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Teradata Architecture
Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) - A single node that contains multiple CPUs shar
ing a memory pool.
Massively parallel processing (MPP) - Multiple SMP nodes working together compri
se a larger configuration. The nodes are connected using the BYNET, which allows
multiple virtual processors on multiple system nodes to communicate with each o
ther.
Shared Nothing Architecture(MPP) - means that each vproc(Access Module Processor
s and Parsing Engines are Virtual processors) is responsible for its own portion
of the database and do not share common components.each AMP manages its own ded
icated memory space and the data on its own vdisk -- these are not shared with o
ther AMPs. Each AMP uses system resources independently of the other AMPs so the
y can all work in parallel for high system performance overall
A node is made up of various hardware and softwares
A clique is a set of Teradata nodes that share a common set of disk arrays. Cabl
ing a subset of nodes to the same disk arrays creates a clique.
A disk array is a configuration of disk drives that utilizes specialized control
lers to manage and distribute data and parity acroos the disks while providing f
ast access and data integrity
RAID 5 Data and parity protection striped across multiple disks
RAID 1 Each disk has a physical mirror replicating the data
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Teradata Storage Process
The Parsing Engine interprets the SQL command and converts the data record from
the host into an AMP message
The BYNET distributes the row to the appropriate AMP
The AMP formats the row and writes it to its associated disks
The disk holds the row for subsequent access
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Teradata Retrieval Process
The Parsing Engine dispatches a request to retrieve one or more rows
The BYNET ensures that appropriate AMP(s) are activated
The AMPs locate and retrieve desired rows in parallel access and will sort, aggr
egate or format if needed
The BYNET returns retrieved rows to parsing engine
The Parsing Engine returns row(s) to requesting client application
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The BYNET is responsible for
Point-to-point communications between nodes and virtual processors
Merging answer sets back to the PE
making Teradata parallelism possible
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The Parsing Engine is responsible for
Managing Individual sessions (up to 120)
Parsing and optimizing SQL requests
Dispatching the optimized plan to the AMPs
Sending the answer set response back to the requesting client
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The AMPs is responsible for
Storing and retrieving rows to and from the disks
Lock Management
Sorting rows and aggregating columns
Join Processing
Output conversions and formatting
Creating answer sets for clients
Disk space management and accounting
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Teradata performance tuning and optimization
collecting statistics
Explain Statements
Avoid Product Joins when possible
select appropriate primary index to avoid skewness in storage
Avoid Redistributions when possible
Use sub-selects instead of big "IN" lists
Use drived tables
Use GROUP BY instead of DISTINCT ( GROUP BY sorts the data locally on the VPROC.
DISTINCT sorts the data after it is redistributed)
Use Compression on large tables
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How teradata makes sure that there are no duplicate rows being inserted when its
a SET table?
Teradata redirects the new inserted row as per its Primary Index to the target A
MP (Access Module Processor) on the basis of its row hash value, and if it find
same row hash value in that AMP then it start comparing the whole row, and find
out if duplicate.
When the target table has UPI(Unique Primary Index) then the duplicate row is re
jected with an error.
In case of a NUPI(Non-Unique Primary Index) then it is rejected without throwing
any error
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Several reasons using Global Temporary tables Versus Volatile Tables
GTS are ANSI compliant while VTs are not
GTS can have statistics while VTs cannot
GTS use Temp space while VTs use spool space
GTS retain contents accross a Teradata restart while VTs do not
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Teradata Indexes
The Optimal Teradata Index is a NUPI with a USI
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Selection of Primary Index
PI Column set should provide good data distribution, join efficiencies and feque
ntly used access path
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Single-AMP A one-AMP or Single-AMP request uses the row hash to determine which
AMP contains the requested rows.An example of a single-AMP request is primary in
dex retrieval
Multi-AMP A Multi-AMP request may use two or more AMPs. Examples of two-AMP requ
ests are unique secondary index retrieval and a row inserted to a fallback prote
cted table.
All-AMP When the requested data resides on any AMP, then an all-AMP request is r
equired to obtain it. Examples of all-AMP requests are full-table scans, some jo
ins and all retrivals based on non-unique secondary indexes
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