Chapter 1

Introduction to Machinery Principles

Edit by Chi-Shan Yu

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 Text book and supplementary materials
of this course

• Stephen J. Chapman

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 Electric Machinery

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 What to learn in this course ?

• Energy Conversion schemes are the key ideas

introduced in this course
• Which types of energy conversion are concerned?
• Electric energy to electric energy
– Transformer
• Electric energy to mechanical energy
– Motor
• Mechanical energy to electric energy
– Generator
• Magnetic energy is essential !

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 Course Outlines - Overview of relative
electromagnetic theories (3wks)

• Magnetic field: Ampere’s law

• Magnetic flux: magnetic material, hysteresis characteristics
• Transformer: Faraday’s law, Len’s law

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 Course Outlines - Overview of relative
electromagnetic theories (conti)

• Magnetic circuit
• Motor/generator: Induced voltage, induced force

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 Course Outlines - Transformer (3wks)

• Ideal/non-ideal transformer
• Equivalent transformer circuit
• Voltage regulation, efficiency

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 Course Outlines - Basic electric machine
(motor/generator) theories (3wks)

• AC machine : induction machine, synchronous

machine
• DC machine : separated excited, shunt excited, series
excited, compound excited
• How the motor rotates ?
– Torque/speed
• How the generator to build output voltage ?
– Voltage/current

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 Course Outline - induction
(asynchronous) machine (3wks)

• Induction motor (IM) – the most widely used ac

motor in the world
– Structure and operation theories of IM
– Equivalent circuit of IM
– Torque/speed characteristics
– Basic motor control
• Induction generator (seldom used)
– Output voltage control
– Voltage/current characteristics

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 Course Outline - synchronous machine
(3wks)

• Synchronous generator (SG) – the most widely used

generator in the world
– Structure and operation theories of SG
– Equivalent circuit of SG
– Voltage/current characteristics
– Parallel operation
• Synchronous motor
– Operation principles
– Starting of synchronous motor
– Torque/speed characteristics

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 History of Electric Machinery

DC generator, driven Thomas A. Edison opens

1882
by steam engines Pearl St. Station, NYC

Waterwheel-driven DC
generator installed in
Appleton, Wisconsin

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 History of Electric Machinery

Frank J. Sprague
1884 produces DC motor for
Edison systems

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 History of Electric Machinery

William Stanley
1885 develops commercially
practical transformer

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 History of Electric Machinery

Nikola Tesla presents

paper on two-phase ac
induction and
1888
synchronous motors

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 Today’s development

• DC Machine
– Motor
– Generator
• Transformer
– Single phase
– Three phases
• AC Machine
– Synchronous machine – motor, generator
– Asynchronous machine (induction machine) – motor,
generator

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 Today’s development and future trends

• Micro-step stepping motor

• Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM)
– Brushless dc motor (BLDCM)
• Linear motor
• Reluctance motor
– Synchronous reluctance
– Switched reluctance
• Ultrasonic motor
• Bionic robotics
• MEMS motor

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 Course relation

• It is the fundamental course of the electrical

engineering
• Future courses
– Power electronics
– Motor control
– Electric motor drive
– Power systems
– Renewable energy
– Electrical vehicle

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 Chapter 1. Introduction to machinery
principles

1. Rotation motion, Newton’s law and power

relationships
2. The magnetic field
3. Faraday’s law
4. Produce an induced force on a wire
5. Produce an induced voltage on a conductor
6. Linear dc machine examples
7. Real, reactive and apparatus power in AC circuits

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 Rotation motion, Newton’s law and
power relationships

• Clockwise (CW) and Counterclockwise (CCW)

– CCW is assumed as the positive direction, CW is assumed as
the negative direction.
• Linear and rotation motion
– Position and angular
(meter) (degree or radian)
– Speed and angular speed

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 Rotation motion, Newton’s law and
power relationships

– relationships

– Acceleration and angular acceleration

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 Torque

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 Torque

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 Newton’s law of rotation

1. Force

2. Torque

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 Torque and Work

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 Power (rate of doing work)

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 Conversion between watts and
horsepower

1. Watts and horsepower

2. Conversion between two units

5252 / 7.04 = 746.02
1hp = 746W = 0.746kW

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 The magnetic field

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 Produce a magnetic field – Ampere’s law

1. The magnetic field is produced by ampere’s law

2. The core is a ferromagnetic material

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 From the magnetic field to magnetic flux
density

1. When the magnetic field is applied on a

ferromagnetic material, the magnetic flux density B
will be produced

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 Magnetic flux density and magnetic flux

1. Magnetic flux density

2. Magnetic flux

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 Magnetic Circuit – magnetomotive force

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 Magnetic circuit

1. Magnetic circuit

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 Electric circuit and magnetic circuit

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 Reluctance in magnetic circuit

1. Series connection

2. Parallel connection

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 The errors in magnetic circuit
computation

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 The errors in magnetic circuit
computation

4. Air gap “fringing effect”

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 Example 1-1

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 Magnetic circuit

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 MATLAB Programs

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 Example 1-2

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 Example 1-2

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 Example 1-3

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 Magnetic behavior of ferromagnetic
material - Saturation

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 Magnetic curve for a typical steel

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 A plot of relative permeability mr

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 Example 1-4

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 Example 1-5

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 Energy loss in ferromagnetic core –
hysteresis loss

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 Hysteresis loop – residual flux

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 The effect of magnetomotive force on the
hysteresis loop

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 Magnetization curve

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 Hysteresis loss

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 Hysteresis loss

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 Faraday’s law – induce voltage from a
time-varying magnetic field

1. Induced voltage magnitude and polarity

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 The induced voltage polarity – Lenz’s law

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 Flux and flux linkage

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 Example 1-6

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 Produce an induced force on a wire

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 Example 1-7

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 Example 1-7

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 Relationship between electric-magnetic
variables

• Magnetic field: Ampere’s law

• Magnetic flux: magnetic material, hysteresis characteristics
• Transformer: Faraday’s law, Len’s law

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 Induced voltage on a conductor

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 Example 1-8

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 Example 1-9

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 The linear DC machine – a simple
example

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 Starting a linear DC machine

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 Starting a linear DC machine

1. Current

2. Induced force

3. Induced voltage

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 Starting a linear DC machine

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 Summarize of a dc machine starting

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 DC linear machine operates at no-load
condition

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 Linear dc motor

• While the load is applied

• The conversion power between mechanical and

electrical

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 Summarize of a dc motor operation

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 Linear dc generator

• While the external force is applied on the moving

direction

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 Summarize of a dc generator operation

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 Starting problem of dc linear machine

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 Example 1-10

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 Example 1-10

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 Matlab/Simulink simulation

• Equations:
– F = ilB
– e = vBl
– i = (Vb-e) / R
– dv/dt = (F-Fload)/m
• Simulation parameters:
– Vb=120V, R=0.3W, l = 1m
– B=0.6T, m=0.1kg
– Fload=10(u-1)-20(u-2) nt

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 Matlab/Simulink simulation

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 Real, reactive and apparatus power in AC
circuits

• Power in DC circuit

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 Real, reactive and apparatus power in AC
circuits

• AC source applies power to an impedance Z

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 Instantaneous power

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 Instantaneous power

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 Average power and reactive power

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 Reactive power Q and apparatus power S

1. Reactive power Q (var) is defined from

instantaneous power

2. Apparatus power S (VA) is defined to represent the

product of voltage and current magnitudes

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 Complex power representation

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 Complex power representation

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 Power direction

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 Power factor

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 Example 1-11

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 Three phase concepts

• The three phase concepts are also introduced in

Appendix

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