RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 4.1. Data from the titration of A-B with C.

Time Elapsed Conductance Reading

(s) 15℃ 25℃ 35℃ 45℃
30 2280 µS 2200 µS 1796 µS 1832 µS
40 2270 µS 2160 µS 1718 µS 1830 µS
50 2260 µS 2150 µS 1673 µS 1827 µS
60 2250 µS 2140 µS 1634 µS 1770 µS
70 2240 µS 2130 µS 1607 µS 1761 µS
80 2230 µS 2120 µS 1587 µS 1724 µS
90 2220 µS 2110 µS 1573 µS 1690 µS
100 2210 µS 2100 µS 1557 µS 1666 µS
110 2210 µS 2090 µS 1540 µS 1645 µS
120 2200 µS 2080 µS 1529 µS 1832 µS
180 2150 µS - 1472 µS 1521 µS
240 2100 µS - 1440 µS 1439 µS
300 2050 µS 1749 µS 1405 µS 1390 µS
360 2020 µS 1708 µS 1374 µS 1340 µS
420 1980 µS 1664 µS 1340 µS 1286 µS
480 1950 µS 1621 µS 1328 µS 1256 µS
540 1920 µS 1594 µS 1297 µS 1233 µS
600 1890 µS 1562 µS 1276 µS 1205 µS
660 1529 µS 1539 µS 1256 µS 1183 µS
720 1456 µS 1511 µS 1242 µS 1178 µS
780 1392 µS 1489 µS 1227 µS 1161 µS
840 2150 µS 1468 µS 1216 µS 1137 µS
900 2100 µS 1445 µS 1206 µS 1145 µS
1200 2050 µS 1358 µS 1158 µS 1137 µS
1500 2020 µS 1298 µS 1119 µS 1098 µS
1800 1980 µS 1227 µS 1094 µS 1071 µS

Table 4.2. Calculated data at different temperatures

Temp (℃) Rate Constant Go Activation Energy

15 0.049372
90619.88 J
25 0.196819
35 0.573558
Kinetics is the branch of chemistry or biochemistry concerned with measuring and studying the rates of
reactions. Generally, it tells how fast a reaction occur. Conductance (commonly denoted as L in Physics;
denoted as G in this experiment) is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity (ohms). Conductivity is used to
measure the concentration of dissolved solids which have been ionized in a polar solution. The
saponification of ethyl acetate with sodium hydroxide is a second order, irreversible reaction; first order
with respect to CH3COOC2H5, and first order with respect to OH -. Hydroxide ions were consumed and
acetate ions were produced as the reaction happens. As a result, there would be an observed change in
conductance. Moreover, the molar conductivity of OH - ion is significantly larger than that of other ions
except for H+ ion, which is insignificant for the chemical reaction being studied.

In a presence of ions in a solution, it is said to conduct an electric current. The more ions present on the
solution gives higher conductance measurement. Also, sodium hydroxide dissolves and dissociates
completely so there are more ions that would be able to conduct. As a result, the measured
conductance is high. Meanwhile, ethyl acetate does not dissociate completely so there are fewer ions to
conduct which results to a relatively lower measured conductance. As the reaction happens, the number
of OH ions decreased (consumption of reactant) which lowered the overall conductance of the system.

Conductance was plotted against time for the values obtained during the first 2 minutes. The value of
the initial conductance, Go, was obtained (y-intercept). This was useful in calculating the rate of
1 Go−¿
reaction, k, for all temperatures using equation ¿= ( ) + 𝐺∞. In the experiment, it was evident
ak t
that the rate constant is directly proportional to temperature. The increase of kinetic energy of the
particles which increases the collisions between particles yields a faster reaction. As a rule of thumb,
reaction rates for many reactions double or triple for every 10 degrees Celsius increase in temperature,
as was observable in the chemical reaction being studied. Furthermore, Arrhenius equation,
Ea
ln k =ln A – , was used to determine the activation energy of the reaction. The experimental E a
RT
obtained was 90619.88 J which is the minimum amount of energy required to initiate a chemical
reaction.

The errors that may have occurred in the experiment are usually from instrumental and personal errors.
An error present during the experiment was the fluctuation of temperature. During the experiment, the
temperature in the water bath varied by a degree or more. This error leads to inaccurate conductance
measurement since the conductance varies when the temperature changes. Another source of error is
the improper calibration of the conductance cell which would produce inaccurate results. These errors
may propagate throughout the calculation and duration of the experiment. Errors may also occur from
improper preparation of the solutions used. These errors present may be from the use of pipette, such
as from parallax errors.