r-s

ne
Site Investigation, Design & Construction

tiv nd
ow
ec rla
of Hydro & Transport Tunnels

e
sp e
re itz
Kathmandu, Nepal 19 - 20 December 2013

ir w
he - S
Link between Site Investigations,

ft n
O tio
Design and Construction Part II
© a
n nd
Søren Degn Eskesen
tio ou

ITA President
ra F
st T

COWI AS - Denmark
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
 r-s
Link between Site Investigations,

ne
Design and Construction

tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
Example: The Copenhagen Metro

sp e
re itz
ir w
Contents of Presentation:

he - S
Project Background

ft n
O tio
Geological conditions
Groundwater control
© a
n nd
Construction methods
tio ou

Building Damage Assessment

ra F

Monitoring
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
 Environment for Tunnelling

r-s
ne
Construction Constraints/Risk to

tiv nd
ow
ec rla
be taken account of during Design:

e
sp e
re itz
ir w
•Constraints for alignment

he - S
•Shallow overburden

ft n
•Existence of nearby structures

O tio
•Foreign objects inside the ground
© a
n nd
•Restrictions for auxiliary works
tio ou

•Noise and vibration limits

ra F

•High visibility of damage

st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
Urban Environment for Tunnelling

r-s
Construction Requirements

ne
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
• No degradation of ground water quality

ir w
he - S
ft n
• No groundwater lowering of primary and
O tio
© a
n nd
secondary aquifer
tio ou
ra F

• No damage to buildings from settlements,

st T
llu E
lI C

vibrations or ground water lowering

Al ITA
©
Urban Environment for Tunnelling

r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
Typical Wooden

ec rla
e
Pile Foundation.

sp e
re itz
ir w
Lowering of ground water will create

he - S
degradation of wooden piles

ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
 Design restraint: Risk of flooding

r-s
• Flood levels year 2100

ne
tiv nd
ow
• Flood gate at Nørreport St.

ec rla
e
sp e
• Extra steps at station and

re itz
ir w
he - S
shaft entrance

ft n
• Landscaping at CMC
O tio
© a
n nd
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
 Urban Environment for Tunnelling

r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
Zero Impact

ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
ir w
Minimum Noise and Groundwater - create virtually

he - S
Vibration no drawdown

ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
tio ou

Physical Cut-off and

ra F

grouting required
st T
llu E

Recharge where necessary

lI C
Al ITA

Environmental Requirements
©
 Ground Water Control

r-s
ne
Areas with sensitive buildings or foundations

tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
Groundwater tables not to be lowered

sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
Compared to what??

ft n
O tio
© a
Natural levels and fluctuations
n nd
tio ou
ra F

Conclusion:
st T
llu E
lI C

Groundwater level monitoring programme

Al ITA

Reference basis established

©
 r-s
Ground Water Control

ne
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
Cut-off walls

e
sp e
re itz
Pre-grouting

ir w
he - S
Re-infiltration

ft n
O tio
Fill GWL
Wet excavation © a
n nd
Close monitoring
tio ou

Glacial deposits Excavatio

ra F

n
of GWL
st T
llu E
lI C

Limestone
Al ITA
©
 r-s
Cityringen

ne
tiv nd
Copenhagen Metro

ow
- - - Existing Metro

ec rla
e
- - - New Circle Line

sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
Medieval city centre
with houses from 17th

ft n
century
O tio
© a
n nd
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
 Cityringen Facts

r-s
ne
• 2 single track tunnels each 16.5 km in length

tiv nd
ow
• 17 underground stations

ec rla
e
• 4 crossover facilities

sp e
re itz
• 3 construction- and ventilation shafts

ir w
he - S
• Automated Control- and Maintenance Centre (CMC)

ft n
O tio
• Civil Works Contract value approx. 1,6 billion Euro
© a
n nd
• Transportation Services Contract value approx. 700 million Euro
(incl. 5 years maintenance)
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
 Cityringen Mission – “more of the same”

r-s
ne
• Lightweight, fully-automated driverless metro system with high

tiv nd
ow
level of reliability >98%

ec rla
e
• 24/7 operation with frequent service during peak hours, meeting highest

sp e
re itz
standards of passenger comfort and safety

ir w
• High level of customer service - and passenger information

he - S
• Strong architectural identity with close links to other means of transportation

ft n
O tio
• Least possible environmental impact during construction, operational
© a
n nd
sustainability, energy efficient, with low life cycle cost
tio ou

• High quality working environment for staff

ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©

12
 Planned Operation

r-s
ne
• Two lines sharing the

tiv nd
ow
M4 (200sec.)
same infrastructure

ec rla
e
sp e
Nørrebro

re itz
ir w
• Operational headways

he - S
100 secs.

ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
• 24/7 Operation
tio ou
ra F

M3 (200 sec.)
st T

København H
llu E

(Main Station)
lI C
Al ITA
©
 Main contracts

r-s
ne
- Civil Works

tiv nd
ow
- Transportation Systems incl Operation & Maintenance

ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
Other contracts tendered:

ft n
•Utilities relocations and works for the archaeologists
O tio
© a
n nd
•Neighbour buildings changed access
tio ou

•Architectural finishes
ra F
st T
llu E

•Station area works

lI C
Al ITA

•Construction works for transfer to existing stations

©
 Present Status

r-s
ne
• Contract Award January 2011

tiv nd
ow
• Design and Construct Contracts

ec rla
e
sp e
• Civil Works Contract with Copenhagen Metro Team

re itz
ir w
(Salini, Seli,

he - S
Tecnimont of Italy)

ft n
O tio
• Transportation System Contract including 5 years
© a
n nd
Operation and Maintenance with Ansaldo of Italy
tio ou

• Works start summer 2011, completion December 2018

ra F

• 38% of works completed

st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
 Vibenshus Poul Henningsens Plads
Runddel
Alignment:

r-s
Skjolds Plads

ne
- 5 Interchange Nørrebro Trianglen

tiv nd
ow
stations

ec rla
Østerport
S-train

e
Nørrebros Runddel

sp e
re itz
Metro Nuuks Plads

ir w
Aksel Møllers Have Marmorkirken

he - S
Frederiksberg

ft n
Kongens Nytorv

O tio
Gammel Strand
© a Rådhuspladsen
n nd
Frederiksberg Allé
tio ou

København H
ra F

Enghave Plads
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA

CMC
©
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
Nørrebroparken - Nøp

ne
r-s
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
Øster Søgade - Øsø

ow
ne
r-s
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
ne
Diaphragm Walls at Øster Søgade

r-s
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
Marmorkirken - Mmk

ow
ne
r-s
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
Gammel Strand - Gls

ow
ne
r-s
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
Rådhuspladsen - Rhp

ow
ne
r-s
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
ne
r-s
Københavns Hovedbanegård - Kh
 Construction Focus Areas

r-s
ne
Secant Piling Tunnelling
Diaphragm Walling

tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
Groundwater Control
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©

Marmorkirken
25
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
Geological conditions

ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
ne
r-s
 r-s
Main geological features

ne
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
• Fill generally 2-4m

sp e
re itz
ir w
• Quaternary layers (mainly sand, till)

he - S
• Underlying limestone, 10-30m below ground

ft n
• O tio
© a
Upper limestone often (not always) fractured in
n nd
tio ou

upper up to 4m
ra F

• Flint in nodules or layers of up to 1m

st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
 r-s
17 Underground Stations

ne
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
2 Semi Shallow Stations:

e
sp e
• Vibenshus Runddel

re itz
• Enghave Plads

ir w
he - S
ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
3 Special Stations
tio ou

• Kongens Nytorv
ra F

• Marmorkirken
st T

• Gammel Strand
llu E
lI C
Al ITA

12 Deep Stations
©
 r-s
Underground Stations

ne
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
• Daylight to platform

e
sp e
re itz
level

ir w
he - S
• Minimalistic design

ft n
• Open space
O tio
© a passengers can feel
n nd
safe
tio ou
ra F

• Island platform
st T
llu E

• Platform screen doors

lI C
Al ITA

• Water tight structures

©
 ©

-20
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
ne
r-s
Nuuks Plads - standard deep station
31
©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
ne
r-s
Short station designs fit into small spaces
 Main groundwater issues

r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
• Sensitive buildings in inner

ec rla
e
city

sp e
re itz
ir w
• Ground water level to be

he - S
maintained

ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
• Water supply catchment
tio ou

at Frb.
ra F
st T
llu E

• Existing groundwater
lI C
Al ITA

contaminations
©
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
ne
r-s
Groundwater flow in limestone
 Groundwater control overall

r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
• Tunnelling: TBM in closed mode, so only groundwater

ec rla
e
issue when interventions

sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
• Stations and shafts: Pumping within retaining walls,

ft n
O tio
water treatment, recharge
© a
n nd
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
stations and shafts

he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
Groundwater Control for

ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
ne
r-s
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
ne
r-s
Location of groundwater control wells
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
ne
wells and modelled drawdown

r-s
Location of groundwater control
 ©
wells
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
Depth of groundwater control

ne
r-s
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
(“natural”) to be maintained
Groundwater reference levels

ne
r-s
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
ne
maintained in monitoring wells
Groundwater target levels to be

r-s
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
ne
r-s
Shaft excavation with pumping wells
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
ne
r-s
Shaft excavation with pump sump
 Water treatment before recharge

r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
Treatment of abstracted groundwater before recharge:

sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
•Necessary to avoid clogging of recharge wells

ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
•Aeration and sand filtering removes iron and manganese
tio ou
ra F
st T

•When suspended limestone: Sedimentation, using flocculants if

llu E
lI C

necessary
Al ITA
©

•If contaminants: Carbon filter

 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
ne
r-s
Water treatment, sedimentation
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
ne
Water treatment, sand filters

r-s
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
control, yields

tiv nd
e
ow
ne
r-s
On-line monitoring of groundwater
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
ne
control, groundwater level

r-s
On-line monitoring of groundwater
 Key figures and progress

r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
• In total 850 new groundwater control wells planned (190

ec rla
e
pumping, 310 recharge, 350 monitoring)

sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
• Groundwater control started at four sites

ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
• Another 15 sites planned for the coming year, including:
tio ou

– Copenhagen Central (station),

ra F
st T

– Sønder Boulevard (bifurcation), highly contaminated

llu E
lI C

– Marble Church (founded on wooden piles)

Al ITA

– Many within Frederiksberg groundwater catchment

©
Cityringen – Site Investigations

r-s
• In total 503 borings

ne
• Average spacing 40 m

tiv nd
ow
• 13 km seismic survey

ec rla
e
sp e
• Total length of site investigation

re itz
boring s 17 km

ir w
• Cost of site investigations are 2,5% of

he - S
construction cost

ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
 Construction Methods

r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
Stations

ec rla
e
sp e
• Pre-drilling carried out to identify and demolish the flint layers in

re itz
ir w
limestone

he - S
ft n
• Secant Pile – a total of 113 km of secant piles planned (55 km completed)

O tio
© a
n nd
• Diaphragm Walls at 6 sites (2 sites completed)
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E

Tunnels
lI C
Al ITA

• Four EPB TBM for two single track tunnels approx. 16.5 km length each
©
 Pre-drilling

r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
tio ou
ra F
st T

• Monitoring phase: A trial field test is carried out on site

llu E
lI C
Al ITA

• Investigation phase: Investigation drillings with average 10m spacing

©

• Operational destructive phase: 9 predrilling holes for Secant Piles, 15

holes for D-W panels
 Cased Secant Piles

r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E

• The secant pile diameter 1000 mm, horizontal spacing 785 and 800 mm
lI C
Al ITA

•
©

Average length=28m

• Deviation from the verticality less than 1%

 Cased Secant Piles

r-s
ne
Concreting Steel Execution Sequence:

tiv nd
Excavation

ow
reinforcement

ec rla
e
sp e
1.Pile boring by rotating and

re itz
pushing the continuous flight

ir w
auger while simultaneously

he - S
introducing the external casing

ft n
O tio
© a 2.Pile concreting performed by
n nd
pumping fresh concrete through
tio ou

the auger internal hollow pipe

while extracting auger and casing
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C

3.Pile reinforcement by inserting

Al ITA

the steel cage into the fresh

concrete
©
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
ne
r-s
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
ne
r-s
 Diaphragm Walls

r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
1.Cutting Unit of hydro-mill of
a heavy steel frame with two

ft n
independent counter-rotating

O tio
© a hydraulically operated
n nd
toothed wheels (Cutters)
mounted
tio ou
ra F
st T

2.D walls composed of

llu E

rectangular shaped
lI C
Al ITA

elements (2.8m long and

1.2m wide)
©

3.Maximum depth for

Cityringen D walls is 44 m
 Diaphragm Walls - Execution Sequence:

r-s
ne
1.Guide walls construction

tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
2.Pre-excavation by Grab for 3-4m

sp e
re itz
the Hydro-Mill’s mud pump.

ir w
he - S
3.Panel excavation by Hydro Mill

ft n
using betonite slurry a stabilizing
O tio
© a fluid
n nd
tio ou

4.Panel reinforcement by
ra F

introducing a steel cage inside the

st T
llu E

trench full of stabilizing fluid

lI C
Al ITA

5.Pile concreting by “tremie-pipe”

©

method
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
Diaphragm Walls

tiv nd
e
ow
ne
r-s
 ako, 2013-11-06

r-s
DD1a TW– Temporary works

ne
(if applicable)

tiv nd
ow
DD1a RW – Retaining walls

ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
DD1c – Roof slab

ir w
he - S
DD1b – Temporary strutting

ft n
>

O tio
DD2a – General formwork
© a & waterproofing
n nd
tio ou

DD2b – Bottom slab

ra F

& lower inner lining

st T
llu E
lI C

DD2c – Intermediate level

Al ITA

DD3a – Below concourse level

©

DD3b – Concourse level

 ako, 2013-11-06

Part III Problem Areas

r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
Design – Method - Workmanship

ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
•Cropping of walls / reservation boxes

ir w
•Soil intrusions, potential leakages

he - S
•Geological Conditions Ground losses and Settlement

ft n
O tio
(during predrilling and pile production)
© a
•Out of tolerances, interpretation of “Koden” tests
n nd
•Inefficiency of the eccentric auger – reduced pile diameter
tio ou
ra F

•Application of concrete and plastic wheel spacers

st T

•Concrete workability
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
 ako, 2013-11-06

Exposure Performance

r-s
DesignLoads
Design Concrete strength

ne
Soil pressure

tiv nd
ow
Water pressure

ec rla
e
sp e
Life Time Durability

re itz
(Quality, “Density”,

ir w
Concrete Cover)

he - S
Water Waterproofing

ft n
O tio
Chlorides
© a
n nd
Accidental fire Fire resistance
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E

Method
Method
lI C
Al ITA

Workmanship
Workmanship
©

Eye of the
Passenger
 ako, 2013-11-06

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ne
Roof
Roof

tiv nd
slab

ow
slab

ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
Pile Pile

ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
Waterproofing:
tio ou

Membrane
ra F

Membrane weld
st T
llu E

External &
lI C

internal water stop

Al ITA

Hydrophilic putty
©

Injection hoses
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
ne
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ako, 2013-11-06
 ako, 2013-11-06

Horizontally

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misaligned couplers

ne
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA

Rotated coupler
©

positions
Soil intrusions
Out of vertical Vertically misaligned
tolerance couplers
 ako, 2013-11-06

Particular ground conditions at Kh, Skp, Nø, Kk, Php

r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
Non-Adherence to Method Statement

ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
Extraction of casing leaving open hole without support

ir w
Auger advance below casing resulting in over excavation

he - S
Drilling outside ratio penetration rate vs rotation speed

ft n
O tio
Wassara Predrilling, missing backfilling of predrilling holes
© a
n nd
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
 ©

15mm
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou

Kh Building Settlements up to
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
20mm ne
r-s
Kh Building Settlements up to
ako, 2013-11-06
 ©
Al ITA
lI C

8mm
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n

Nø Bridge & Building Settlements up to

he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
ne
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ako, 2013-11-06
 ako, 2013-11-06

r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA

27/12-2012 Kh 27/12-2012 Kh
©

 MS Request of submitting technical documentation

regarding the eccentric auger was not followed by CMT
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
ne
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 No permission was requested regarding publishing the
ako, 2013-11-06
 ako, 2013-11-06

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ne
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C

04/10-2013-Nup
Al ITA
©

 Impact on concrete cover

 Impact on area and moment of inertia
 ©
1000

Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
f Areas
th n -of conflicting
concrete
ei S cover
rr w
es itz
pe erl
ct an
iv d
e
ow
1000

ne
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ako, 2013-11-06
 ako, 2013-11-06

r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C

04/10-2013-Nup
Al ITA

01/11-2013-Nup 01/11-2013-Nup
 Removal of concrete cover
©

 Impact on area and moment of inertia

 Risk of instability and leakages
 ako, 2013-11-06

r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C

 Instability of reinforcement cages

Al ITA

 Fixing of concrete spacers

©

 Partly use of incorrect plastic wheel

spacers
01/03-2013 Kh
 ©
Al ITA

Nup 03/07-2012
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
ne
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Skp 29/4-2013
ako, 2013-11-06
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
ne
r-s
ako, 2013-11-06
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
ne
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 ako, 2013-11-06

Part IV Contractual side

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ne
tiv nd
ow
Pattern

ec rla
•Insufficient technical evaluations

e
sp e
re itz
•Missing / avoiding objective data interpretation

ir w
•Selective and misleading argumentation

he - S
•Lack of acknowledgment of errors & root causes

ft n
O tio
•Rejection of MS concerns
© a
•Misuse of insurance policy
n nd
tio ou
ra F

Request for information

st T

•Disclosure of Trevi subcontract technical scope and

llu E
lI C

conditions
Al ITA

•Disclosure of auger patent related information

©
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
Tunnelling

st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
ne
r-s
diameter
• Segmental
lined tunnel
• 4,9 m internal
TBM bored tunnels
 Tunnelling

r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
tio ou
ra F
st T

• The TBM Cutter Head has a diameter of 5.8 m

llu E
lI C

• The face support pressure automatically controlled and foam conditioned

Al ITA

• Immediately support by precast lined segments

©
 4 TBM EPB
©
Al ITA condition)
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
• 2 North (mixed face

• 2 South (limestone)

tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
Tunnel Boring Sequence

ow
ne
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 r-s
ne
Tunnelling

tiv nd
ow
ec rla
Conditions

e
sp e
re itz
along the

ir w
he - S
alignment.

ft n
O tio
TBM in limestone © a
n nd
tio ou
ra F

TBM in glacial soil

st T
llu E
lI C

TBM in mixed face

Al ITA
©
 Tunnelling in glacial deposit and mixed face

r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
Fully in glacial soils
tio ou
ra F

Mixed face conditions

st T
llu E
lI C

Upper Copenhagen Limestone fill

Al ITA

LEGEND
upper meltwater
Middle Copenhagen Limestone upper till
©

middle meltwater
lower till

lower meltwater
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
Tunnelling

ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
ne
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 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
Tunnelling & TBM assembly

ne
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 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
Precast Segment Linings

ne
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 PAT – Plan for Advancement of Tunnel

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ne
The procedure shall control the residual risk by

tiv nd
ow
ec rla
• Process monitoring data (TBM data etc) from previous sections

e
sp e
re itz
• Collect and analyse new geological and hydro-geological data that can

ir w
effect the tunnelling condition

he - S
• Collect and analyse piezometric data

ft n
O tio
• © a
Collect and analyze data related to noise and vibration
n nd
tio ou

• Review the results of condition survey of the buildings

ra F
st T

• Define mitigation and contingency measures

llu E
lI C
Al ITA

• Review the need for monitoring instruments

©
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
Plan for Tunnel Advancement

ne
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 Risk Management Process
DESIGN RISK
REGISTER
HAZARD RISK

r-s
IDENTIFICATION MANAGEMENT
PLANNING

ne
Objectives
Success Criteria

tiv nd
Risk Categories Hazard Id. during

ow
Construction Stages
Complete Hazard

ec rla
Identification and RISK MANAGEMENT

e
Risk Assessment PLAN

sp e
Stages Complete Hazard

re itz
Identification and
Risk Assessment

ir w
RISK ASSESSMENT Stages

he - S
Check no further Ri s k Hazard Identification
Des i gn Sol ution
ca n be el i mi na ted Risk Analysis / Evaluation

ft n
Risk Mitigation
To Confirm

O tio
YES Design Assum. NO
RISK CONTROL ACTIONS

Res i dua l Ri s k
Eva l ua tion RISK REGISTER

According to the ITIG Code CMT are © a Proceed with Construction Residual Risk Evaluation
n nd
performing :
Revi s ed Des i gn Sol ution
tio ou

RISK MITIGATION
taki ng i nto a ccount Design or Construction Method
-Regular monitoring and review of the res i dua l ri s k PLANNING
Solution taking into account
ra F

evaluated level of risks and related mitigation Quantify Mitigation Cost

residual risk

measures by appropriate risk owner(s)

st T

Quantify Residual Risk

llu E

-Regular updating ofCompl

risketeregistersRISK
and UPDATING RISK
lI C

REGISTER
identifying any changes toREGISTER
the project risk
Al ITA

Complete
Proceed with Construction
profile during the design and construction RISK REGISTER

stages RISK MONITORING

RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS DURING DESIGN STAGES AND CONTROL
RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS DURING CONSTRUCTION STAGES
©
 Risk Management Documents

According to the RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN, CMT will During Design Stage CMT will provide Risk Register as follows:

r-s
provide the following items:
- PD Risk Register: A proper hazard identification and analysis

ne
- Construction Risk Safety Package including concerning the risks related to each phase of the project is
Risk Register (where required) performed

tiv nd
ow
- Risk Register for each station and shaft - DD Risk Register: An update of the PD Risk Register concerning

ec rla
risks linked to the specific DD Packages

e
sp e
Risk Register for each Tunnel Section

re itz
- At each DD stage, the Risk Register will be transferred to
- Risk Register for TBM Manufacturing, Transport, the Construction Organisation and will be updated monthly

ir w
Assembly, Disassembly at site and

he - S
Decommissioning

- Risk Register for each crossing of other existing

ft n
O tio
railway lines and Metro lines

© a
n nd
- Risk Status Report updated every third month
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
 Examples of changes introduced to reduce risk

r-s
ne
• 180m long cavern lowered due to highly permeable

tiv nd
ow
upper flow zones

ec rla
e
sp e
• 80m long cavern changed to cut&cover due to high

re itz
ir w
he - S
permeabilities

ft n
• 600m long SCL tunnel /cavern with grouting and
O tio
© a
sequential excavation changed to TBM tunnelling
n nd
tio ou

• Very deep cut-off walls necessary at some sites to

ra F
st T

reduce yields
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
 Building Damage Assessment
The procedure:

r-s
ne
•Building Registration of all buildings in the vicinity of the tunnel alignment

tiv nd
ow
ec rla
•Prediction of ground movements due to the tunnelling

e
sp e
re itz
•Prediction of building damage for buildings within influence zone of the

ir w
tunnels

he - S
•Monitoring of buildings in influence zone

ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
he - S
ir w
re itz
Example of a building registration by the employer:

sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
ne
r-s
Building Registration and Database
Settlement prediction by Volume loss

r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
Determining tunneling settlements (settlement trough)

ec rla
along the proposed alignment in three cases each

e
sp e
consuming a different volume loss and ’K’ factor for

re itz
mixed face/glacial soils.

ir w
he - S
CASE Ground conditions

ft n
O tio
Limestone Mixed face/glacial soils
(undisturbed)
© a
n nd
Volume settlement Volume settlemen
loss trough loss t trough
tio ou

‘VL’ value value

‘k’
ra F

‘k’
st T

Worst 0.15% 0.25 2% 0.5

llu E

credible
lI C
Al ITA

Most likely 0.15% 0.25 0.8% 0.5

Best 0.15% 0.25 0.5% 0.5
©
 Settlement Analysis & Building Protection

r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
ft n
Example drawing:

O tio
Rådhuspladsen, © a
n nd
Most likely case
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
 Settlement Analysis/Building Protection

r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
ec rla
Building Risk Assessment Stages

e
sp e
re itz
Stage 1

ir w
he - S
Any structure where the predicted tunnelling settlement is less than 10 mm and the predicted slope is less than 1/500, does not
need be subject of further assessment. All other structures shall be subjected to a Stage 2 risk assessment.

ft n
O tio
Stage 2 © a
n nd
Structures subject to settlements shall be individually assessed using a limiting tensile strain approach. All structures which are
placed in Damage Category 2 or higher, during the second stage assessment, shall be subject to a further settlement
tio ou

assessment.
ra F
st T

Stage 3
llu E
lI C

This assessment an extent and detail of the analysis will be determined on a case-by-case basis and it may include an analysis of
Al ITA

the soil/structure interaction, structural behaviour, and the possible effects of differential stiffness of the foundation.
©
 Stage 2 – Building Damage Assessement

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ne
Where the predicted settlement is >10mm or the ground slopes greater that 1/500,

tiv nd
ow
a Stage 2 assessment is undertaken

ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
ir w
The horizontal strain and

he - S
Δ/L is calculated
separately for the length

ft n
of facade in the hogging

O tio
and sagging zone.
© a
n nd
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA

Building Damage Assessment identifies:

1) A list of identified buildings with special concerns

©

2) Listed buildings with a Damage Category greater than 1

3) Normal building with a Damage Category greater than 2
 Stage 3 – Building Damage Assessment

r-s
ne
Stage 3 undertaken to assess damage and identify which buildings require

tiv nd
ow
protection to mitigate against the effect of subsidence damage.

ec rla
e
sp e
Stage 3 to include:

re itz
• a structural survey

ir w
he - S
• an detailed analysis of how individual elements of the building would be affected
by the predicted settlement.

ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
The outcome of the assessment will be used to identify and design suitable mitigating
tio ou

measures to protect the buildings and their foundations.

ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
 ©
Al ITA
lI C
llu E
st T
ra F
tio ou
n nd
© a
O tio
ft n
Examples of building with special concerns:

he - S
ir w
re itz
sp e
ec rla
tiv nd
e
ow
ne
r-s
Stage 3 - Building Risk Assessment
 Building Monitoring

r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
The settlement predictions will be used to idenifty which buildings

ec rla
will be monitored.

e
sp e
re itz
Buildings within the following zones will be monitored:

ir w
he - S
•Normal buildings within the zone bounded by the 5mm contour line

ft n
O tio
for the greenfield settlement
© a
n nd
•Sensitive buildings and monuments within the zone bounded by the
tio ou

2mm contour line

ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
 Building Monitoring in Influence Zone

r-s
ne
tiv nd
Typical monitoring arrangment for a building

ow
facade

ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
ir w
he - S
ft n
O tio
© a
n nd
tio ou
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C
Al ITA
©
 Link between Site Investigations,
Design and Construction

r-s
ne
tiv nd
ow
Concluding remarks:

ec rla
e
sp e
re itz
Site investigations is important to establish the basis

ir w
he - S
Design must be based on the site information and include the

ft n
selection of the construction methods considering the risk during

O tio
construction and operation of the project
© a
n nd
tio ou

Site supervision is required during the construction and non-

conformances must be reported to the designer
ra F
st T
llu E
lI C

Design follow up required during construction to ensure the design

Al ITA

intent is followed
©
 r-s
ne
Site Investigation, Design & Construction

tiv nd
ow
ec rla
of Hydro & Transport Tunnels

e
sp e
re itz
Kathmandu, Nepal 19 - 20 December 2013

ir w
he - S
ft n
O tio
Disclaimer
© a
n nd
A. The speakers are presenting their own personal views and are not expressing the
tio ou

view of the Foundation.

ra F
st T

B. Papers and documents displayed or handed out during the Event are copyrighted.
llu E
lI C

The participants must observe and comply with all applicable law regulations
Al ITA

concerning the copyright.

©