F t G6.

5
( n
T-l -:--l-_ -
::=lq-:: -t:-l
-Jri
, -r -l :::-:+=a-': 't.:-:- tI -' . : _- -' {---i.
r=.:: "- l :::|--:::ll-l ._ts .:_
--|---i
::-+=j+ ri::F.::':l -.sïß85t V.ftlr :_ l._-_-::_
::---¡----J :=-.::¡ :==:.:.:l þ_urf¿il l¿tti t-fttt ttllÍ=j: r=!:jj =lr:
al:F- g: 'ut -f:tN) u!ü].Þ¡r
.-J ri_-.l---: t: :- Ê- Fûll:A . . i - . - :::L:-:
::-l =:.l:_ t- =-1j-: ' t - L i l Tt¡ | Qt¡
--a --.-'-1- -- r:Í.+:_:: ì :-::; ' - _ ' ' - I _ - ì : . - - i : ' - : : :.:1:: :
:_::l ;-:!:-l-- _ii¡:__ d:Sn: let+:tt -FJQgîÎ; ifìP 'f +-Kl recnef .::--::l--
'¡+¡i- -f-J-:-: -l
úrãtr -:;-¡
,. -l-- -..- t-
lrjf--JËr 5i:: -l:
4.5 l---j+-',
+--
:i==¡:.1 .=*:t= +--- =l-- =t+ -=+:=: ==l: :ï =::ï:
.+-:- -:t--.
----..L--.,..
-
-'t--
-t---'' r-*- .--[-_: Ìt Ìrj¡----
--+--.-
'tt-:L-:-:
J-

'- --r-r--t:-
--l-
::-i- I i:
.--t-
:l:I:-.-
.=-L:::::
:--i.-+.-f_ _:+ -"-r ::F
r'-- t_.

4.0 =_:Ti-i
::+:i-
t" t: =:-{.:
-1
== - ---+-- -+-
--- - - -r-:l-:
=q-: -;,f::
:--j:l--
TF:
-F
=J=
l- =:fj -i-.-
--,t-
---l
-- f: :-l::

3'.5 ::::]:.: ::=I-.--_ f::i-E :-_I: :jsã _--f,off

=-i:= :--::_ û: -1-f.At-

-a-,-.-
¡:=:= -l---
__r- =:¡:::_ :l --r-, F* ::-[;
-aL---!-¿-.- __il--- L::::î::.

-*+!' -r __+ :I::

=F_:
-+--
=: t---F f -.--1--
+ -=:tr --t - _.:F 1I:
rL- E:-E
3.0 i--
-l-:\
ri'+ l=: ¡- ---
T1 =:=-- "'-f-:i ------t---
K -t
t :=J J .

--l---
:E:
{
--- ì- --ts4-f --
-..+\--t--\i---
_\-: #t: --=::= _-E
2.5 r--\:-
-E
.=l+ã i-:LT--
:--\ ::=l:--¿
+-¡ä---
:1:=
---J---

--::1r-- *-T7
sF+j"- li:.-::Î:= \-:= ==
tr:-Ì:- t\:t= ::-i:,:.:-
-:
r{,T,---- -tl-',\
::=Ë ..--ts-
:-ri,_= =:fFi f ¡ú.- _l-.- ::-c.:=
r----f----
-i:= f- N.:-r l-i..r- Í= ã=- Ë-Í: ===:
--J--_; =-l:
t:-F::\ :l :=:\ \:i-:- ña :ËS a:=-ir -L:
2.0 ãi ..:=::.. -J \-:':j :1.
1 . :
r- -'Ì:={ ::F:: r=.1--..1::1 f--
+ :-L \:.1:,--:^' --:: L'::-:L-:-.,\¡.' * -; _.. l
T::ti

:--.=]s.-: -:Èd: E F--

Ès E-:-l
t :*::: :i*-;a
r--_l::r:E: :=Ë= -
=,'i:i::l:: =Ë .- ..Þ-- * ---t--- ::::i::i:
::-it:-. :

,-:l= -_t--'
:...1 -- ---.þ.q 1:+=:
l-::-
:::1.1---
* ::;-l--.-__l -
-i-f
--:::r-=_
_ -_-

:=-l:s- l - : - . - l : , - : - i ._..:l- -::l-::-

:
:-:_t L -- r---_ *.
l . .-.......ff_+-
L-'r--È:tr:- -Èi:: E-,::-E :_-: - :l=;
i.--E, -
' f - -
--t---
F L H -'t'-
== -- +--- _--+::1 ---:-:l-t--
=--f-----: l::=i:: f: .-+.-- ---+ lE==E_-:
=+i= :_-1-
::,1:Ê:E:ì ::.;J
, ---L.--.
-_- r- .-!- -i=;

l-----
E:
t.0 :t-.-+= F== _-E_ ==ì:l

0 0.01 0 .0 5 0 .l 0 rld o'15 0.20 v.L,

-Î'-to'.'//"ro', 89
û/)=L Kt = I
 -l

n /
/Zn^ /(e c*on q ¡'-fse à cç a nJ
'
-1,.ar,allL,r. /ltr'rL" fl*r;

Top surfaee before grlndlng

ä J,t: i','r,-'å
T^'::'''
Depth From ,h. E^u- 4v,ù,ov-: L{.
Surfaee After 4 FHt¡l *"rt ur1ç/l f"',ë.ç*, Å tg
Flrst Grlnd
Glass surface after flrst grtnd {)Å t* } VJVJJ-
Mllltmeters Inches . 0 0 4 - l n .p t t o r
0 . 1 0 1 6 - m mp t t
0.000
3 x 0.004 = 0.012-tn.or 0.3048-mmmaterlal
0.0508 0.002 secondErlnd ""-ou*r,.
0 . 0 0 1 2 - i n lo r
0.1016 0.004 0 . 0 3 0 4 - m mp t t

0.1524 0.006 0 . 0 0 3 6 - l n .o r
0.0914-mm materlal removal
0.2032 0.008 0 . 0 0 0 8 - l n .o r
0 . 0 2 0 3 - m mp t t
0.2540 0.010
0 . 0 0 2 4 - l n .o r
0.3048 0.012 0.0609-mm materlal removal

0 . 35 5 6 0.014 0 . 0 0 0 5 5 - 1 no.r
Fracture (typtcal)
0 . 0 1 2l n . o r . . 0 1 3 9 ? - m mp t t
0.4084 0.016 0.3048mm deep 0.0016-lno
.r
,
0.4512 0.018 10.0406-mm materlal removal

0.5080 0.020

0.5588 0.022 0.0014-tn.or

T-
I
0.0355-mm Unknown
flaw depth

0 . 0 0 0 4 ? - l no. r
0 . 0 1 1 9 - m mp i t
-l
I Flg. ?-3 - Schematle of controlled grlnding process
H.
-I
 ì

Table ?-5 - ConventionatGrinding Sequence

(
Average Particle Size Material Remora.l*
Operation Abrasive Millimeters Inches Millimeters Inches

Milting 150 grit diamond 0.1016 0.004

Fine grind 2F aluminum oxide 0.0304 0.0012 o.o¡er o.oors
Fine grind 3F aluminum oxide 0.0203 0.0008 0.01?7 0.0007
Fine grind KII aluminum oxide 0.0139 0.00055 0.012? 0.0005
Fine grind KO aluminum oxide 0.0119 0.0004? 0.00?6 0.0003
Polish Barnsite rouge

*Although the amount of material to be removed was not specified, the averege
material removed is included for purposes of comparison.

Table ?-6 - Cbntrolled Grinding Sequence,

Average Particle Size Material. Removal ( S ecifi ed)

Operation Abrasive Millimeters Inches Millimeters Inches

Milling 150 grit diamond 0.1016 0.004

Fine grind 2F aluminum oxide 0.0304 0.0012 o.i¿e o.orz
Fine grind 3F aluminum oxide 0.0203 0.0008 0.0914 0.003
6
Fine grind KII aluminum oxide 0.0139 0.00055 0.0609 0.0024
Fine grind KO aluminum oxide 0.0119 4.0004? 0.0406 0.0016
Barnsite rouge (
Potish

?-16

-ffi.*È"
 ==ò

.-nr= ,'-l;o
---ï---r---+ J--
| ,(.=l gr!!_-, I
_ . _ . + _ - _ . . . _ i . _ _ , i l /_ l _ _
Wlìere iìt is the l>ending rnomcni
¡n 3-po¡nt or 4-Þo¡nt ben(tirìg

t ' = 1 . 7 2D i l - 1 . 2 7

. Pure b
--r
3-point, S/l

]_ _t_
3-poinr..t,/il

o.2 0.3 0.4 0,5

t)ht
2.5 tt/lll
kl)
k,)

îJ
{--- ly -:

t - l

2.O

r.9 --
l s ¡ ( , ¡ ; M e n d e l s o nk - -.--*l-

0.5
0.6
' K,''ii"-l-- l 0.8

,.u--1.
0 0 | t).? 0.3 0.4 0.f¡
ul"' o.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
n/$,
F I G U R E8 ' Z S t r e s si n t e n s i t yf o c l o r s o l u t i o n sf o r s e v e r o ls p e c i m e nc o n f i g u r o t i o n s . ¡ 7 /,( I

(Reprinted by permission of lhe Americon sociely for Testing ond Moteriols from FIGURE
8.7
copyrightmoteriol.)

G
v " ^ lL''\u,,(;:jr)
..w J
,
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266
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. ^-a
tu

ro-ã

to-

:tO
i
I
¡

to€

,^{l

x'' x lO-ã Nm-5/2

SÍRESS lNfEt{SITY FACTOR'

tu'!?ã

Crown I' BK7' air' 1007"RH.

F i g . 8. Borosilicate

3l
 TABLE Cl, FacePlate(0.787")WithLongSurface
Crack

CRACKGROWTHPARAMETERS; [= 524.00B- 10.82

INTENSITY = 555.0 (t'
CRITICALSTRESS

= 45.000 .
ResidualStress(transparent)

GEOMETRICSTRESSINTENSITYFACTORTABLE

A Y
0.000E+00 2.9400
n
0 .1 5 7 E -0 1 2.9400 Lu;
0.266F-0r 3.0220
0 .1 0 6 3.1300
0 .1 6 0 3.3100
0.315 5.3200 \, _=____--,-____.-)
0.532 t4.2900 /
C facr< o .'lu',
., "o" J
a,I,L
"Lrh
Maximum initial flaw size ì^J.t
STRESSL-crit 1 min I hour I daY 50years
ft'
¡, 2000. 0.0085 0.0042 0.0033 0.0026 0.0011
1975. 0.0087 0.0043 0.0034 0.0027 0.0011
1950. 0.0090 0.0044 0.0034 0.0028 0.0011
1925. 0.0092 0.0045 0.0035 0.0028 0.0012
1900. 0.0094 0.0041 0.0036 0.0029 0.0012
1875. 0.0097 0.0048 0.0037 0.0030 0.0012
eY tt
1850. 0.0099 0.0049 0.0038 0.0031 0.0013 tt Clou ìll
ø
1825. 0.0102 0.0051 0.0040 0.0032 0.0013 " 'n- ', O , 3 . ¿- 4
â ".,
!¡'1
1 8 0 0 . 0 .0 1 0 5 0.0052 0.0041 0.0033 0.0014 ^ ,*' f u É ' { - *
r 7 7 5. 0 .0 1 0 8 0.0054
1 7 5 0 . 0 . 0 1 1 1 0.0055
0.0042
0.0043
0.0034
0.0035
0.0014
0.0014
T J *J * ^ f \ ì à í ' ¿ r i
t 7 2 5 . 0 .0 i1 4 0.0057 0.0044 0.0036 0.0015
0.0037 0.0015 qvt
^ . - , r - '"f . i l o -, ,"l f
1 7 0 0. 0 .0 1 1 7 0.0059 0.0046 O,@',r ,
16'75.0.0120 0.0061 0.0047 0.0038 0.0016 **' "l' ''Ê" f '* ''t l"^
0.0049 0.0039 0.0016 ä
16s0. 0.0124 0.0062 .1 e, r, -4t f-i L t,' f Jt'
0.0050 0.0041 0.0017 i)
1 6 2 5 . 0 .0 1 2 8 0.0064 v
1600. 0.0132 0.0066 0.0052 0.0042 0.0018
r 5 7 s. 0 .0 1 3 6 0.0069 0.0054 0.0043 0.0018
1 5 5 0 . 0 .0 1 4 0 0.0071 0.0056 0.0045 0.0019
1525. 0.0145 0.0073 0.0057 0.0046 0.0019
1 s 0 0 . 0 .0 1 4 9 0.0076 0.0059 0.0048 0.0020
t 4 1 5 . 0 .0 1 5 4 0.0079 0.0062 0.0050 0.0021

L
 / 4 J / ,t,-
/-la*n,ol u LlLt , ^- î " / 4 , ; / .
S f-*"- lrt.' ,'
ÇLu s 'k t nà/*s

Table Al Maximum PermissibleFlaw SizeVersesTime to Failureat Stress

Flawgeomeüry is a longsurfaceflaw (length= 20*depth)in a semi-infiniæ

solid.Flawsize
is the depthof theflaw.

SEess Critical Flaw Ma:rimumInitial Flaw Size,Inches

Psi Size, Inches
1 dayexposure I yearexposure 50 yearexposure

1800 .0246 .0083 .0052 .0035

1600 .0312 .0106 .0067 .0046

1400 .0&7 .0t42 .0090 .006i

r200 .0554 .0197 .0125 .0086

1000 .0798 .029t .0186 .0r29

900 .0986 .03æ .0234 .0163

800 .1248 .0468 .0302 .02r1

750 .1420 49tv'r .0537 .0347 .0243

700 .1630 .0622 .0403 .0283

650 .1890 .0729 .0473 .0333

600 .2218 .0864 .0563 .0397

550 .2639 .1040 .0679 .0481

500 .3194 .t275 .0835 .0592

450 .3942 .1595 (fua .0746

400 .4990 .20/9 .1351 .0966

3s0 .65t7 .2722 .1802 .t293

300 .8871 .3777 .2512 .1811

250 t.2774 .55& .3720 .2695

200 1.9965 .8934 .6010 .4380

150 3.5488 1.6443 1.1148 .8186

100 7.9829 3.8808 2.6588 t.9719

50 3t.9397 16.8011 1r.7026 8.8154

q
 CONVERSIONFACTORS
SELECÍED TO STANDARDINTERNATIONAL
UNITS

!f ultiply By To Convert From To Multiply By

. lü- r0 inch meter (m) 2.54xl0-z

inch2 meteP (m2) 6.452x10-4
: j 3x 1 0 5 inch of mercury(32F) pascal(Pa) 3 . 3 8 6 xl d
. 105 kilocalorie joule () 4 . 1 8 4 xl d
:il4 kilogram-force newron(N) 9.807
.= rc+273.15 kilogram-force-meter newton-meter(N-m) 9.807
:(tF -32)/ t.8 kilogram-force/centimetel pascal(Pa) 9.807x 104
:=¡n,'1.8 kílogram-force/meteP pascal(Pa) 9.807
<l o - 5 kilogram-force/ millimetel pascal(Pa) 9.807x106
( l0-? kip (1000pounds) newton (N) 4.448xld
. 10-l kip/iûch2 (l$i) pascal(Pa) 6.895x l0ó
0 2x l 0 - ¡ e , . . . -vmcn
- - .--. pascal.Vm (PaVm )
ktp/rncn'. (Kslvrn.
) 1.099x106
:10-7
mil meter(m) 2 . 5 4 xl 0 - 5
nillimeter of mercury(mm Hg) pascal(Pa) 1 . 3 3 3 xl d
) - l 8 xl 0 - r
porse pascal-second
(Pa-s) I x l0-r
.ì561 pound-force newton (N) 4.448
i 0 7x , v ' pound-force/inch2þsi) pascal(Pa) 6.895x 103
Virrch þsiVin )
pound-force/inch2. pascal.Vñ (PaVm ) x 103
1.099
torr [mm He, (0 C)] pascal(Pa) 1 . 3 3x3 l d

t/f¡" = , r ' ' ,v , ËI i ' - : t !

u t /t¿ ú:
a

A i
I ) , -
-
I f.J /t it\"
[4- I
 ' TABLE 7. Strength Data' Soda-Ll¡e Slllcate
Glass Dlscs 12 lnches x 0.5 lnches

DisÈance
FracÈure of Origln
Tine from Center Stress
Pr""",trä p31 CoænÈs
psl l{lnutes Inches
Sauple
1 2'8 6,850 As received r loaded rapidlY
1 50

1 3'0 5 ,100 As recelved rloaded rapfdlY

2 40
4,920 As receÍvedrloaded raPidlY
30 1 1'4
3
4 r22O As receivedrbroke on 1n-
28 2'O
4 creaslng load

2.7 3,820 As recelved

5 28 5

7 0.1 3,480 Center scraÈched

6 20
3 0.1 4,52O Center scratched
7 26

2 0.0 2,790 Center scraEched

I L6
0.3 3,120 Center scratched
9 18 I

\ I 0.3 3,120 Center r¡cratched

10 18

L2 1.3 3,980 As received

11 24
2.3 4,260 As received
L2 29 720

11 2.4 3r640 As received

13 27

5 1.0 3,390 As received

L4 20

24 6 L.2 4,0oo As recef.ved

15

33 r3 3.4 3 , 7 7 O As recefved
16 I

0.0 L,740 Elllptlca1 crack aÈ failure r tÈüË

L7 t0 I
I lnch x 0.2.1nches

0.0 1,390 Elllptlcal crack at fallure

18 I 5
2 tnches x 0.26 lnches

0.0 870 ElliPtlcal crack aÈ failure

19 5 7,800
Z.3t t n c t r es x 0'34 lnches

44