ISLAM IN THE PHILIPPINES THE MORO WARS in the Philippines were a sequel in a ming of the Crusades which were ote A ; slim warriors in the Holy Land (P iat — For three centuries (1578-1898) the Spaniards (aided by Ch Filipinos) as champions of the Cross, tried to conquer (Mindanao and Sulu). The Muslim Filipinos (Moros), as p the Crescent valiantly resisted and succeeded in pres Aslamic faith and ancestral heritage. The Moros. The term Moro is a Spanish term for “Muslim. When the early Spanish conquistadores arrived Philippines, they were surprised to find many ir in Mindanao and Sulu and in Mindoro, Manila, and Pamp Sulayman’s kingdom of Maynilad, it should be recalled, Islamic kingdom. Because all Muslims were called Moros (N Spain, Legazpi and other Spanish colonizers called t Muslims by that name. The Moros are great warriors. They can fight well on land sea. An American writer, Vic Hurley, who had lived among th “The Moros are a grand people. ... Every one of them is valiar sever was a Moro who was afraid to die. Death on the field of isa privilege, and they guard their privilege zealously.”" The main groups of Filipino Muslims are the followit Maranaos of Lanao, (2) Maguindanaons of Cotabato, (3) § Zamboanga, (@)Sangils of Davao, (5) Yakans of Basilan, and (6) Ts of Sulu. Racially, Muslim Filipinos and Christian Filipinos’at Both belong to the Malay race. ‘They differ in religion and Notwithstanding their religious and cultural differences, they af people ~ Asian in geography and traditions and Malayan in and race. Contrary to popular misconception, the Mu F not-“savage pirates” and “brutal juramentados". They are fri hospitable, kind, brave, and patriotic like their Christian broee Islamic Faith and Muslim Customs, To understand and appre gate the Muslim Filipinos, it is necessary to know their religion and ost Their religion is Islam, which means “Submission to the will of God”. Their God is Allah, and: Mohammad is His Prophet. yris wrong. 10 call the Islamic religion. “Mohammedanism” because nmad never claimed to have founded a new religion. The Bible of Islam is the Qu’ran, ‘The "Five Pillars of Islam” are the following: 1. The profession of faith, which is summed up in the formula: qhere is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is His Prophet.” 2. Praying five timesa day facing Mecca. The times for prayer gre at (a) daybreak, (b) noon, (c) mid-afternoon, (d) after sunset, and ip early part of the night. 3. Giving of alms to the poor. These alms are called zakah. 4, Fasting during the month of Ramadan, the ninth month of the Arabic calendar. During the period of fasting, all Muslims (except the sick) do not eat, drink, and smoke before sunrise and after sun- sot 5. ilgrimage to Mecca, the Holy City of Islam. Only those Muslims who had performed this pilgrimage can assume the title of Hadji. ‘The Muslim Filipinos have their own court called Agama. This court settles disputes amicably, thereby preventing violent feuds between families. Courtship among them comes after marriage. The Muslim suitors, unlike the Christian suitors, are not allowed to talk with their girl fricnds. Marriages are arranged by their parents. There are cases in which the groom has never seen his bride before the wedding ceremony. Polygamy is a recognized practice among the Muslims. According to the Qu’ran, a man may have as many as four wives, Provicied he can support them: Divorce is also permitted. Mustims do not eat pork and do not drink wine. Their religion considers a pig as unclean and therefore its meat (pork) must not be eaten by all believers.introduce ene the sultan and le of Malacca, he went to Sul ‘Propagated Islam. He built a Mosque at Tubig-Indagan on ¢ Of Simunul. The ruins of his mosque can still be 56 Makdum died inSibutu (islet in the Sulu Archipelago), and the today venerate his grave. Liter, about 1390, Raha Baginda from Sumatra a and cai ikdum’s work in propagating Is Taosug people. He introduced the fir fearme and elephants Philippines. About 1450, Abu Bakr, Arab authority on Islami ‘ved in Sulu from Johore. He married Prince “people to Islam and married named Putri Tufina. He became the first Maguindanao, with Putri Tuftina as first sultana, Were also many M in Batangas, Pampanga, Mindoro, and Catanduanes, as in Mi and Sulu. Spain Checks Islam’s Advance. Islam would over the Philippines were it not for the arrival of, Spain? : the last Filipino king of Manila, was a Muslim. Lakan Dula, Filipino king of Tondo, was also a Muslim, The arrival of the Christian Spanish conquistadores Legazpi in Manila checked the spread of Islam, Had they not com 1571, Islam would have firmly taken root in Luzon and would expanded farther north to llocandia and the Batanes. Had thecome, Islam would have been the dominant religion in the country wy instead of Christianity. Causes of the Moro Wars. Many times Spain invaded Mindanao Sulu. in order inish rule and the Christian religion ange Muslim people. The Muslims, however, valiantly resisted. and repulsed the invaders. Thewar between the Muslim Filipinos and the spaniards (aided by the Christian Filipinos) lasted from 1578 to 1898, or more than 300 years. These wars were known in history textbooks gsthe “Moro Wars”. They are more aptly called Muslim Wars. ‘There were threecauses of the Muslim Wars. First, was theSpanish jon of Mindanao and Sulu. The Muslim Filipinos, being a brave and liberty-loving people, fought valiantly in defense of their free- dom. They preferred to dieas freemen in battle than live in bondage. Second, the Muslim. Filipinos defended their Islamic faith inst the invaders who wanted to propagate Christianity. They were Islam’s champions just as the Spaniards and their Christian Filipino allies were champions of Christianity, ‘Third, was the love of the Muslim Filipinos for adventure. On their swift-sailing vintas, they prowled the seas. They attacked the Christian towns not only to strike a blow against Spain and Christianity, but also to feel the thrill of battle and to gain rich spoils of wars, Spain Fires the First Shot. Spain began the Muslim Wars. In June: 1578, Governor Francisco de Sande, while returning to Manila from his Bornean campaign, sent a Spanish force against Jolo. This force was commanded by Captain Esteban Rodriguez de Figueroa. The Taosug warriors, led by their ruler, Sultan Pangiran ‘Budiman (Muhammad ul-Halim) resisted the attack. Despite their ferocious defense, Captain Figueroa captured Jolo. For the first time the capital of Sulu fell into Spanish hands‘ After exacting tribute in pearls and the defeated sultan’s promise of friendship with Spain, Captain Figueroa and his victorious forces sailed away. Thus began the three-century Moro Wars. In 1596 Captain Figueroa obtained from the Spanish government Height to colonize Mindanao for two generations, with the title of ‘overnor of Mindanao”. Accordingly, he led an invasion force of 1500 Christian Filipinos and 214 Spaniards, reaching the Rio Grande de Mindanao on April 20, and landed at Bwayan, whose ruler, DatuMSTORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES 150 Ubal Sirungan (Silonga) resisted him. During the fighting D younger ther oF area killed him. His bodyguards his death by slaying Ubal. The survivors of Figueroa’s exp under the command of Master of Camp Juan de Xara, ret disarray. Thus was aborted Spain’s first attempt to coloniz First Moro Counter-Attacks. In retaliation against the Spa invasion of their land, Raha Sirunga and Salikala (Sali), who. married to a Sulu princess, gathered a force of 50 caracoas ( vessels) and 3,000krismen. July 1599 they raided. the bur the Christian towns, plundering them, killing the e captives of the survivors, and returned ith rich ‘The following year (1600), Sirungan a i their piratical success, mustered a stronge! of 70 ve 4,000 warriors and again raided the Visayas. This time they tered disaster. They were repulsed with heavy losses at Nloilo Province, by 1,000 Visayan warriors and 70 Spanish busiers under the command of Don Juan Garcia de Sierra, Spanish alcalde mayor who died in action. In" 1602 Sirungan and his brother Buisan (later sulta Maguindanao organized a powerful armada of 145 vessels (includ 50 from the Moluccas and 35 from Basilan) and thousands of watt After leaving Maguindanao, the armada split into two flotillas;} under the commend of Sirungan and the other under Buisan. tilla under Sirungan sailed northward bi the Visayas wet Bicolandia, the Southern Tagalog eon, Sad Mindoro. flotilla under Buisan raided the Christian towns of the | and Cuyo. Both flotilla succeeded in theirraiding mis to Maguindanao with 700 Christian captives and much boot ty:te Pars 18 xpeditions were commanded by Cristobal 7), Lorenzo et Saso (1628), and Pedro Tonnes) ey ialed to capture jolo: In the face of the successive defeats of Spanish arms, Governor. Juan-Cerezo de Salamanca decided to establish a military base in Mindanao. On April 6, 1635, Captain Juan de Chaves, with 1000 ‘yisayans and 300 Spaniards, landed at Zamboanga. He was accom- panied by Fr. Melchor de Vera, a Jesuit missionary engineer. On June 23, Father Vera began the building of the stone fort of Zamboanga. This fort was named Fort Pilar, in honor of Nuestra sefora del Pilar, the patroness of Zamboanga. Tagal’s Last Raid, The'militarization of Zamboanga was a wise the part of the Spanish authorities. Fort Pilar played a great role in the Muslim Wars. It helped the. government forces in the ‘campaign against the Muslims, Shortly after the construction of Fort Pilar, a Moro leader named Tagal, the fiery brother of Kudarat (Corralat in Spanish records), raided the Visayas and Calamianes. He boasted to his brother (Kudarat, the Sultan of Maguindanao): “I shall bring you the God of the Christian as a prisoner.”® ‘Togal, after eight months of raiding. the Christian pucblos returned home happily. His vintas were loaded with many Christian captives and rich treasures from the townshe burned. On thenight of December 17, 1636, under cover of darkness, he boldly sailed by Zamboanga’s shore. A friendly Lutao named Iba informed the Spanish governor of Zamboanga that Tagal had passed during the night. Immediately, the Spanish governor sent a flotilla of six vessels and 250 men to pursue Tagal. This flotilla was commanded by Captain , Nicolas Gonzales. ‘After a hard chase, Captain Gonzales overtook Tagal’s fleet of vintas at Punta de Flechas® A terrific fight ensued on December 21. T jestroyed. Gonzales liberated 120 Christian captives and recovered the treasures looted by Tagal. Ku ‘orcuera. “Inspired by the Spanish victory of Punta cel Se eco sovestiah Hurtado de Corcuera decided ‘0 irivade Maguindanao, the sultanate ot a5 ae MBTORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES On February 2, 1637, he left Manila with a large expediigg Spaniards and Christan Filipinos. He stopped at 2 Zanboangy, wat his forces were reinforced by three companies cranish ian Under the command of Captain Gonzales, victor of the Battle of Pang de Flechas, On March 13, Governor Corcuera landed his Spanish-Fij ‘troops at the mouth of Rio Grande de Mindanao” The next day, jy Personally commanded the attack on Lamitan, Kudarat’s capita) ‘Cotabato. Kudarat furiously fought like a lion. But he was whelmed by: the superior arms of the Spanish. invaders. Lamitan jg, aftena bloody battle on March 14. eKudarat retreated to a fortified hill called Mihan. Corcuenis troops assaulted this hill. A bloody hand-to-hand fight raged on the Parapetof the kuta (fort). Many defenders ~ men, women, and childrey ~ perished in battle. lian was captured on March 18. ‘Kudarat, wih a bullet wound in one arm, was able to escape. His brave wife carrying their baby, jumped over a cliff and also escaped, On-May 24, Corcuera returned in triumph to Manila, where by was given a conqueror’s welcome - with music, religiog festivals, and a moro-moro performance. The victories of Corcuen were exaggerated by Spanish, historians. Kudara’ was only defeated, not conquered Capture of jolo by Corcuera (1638). After resting for a few months in Manila, Governor Corcuera returned to Zamboanga. He Prepared another expedition for an invasion of Jolo. This expedition consisted of 80 ships, 1,000 Christian Filipinos, and 500 Spaniards. 17, olofellafter a bloody battle. Sultan Bungst ith many of his warriors. His wife Sultana Tuan Baloch was taken prisoner. Corcuera occupied Jolo and established a Spanish garrison. escay First Spanish Expedition to Lanao. and Captain Francisco de Atienza, Fath Recollect missionary-warrior, who won lasting laurels as a Moro fighter. The expedition started from Caraga and reached Laké Lanao on April 4, 1639, after a hard march through the jungles. TH lake region was explored and alliances were formed with some Mo datus. ia Te me hasrmes ep pedro Bermudez ; Castro, Teach Ot der he command of Migr core tna? Bere This time the aera, ne Son panes attacked the expedition. A rescut P a Milan WaS Tushed to Lanao and Futile Measures 4, ‘Baingt rot discouraged by Cortes vas ore igh tocontinue the war Against Spa; “scraps of paper”, Second, Spanish forts were built at certain strategic places i laces in the archipelago, such as Zamboanga, Dapitan, Tigan SSaben and Tandag in Mindanao; Cuyo in Calamianes; Ro; and Taytay in Palawan (Parapua), Third, watch towers were piccted along the coast from Minda- nao up to Northern Luzon, Watchers, posted at these towers, warned the People living in the coastal towne of the coming of the dreaded Muslim raiders, Fourth, armed galleys and frigates patrolled the sea lanes. These Spanish vessels proved ineffectual beccase the swift Muslim vintas Outsailed them easily. Lastly, military expeditions were sent against Tolo and Mindanao from time to time in order to destroy the Muslim Power. These “xpeditions failed for lack of able commanders No great Spanish eimmander appeared on the Philippine scene for two centuries after Corcuera’s death. Sultan Alimud Din I of Jolo. The story a soerenes mantic saga of the Moro Wars. Owing to his rena wid Spin, e was deposed in 1749 by his brother, eR ister eee family and faithful retainers of Zamboanga.At. Paniqui, Tarlac, on April 28, 1750, the refugee sultan 4 baptized by the Dominican fathers. He was named Don Fei Alimu Din 1. He was the first Christian sultan of Jolo. His son, and his daughter, Fatima, were likewise converted to Christianity were given a Spanish education in Manila. Governor Obando, Arrechedera’s successor, decided to Alimud Din to his throne. On May 19, 1751, the Christian conveyed by a Spanish squadron, left Manila for Jolo. At Zam where the party stopped, a strange incident happened. The S; commander of Zamboanga claimed to have intercepted a let Alimud Din to a sultan in Mindanao which was allegedly Alimud Din was shipped back to Manila and this time he imprisoned at Fort Santiago. Later Governor Arandia succeeded Obando; he released unhappy Alimud Din and granted him royal privileges. When t British invaded Manila in 1762, Alimud Din fled to Pasig left horrible trails of blood and death. In 1769 the Moros lai Malate within sight of the Spanish cannons, ‘plundered the’ sailed away with 20 prisoners and rich spoils of war. According to Spanish records, the Moros captured an_a\ 500 Christians annually and sold them as slaves in Betavia, Sand and in other slavemarketsin the East Indies. Between 1778. and Spanish government spent more than one million pesos f operations against the marauding Moros, Missionaries as Moro Fighters, In the course of the Moro many missionaries won fame as gallant warriors le with the soldiers in the defense of the Cross against plunging hordes of the Crescent. Foremost among them was Agustine San Pedro, Recollect missionary and military genius, fought the Moros in Mindanao and defended Romblon. in 1 against a Moro raid. Because of his military exploits, be became be called the Padre Capitan (Priest Captain), ;Other missionary-heroes of the Moro Wars were Fr. Antonio de Santa Ana (Recollect), who died on the parapet of Fort Taytay in 1736 while fighting the Moros; Fr. Marcelino del Espiritu. Santo (Recollect), who successfully repulsed the Moro attack on Cuyo in 1752; Fr. Jose Ducos (Jesuit), who frustrated the Moro raid against Tligan in 1752; and Fr. Pascual Ibafiez (Recollect), who perished in action during Urbiztondo’s assault on Jolo in 1851. Decline of the Moro Raids. Toward theclosing decades of t 19th century the Moro. power declined. and a eee te In 1848. the first steamships purchased by Spain in England ~ the ‘Magallanes, the Elcano and the Reina de Castilla - arrived in Manila Bay. ‘Their arrival sounded the death-knell of Moro supremacy in the seas, for the steamships could outsail the fastest Moro vinta. On February 16, 1848, Governor General Narciso Claveria, using the new steamships, attacked the Samals at Balanguigui. He des- troyed the kutas and brought 350 Samal prisoners to Manila. In recog- nition of his brilliant victory, the Spanish Crown conferred on him the title of “Count of Manila” and decorated him with the Grand Cross of San Fernando. The city of Manila gave him a sword of exquisite workmanship. Following Claveria’s footsteps, Governor General Antonio. de Urbiztondo campaigned in the Sulu Archipelago. He defeated the Moros in Tonquil on December 24, 1850. Later he attacked Jolo and captured it on February 28, 1851. The city council of Manila rewarded him with a beautiful sword and an artistic cane, while the Spanish Crown decorated him with the Crosses of San Fernando and Carlos Ill. JOse Rizal, while a student at the Ateneo de Manila, wrote a poem praising Urbiztondo’s victory. This poem, written in 1875, was entitled “The Battle: Urbiztondo, Terror of Jolo”. Malcampo’s Conquest of Jolo (1876). In 1874 Admiral Jose Malcampo became the Spanish governor general of the Philippines Roused. toaction by the resurgence of the devastating raids of Taosug Moros on the Christian pueblos, he prepared a mighty armada of 21 steam warships, 11 transports, and 10,000 combat troops (Spaniards and Christian Filipinos) for an invasion of Jolo. This Spanish armada attack of the Moro ‘on February 29. The battle raged fiercely for 24 hours. On March 1, 1876, Sultan Jamalil A’lam sued for peace and transferred his capital to Maimbung.resulted in the permanent He was rewarded by the Spanish Crown with the title of "Count of jolo”, Before returning to Manila, he estab] Spanish garrison and appointed Don Pascual Cervera as first § Politico-military governor of Jolo. Over | of ich. waved aloft until the end of Sp Malcampo's victory inthe Philippines. Moro Sultan Leases Sabah to British North Borneo Co Dismayed by the loss of his capital city and in sore need of to carry on resistance to the Spanish invasion of his sultanat “Jamalil A‘lam leased on January 22, 1878 his territory of Sab Borneo). to. Mr. Alfred Dent and Baron Gustave Von Oy owners of the trading company called the British North Company. Mr. Dent was a British trader while Baron Von O was an Austrian consul in Hongkong. According to the Deed of January 22, 1878, Sultan Jamalu leased permanently to the British North Borneo Company { gpepelacental of 5,000 Malayan dollars (increased in 1903 to falayan dollars). This territory of Sabah was ceded by the $ Brunei on 1704 to the sultan of Jolo out of gratitude for the se rendered by the Taosug warriors in suppressing a rebellion Brunei sultanate. q End of the Moro Wars. After Maicampo's conquest of Jol Spanish authorities turned their efforts toward another conquest of Mindanao. In 1886, ten years after the fall Governor General Emilio Torrero led the invasion forces of Sp and Christian Filipino allies to Cotabato in order to _ defiant Moro Ma ins. He was opposed by Datu swore by his kris that no Spaniard would conquer Cotabato. T¢ forces destroyed ‘some kutas (forts) of Datu Utto by artillery bardments, but failed to crush Utto's warriors. After suffering hi casualties, Governor Torero returned to Manila. 1891, he won the First Battle of Maraw!" but the valiant escape and recruited more warriors:who:fought with against the invaders. Failing to conquer Lanao, Weyler_ alla Cotabato but again he failed to-conquer it because of the resistance of Datu Ali Jimbangan and his formidable krismen,Four years later (1895) another governor general, Ramon Blanco, invaded the Lanao Lake regio, This time the Spanish invasion forces were reinforced by four steel steam gunboats which were carried overland in various parts from Mindanao’scoast to Lake Lanao, where they vem and launched at the lake. Under cover of the barrages of the gunboats’ artillery, Blanco’s troops assaulted Marawi on March 10, 1895. In the ensuing Second Bate of Marawi, the Moro defenders under Amai Pakpak’s command fought like tigers, but they-were routed by Spain's superior firepower, and the heroic Amai Pakpak perished in action, Like Torrero and Weyler before him, Blanco won his battle, but failed to conquer Lanao. To avenge the fall of Marawi and the death of Amai Pakpak, the enraged Moro warriors proclaimed a jihad (holy war), forcing Blanco to halt the campaign and return to Manila, The last Spanish attempt to conquer Mindanao occurred in February 1898 when General Buille took the field in Cotabato and withdrew after a few days of fighting. Then came the Peace Treaty of Paris (December 10, 1898) which ended Spanish rule in the Philippines. After more than three centuries of bitter warfare, Spain had failed to conquer the Moroland, Arabic Influences in the Philippines. Arabia had left her enduring imprint on the life and culture of the Muslim Filipinos of Mindanao and Sulu. Her greatest legacy is Islam. With it came the sultanate form of government, together with the titles of political dignitaries, such as sultan (supreme ruler) raja muda (heir apparent), dayang (princess), kali (judge), and wazir (prime minister); the Arabic alphabet; the system of jurisprudence based on Qu’ranic Law; the Arabic calendar and Islamic holidays; the Arabic arts, including the Maranao sarimanok and Taosug okil designs in decorative art and the Arabesque architectural style of the mosques with their bulbous minarets; a new method of warfare which made use of firearms, artillery (lantaka), kuta (fort), and war-boat (vinta); and certain Islamic customs and practices, notably polygamy, divorce, slavery, prohibi- tion of eating pork, abstinence from drinking wines, giving of alms (sakat) to the poor, and pilgrimage to Mecca (Islam's holiest city), Of unique interest is the none oe ee (election), among the Muslim Filipinos of Mindanao. Compil learned Muslim scholars during the early times, it was written in Arabic and has 85 sections. It embodies selected laws from Arabic sources, such as the Minkaj, Tagreebu-l-Ubtifa, Fathu-I-Qareeb, and Miratul-Tullab, and the local customs and traditions.A-kali, administers justice based on the Luwaran. Alt i and witnesses take their oaths upon the Qu’ran vay ti Present time the Muslim Filipinos bring their cases involving, quarrels, divorce, abduction, and rape to their local-courts ‘agama. byalonenedl lar. The Muslim mo Muharram January), Safar (February), Rabia I (March), Rabia I Jumada I (May), Jumada I (une), Rajab July), Shaban (August), Ray (September), Shawwal (October), Zu’Ikadah (November), and Zit (December). The Muslim days are Isnin (Monday), Salasa (Tuesd Albaa (Wednesday), Hammis (Thursday), Diumaat (Friday), § (Gaturday), and” Ahad (Sunday). To all Filipino. Muslims, D i i during which all Muslims required to al jue. The Muslim feast days or religious holidays are the follo (1). Asura,.the 19th day of Muharram, commemorating the last of the Great Deluge when Noah’s Ark landed on a mountain Mecca; (2) Maulud, the 12 days of Rabia I celebrating, the birthd Prophet Muhammad, Islamic version of the Christian Christmas D (3) Hijhara, the first day of Jumada Il, Muslim New Year's D commemorating Muhammad’s flight from Mecca to Medina; (4 ‘irad, the 27th day of Rajab, commemorating the day when the Muhammad was called to heaven by Allah; (5) Nipso, the 15th Shaban, Muslim version of the Christian All Saint's Day, when believers decorate the graves and pray for the dead; (6) Harira the Ist day of Shawzoal, Muslim Thanksgiving Day, celebrating end of the 30-day Fast of the Ramadan; and (7). Hariraya Ad-ha, 10th day of Zu’Ihijjak, commemorating the time when Abraha obeyed God’s command to sacrifice his own son Ismael. Arabiaentiched. the literature.of the-Muslim Filipinos. Maranao epics, including the Maranao Darangan, the Maguindana indeeptra ae Sulayman, and the Taosug Parang-Sabil were by the stirring Arabian Nights of Caliph Haroun al-Raschid’s cout! Baghdad. From Arabia came the Taosug drama, Mauleed en which portrays the life of Prophet Muhammad as a child. Other fort of literature, also Islam-inspired, are the tulul (folktales), the tuba (ove poems), the souai-souni:i (comedies), the pananaro-on (provetd the riddles), and the ida-ida (children’s songs) of Maranaos and the kala-kata (tales of adventure), the kissa (ballad and the pagsindil (musical comedies) of the Taosugs of Sulu,aa 159 ao Prrics raipino, the national language of the Philippines, is sprinkled with Rabie words, among Which ae the following Filipino Arabic English 1. akma akma appropriate 2 alak arak wine 3, alamat alamat legend 4. apo apy, old man 5. bukas bukra tomorrow 6. laman le-lahma meat 7. maalam maalem knowing 8. pilat pirat scar 9, salamat salam thanks 10, sulat surat letter More Arabic-words-are-found-in.the-native languages and dialects ofthe Maranaos,-Maguindanaons, Taosugs, and other Muslim Fili- pinos in Southern Philippines because they were the ones who bore the brunt of Islam's impact. They had also assumed Arabic names, such as Abdullah (Servant of God), Abdul Malik (Servant of the King), Hakim (Wise), Hassan (Fine), Ahmad (Praiseworthy), Ja‘far ig Stream), Jamil (Handsome), Layla (Night),Mustafa (Chosen by God), Nakib (Noble), Salim (Secure), Salima’ (female form of Salim), and Zamrud (Emerald). Arabia also enriched the music lore of both Muslim and Christian Filipinos. Some of the gorgeous folk dances performed by the Bayanihan, Filipinescas, and other Philippine folk dance troupes in America, Mexico, Spain, England, France, Russia, and other foreign. countries, are of Arabic origin. Among them are Kapil sa Munsala, a Maranao handkerchief dance; «Singhil, a Maranao royal bamboo ance; and Kandingan, a Taosug wedding dance. In carly. times Arab missionaries and traders married Filipino women, especially the daughters of noble families in Mindanao: and Sulu. Such Arab-Filipino. inter-marriages invigorated the native cial stock. According to Professor Beyer, about 2% of the Filipino People have Arabic blood.