s s " i n t h e g u l a g t h a t is t h e S o v i e t
Union. •
Uganda Restricts Worship
N e w developments i n U g a n d a h a v e closed a Bible
i n s t i t u t e a n d p l a c e d greater r e s t r i c t i o n s o n p u b l i c
p r e a c h i n g i n the E a s t A f r i c a n n a t i o n ' s s e c o n d largest
city. Directives by G o d f r e y M a m u k u m a , a civil intelli-
g e n c e officer for t h e c i t y of J i n j a , d e m a n d that " a l l
p u b l i c p r e a c h i n g a n d a l l o t h e r f o r m s of w o r s h i p
s h o u l d i n [the] f u t u r e be c o n d u c t e d i n r e c o g n i z e d
p l a c e s of w o r s h i p . " (ODNS)
 Dominion Work

GOD'S CALLING J o s e p h that h e w a s c a l l e d to be a r u l e r t h r o u g h t h e

B y Joseph R. McAuliffe m e d i u m ot a d r e a m . G o d h a s m a n y m e a n s ot r e v e a l -
Throughout history m e n a n d w o m e n have grap- i n g H i s c a l l to a n i n d i v i d u a l o t h e r t h a n d r e a m s , i n -
pled w i t h the question, w h a t is m y calling a n d p u r - c l u d i n g p a r e n t a l i n s i g h t (Luke 1:67,76), vocational
p o s e i n t h i s l i f e ? I t is n o t s u r p r i s i n g that p e o p l e o n r e c o g n i t i o n (Ex. 31:6), p e r s o n a l r e v e l a t i o n (Gal.
t h e i r q u e s t tor p e r s o n a l d e s t i n y w i l l t r y a l m o s t 1:15-16), a n d o f t e n t h e L o r d p r o v i d e n t i a l l y d i r e c t i n g
a n y t h i n g to r e a l i z e a n a n s w e r . I n t h e ' 6 0 s m a n y o u r s t e p s (Prov. 16:9).
y o u n g p e o p l e t u r n e d to d r u g s n o t m e r e l y tor t h e b u z z J o s e p h r e c e i v e d t h e r e v e l a t i o n ot h i s c a l l i n g a s a
b u t tor i l l u m i n a t i o n . S u b s e q u e n t l y , m a n y h a v e e x - t e e n a g e r , b u t it w o u l d h e 13 l o n g y e a r s b e f o r e h e
perimented w i t h eastern religions, consciousness w o u l d e x p e r i e n c e t h e f u l f i l l m e n t ot that c a l l . M a n y ot
r a i s i n g t e c h n i q u e s , o c c u l t p r a c t i c e s , a n d a m y r i a d ot us have g r o w n disillusioned because w e have tailed
o t h e r N e w A g e p r o g r a m s i n t h e i r s e a r c h tor u l t i m a t e to g r a s p t h e t i m e g a p t h a t e x i s t s b e t w e e n t h e r e v e l a -
reality. S i m i l a r l y , m a n y C h r i s t i a n s h a v e testified that t i o n a n d t h e c o n s u m m a t i o n ot t h e c a l l . W e w a n t it a l l
t h e i r r e s p o n s e to t h e G o s p e l w a s t r i g g e r e d b y t h e now. O u r existentialism demand a quick-fix, a n e w
e v a n g e l i s t i c l u r e that b y t u r n i n g to C h r i s t o n e c o u l d d r u g , a n d i n s t a n t r e s u l t s . J e r e m y R i t k i n , i n h i s latest
apprehend both G o d ' s love a n d more importantly b o o k o n h o w c o m p u t e r s affect o u r s e n s e ot t i m e ,
" H i s w o n d e r f u l p l a n tor y o u r l i t e . " highlights m a n ' s c r a v i n g tor speedier results a n d o u r
d e c r e a s i n g l e v e l ot p a t i e n c e w h i c h c a u s e s s o m e to
T h e Scriptures consistently a f f i r m that G o d h a s a
b e g i n s h o o t i n g w h e n t h e l i n e m o v e s too s l o w .
c a l l i n g u p o n o u r l i v e s that i s n o t o n l y tor t h e n e x t age,
G o d , h o w e v e r , is i n no h u r r y a n d takes H i s time i n
b u t t o r t h i s t e m p o r a l o r d e r as w e l l . A s B o b M u m t o r d
w o r k i n g H i s calling into our lives. Consider h o w G o d
h a s r e m a r k e d , " I t G o d s a v e s u s o n l y to c a l l u s to
w o r k e d t o r y e a r s p r e p a r i n g m e n to f u l f i l l t h e i r c a l l i n g .
h e a v e n t h e n maybe w e s h o u l d he more deliberative
A b r a h a m w a i t e d 25 y e a r s b e f o r e r e c e i v i n g I s a a c ,
i n o u r b a p t i s m a l s e r v i c e s to h a s t e n t h a t e t e r n a l c a l l -
i n g . " B u t a c c o r d i n g to 11 T i m . 1:9, t h e L o r d s a v e s u s
a n d c a l l s u s w i t h a h o l y c a l l i n g t h a t i s " a c c o r d i n g to
H i s o w n p u r p o s e a n d grace w h i c h w a s g r a n t e d u s i n
Jesus C h r i s t f r o m all e t e r n i t y . " Before this time-space
cosmos ever existed, the T r i u n e G o d h a d determined
b o t h o u r s a l v a t i o n a n d t h e c a l l i n g w e a r e d e s i g n e d to
f u l f i l l i n o u r l i f e t i m e . G o d ' s r e v e l a t i o n to t h e p r o p h e t
Jeremiah is telling i n this regard: " B e f o r e 1 f o r m e d
y o u i n the w o m b , 1 k n e w y o u , a n d before y o u w e r e
born 1 consecrated y o u , 1 have appointed y o u a
p r o p h e t to t h e n a t i o n s " (Jer. 1:5).
T h e tact t h a t G o d ' s c a l l i n g u p o n o u r l i v e s i s p r e d e -
termined highlights a principle concerning callings
that is often m i s u n d e r s t o o d , a n d that i s : " G o d calls
i n t o b e i n g t h a t w h i c h d o e s n o t e x i s t " ( R o m . 4:17c).
B e c a u s e m o d e r n m a n h a s s e l f - c o n s c i o u s l y b e e n so i n -
doctrinated w i t h existential philosophy, he believes
that o n l y that w h i c h h e presently is experiencing is
r e a l a n d e v e r y t h i n g else i n t h e p a s t a n d f u t u r e i s
m e a n i n g l e s s . H o w e v e r , t h e S c r i p t u r e s t e a c h that o u r
lives are continually being t r a n s f o r m e d a n d that w h a t
w e are n o w is not necessarily w h a t w e w i l l be. Rather
G o d i s w o r k i n g i n o u r l i v e s i n o r d e r to p r e p a r e u s a n d
t h e n develop u s into that w h i c h H e h a s called u s . A
g o o d e x a m p l e ot t h i s i s t h e s t o r y o t J o s e p h i n G e n e s i s
37-50. 1 b e l i e v e t h e 13-chapter a c c o u n t ot t h i s m a n ' s
lite i s t h e clearest d e l i n e a t i o n o n t h e subject ot c a l l -
i n g s i n a l l ot S c r i p t u r e . W e l e a r n f r o m G e n e s i s 37 t h a t
G o d r e v e a l e d H i s p a r t i c u l a r c a l l i n g to t h e 1 7 - y e a r - o l d J O S E P H S O L D BY H I S B R E T H R E N

12
 Chalcedon Report
M o s e s s p e n t 40 y e a r s i n t h e w i l d e r n e s s a n t i c i p a t i n g
G o d ' s call, Jesus w a s a nine-month hahy w h o didn't
b e g i n to effectuate H i s c a l l for 30 y e a r s , a n d P a u l w a s
s i m p l y b r o t h e r P a u l for 12 y e a r s b e f o r e i n i t i a t i n g h i s
a p o s t o l i c c a l l . W e t o d a y , h o w e v e r , t h i n k it G o d
d o e s n ' t b r i n g u s i n t o o u r c a l l i n g i n 12 w e e k s t h e n
s o m e t h i n g m u s t be w r o n g . P e r h a p s G o d h a s forgot-
t e n m e , or d o e s n ' t l o v e m e , or m a y b e d o e s n ' t e v e n
e x i s t . 1 h a v e c o u n s e l e d e n o u g h p e o p l e to k n o w that
t h i s l i n e ot t h i n k i n g is c o m m o n p l a c e i n t h e c h u r c h .
T h e r e are t w o o t h e r p o p u l a r m i s c o n c e p t i o n s c o n -
c e r n i n g t h e s u b j e c t ot c a l l i n g s . T h e f i r s t is t h e n o t i o n
t h a t c a l l i n g s are m e r e l y m i n i s t e r i a l or e c c l e s i a s t i c a l i n
n a t u r e . O n e is c a l l e d to " s p i r i t u a l " o c c u p a t i o n s s u c h
as p a s t o r , m i s s i o n a r y , a n d e v a n g e l i s t , b u t n o t c a l l e d
to e n g a g e i n " s e c u l a r " e m p l o y m e n t . T h i s d i c h o t o m y
b e t w e e n t h e s e c u l a r a n d s p i r i t u a l r e a l m is s i m p l y
w a r m e d - o v e r neo-platonism. G o d ' s callings u p o n
m e n a n d w o m e n are d i v e r s e a n d c o m p r e h e n d e v e r y
l e g i t i m a t e v o c a t i o n . T h e r e is n o h e i r a r c h i c a l caste
s y s t e m w i t h c a l l i n g s e i t h e r ; as C a l v i n s a i d , " T h e
minister bears n o e t h i c a l s u p e r i o r i t y to
m e r c h a n t . " G o d c a l l s s o m e to be p a s t o r s , s o m e as
e v a n g e l i s t s , b u t m o s t to s o m e a r e a ot b u s i n e s s .
T h e s e c o n d m i s c o n c e p t i o n p e r t a i n i n g to c a l l i n g s is
t h e p r o g r a m t h a t G o d e m p l o y s to q u a l i t y u s to f u l f i l l
H i s c a l l i n g . S o m e h o l d that t h e w a y s ot G o d are
a l w a y s t h e w a y s ot p e a c e , a n d d i f f i c u l t y is t h u s i n t e r -
p r e t e d as a n a l i e n e l e m e n t to G o d ' s p l a n . T h e c u r -
riculum i n w h i c h G o d enrolled Joseph w a s laden
w i t h m u c h t r i b u l a t i o n , a n d t h e k i n d s ot t r i a l s J o s e p h
e x p e r i e n c e d s e e m to c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e c o u r s e t h a t is
c o m m o n to a l l w h o e v e n t u a l l y a p p r e h e n d t h e i r c a l l .
T h e r e are f i v e " c l a s s e s " or tests t h a t G e n e s i s o u t l i n e s
i n J o s e p h ' s j o u r n e y to t h e t h r o n e that are g e r m a i n e to
lOSEI'H INTERPRETING PHARAOH'S D R E A M
Dominion Work
G o d ' s p r o g r a m tor p r e p a r i n g a n i n d i v i d u a l tor h i s
call.
T h e f i r s t is rejection. " S o it c a m e about, w h e n
J o s e p h r e a c h e d h i s b r o t h e r s , t h e y s t r i p p e d J o s e p h ot
h i s t u n i c , t h e v a r i c o l o r e d t u n i c that w a s o n h i m ; a n d
t h e y t o o k h i m a n d t h r e w h i m i n t o t h e p i t " (Gen.
37:23-24a). N o , r e j e c t i o n is not a l w a y s a d e m o n as
s o m e t e a c h . G o d u s e s r e j e c t i o n to a d j u s t o u r c h a r a c -
ter so that h e c a n w o r k a s p e c t s ot H i s n a t u r e i n t o o u r
l i v e s . S h o r t l y after J o s e p h s h a r e d h i s d r e a m w i t h h i s
b r o t h e r s , o u t ot e n v y , t h e y cast h i m i n t o a p i t . C e r -
t a i n l y t h i s w a s not a n a u s p i c i o u s start tor t h e m a n
w h o w o u l d b e c o m e k i n g . W e c a n o n l y s p e c u l a t e as to
w h a t w e n t t h r o u g h J o s e p h ' s m i n d i n that p i t ot rejec-
t i o n i n l i g h t ot t h e r o y a l p r o p h e c y . B u t r e j e c t i o n w a s
G o d ' s p r o v i s i o n tor t h i s f a v o r e d s o n ot Jacob w h o
s o m e d a y w o u l d be c a l l e d u p o n to care tor a n a t i o n ot
r e j e c t e d p e o p l e ( h e n e e d e d r e j e c t i o n i n o r d e r to s o m e -
d a y care tor t h e r e j e c t e d ) .
T h e s e c o n d c l a s s tor J o s e p h w a s demotion. " N o w
J o s e p h h a d b e e n t a k e n d o w n to E g y p t ; a n d P o t i p h a r ,
the
a n E g y p t i a n officer ot P h a r a o h , t h e c a p t a i n ot t h e
b o d y g u a r d , bought h i m f r o m the Ishmaelites, w h o
h a d t a k e n h i m d o w n t h e r e " (Gen. 39:1). W e l e a r n
f r o m t h e lite ot C h r i s t t h a t t h e w a y u p is f i r s t ot a l l t h e
w a y d o w n . T h e e x a l t e d C h r i s t ot t h e A s c e n s i o n w a s
preceded by H i s incarnation, suffering, and crucifix-
ion. A l t h o u g h Joseph w a s d e l i v e r e d f r o m the pit, he
w a s sold into servitude. S o m e deliverance, especially
tor t h e w o u l d - b e r u l e r . B u t a g a i n , J o s e p h n e e d e d to
l e a r n d e m o t i o n i n o r d e r to e f f e c t i v e l y s e r v e a n d l e a d a
n a t i o n . A s a d c o m m e n t a r y o n t h e state ot m a n y ot
o u r l e a d e r s t o d a y is t h a t m a n y h a v e n e v e r s u f f e r e d .
U n t e s t e d l e a d e r s are a m a r k ot G o d ' s j u d g m e n t :
" A n d 1 w i l l m a k e mere lads their princes a n d capri-
c i o u s c h i l d r e n w i l l r u l e o v e r t h e m " (Isa. 3:4). G o d l y
l e a d e r s are n e v e r b o r n l e a d e r s , t h e y b e c o m e so
t h r o u g h m a n y y e a r s ot s e r v i c e a n d p a i n .
T h e t h i r d l e s s o n w a s stewardship. " S o J o s e p h f o u n d
favor i n his sight, a n d became his personal servant;
and he m a d e h i m overseer over his house, a n d all
t h a t h e o w n e d h e p u t i n h i s c h a r g e " (Gen. 39:4).
B e c a u s e J a c o b s p o i l e d J o s e p h , G o d u s e d P o t i p h a r to
g i v e J o s e p h t h e o p p o r t u n i t y to l e a r n h o w to be a n a d -
ministrator. Similarly G o d has H i s divinely ordained
P o t i p h a r s w h o o f t e n are o u r e m p l o y e r s to a c c o m p l i s h
a s i m i l a r o b j e c t i v e i n o u r l i v e s . G o d r a r e l y , it e v e r ,
promotes a n i n d i v i d u a l into their calling w i t h o u t first
t r a i n i n g t h e m i n a v a r i e t y ot c i r c u m s t a n c e s . A t t i m e s ,
t h e t r a i n i n g a p p e a r s u t t e r l y u n r e l a t e d to w h a t w e
p e r c e i v e o u r c a l l i n g to b e . B u t G o d k n o w s w h a t H e is
d o i n g a n d o r c h e s t r a t e s e v e r y a s p e c t ot out s t e w a r d -
s h i p after t h e c o u n s e l ot H i s w i l l .
T h e f o u r t h c o u r s e is injustice. " N o w it c a m e a b o u t
w h e n h i s m a s t e r h e a r d t h e w o r d s ot h i s w i f e , w h i c h
s h e s p o k e to h i m s a y i r r g , ' T h i s is w h a t y o u r s l a v e d i d
C A L L I N G , p. 15
13
 Position-
THE POLITICAL ILLUSION
B y Rousas John Rushdoony
It w o u l d be a b s u r d to d e n y t h e i m p o r t a n c e ot p o l i -
t i c s , b u t it is a l s o v e r y d a n g e r o u s to o v e r - r a t e it. O n e
ot t h e p e r s i s t e n t p r o b l e m s ot C h r i s t e n d o m h a s b e e n
t h e t e n d e n c y to o v e r - r a t e b o t h c h u r c h a n d state. I n
N u m b e r s 18:21-26, w e see that G o d o r d e r s t h e t i t h e
to be p a i d , n o t to t h e p r i e s t s b u t to t h e L e v i t e s , w h o s e
varied functions included education. T h u s , worship
per se r e c e i v e d m a i n l y a t i t h e ot t h e t i t h e . A t t h e s a m e
t i m e , t h e c i v i l tax w a s l i m i t e d to h a l t a s h e k e l tor a l l
m a l e s o v e r 18, t h e s a m e a m o u n t tor a l l . A s a r e s u l t ,
b o t h c h u r c h a n d state i n S c r i p t u r e a r e , h o w e v e r i m -
p o r t a n t , restricted i n s i z e a n d p o w e r . T h e p o w e r -
c e n t e r is t h e c o v e n a n t m a n a n d t h e f a m i l y .
M i c h a e l K a m m e n , i n A Machine That Would Go of
Itself, The Constitution in American Culture (1986), h a s
s h o w n h o w m o d e r n m e n since N e w t o n h a v e seen
their hope a n d salvation i n machines. T h e universe
w a s s e e n a s a m a c h i n e , a n d p o l i t i c s w a s s e e n a l s o as
a n a r e a w h e r e , it t h e p r o p e r m a c h i n e r y ot g o v e r n -
m e n t w e r e o n c e e s t a b l i s h e d , a l l w o u l d t h e n go w e l l .
C o n s t i t u t i o n a l i s m w a s s e e n as s u c h a m e c h a n i s m ;
o n c e p r o p e r l y e s t a b l i s h e d , it w o u l d e n s u r e t h e o r d e r -
l y p r o c e s s e s ot g o v e r n m e n t a n d j u s t i c e . M a c h i n e i m -
agery w a s u s e d w e l l into this century b y m e n like
Oliver W e n d e l l H o l m e s , Jr., a n d President Franklin
D e l a n o R o o s e v e l t . E v e n t h e c r i t i c s ot t h e U . S . C o n -
stitution u s e d the same language, saying, " t h e
m a c h i n e r y ot g o v e r n m e n t u n d e r w h i c h w e l i v e is
h o p e l e s s l y antiquated ( a n d ) s h o u l d be o v e r h a u l e d . "
A f t e r W o r l d W a r 11, a s c o l o n i e s w e r e g r a n t e d i n -
d e p e n d e n c e , t h e y w e r e also g i v e n c o n s t i t u t i o n s
w h i c h h a d n o m e a n i n g i n t e r m s ot t h e i r c u l t u r e s a n d
l a w s . N o t surprisingly, these constitutions soon
b e c a m e m e a n i n g l e s s . C o n t r a r y to W e s t e r n e x p e c t a -
tions, constitutions guaranteed nothing w h e n the
14
- Paper
c u l t u r e ot a p e o p l e w a s u n r e l a t e d to the p a p e r r u l e s .
I n t h e 1930's, t h e N e w D e a l e r s a d d e d a b i o l o g i c a l
c h a r a c t e r to the " m e c h a n i s m " ot t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n .
A f t e r D a r w i n , t h e y h e l d that c o n s t i t u t i o n s h a v e also
an organic character a n d t h u s m u s t evolve into more
advanced forms. This mechanistic and sometimes
b i o l o g i c a l t h e o r y ot l a w a n d c o n s t i t u t i o n a l i s m w a s t h e
first a n d m a j o r f o r m ot A m e r i c a n ( a n d , o f t e n , E u r o -
pean) faith concerning political order.
T h e second, s t e m m i n g f r o m J e a n - J a c q u e s R o u s s e a u ,
h e l d to a belief i n t h e w i l l ot the p e o p l e as e m b o d i e d
i n t h e g e n e r a l w i l l . P h i l l i p S . P a l u d a n , i n A Covenant
with Death, The Constitution, Law, and Lquaiity in the
Civil War Lra (1975), h a s s h o w n h o w t h e p o p u l a r w i l l
c a m e to o u t w e i g h law i n m a n y m i n d s . D a v y C r o c k e t t
c l a i m e d t h a t t h e h e a r t ot t h e c o m m o n m a n w a s at least
t h e e q u a l ot b o o k s a n d t h e l e a r n i n g ot j u d g e s . H e
b o a s t e d ot h a v i n g n e v e r r e a d a l a w b o o k a n d ot h a v -
i n g b a s e d h i s d e c i s i o n s as a j u s t i c e ot t h e peace o n
" c o m m o n s e n s e a n d h o n e s t y " a n d ot h a v i n g " r e l i e d
o n n a t u r a l b o r n s e n s e a n d not l a w l e a r n i n g . " T h u s ,
t h e c e r t a i n t y ot t h e " m e c h a n i s m " ot the C o n s t i t u t i o n
w a s g i v i n g w a y tor m a n y to t h e n a t u r a l g o o d n e s s ot
m a n ' s w i l l . S u c h a d v o c a t e s ot m a n ' s n a t u r a l w i s d o m
h e l d t h a t n o l a w or c o n s t i t u t i o n c o u l d o u t w e i g h t h e
w i l l ot m a n .
M a n y , ot c o u r s e , t r i e d to c o m b i n e t h e i d e a ot c o n -
s t i t u t i o n s a n d l a w s as t h e m e c h a n i s m ot j u s t i c e a n d
g o v e r n m e n t w i t h t h e i d e a ot s u p r e m a c y ot t h e p o p u -
lar w i l l , t h e m a j o r i t y , or t h e d e m o c r a t i c c o n s e n s u s .
A s a r e s u l t ot t h i s u n i o n ot t h e t w o i d e a s , it b e c a m e
c o m m o n p l a c e to u s e t h e w o r d " d e m o c r a c y " i n s t e a d
ot " r e p u b l i c " i n d e s c r i b i n g t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . T h e
U . S . Constitution w a s re-interpreted along democrat-
ic l i n e s , as w a s t h e B r i t i s h C o n s t i t u t i o n . W i l l a n d
m e c h a n i s m h a d become a unity a n d an instrument
w h e r e b y m a n ' s p r o b l e m s w o u l d be s o l v e d . S a l v a t i o n
w a s n o w o n its w a y b y m e a n s ot t h e d e m o c r a t i c p r o c -
ess i n a n d t h r o u g h c i v i l g o v e r n m e n t .
C h u r c h a n d state h a v e o f t e n s e e n t h e m s e l v e s as
m a n ' s s a v i o r s . O n e ot t h e p r e m i s e s ot t h e states ot
t h e a n c i e n t w o r l d w a s t h a t a stateless m a n w a s n o
l o n g e r a m a n , that o u t s i d e t h e state t h e r e w a s n o s a l -
v a t i o n . A l i k e belief h a s at t i m e s b e e n c o m m o n to
s o m e c h u r c h e s . T h e B i b l i c a l f a i t h , ot c o u r s e , is that
t h e r e is n o s a l v a t i o n o u t s i d e ot C h r i s t . P e t e r d e c l a r e s :
" n e i t h e r is t h e r e s a l v a t i o n i n a n y o t h e r : tor t h e r e is
none other n a m e under h e a v e n given a m o n g m e n ,
w h e r e b y w e m u s t be s a v e d " (Acts 4:12). O u r L o r d
s a y s p l a i n l y , " 1 a m the w a y , the t r u t h , a n d the lite: no
m a n c o m e t h u n t o t h e F a t h e r , b u t b y m e " John
14:16). ( I r o n i c a l l y , I h a v e b e e n t o l d b y critics m o r e
 Chalcedon Report
t h a n a f e w t i m e s t h a t to b e l i e v e i n a s a l v a t i o n e x c l u -
sively through C h r i s t is bigotry. T h e s e same people
w i l l d e c l a r e t h a t t h e r e is n e i t h e r h o p e n o r f u t u r e , n o
s a l v a t i o n , i n o t h e r w o r d s , tor m e n e x c e p t t h r o u g h
d e m o c r a c y . T h i s i s m o r e t h a n b i g o t r y : it i s p h a r i s a i c
stupidity!)
M o d e r n m e n b e l i e v e e a r n e s t l y t h a t t h e i r h o p e ot
s a l v a t i o n is i n a n d t h r o u g h p o l i t i c s , t h r o u g h t h e state.
A s a r e s u l t , t h e c a p t u r e ot t h e state i n o r d e r to i n s t i -
t u t e t h e i r p l a n ot s a l v a t i o n is a n u r g e n t m a t t e r to
m a n y m e n a n d t h e i r p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s . S o m e t a l k as
t h o u g h t h e w o r l d w i l l c o m e to a n e n d i t t h e o p p o s i -
tion p a r t y w i n s the election!
N o w , clearly, political parties can do some good,
a n d m u c h h a r m , but they cannot create the good
society nor a n e w paradise o n earth. Political change
is c o e r c i v e c h a n g e , n o t m o r a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n . P o l i t i c a l
p o w e r c a n n o t r e g e n e r a t e m e n . A i l too o f t e n , p o l i t i c s
is t h e art ot t u r n i n g a w o r k i n g s o c i e t y i n t o a d i s a s t e r .
A t its b e s t , h o w e v e r , c i v i l g o v e r n m e n t c a n n o t g i v e to
a p e o p l e t h e c h a r a c t e r t h e y d o not h a v e .
T o e x p e c t s o c i a l r e g e n e r a t i o n b y m e a n s ot p o l i t i c s is
to b e l i e v e i n m o r a l s h o r t c u t s . It i s t h e belief t h a t m e n
a n d n a t i o n s c a n be m a d e n e w b y l e g i s l a t i o n . I m p e r i a l
G e r m a n y before a n d d u r i n g W o r l d W a r I , w a s v e r y
s t r o n g l y s o c i a l i s t i c ; e v e r y a r e a ot lite w a s r e g u l a t e d
a n d c o n t r o l l e d : it w a s a n o r d e r e d s o c i e t y . A f t e r
W o r l d W a r I , m a n y liberals believed that f r e e d o m
f r o m socialist regulations w o u l d p r o d u c e , automatic-
ally, a tree, liberal e c o n o m y a n d society. T h e result
i n s t e a d w a s t h e m o r a l a n a r c h y ot t h e W e i m a r R e p u b -
l i c : it w a s n o t p r o d u c t i v e a s t h e l i b e r a l s h a d h o p e d
b u t w a s i n s t e a d g i v e n to l a w l e s s n e s s . I n v o t i n g tor
H i t l e r , m a n y p e o p l e w e r e v o t i n g tor a r e t u r n to o r d e r ,
tor a r e s p i t e f r o m l a w l e s s n e s s , o n l y to f i n d t h a t a n
o r d e r e d s o c i e t y c a n be a r a d i c a l l y l a w l e s s o n e .
O n l y a m o r a l s o c i e t y c a n be a t r u l y o r d e r l y o n e , a n d
a m o r a l society requires a regenerate people.
T o o o f t e n , t h e c h u r c h e s h a v e f o l l o w e d e i t h e r o n e ot
t w o e q u a l l y v a i n a p p r o a c h e s to c i v i l g o v e r n m e n t .
First, t h e s o c i a l - g o s p e l f a i t h sees m a n ' s h o p e i n t e r m s
ot c i v i l l a w . H e n c e , t h e c o n t r o l a n d u s e ot t h e c i v i l
o r d e r b e c o m e s a n e s s e n t i a l s t e p to s o c i a l s a l v a t i o n .
I n s t e a d ot a p e r s o n a l m o r a l c o m m i t t m e n t to c h a r i t y
and social responsibility, the sociai-gospei churches
a r e n o w d y i n g , b e c a u s e a c e n t u r y ot s o c i a l a c t i o n h a s
p r o d u c e d only minor goods a n d major ills.
Second, t h e p i e t i s t i c c h u r c h e s w a n t n o i n v o l v e m e n t
i n e i t h e r s o c i e t y or c i v i l g o v e r n m e n t . F o r t h e m , t h e
essence of t h e G o s p e l i s , " Y e m u s t be b o r n a g a i n . "
T h e y forget t h a t t h i s is the starting point, n o t t h e e s -
s e n c e , tor o u r L o r d d e c l a r e s , " S e e k y e f i r s t t h e
k i n g d o m ot G o d a n d h i s r i g h t e o u s n e s s (or, j u s t i c e ) "
(Matt. 6:33). B e c a u s e ot t h i s m i s p l a c e d e m p h a s i s ,
s u c h c h u r c h e s p r o d u c e at b e s t u s u a l l y o n l y b a b e s i n
C h r i s t . T h e y forget t h a t a b a b y t h a t n e v e r g r o w s u p is
an idiot. It s h o u l d not surprise u s that s u c h c h u r c h e s
15
Position Paper
are m a r k e d b y social impotence. People c a n attend
t h e m y e a r i n a n d y e a r out a n d h e a r n o t h i n g e i t h e r to
o f f e n d or to c h a l l e n g e t h e m . I n effect, s u c h c h u r c h e s
g i v e a s s e n t to t h e s a v i o r state b y t h e i r u n w i l l i n g n e s s
to c o n f r o n t it.
S a l v a t i o n b y p o l i t i c a l a c t i o n is t h e r u l i n g r e l i g i o n ot
o u r t i m e . It is a f o r m ot h u m a n i s m . It w i l l d e s t r o y u s
i n t i m e , it w e do n o t r e p l a c e it w i t h J e s u s C h r i s t as
L o r d a n d S a v i o r , a n d t h e w h o l e n e s s ot t h e w o r d ot
G o d . W e h a v e as a p e o p l e s o u g h t s a l v a t i o n t h r o u g h
e d u c a t i o n , " s o c i a l j u s t i c e , " a n d also p o l i t i c s . A l l h a v e
t a i l e d u s . It is t i m e to b r i n g b a c k t h e K I N G . B
C A L L I N G , f r o m p. 12
to m e , ' t h a t h i s a n g e r b u r n e d . S o J o s e p h ' s m a s t e r p u t
h i m i n t o t h e j a i l " (Gen. 39:19-20). S u f f e r i n g u n j u s t l y
is p r o b a b l y t h e h a r d e s t test t h a t G o d p u t s u s t h r o u g h ,
b u t it is e s s e n t i a l tor o u r m a t u r a t i o n . J o s e p h d i d n ' t
deserve this injustice, but because G o d k n e w that he
s o m e d a y w o u l d be r e s p o n s i b l e to o v e r s e e v i c t i m s ot
innumerable injustices, Joseph needed this injustice.
T h e f i f t h a n d f i n a l c l a s s is frustration. " Y e t t h e c h i e f
c u p b e a r e r d i d n o t r e m e m b e r J o s e p h , b u t h e forgot
h i m . N o w it h a p p e n e d at t h e e n d ot t w o f u l l y e a r s
that P h a r a o h h a d a d r e a m " (Gen. 40:23; 41:1). A l l
along G o d w a s w i t h Joseph throughout his seminary
ot t h e s p i r i t , b u t t h i s last c l a s s i n w h i c h J o s e p h
s t u d i e d i n p r i s o n m a y h a v e c a u s e d h i m to t h r o w i n
the t o w e l . A f t e r the cupbearer w a s released f r o m
prison, Joseph believed his liberation w a s i m m i n e n t .
Y e t d a y after d a y , w e e k after w e e k , t h e r e w a s n o
d e l e g a t i o n f r o m P h a r a o h ' s c o u r t . H e h a d b e e n forgot-
ten. B u t G o d n e v e r forgets. G o d k n o w s w h e n w e are
r e a d y a n d g r a c i o u s l y r e s t r a i n s u s u n t i l w e are r e a d y .
J o s e p h n e e d e d to l e a r n t h e f r u s t r a t i o n ot w a i t i n g a n d
s e r v i n g faithfully i n less t h a n ideal circumstances
b e c a u s e h e w a s c a l l e d to l e a d t h o s e w h o l i v e i n s u c h a
reality.
F r o m t h e t i m e J o s e p h r e c e i v e d t h e r e v e l a t i o n that
h e w a s to be a r u l e r u n t i l t h e d a y h e f i n a l l y s t o o d at
P h a r a o h ' s s i d e w a s 13 y e a r s . W h y that l o n g ? B e c a u s e
it n e e d e d to be t h a t l o n g tor h i m to b e c o m e w h a t G o d
c a l l e d h i m to b e . W h y r e j e c t i o n , d e m o t i o n , s t e w a r d -
ship, injustice, a n d frustration? Because only tribula-
t i o n s c a n p r o d u c e p e r s e v e r a n c e , a n d it is p e r s e v e r -
a n c e i n d i f f i c u l t y t h a t g e n e r a t e s c h a r a c t e r (Rom. 5:3-4)
a n d c h a r a c t e r is t h e s u b s t a n c e that a n i m a t e s o u r c a l l -
ings.
T h e s t o r y ot J o s e p h is o n e w i t h w h i c h w e a l l c a n
i d e n t i t y w h e n w e h o n e s t l y a s s e s s w h a t G o d is d o i n g
w i t h u s i n t e r m s ot H i s p r e p a r a t i o n . F a i r y - t a l e C h r i s -
t i a n i t y is a p o p u l a r r e l i g i o n that b e g i n s " o n c e u p o n a
t i m e " w i t h o u r c o n v e r s i o n a n d t h e n p u r p o r t s that w e
" l i v e h a p p i l y ever a f t e r . " T o believe such nonsense
w i l l r o b y o u ot t h e grace y o u n e e d to be f a i t h f u l to t h e
O n e w h o c a l l s y o u a n d the O n e w h o is f a i t h f u l to
b r i n g y o u r c a l l i n g to p a s s . B
 Medical-
MEDICINE'S
MECHANICAL MODEL
B y Rousas John Rushdoony
E v e r y a r e a of life a n d s t u d y h a s its p r e s u p p o s i t i o n s ,
its s t a r t i n g p o i n t s . W h e t h e r it be s c i e n c e or p o l i t i c s ,
c e r t a i n a x i o m s or p a r a d i g m s of t h o u g h t f o r m t h e
p r e m i s e of a l l l i f e , s t u d y , a n d r e s e a r c h . A f a l s e p r e m -
i s e c a n b e c o m e p r o g r e s s i v e l y m o r e d a n g e r o u s for
m e n a n d n a t i o n s . It is t h u s e s s e n t i a l that p r e s u p p o s i -
t i o n s , p a r a d i g m s , or a x i o m s be a n a l y z e d , to deter-
m i n e w h e t h e r or not t h e y are t r u e or f a l s e .
T h e m e d i c a l m o d e l of W e s t e r n C u l t u r e is c e n t u r i e s
o l d . I t s roots a r e i n G r e c o - R o m a n t h o u g h t , i n p a g a n -
i s m , a n d , a l t h o u g h C h r i s t i a n influences are present
a n d at t i m e s h a v e b e e n s t r o n g , t h e p a g a n e l e m e n t is
now dominant.
D r . M a g n u s V e r b r u g g e , M . D . , i n Alive ( R o s s H o u s e
B o o k s ) , h a s s h o w n h o w c o s t l y it is for s c i e n c e to b y -
p a s s t h e B i b l i c a l v i e w of l i f e . S c r i p t u r e tells u s t h a t
G o d c r e a t e d m a n out of " t h e d u s t of t h e g r o u n d , "
a n d b y t h e m i r a c l e of H i s o r d i n a t i o n , m a n "became a
16
— Report
l i v i n g s o u l " (Gen. 2:7). T h e w o r d soul m e a n s life or liv-
ing being, n o t t h e G r e e k i d e a of s p i r i t . T h e k e y to t h e
d e f i n i t i o n of m a n is not m a t e r i a l or i m m a t e r i a l b u t
l i f e . M a n is c r e a t e d l i f e , a n d , if h e s e p a r a t e s h i m s e l f
f r o m G o d b y s i n , h e d i e s (Gen. 2:17). O u r L o r d s a y s ,
" I a m the resurrection a n d the life: he that believeth
o n M e , t h o u g h he die, yet shall he live; a n d w h o s o -
e v e r l i v e t h a n d b e l i e v e t h o n M e s h a l l n e v e r d i e " (John
11:25-26).
L i f e is t h u s a r e l i g i o u s fact, i n e s c a p a b l y s o . T o
forget t h i s is d a n g e r o u s .
T h e p a g a n , mechanical m o d e l d o e s i g n o r e t h i s fact.
I n m y student d a y s , textbooks declared conscious-
n e s s to be a n " e p i p h e n o m e n o n " a n d d i s m i s s e d it to-
g e t h e r w i t h t h e fact of l i f e as v a g u e , i m p r e c i s e , a n d
non-scientific questions. The implications for
m e d i c i n e f r o m t h e t i m e of t h e G r e e k s h a v e b e e n v e r y
serious a n d are n o w b e c o m i n g d e a d l y .
T h e mechanical model sees t h e b o d y as a m a t e r i a l a n d
e v e n m e c h a n i s t i c t h i n g . W e a l l k n o w h o w to d e a l
w i t h m e c h a n i c a l t h i n g s to s o m e d e g r e e . A n a u t o m o -
b i l e w i l l n o t r u n w i t h o u t g a s o l i n e , so w e a d d
 Chalcedon Report
g a s o l i n e , a n d a l l is w e l l . W h e n it r e q u i r e s o i l , w e a d d
oil lest t h e m o t o r b u r n u p . W h e n m e c h a n i c a l p a r t s
w e a r o u t or m a l f u n c t i o n , w e e x c h a n g e t h e m f o r n e w
parts.
T h i s is t h e d r e a m a n d c o n c e p t w h i c h g o v e r n s m u c h
of m o d e r n m e d i c i n e . It also g o v e r n s f i c t i o n a n d f i l m s .
A f e w y e a r s ago, a p o p u l a r t e l e v i s i o n s e r i e s , f e a t u r e d
a bionic m a n ; w h e n his parts malfunctioned, he went
to a m e d i c a l " s h o p " to h a v e t h e m r e p a i r e d or r e -
p l a c e d . T h i s i s , of c o u r s e , a s i l l y d r e a m . A l l of u s , as
w e get o l d e r , b e c o m e p a r t i a l l y " b i o n i c " as w e w e a r
s p e c t a c l e s or g l a s s e s to see better, or a h e a r i n g a i d to
h e a r better, or e v e n a w i g or t o u p e e to l o o k b e t t e r !
But no m a n i n his right m i n d prefers his "bionic
p a r t s " to t h e l i v i n g p a r t s h e w a s b o r n w i t h .
T h e r e is h o w e v e r , m u c h , m u c h m o r e to t h e m e -
chanical model than this. T h e mechanical model pro-
duces not o n l y a distorted medical practice but a d a n -
g e r o u s o n e . T h e i d e a of m a n b e i n g a p e r s o n c r e a t e d
i n t h e i m a g e of G o d is b y p a s s e d . L i f e is n o l o n g e r
s e e n as a r e l i g i o u s fact b u t a l e g a l d e f i n i t i o n , as D r .
C h a r l e s R i c e h a s p o i n t e d o u t . I n m a t t e r s of a b o r t i o n ,
the courts n o w determine w h a t constitutes a p e r s o n ,
a n d a n u n b o r n c h i l d is n o w not l e g a l l y a p e r s o n : h e is
d e f i n e d as a p i e c e of t i s s u e . M a n y m i l l i o n s of p e o p l e
a f f i r m t h i s , a n d t h e y are l o g i c a l , g i v e n t h e p r e s u p p o -
s i t i o n s of m o d e r n t h o u g h t . O n l y b e c a u s e t h e y are t h e
c r e a t i o n of G o d d o e s t h e i r c o n s c i e n c e s t i l l t r o u b l e
them.
B e c a u s e of t h e m e c h a n i c a l m o d e l , e u t h a n a s i a is
n o w p r a c t i c e d i n m a n y p a r t s of t h e w o r l d . T h e e l d e r l y
a r e s e e n as o l d , w o r n - o u t m o d e l s , n o w u s e l e s s , a n d
fit o n l y for t h e h u m a n j u n k - p i l e . G i v e n t h e i r p r e s u p -
p o s i t i o n s , i.e., t h e m e c h a n i c a l m o d e l , t h i s i d e a is
logical.
A t t h e s a m e t i m e , m e d i c a l p r a c t i c e is p u r s u i n g t h i s
mechanical model w i t h intense zeal. T h e spare parts
i d e a is c u l t i v a t e d — a b o r t e d b a b i e s a r e a s o u r c e of r a w
m a t e r i a l s a n d t h e d y i n g are c a n n i b a l i z e d for s p a r e
o r g a n s . B o t h t h e m o r a l factor a n d t h e fact t h a t t h e
b o d y w o r k s to reject t h e s e a l i e n p a r t s a r e s i d e -
s t e p p e d . S o m e h o w t h e s p a r e p a r t s i d e a is g o i n g to be
m a d e to w o r k . T h e r e are h i n t s h e r e a n d t h e r e t h a t
t h i s k i n d of m e d i c a l p r a c t i c e is n o t t h e w o n d e r -
w o r k i n g b r e a k - t h r o u g h that t h e p r e s s w o u l d h a v e u s
believe. I n a n y case, increasingly, some people feel
t h a t t h e y h a v e a " r i g h t " to s p a r e p a r t s w h e n t h e y
n e e d t h e m . ( O n o n e t r i p , I w a s t o l d of t h e p r e s s u r e s
p u t o n s o m e h e a r t - s i c k a n d g r i e v i n g p a r e n t s to s i g n
o v e r t h e i r c h i l d ' s b o d y for p a r t s w h i l e t h e c h i l d w a s
s t i l l f i g h t i n g for l i f e . O n e w o n d e r s : g i v e n t h e c o n -
t e m p t f o r l i f e s h o w n b y s o m e of t h e s e m e d i c a l m e n ,
c a n t h e y be t r u s t e d w i t h t h e life of a p e r h a p s d y i n g
c h i l d w h o s e " p a r t s " c a n be u s e d e l s e w h e r e ? )
I n t h e N e t h e r l a n d s , t h e e l d e r l y are i n c r e a s i n g l y
a f r a i d to go to t h e h o s p i t a l , lest t h e y be " p u t to
s l e e p , " or k i l l e d . I n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , s o m e o l d e r
17
Medical Report
p e o p l e a r e p r o m i s i n g t h e i r h u s b a n d or w i f e n e v e r to
s e n d t h e m to a h o s p i t a l if t h e y b e c o m e s e r i o u s l y i l l .
T h i s s h o u l d not s u r p r i s e u s . G i v e n t h e m e c h a n i c a l
m o d e l , d o c t o r s a n d f a m i l i e s w i l l a l i k e s h o w less a n d
less r e s p e c t for l i f e .
W h a t is u r g e n t l y n e c e s s a r y , t h e r e f o r e , is a s t r i c t l y
C h r i s t i a n m o d e l for m e d i c a l p r a c t i c e . T h i s w i l l t a k e
t i m e a n d s e r i o u s t h o u g h t to d e v e l o p . It m u s t b e g i n
w i t h systematically Biblical presuppositions, a n d
with humility. W e have had non-mechanical models,
s u c h as h o l i s t i c m e d i c i n e , b u t t h e s e are still a l i e n to
Scripture and heavily influenced by Oriental mysti-
c i s m . It is s t r a n g e that s o m e w h o r e s e n t a n y r e f e r e n c e
to t h e B i b l i c a l m o d e l are still r e a d y at t i m e s to e x p e r i -
m e n t w i t h s u c h t h i n g s as a c u p u n c t u r e ! T h e y p r e f e r
any a n s w e r by m a n rather t h a n one b y G o d ; the
u l t i m a c y of m a n ' s w o r d s e e m s to be t h e i r p r e s u p p o s i -
tion.
T i m e is r u n n i n g o u t . G i v e n t h e m e c h a n i c a l m o d e l ,
w h a t is to p r e v e n t s o m e t y r a n t s f r o m d e c l a r i n g
v a r i o u s g r o u p s of p e o p l e to be n o n - p e r s o n s ? M a r x i s m
and fascism have already done this, politically a n d
m e d i c a l l y . W i t h abortion, the democracies have
f o l l o w e d s u i t . N o t h i n g is m o r e f o o l i s h t h a n to b e l i e v e
that e i t h e r t i m e o r i d e a s w i l l s t a n d s t i l l . T h e y m o v e
on, a n d the mechanical m o d e l i n medicine m e a n s a
v a r i e t y of d e a d l y p o s s i b i l i t i e s . T o d a y , m o s t p e o p l e
b e l i e v e i n t h e m e d i c a l m o d e l a n d are c o n s t a n t l y
" p o p p i n g p i l l s , " t a k i n g d r u g s , as t h e a n s w e r to t h e i r
p r o b l e m s . T h e y b e l i e v e that a d d i n g s o m e p i l l s to t h e i r
s y s t e m w i l l be l i k e p u t t i n g g a s o l i n e i n a c a r - t a n k : it
w i l l m a k e t h e m go. M a n y demand p i l l s f r o m t h e i r
w e a r y d o c t o r s i n t h e c o n f i d e n c e that s o m e a d d i t i v e to
their i n n e r m a c h i n e r y w i l l solve their problems.
O f s u c h i l l u s i o n s are e v i l s a n d t y r a n n i e s m a d e ! H
Western Technology Aids Repression
A r e p o r t b y t h e S o v i e t d a i l y Izvestia h a s r e v e a l e d
t h a t a n u n p r e c e d e n t e d e x h i b i t i o n of i n s t r u m e n t s a n d
e q u i p m e n t for c u s t o m s c o n t r o l p r o d u c e d b y W e s t e r n
f i r m s w o r k i n g closely w i t h the Soviet U n i o n took
p l a c e i n M o s c o w i n late N o v e m b e r . T h e article s a i d
that t h e s u c c e s s of t h e j o i n t v e n t u r e c a n be j u d g e d
f r o m t h e fact that S o v i e t c u s t o m s o f f i c i a l s h a v e b e e n
able to c o n f i s c a t e h u n d r e d s of t h o u s a n d s of c o p i e s of
"ideological h a r m f u l m a t e r i a l . " A c c o r d i n g to
a u t h o r i t a t i v e s o u r c e s , S o v i e t c u s t o m s c o n t r o l is as
r i g i d as i n t h e d a y s of B r e z h n e v a n d A n d r o p o v .
iODNS)
* ie * * -k
Pope: Religious Freedom is Basic
P o p e J o h n P a u l I I h a s c a l l e d for r e l i g i o u s t o l e r a n c e
a n d t h e a c c e p t a n c e of r e l i g i o u s f r e e d o m as a f u n d a -
mental right. T h e pontiff stated, " R e l i g i o u s freedom,
a n e s s e n t i a l r e q u i r e m e n t of the d i g n i t y of e v e r y p e r -
s o n , is a c o r n e r s t o n e of the s t r u c t u r e of h u m a n
rights." (ODNS)
 Communion And
LETTERS L_I
T h a n k y o u for t h e Chalcedon Report. N o w a r e t i r e d
c l e r g y m a n , I f i n d y o u r articles stimulate a n d refresh
t h e m i n d . Y e s , t h e r e i s a l w a y s s o m e t h i n g to be
learned.
Maruice D. McNabb
Vernon, BC, Canada
* * * * *
T h a n k y o u for y o u r w o r k ! C h a l c e d o n is v i r t u a l l y
t h e o n l y s o u r c e of u n c o r r u p t e d d o c t r i n e that w e
l a y m e n c a n use for current c o m m e n t a r y i n the s t u d y
of G o d ' s W o r d . E v e n i n t h e " r e f o r m e d " c h u r c h I at-
t e n d , s e r i o u s e r r o r s are t a u g h t r e g a r d i n g d o m i n i o n ,
etc. A t t i m e s it c a n be f r u s t r a t i n g t r y i n g to d e a l w i t h
it. Y o u r t a p e s a n d l i t e r a t u r e are a c o m f o r t a n d a h e l p
i n " r e c h a r g i n g m y b a t t e r i e s " for the next " e n -
counter."
Ronald D. Bull
Jupiter, FL, USA
* * * * *
I ' m g l a d y o u a s k e d for f u n d s ; i t ' s a p r i v i l e g e to be
able to h e l p y o u . I t r u s t y o u r c e n t e r w i l l be for o t h e r s
w h a t g r a d u a t e s c h o o l wasn't for m e . U n f o r t u n a t e l y ,
m y M . A . p r o g r a m i n l i t e r a t u r e at a C h r i s t i a n u n i v e r s i -
ty f a i l e d to g i v e m e w h a t I w a n t e d m o s t — G o d ' s
perspective on literature. M a y y o u succeed w h e r e m y
alma mater f a i l e d .
Peter Floyd
Santiago, Chile
* * * * *
I h a v e appreciated a n d h a v e been blessed over the
p a s t c o u p l e y e a r s as I h a v e r e a d v a r i o u s a r t i c l e s i n t h e
Chalcedon Report. I n t h e p a s t I h a v e s i m p l y r e a d t h e
c o p i e s of o t h e r p e o p l e . H o w e v e r , I w o u l d l i k e to
b e g i n r e c e i v i n g t h e Chalcedon Report m y s e l f . P l e a s e
a d v i s e m e a s to a n y s u b s c r i p t i o n r a t e . A s f o r n o w , 1
a m s i m p l y s e n d i n g the enclosed check. T h a n k y o u .
M a y the L O R D bless y o u .
Ronald C. Rowe
Hattiesburg, MS, USA
(EDITOR'S NOTE — The magazine is sent free to all
who request it. However, donations in support of this
ministry are needed and greatly appreciated. We are
thankful for the many readers, such as Mr. Rowe, who
voluntarily support this publication. Contributions are our
only means of support.)
* * * * *
T h a n k y o u for y o u r f a i t h i n a s t r a n g e r w h i c h y o u
h a v e s h o w n b y y o u r u n i n t e r r u p t e d m a i l i n g of t h e
Chalcedon Report to m e w i t h o u t a n y s i g n a l f r o m m e of
m y i n t e r e s t o r a t t e n t i o n . I n m y c a s e , at l e a s t , y o u r
f a i t h h a s b e e n j u s t i f i e d . P r a i s e G o d ! It i s w i t h d i s t i n c t
p l e a s u r e t h a t I a m f i n a l l y able to s e n d a t o k e n of m y
18
Communication
d e e p e s t r e s p e c t for y o u , y o u r w o r k a n d y o u r o r g a n i -
z a t i o n . O f c o u r s e , t h e r e - C h r i s t i a n i z a t i o n of A m e r i c a
m u s t be t h e f i r s t p r i o r i t y of a n y t h o u g h t f u l C h r i s t i a n .
Y o u are l e a d i n g the w a y i n this effort. I a m a p r o u d
f o l l o w e r . Y o u r m a g a z i n e i s t o t a l l y e n g r o s s i n g to m e .
Joseph D. Harvey
West Yarmouth, MA, USA
* * * * *
Y o u r w o r k gives us inspiration (and ammunition)
to p u t o n t h e a r m o r of o u r f a i t h a n d a p p l y G o d ' s
w o r l d v i e w to a l l t h a t w e d o . W e p r a y for c o n t i n u e d
b l e s s i n g o n y o u r m i n i s t r y a n d for r e v i v a l i n t h e
churches.
Dr. George J. Horner
Pipestone, MN, USA
INTERCESSION
A 56-year-old Baptist f r o m the Z i o n Congregation
i n L i e p a j a , L a t v i a , h a s a p p e a l e d to t h e W e s t for h e l p
in g a i n i n g h i s release f r o m a Soviet psychiatric hos-
p i t a l . T h e d a u g h t e r s of T e o v i l s K u m a h a v e a p p e a l e d
to t h e L a t v i a n S S R S u p r e m e C o u r t w i t h o u t s u c c e s s .
K u m a w a s a r r e s t e d i n J u l y 1980 for d i s t r i b u t i n g o v e r
600 r e l i g i o u s l e a f l e t s i n p u b l i c a r e a s . H e w a s d e c l a r e d
m e n t a l l y unstable a n d socially dangerous by experts
at R i g a P s y c h i a t r i c H o s p i t a l . S e n d letters to: O p e n
D o o r s , P . O . B o x 2 7 0 0 1 , S a n t a A n a , C A 92799, U S A .
L e t t e r s w i l l be r e l a y e d to a p p r o p r i a t e a u t h o r i t i e s .
* * * * *
A R o m a n i a n a t t o r n e y k n o w n for d e f e n d i n g a c c u s e d
religious believers d i s a p p e a r e d last December w h i l e
t r a v e l i n g f r o m B u c h a r e s t to T i m i s o a r a . A u t h o r i t i e s
h a v e since notified f a m i l y m e m b e r s that N e l u P r o -
d a n , 34, w a s a r r e s t e d a m d c h a r g e d w i t h " r e c e i v i n g
b r i b e s . " A c c o r d i n g to B r i t a i n ' s K e s t o n C o l l e g e ,
m e m b e r s of P r o d a n ' s B a p t i s t c h u r c h i n B u c h a r e s t
b e l i e v e h e w a s a c t u a l l y a r r e s t e d for m a k i n g c o u r t a p -
p e a r a n c e s o n b e h a l f of C h r i s t i a n s a n d c h u r c h e s . H i s
m o s t r e c e n t c o u r t c a s e w a s t h a t of N e s t o r P o p e s c u , a
f i l m e d i t o r w h o is p r e s e n t l y c o n f i n e d to a p s y c h i a t r i c
hospital. P r o d a n a n d his w i f e Virginia were both
p r a c t i c i n g l a w p r i o r to t h e i r c o n v e r s i o n a n d h a v e
been active C h r i s t i a n s . (ODNS)
* * * * *
T h e l i v e s of P e n t e c o s t a l i s t s V a s i l i a n d G a l i n a B a r a t s
c o u l d be i n " g r a v e d a n g e r " if t h e y are not a l l o w e d to
i m m e d i a t e l y emigrate f r o m the U S S R . T h e Barats
h a v e s e n t a n u r g e n t m e s s a g e to t h e W e s t s a y i n g t h e y
a r e b o t h i l l a n d m u s t l e a v e . T h e B a r a t s are f o r m e r
C o m m u n i s t P a r t y m e m b e r s w h o r e n o u n c e d their par-
ty m e m b e r s h i p after c o n v e r s i o n to C h r i s t i a n i t y a n d
h a v e b o t h s e r v e d t i m e i n S o v i e t p r i s o n s . (ODNS)
Punishing the Church c h u r c h e n t i t i e s , " s a i d L e e d e s , a p r o f e s s o r of c o n s t i t u -
B o t h t h e t a x - e x e m p t s t a t u s of t h e R o m a n C a t h o l i c t i o n a l l a w at t h e U n i v e r s i t y of R i c h m o n d L a w S c h o o l .
C h u r c h a n d its r i g h t to c h a l l e n g e d e m a n d s f o r e x t e n - " T h e c h u r c h w o u l d t h e n be p u n i s h e d for a s s e r t i n g its
s i v e c h u r c h r e c o r d s a r e at s t a k e i n a c a s e n o w u n d e r constitutional rights, including those guaranteed by
r e v i e w by the U . S . S u p r e m e C o u r t . the First A m e n d m e n t ' s religion c l a u s e s . " •
I n 1980, A b o r t i o n R i g h t s M o b i l i z a t i o n a n d s e v e r a l
other pro-abortion groups s u e d the I n t e r n a l R e v e n u e
S e r v i c e a n d t h e T r e a s u r y D e p a r t m e n t f o r f a i l i n g to
r e v o k e t h e C a t h o l i c C h u r c h ' s t a x - e x e m p t s t a t u s after
t h e c h u r c h c o n t i n u e d to e n g a g e i n a n t i - a b o r t i o n ac-
t i v i t i e s . A R M alleges that p e r m i t t i n g t h e c h u r c h to
u s e t a x - e x e m p t f u n d s for p o l i t i c a l p u r p o s e s v i o l a t e s PARTNERS
federal l a w a n d " d i s a d v a n t a g e s " pro-choice groups
w h o s e i n c o m e is t a x e d .
D u r i n g the legal process, the U . S . Catholic C o n -
f e r e n c e a n d t h e N a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e of C a t h o l i c
B i s h o p s r e f u s e d to t u r n o v e r m o r e t h a n 20,000 s u b -
p o e n a e d c h u r c h d o c u m e n t s , c l a i m i n g that A R M h a d
n o l e g a l s t a n d i n g to c h a l l e n g e t h e i r t a x e x e m p t i o n .
U . S . District Judge Robert Carter f o u n d the groups i n
c o n t e m p t of c o u r t a n d o r d e r e d t h e m to p a y $50,000 a
day u n t i l t h e y s u r r e n d e r e d the records.
O n a p p e a l , a circuit court u p h e l d the contempt
order, r u l i n g that the Catholic groups themselves The far-reaching work of Chalcedon continues to
l a c k e d s t a n d i n g to c h a l l e n g e A R M ' s r i g h t to s u e . B o t h grow, and we depend completely on our support part-
ners in the work of Christian Reconstruction. We are
s t a n d i n g issues are n o w before the S u p r e m e C o u r t .
grateful to our readers and other supporters who have
If t h e C o u r t r u l e s t h a t t h e C a t h o l i c g r o u p s h a v e
sent contributions and notes of encouragement, such
s t a n d i n g to c h a l l e n g e t h e l a w s u i t , t h e j u s t i c e s w i l l
as those below. Economic conditions seem to have
t h e n r u l e o n A R M ' s s t a n d i n g to s u e t h e g o v e r n m e n t . negatively affected large-scale giving, but we are
A decision that A R M lacks standing w o u l d effectively grateful to God for an increase in grass-roots support
kill the l a w s u i t . for Chalcedon's ministry. If you are being blessed by
O n the other h a n d , s h o u l d the C o u r t r u l e that the the Chalcedon Report and other aspects of this
C a t h o l i c g r o u p s d o not h a v e s t a n d i n g to c h a l l e n g e t h e ministry, won't you consider joining our other part-
s u i t , t h e stiff f i n e s w i l l m o u n t u n t i l t h e c h u r c h t u r n s ners? All gifts are tax-deductible.
o v e r i t s r e c o r d s . T h e c a s e w o u l d t h e n go b a c k to t h e
d i s t r i c t c o u r t to a d d r e s s A R M ' s a l l e g a t i o n s t h a t t h e "I enjoy your magazine very much. Enclosed is a
c h u r c h h a s m i s u s e d its tax-exempt f u n d s a n d s h o u l d donation to help cover the cost of it. Keep up the good
work."
lose its tax e x e m p t i o n .
A brief filed b y the independent C h r i s t i a n legal
"Thanks for your great ministry in writing and
g r o u p . T h e R u t h e r f o r d Institute, argues that A R M speaking. Enclosed is a $100 check. "
h a s n o l e g a l s t a n d i n g to c h a l l e n g e t h e c h u r c h ' s t a x -
exempt status, since the pro-abortion group has suf- "The Report speaks with authority in both word
f e r e d n o " d i r e c t p e r s o n a l i n j u r y " o r d e p r i v a t i o n of and artistic form. May God bless your efforts. "
constitutional rights. Brief authors James Knicely a n d
G a r y L e e d e s c l a i m that the generalized grievances "Please find enclosed $40 for social tithe. Thanks
r a i s e d b y the l a w s u i t are " p u r e l y i d e o l o g i c a l " — for your knowledge and counsel. "
r e p u g n a n c e of t h e c h u r c h ' s p r o - l i f e s t a n d — w h i c h
a r e n o t s u f f i c i e n t to e s t a b l i s h a " c a s e or c o n t r o v e r s y "
u n d e r A r t i c l e I I I of t h e U . S . C o n s t i t u t i o n .
P e r m i t t i n g g r o u p s to s u e t h e g o v e r n m e n t o n n o
other g r o u n d s t h a n a " g e n e r a l i z e d g r i e v a n c e " could
depart s h a r p l y f r o m established l a w a n d could cause T H E MINISTRY
great d a m a g e to c h u r c h e s , t h e b r i e f a d d s . C h u r c h e s
c o u l d be f o r c e d to t u r n o v e r c o n f i d e n t i a l r e c o r d s e v e n OF CHALCEDON
if it w e r e later d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e s u i n g p a r t y h a d n o
P.O. Box 158
r i g h t to see t h e m . B y t h a t t i m e , h o w e v e r , t h e h a r m vallecito, C A 95251, U.S.A.
d o n e to t h e c h u r c h e s c o u l d n o t be u n d o n e .
" I t w o u l d a l l o w p r o - c h o i c e g r o u p s to m i s u s e t h e
l e g a l p r o c e s s to go o n f i s h i n g e x p e d i t i o n s to h a r a s s

19