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Congenital torticollis
Metatarsus adductus
Chromosomal abnormalities
Neuromuscular disorders
POSTNATAL POSITIONING
hips in extension and adduction (e.g. papoose. parent
carrying baby on their hip) increases risk
INCIDENCE:-
Hip instability-10/1000 live birth
In breech presentation- 30-60 %
Left hip – 60 %
Girls – 60%
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Initial instability thought to be caused by maternal and fetal laxity,
genetic laxity, and intrauterine and postnatal mal-positioning
Hip instability
Dysplasia
Gradual dislocation
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS:-
Neonates: positive Ortolani or Barlow sign.
Infant:
Excessive Lordosis
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION:
A. History
B. Physical examination -
Barlow test
Ortolani test
Positive Galeazzi sign (allis
sign)
Klisic test
Trendelenburg's sign
C. Ultrasonography
D. Radiography
MANAGEMENT
0-6 MONTHS:
Pavlik harness for 6 weeks
By maintain Ortoloni positive hip, It prevents hip extension and
adduction and permits flexion and abduction.
Children 6 months to 2 years of
age:
goals in the treatment of the late-
diagnosed patient are to obtain
and maintain reduction of the
hip without damaging the
femoral head.
Closed or open reduction(some
time before C.R. use skin
traction)
The reduction is maintained in
plaster cast for 12 weeks
abduction orthotic device for 2
months
CHILDREN OLDER THAN 2
YEARS OF AGE:
Open reduction
shortening osseotomy to avoid
excessive pressure on the proximal
femur with reduction
acetabular procedure to
adequately cover the femoral head.
COMPLICATIONS:-
Avascular necrosis
Reduced hip function
Degenerative hip changes
Joint malformation
Inability to reduce dislocation
Results in growth arrest and eventual joint destruction
Postoperative complications-wound infection.
NURSING MANAGEMENT:
1. Acute pain or discomfort related to orthopaedic device or
cast as evidence by child is crying continuous
2. Risk for impaired skin integrity related to pressure of the cast
on the skin as evidence by child having rashes and redness
on the skin
3. Altered Physical mobility related to lengthy treatment or
orthopaedic device as evidence by child is not able to move
4. Diversnal activity deficient related to hospitalization or
immobility as evidence by child look boredom
5. impaired bowel pattern related to immobility as evidence by
decrease frequency of passing stool and hypoactive bowel
sound
6. Knowledge Deficit of family caregiver related to home care of
child in the orthopaedic device or cast as evidence by parents
asking many questions regarding home care