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A R C H I V E S 12/3 CFD modelling of a jet pump with circumferential nozzles

for large flow rates

Article  in  Archives of Foundry Engineering · July 2010

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 ISSN (1897-3310)
ARCHIVES Volume 10
Special Issue 3/2010
of
69 – 72
FOUNDRY ENGINEERING
12/3
Published quarterly as the organ of the Foundry Commission of the Polish Academy of Sciences

CFD modelling of a jet pump with

circumferential nozzles for large flow rates
E. Lisowski a,*, H. Momeni b
a
Insitute of Applied Informatics, Cracow University of Technology,al. Jana Pawła 37, 31-864 Kraków, Poland
b
Institute of Machine and Marine Technology, Bergen University College, Nygårdsgaten 112, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
* Corresponding author. E-mail address: lisowski@mech.pk.edu.pl

Received 30.04.2010; accepted in revised form 30.05.2010

Abstract
Jet pumps are devices which are widely used in transport of dangerous or aggressive goods, contaminations like solid particles or even
food. The principle of jet pumps which is transferring energy of one fluid that is called primary or motive is transferred into a secondary
fluid makes that such pumps have no moving parts and are able to work in remote in extreme conditions. Jet pumps main disadvantageous
is low efficiency ranging 40 % and low pumping height which significantly limits its usage. One of the way to eliminate the low pumping
height is to applying second stage of motive fluid. The other way is correct design of motive nozzles. Presented in the paper jet pump is a
Liquid Jet Liquid (LJL) class of jet pump which both, motive and secondary fluids are water. This pump is a two stage jet pump with
circumferential nozzles which inlet port has diameter approx. 200 mm and is assigned for high flow rate up to 200 m3/h. The main aim
undertaken in this paper is to investigate flow phenomena that appears during jet pump operation as well as investigating influence of
various design of motive nozzles on value of head pressure. Investigated jet pump is a prototype that was prepared in cooperation between
Bergen University College and Fjell Industries AS, Norway. Modelling of jet pump is a complex task and makes difficulties in modelling
when using traditional approach therefore to simulate phenomena that appears in jet pump during operation was used CFD tool: Ansys
CFX code. Numerical simulations allowed to obtain information about pressure and velocity distribution as well as estimate the head
pressure for various design of motive nozzle. There was investigated three design of motive nozzle: standard, with additional
circumferential holes and with set of circumferential holes on motive nozzle. Conducted research shown that by modification of motive
nozzle is possible to increase pumping height with almost 45%.

Keywords: modelling, simulation, flow simulation, cfd analysis, jet pump

theirs applications [1]. They are called ejectors, injectors, eductors,

1. Introduction elevators, gas compressors or exhauster when applied to gases. In
principle they are the same family of pumps that transforming one
Jet pumps are a pumping devices that transfer energy from
energy from one fluid to another [2]. The schema of jet pump is
one fluid which is called motive or primary to another one
presented in fig. 1. It might be found a nozzle, where motive fluid
(called driven or secondary). Motive fluid might be liquid or a
flows into the pump, entertainment where motive and driven fluids
gas as well, while secondary might be liquid, gas or a mixture. It
meets each other, throat where fluids are mixing and finally
might be found different names of jet pumps depending on
discharge where both fluids leaves the pump.

ARCHIVES of FOUNDRY ENGINEERING Volume 10, Special Issue 3/2010, 69-72 69

 Diffuser
Nozzle Diffuser
Nozzle 4

Discharge
Discharge
Motive Fluid 1 6
Motive Fluid v1 vN vT v2
v1 vN vT v2
Driven Fluid
Driven Fluid

Throat
Throat
Entrainment Compression
Entrainment Compression

5
Fig. 1. Diagram of jet pump 2

Jet pumps have a lot of advantageous, which the most
important is no moving parts resistance for wear and lower
production cost in comparison to other types of pump. These
caused a wide applications of jet pumps to transport hazardous
liquids, rocks with limited dimensions, slurries or even food or
naval resources like fish and shellfish. The disadvantageous of jet
pumps is low efficiency and height of pumping. It might be
distinguished two main types of pump (fig. 2 and 3) that are differ
with nozzle of motive fluid which might be axial or
circumferential. The nozzle (1) accelerates motive fluid to high
velocity. Kinetic energy and momentum of motive fluid is gained
at the cost of pressure energy. Pressure falls in mixing chamber
(3) and secondary fluid is forced to flow into the motive fluid
stream through the inlet (2). Mixed fluids than go to the discharge
chamber (4), where fluids decelerate and gain pressure energy.
3
Fig. 4. LJL pump: 1-suction port, 2-outlet port, 3-stage one high
pressure port, 4-stage two high pressure port, 5-nozzle of stage one,
6-nozzle of stage two
The pump presented on above figure was modified to increase pumping
height as much as possible. Therefore there was investigated two
solutions of LJL pump which differ in design of circumferential nozzle
of stage one. Below figure shows pump with nozzle with additional
circumferential holes at motive nozzle.
4
1 6

7 5
2

Fig. 2. Jet pump with axial Fig. 3. Jet pump with

motive nozzle circumferential motive nozzle
The main advantageous of circumferential nozzle is ability to
transport non liquid objects with limited dimensions. The area of
application for jet pumps is very wide, in chemical and oil
industry for nuclear engineering. There might be a lot of solutions
for jet pumps. Jet pump delivery and in consequences its
dimensions may range from few millimeters to few meters.
Fig. 5. Modified pump with additional holes at the nozzle:
1-suction port, 2-outlet port, 3-stage one high pressure port, 4-stage two
high pressure port, 5-nozzle of stage one, 6-nozzle of stage two,
7-additional holes on nozzle of stage one
The next step of modifications was increasing number of holes on
motive nozzle what is shown in fig. 6.
4

2. The object of modelling 1 6

The object of the work is a two stage liquid jet liquid (LJL) pump
that is shown in fig. 4. It is a prototype of two stage pump that was
elaborated in cooperation between Bergen University College and Fjell
7 5
Industries AS. It is a jet pump with circumferential motive nozzles with
suction diameters 200 mm what significantly extends applications of 2

this pump on a wide range of liquids and mixtures. The pump consist of 3

suction port (1), outlet port (2), stage one high pressure port (3), stage
two high pressure port (4), circumferential nozzle of stage one (5) and Fig. 6. Modified Liquid Jet Liquid pump with additional set of
circumferential nozzle of stage two (6). holes at the nozzle: 1-suction port, 2-outlet port, 3-stage one high
pressure port, 4-stage two high pressure port, 5-nozzle of stage one, 6 -
nozzle of stage two, 7-additional set of holes on nozzle of stage one

70 ARCHIVES of FOUNDRY ENGINEERING Volume 10, Special Issue 3/2010, 69-72


3. Mathematical model
Mathematical model of jet pump consist of mass, momentum
and energy conservation equations. When we assume a fixed in
space volume Ω, bounded by close surface S, the mass
conservation equation in general form is the following (according
to [3]):
5.It was assumed the following fluid properties: density ρ=1000
[kg/m3], viscosity μ=1.003e-3 [Pa s].
6. The flow is turbulent, a Reynolds Stress Model was assumed.
7. Standard wall function was used.
The CFD simulations deals with case when only one stage is operating.
Due to the symmetry of geometrical model, only a half was used, the
remaining was replaced by symmetry boundary conditions (fig. 7).

∂
∂t ∫Ω
ρdΩ + ∫ ρvdS = 0 (1)
S

where: ρ-fluid density, v-fluid velocity, t-time.

The momentum conservation equation in general form is as
follows:

∂
ρ vdΩ + ∫ ρ v ( v ⋅ dS ) =
∂t ∫Ω S (2)

∫S
p ⋅ d S + ∫ τ ⋅ d S + ∫ ρf e d Ω
S Ω
Fig. 7. Boundary conditions of CFD model jet pump
where: τ-shear stress tensor, fe-vector of external forces, Before the CFD model was prepared the grid was made in Ansys CFX
p-pressure. mesh tool. The grid was prepared with mixed tetrahedral and prism
The energy conservation equation in general form is as follows: cells. Prismatic cells were applied in the vicinity the wall. fig. 8 and 9
present a grid for a jet pump.
∂
ρEdΩ + ∫ (ρvH − k∇T − τ ⋅ v ) ⋅ dS =
∂t ∫Ω S (3)

∫ ( ρf
Ω
e ⋅ v + q H )dΩ

v2 p
where: E = e + -total energy, e-internal energy, H = E + -is
2 ρ
enthalpy, W f = ρfe ⋅ v -is a work of external forces, qH -is heat
released by chemical reactions, k-is conductivity coefficient, T-is
absolute temperature. Fig. 8. Grid of jet pump
Research on jet pumps mainly theoretical [4, 5, 6, 7, 8] are
focused on defining pumps parameters like dimensions of
nozzles, angles of diffusers, etc. There are also conducted semi
empirical research [9] or typically empirical [10]. All of them do
not allow to modeling phenomena that appears during flow
accurate enough. Developed within last years computer
simulation tools like Computational Fluid Dynamics gives much
wider possibilities in modeling fluid flow is also found in
modeling of jet pumps [11].

4. CFD analysis
Fig. 9. Grid in the motive nozzle
CFD analysis was carried out for steady state conditions with
variable flow rate at jet pump motive inlet with the following
assumptions:
1. Flow is incompressible and homogenous.
5. CFD results
2. There is no heat transfer between fluids and environment.
3. Roughness of walls was neglected. CFD simulations allowed to get information about flow phenomena
4. Analysis was conducted for steady state conditions. appearing inside the pump, at the throttle and discharge chamber.
Obtained results in graphical form as a pressure and velocity

ARCHIVES of FOUNDRY ENGINEERING Volume 10, Special Issue 3/2010, 69-72 71

distribution are shown on fig. 10 and 11. These are exemplary results
for the case when flow rate at the stage one motive flow rate is 15
dm3/s.
nozzle significantly allowed to increase pumping height up to 45%.
Used CFD tool Ansys CFX code appeared to be an efficient tool in
modeling of jet pump. Presented modification in the paper shown that
with modifications of nozzle geometry is possible to increasing pump
head pressure.

References
outlet suction

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3
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72 ARCHIVES of FOUNDRY ENGINEERING Volume 10, Special Issue 3/2010, 69-72

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