1 Read the article. Then complete the sentences below.

WOMEN EXPLORERS
The famous explorers that we learn about at school, such as Marco Polo, Leif Eriksson and
Christopher Columbus, were men. That’s why it might surprise you to learn that, throughout history,
women have been explorers too – even though they lived in societies that told women that they
couldn’t do the same things that men could do.
One example is Gudridur Thorbjarnardottir, an Icelandic woman. At the end of the 10th century,
about 300 years before Marco Polo set out for China, she was among a small group of people who
sailed to “Vinland” (historians think this was probably the southeast coast of Canada). Later, after
returning to Iceland, Gudridur travelled on her own to Rome, walking the entire way. Gudridur
probably faced many problems along her route, because it was extremely unusual then for a woman
to travel anywhere without a man.
Another female explorer, an English woman called Isabella Bird (1831-1904), spent much of her life
travelling the world. She explored and wrote books about the Hawaiian Islands, the western United
States, Japan, China, India, Iran, Turkey and more. Among her unusual experiences were travelling
alone on horseback through the American Rocky Mountains (something that few men attempted!),
and living with the Ainu, the native people of the islands of Japan. In the late 1800s, Bird was the
first woman to be invited to join the Royal Geographical Society in England.
Everyone can get inspiration from learning more about the lives of these and other brave female
explorers – so find out more about them in an encyclopedia or online!

1. Societies didn’t treat women as if ............ 3 Complete the excerpt from Gudridur’s
................................................................ . diary with the affirmative or negative
form of should, have to, may, might and
2. Gudridur is an example of .......................
must. There may be more than one
................................................................ . correct answer.
3. Throughout most of her life, Isabella Bird Tomorrow morning I’m setting out alone for
................................................................ . Rome. Everyone says it’s a dangerous thing to
do. They don’t think that women
1
…………………… travel on their own. They
2 Answer the questions according to the 2
…………………… be right. However, it’s
text. something that I feel very strongly that
I 3…………………… do, and I definitely
1. What is the likely location of Vinland? 4
…………………… allow other people’s
.................................................................. opinions to change my mind.
.................................................................. I 5…………………… live like everyone else.
Other women 6 ……………………want to
2. What was unusual about Gudridur's journey
travel freely, but I do! Women
to Rome? 7
……………………give up things they want
.................................................................. just because they’re women!
..................................................................
3. What did Isabella Bird do that not even many
men tried?
..................................................................
..................................................................
Complete these sentences with MUST or MUSTN’T.
* You ……………… cross the roads without looking. It’s dangerous.
* The exams are next week. I …………….. work harder.
* You ……………… forget your umbrella. It’s going to rain.
* Students …………… listen to the teacher or they won’t understand.
* We ……………. leave now or we’ll miss the plane.
* You …………….. take food in your room.
* You …………….. use the elevators in case of fire.
* You …………….. a mobile phone in class.
* We ……………. feed the animals. It’s forbidden.
* Students ……………. make noise in the corridors.
* You …………….. read this book. It’s really good.
* We ……………… book the tickets before it’s too late.
* You ……………. forget his birthday again.
* This is an emergency exit. You …………… leave your car in front of it.
* She …………….…… go to university if she wants to study Civil
Engineering.
* I …………… post this parcel.

Complete these sentences using the correct forms of HAVE TO .

* Shop assistants ………………deal with the public.
* You ……………. come with us if you don’t want to.
* I was late this morning because I ……… wait a long time for the bus.
* In Spain, Teachers ……………. wear uniforms.
* John ……………. train nearly every day.
* I must leave early but you …………….. .
* You …………… run. There’ s plenty of time.
* Susan must read this book but she ………….. read that one.
* ……………… (you) take the cat with you everywhere?
* He …………… book a table at the restaurant. I’ve already done it.
* Nurses ………….. wear uniforms.
* Factory workers …………… work in shifts.
* I’m going to bed. I …………… be up early tomorrow.
* If you’ve got the ticket, you …………. queue.
* I …………. wear glasses because I can’t see very well.
* I usually …………. correct a lot of homework.
* You ………….. go shopping today. We don’t need anything.
* At a disco you ……………. dance.
* You …………. worry about the exam. You’ve done lots of work.
* ……………… (you) wait a long time for a taxi?

Complete these sentences with must, mustn’t or the correct or the correct form of have to.
1.- At our school we __________ wear a uniform.
2.- You __________ cross the roads without looking. It’s
dangerous.
3.- You _______ turn on the central heating. It’s automatic.
4.- The exams are next week. I __________ work harder.
5.- You ________ forget your umbrella. It’s going to rain.
6.- Students _________ listen to the teacher or they
won’t understand.
7.- You _____ cross the road when the red light is showing.
8.- We __________ leave now or we’ll miss the plane.
9.- Soldiers ____________ obey orders.
10.- Sorry, I ___________ go now. I don’t want to be late.
11.- Shop assistants __________ deal with the public.
12.- You __________ come with us if you don’t want to.
13.- I was late this morning because I _________ wait a long time
for the bus.
14.- In Spain, teachers __________ wear uniforms.
15.- You ___________ take food in your room.
16.- You __________ use the elevators in case of fire.
17.- I _________ wear glasses because I can’t see very well.
18.- You ___________ read this book. It’s really good.
19.- You __________ go shopping today. We don’t
need anything.
20.- You __________ a mobile phone in class.
21.- We ___________ feed the animals. It’s forbidden.
22.- We _________ book the tickets before it’s too late.
23.- In Spain, teachers _________ work on Saturdays.
24.- In Britain you __________ drive on the left.
25.- Every player in a football team __________ have a number.
26.- You ___________ forget his birthday again.
27.- Doctors sometimes ___________ work at the weekend.

3 Complete the sentences using may, may not, might or might not.
1. Alice is ill. She .................................... go to school.
2. The doctor thinks that I’ve a got a broken shoulder, but he .................................... be wrong.
3. Josh has fallen off his horse. He .................................... have a broken leg.
4. Mr Carter has lost his memory. He .................................... recognize us.
5. That woman has got a very rare disease. There .................................... be a cure.
6. I feel sick. .................................... I leave the room?

4 Complete the sentences with the verbs below and the correct form of can or could.
hear walk drive call
1. Last week, Emily ........................ , but now she doesn’t need her wheelchair.
2. Do you want to speak to the nurse? I ........................ her for you.
3. Leo was lucky that he ........................ his car to hospital.
4. Speak more loudly, please. I ........................ you.

5 Complete the mini-dialogues with the correct form of be able to.

1. A: Hi, Jane. Why didn’t you go out with us yesterday?
B: I’ve got an upset stomach, so I 1. ........................ go out last night.
A: 2. ........................ you ........................ go to the cinema on Sunday?
B: Yes, I’m sure I’ll be OK by then.
2. A: Good morning, Mrs Smith. How is your mother?
B: Unfortunately she 1. ........................ get out of bed till next week.
A: I see. 2. ........................ she ........................ sit up in bed?
B: Yes, she can do that.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of may, might, could, must, can’t.
1.- This letter ________ be from Japan because it’s got a French stamp.
2.- I’m not sure what language it is – it _________ be polish.
3.- I just rang Paul, but there is no answer. He ___________ be out.
4.- The dog is wet. It _________ be raining outside.
5.- We ________ go to the Canary Islands for Easter.
6.- John ________ be in the final. He’s a terrible player.
7.- Anna lived in America for three years, so she _________ speak English.
8.- Tom’s brother doesn’t know anything about medicine, so he _________ be a doctor.
9.- Mary is not in her room. Where is she? She _________ be in the garden.
10.- This jacket _________ belong to Susan because it’s not her size.
11.- We __________ have a picnic tomorrow, but it depends on the weather.
12.- You __________ be hungry. You’ve just eaten two bars of chocolate.
13.- I ___________ go to the party.. I haven’t decided yet.
14.- It’s her birthday. She _________ be happy.
15.- Try the shirt on. It _____ be your size.
16.- My brother has difficulties with reading and writing. Some people think he _________ be stupid or lazy.
17.- She __________ be French. She only speaks English.
18.- He isn’t answering the door. He _____________ be out.
19.- My grandad doesn’t always hear me. He ________ be deaf.
20.- Be quiet – you _________ wake the baby

Complete the sentences with the verbs below and the correct form of need to.
rest wash put see take
1. He’s got a sprained ankle. We ........................ a bandage on it.
2. Chloe is feeling better now. She ........................ the pills any more.
3. It’s just a cold. I ........................ a doctor.
4. You’re very tired. You ........................ .
5. There’s a lot of bacteria all around us. We ........................ our hands frequently.

5 Complete the sentences with the modals below.

doesn’t have to shouldn’t must should mustn’t
1. He ........................ have surgery or he’ll die.
2. This isn’t a serious injury. She ........................ have an X-ray.
3. You are obviously not well. You ........................ go to school today.
4. Lily ........................ eat so much pizza. It isn’t healthy.
5. You ........................ take this pill. It will make you feel better.

6 Choose the correct answer.

Are you a person who 1. isn’t able to / mustn’t / might not get up early? If you
are, here are some tips that 2. must / need to / may help you.
First of all, you 3. have to / should / are able to set your alarm clock for 15
minutes before the time that you 4. can / have to / might get up. This means
you 5. don’t have to / mustn’t / couldn’t get up immediately. You 6. might /
must / can get prepared mentally.
You 7. couldn’t / shouldn’t / may not jump out of bed immediately. Open
your eyes slowly, breathe deeply and think about the things that you 8. may
not / need to / are able to do in the day ahead.
You 9. have to / are able to / should eat something before you leave home.
If you eat something healthy (such as fruit or granola), this will give you
energy.
One thing which 10. must / has to / could also help is to think about your
plans for the following day before you go to bed. It 11. will be able to / must /
might make your day a little easier.

4 Helen is having a party. Complete what she says to her friends with the affirmative or negative
form of must, have to or need to. There may be more than one correct answer.
1. I …………………… (take) some photos. I want to remember this party.
2. You really …………………… (bring) a gift. It’s not a birthday party.
3. We …………………… (call) Jane right away. We forgot to tell her about the party.
4. You …………………… (tell) Tom about the party. It’s a surprise.
5. We …………………… (clean) the house after the party.

5 Learn how to make friends at a new school. Choose the correct modals to complete the tips.
1. You should / mustn’t / shouldn’t talk to everyone you meet at first.
You never know who will become a good friend.
2. You must / mustn’t / need to try to be someone you’re not. It’s important
for people to get to know the real you.
3. You mustn’t / should / don’t have to ask for help when you need it.
It’s a good way to make a new friend.
4. You mustn’t / shouldn’t / have to try to remember people’s names.
They sometimes get annoyed when you don’t.
5. Remember, you don’t need to / mustn’t / should have 100 friends.
It’s enough to have two or three good friends.
6. You shouldn’t / mustn’t / have to be patient. It’s OK not to make
10 friends on the first day at your new school.

6 Complete the questions with suitable modals.

1. A: …………………… you …………………… go home now?
B: Yes, I promised my mum to be home by 9.00.
2. A: …………………… you …………………… study for a test today?
B: Yes, I’ve got a maths test tomorrow.
3 A: …………………… I forgive Max?
B: I think so. He didn’t mean to hurt your feelings.

2 Match a sentence in A to a logical continuation in B.

A B
1. You shouldn’t eat so much cake. …… a. It’s prohibited.
2. You don’t have to do anything. …… b. You have got no choice.
3. I can’t buy this DVD now. …… c. Everything is ready.
4. May I please see your passport? …… d. It’s not good for you.
5. I might go on holiday in June. …… e. You look nice in it.
6. You should wear that shirt tonight. …… f. I’m still not sure.
7. You must wear this shirt for work. …… g. Thank you. Enjoy your visit.
8. You mustn’t use your mobile phone here. …… h. I left my credit card at home.

3 Complete the dialogues with the correct form of can, could, should, must, have to, may or
might. There may be more than one correct answer.

Shop
assistant: …………………… I help you?
1

Ann: Yes, please. I want to buy a GPS for my car. Which one do you think I 2…………………… buy?

Bill: I’m going to get this suitcase. I like it because I 3…………………… carry it. It’s got wheels.
Sue: What a good idea! I 4…………………… get something similar.
Bill: If you want one, you 5…………………… wait. They’re on sale today.

Diana: …………………… you borrow your parents’ car tonight?

6

Linda: I 7…………………… be able to, but I’m not sure yet. They’re at the cinema now, and
I 8…………………… ask them until they get home.

Joe: I 9…………………… print my homework because my printer is broken.

Nancy: Your homework 10…………………… be late! Mr Wilson won’t accept late homework!
Joe: Maybe I can e-mail it to him. Even though he 11…………………… agree to the idea, it’s worth asking
him.
4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the most suitable modal. There may be more
than one correct answer.

1. I …………………… ask for directions. I know how to get there.

2. My seat was so far from the stage that I …………………… see the band!
3. You …………………… listen to her advice. She’s an expert.
4. It …………………… get sunny later, so I’m taking my sunglasses.
5. We …………………… park here. It’s only for taxis.
6. We …………………… arrive until 9 or 10, so don’t wait for us for dinner.
7. My cousins in Hawaii …………………… surf when they were five. They’re very talented.

4
Circle the correct answer.

How to Prepare an Omelette

The first thing you 1. have to / might do is cut the onion and pepper into small pieces and fry them in oil. You 2.
don’t have to / may not use a lot of oil – a spoonful will do. The onions 3. can’t / shouldn’t become brown, so
you 4. shouldn’t / couldn’t fry them for long. Next, mix the eggs, water and salt in a bowl and add them to the
vegetables. If you like, you 5. must / may add some cheese too. When the eggs are cooked on one side, you 6.
might / have to turn the omelette over and cook it on the other side.

5 Complete the sentences to make them true for you. Use modals.

1. I .......................... watch a lot of TV.

2. I .......................... bake cakes when I was five years old.
3. I .......................... travel around the world one day.
4. I .......................... cook meals at home.
5. We .......................... ask our teacher questions.
6. The students in my class .......................... eat during lessons.

2 The sentences below don’t make sense. Replace each modal in bold with the correct modal
from another sentence.

1. You might not put so much gel in your hair. It looks terrible. ……………………
2. I shouldn’t return this library book today or I’ll need to pay extra money. ……………………
3. My sister might be at school tomorrow until 11 am. I’m jealous that she’ll be able to sleep late!
……………………
4. Kevin doesn’t have to eat chocolate. His doctor has forbidden it because it’s bad for his stomach.
……………………
5. It mustn’t snow tomorrow. If it does, do you want to go skiing at the weekend? ……………………
6. I must get the highest mark in the class, but I think I’ll get above 80. ……………………

3 Complete the e-mail with the correct affirmative or negative modals.

There may be more than one correct answer.

courteney@messenger.com
 Dear Courteney,
I 1…………………… e-mail you earlier because
something was wrong with my Internet connection –
but finally, here’s the additional information you
wanted about the cruise to Alaska.
As you hoped, we 2…………………… depart from
either Seattle or Vancouver, but we
3
…………………… let the cruise company know
a week in advance which city we are leaving from.
Also, we 4…………………… pay the fare a month
before the cruise, or we won’t receive the special lower
price.
We 5…………………… pay anything extra for the
meals, entertainment, tours or nature lectures. They’re
included in the fare.
And yes, we 6…………………… see whales, but it’s
only a possibility, so you 7…………………… get too
excited.
I think we 8…………………… go! What do you think?
Lorin

3. Complete the sentences using a modal below.

doesn’t have to • mustn’t • can’t • could • should • must • might

1. He’s having trouble breathing. We …………………… call a doctor right away.
2. He’s got a stomach ache. Perhaps he …………………… stay home today.
3. I‘m busy. …………………… I call you later?
4. He’s allergic to nuts. He …………………… eat them or he’ll have a bad reaction.
5. My hand is swollen. I …………………… write.
6. I’m not sure what’s the matter with Andy. He …………………… have the flu.
7. His arm isn’t broken. He …………………… go to the emergency room.

4. The modals in bold are in the wrong sentences. Write them next to the correct sentences.
1. You might not talk a lot today. You’ve got a sore throat. ……………………
2. You shouldn’t read the instructions before you take these tablets. ……………………
3. We might go to school today because it’s a holiday. ……………………
4. People don’t have to drive and talk on their mobile phones. It’s dangerous. ……………………
5. I mustn’t go to the party tomorrow. If I do, I’ll call you. ……………………
6. It must rain tomorrow, but it’s a good idea to take an umbrella. ……………………

5. Complete the sentences for each of the signs below. Use modals.

1. You …………………… feed the animals. 2. You …………………… park here.

 4. You …………………… wear a seatbelt.

3. It …………………… rain tomorrow.

5. You …………………… take a jacket.

Read the text. Then answer the questions.

Climb Those Stairs!

Everybody knows that climbing stairs is a great way to keep fit. According to fitness experts,
climbing stairs is a good way to work out, because you don’t need to climb for a long time to
see positive results. At the gym, step machines are very popular, but in many buildings where
people work and live, the stairs are not used. Instead, people use lifts to move from one floor to
the next.
According to researchers, people don’t use the stairs in buildings because they are often not
convenient. First of all, stairs are often in areas that are hard to find. In addition, the lighting is
not bright and there is no air conditioning there. Most importantly, people generally think of
stairs as a way to leave a building when there is a fire, because that is what people are supposed
to do. Not surprisingly, the stairs are designed for this possibility. Stairs are usually found
behind very heavy doors, which people must shut behind them during a fire. The stairs are also
not covered with carpets, so that a fire will not spread quickly.
These safety features of stairs may be useful in the case of a fire. However, they stop people
from using them on a regular basis. A person will probably not choose to use the stairs instead
of the lifts if he has to open a heavy door and walk up or down without any air conditioning.
The researchers believe that designers need to design stairs in a way that will motivate people
to use them but still be safe during emergencies. They also recommend that employers begin to
make improvements to stairs in older buildings. They can add fireproof carpets to the stairs,
paint walls in lovely colours, put up artwork and even play music in and around the stairs. In
this way, people will be more likely to use the stairs.
Most buildings where people live and work haven’t got a gym, but using the stairs is a cheap
and simple way that could help people to get in shape in the place where they spend a lot of
their time.
1. Why is stair climbing a good choice to keep fit? ................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
2. Why is it often not convenient to use stairs in a building? .................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
3. How can employers make improvements in older office buildings? ..................................................
............................................................................................................................................................

3.Complete the sentences according to the text using a suitable modal.

1. In most buildings, people ………………… reach the stairs very easily.
2. People ………………… use the stairs when there is a fire, but they ………………… use the lift.
3. Researchers believe that designers ………………… just focus on the safety features of the stairs
in new buildings.
4. Researchers believe that employers ………………… improve the stairs in old buildings.
3. Choose the correct answers.

Dear Mary,

I’m so sorry, but I 1 must / can’t meet you tomorrow. I have got a runny nose and I 2 can’t /
don’t have to breathe so I 3 have to / can go to the doctor. He 4 must / may tell me that I 5 should / mustn’t
take some medicine and stay in bed. He 6 has to / might also tell me that I 7 should / can
stay away from other people because they 8 have to / might catch my illness.

Anyway, I’ll call you next week when I’m feeling better. I have so much to tell you.

Speak soon,

Amy

4.Complete the sentences so they are true for you.

1. When I’m older, I might .............................................................................................................. .
2. At our school, the students have to ............................................................................................ .
3. People my age can’t ................................................................................................................... .
4. I’m lucky because I can .............................................................................................................. .
5. This year at school, I don’t have to ............................................................................................ .
6. There was a time when I couldn’t ............................................................................................... .
7. Tomorrow, I might not ................................................................................................................ .
8. I think my best friend should ....................................................................................................... .

5. What would you say in the following situations. Use a suitable modal in each sentence.
1. You ask your teacher permission to leave the room.
.......................................................................................................................................................
2. You tell your friend that you need to leave the party or you will miss the bus home.
.......................................................................................................................................................
3. Your sister asks permission to use your camera and you agree.
.......................................................................................................................................................
4. Your sister is playing her music very loudly and it is bothering you.
.......................................................................................................................................................
5. You think your best friend is too thin.
.......................................................................................................................................................
6. You are invited to a swimming party, but you don’t know how to swim.
.......................................................................................................................................................

A) Fill in the blanks with suitable modals in the box. a) Can’t*2

b) Able to
1) My mother is at home although it is Monday. She ---------- ill. c) Could
2) The babies ---------- sleep regularly. d) Must be
3) You ---------- enter the room without permission. e) Would
4) You ---------- wear school uniform in this school. There isn’t an obligation. f) must
5) ---------- you help me please? g) Should
6) ---------- you mind opening the door? h) Shouldn’t
7) I ---------- swim but my brother ---------- swim well. i) Don’t have to
8) I ---------- be careful while driving .It is foggy. j) Can*2
9) You ---------- drink cold water. You ---------- get ill. k) May
10) Were you --------- finish the book?
11) I ---------- swim when I was four.

B) Choose the correct answer.

1) There is somebody in the living room. It must / should be the cat.

2) You must / mustn’t make noise in the library.
3) “Can / could you play tennis as a child?” “No, I can’t / couldn’t. I wasn’t good at sports.”
4) “ May / can I go out, sir? ”
5) My father is at work now. He mustn’t / can’t be at home.
6) Will / would you mind opening the window?
7) We must / can hurry up otherwise we will / would be late.
8) My mother: “You have to / should take these pills.”
9) The gardener must / can’t be busy. He is doing nothing but sleeping.
10) We mustn’t / don’t have to water the flowers. Because it is raining.

C) Rewrite the sentences with modals.

1) I won’t go to school tomorrow because tomorrow is Sunday.

------------------------------------------.
2) You are very ill. You need to go to the doctor.
-----------------------------------------------.
3) It is forbidden to smoke in this area.
-------------------------------------------.
4) There is somebody in the kitchen. But my mum isn’t at home.
------------------------------------------------.
5) I have a project. The deadline is tomorrow.
----------------------------------------------.
6) Can you open the door, please?
-----------------------------------------------.
7) It is snowing heavily. Don’t go out, please.
---------------------------------------------.

D) Fill in the blanks with suitable modals.

1) The train leaves at nine. We -------hurry up if we want to be there on time.

2) We ---------- help Paul. He is in trouble.
3) ---------- you like to drink something cold with us?
4) ---------- you help me please? I ---------- carry these bags.
5) We ---------- be quiet. The baby is sleeping. She ---------- wake up.
6) There ---------- be something wrong with Sara. She is not OK.
7) You ---------- finish the project tonight. You have enough time.
8) My father always says that I ---------- study harder.
9) I ---------- read when I was five but my brother ----------.
10) I ---------- be at home before midnight. Otherwise my father will be angry with me.
11) I ---------- go out tonight. Because I ---------- take care of my little sister.
12) “---------- you sing well?” “No, I ----------“