Eiesent Gettus brecenusimsle We eo the present cimple: a) for permanent states, repeated actions and daily routines. He works in @ bank (permanent state) He takes the tran to work every morning (cay routine repeated actions) a 4) for sports commentaries, reviews and narration. 2) Peterson overtakes Willams land wins the race. (sports commentary) 'b) Mike Dalton plays the part of Macbeth. (review) 6) Then the prince gets on his borse and quickly rides away. (narration) b) for general truths and ws of nature, The sun sets in the west ©) for timetables (planes, trains, etc.) and programmas. The plane from Brussels arrives at 8:30. )_ to give instructions or directions (instead of the imperative. You sprinkle some cheese on the pizza and then you ba it (Instead of: Sprinkle some cheese on the pizza.) ‘The present simple is used with the following time ‘expressions: usually, often, always, efc., every day) week/monthiyear, in the morning/afternoon| evening, at night, at the weekend, on Mondays, etc. Fiesent Contthueds We uce the precent continuoue: “i 'b) for temporary actions; that is actions that are going ‘on around now, but not EE at the actual moment of speaking. a) for actions taking place ‘now, at the moment of speaking. He is giving the baby a bath at the moment ‘Tm looking for“ \.a new job these days. 4 (He is not looking for a job at the moment of speaking ©) with adverbs such as: always, constantly, continually, etc. for actions which happen very often, usually to express annoyance, irritation or anger. a)l'm always meeting Sara when I 90 shopping {action which happens very often) ) You're constantly interrupting me when Vm talking, (expressing annoyance itation) 4) for actions that we have already arranged to do in the near future, especially when the time and place have been decided. They're moving into their new house next week. (The time has been decided!) @) for changing or developing situations. More and more species are becoming extinct. ‘The present continuous Is used with the following time expressions: now, at the moment, at present, these days, stil, nowadays, today, tonight, etc.Bresenubertect ] We use the present perte ‘@) for an action which started in the past and continues up to the present, especially with state verbs such as be, have, like, know, etc. In this case, we offen use for and sinc Rachel has had the dog for tinee years. (She yot te oy tee years ago and she stil has it) b) for an action which has recently finished and whose sult is visible in the She has just washed her hair (She has now wrapped her hair {na towel. so the action has finished ) ©) for an action which happened at an unstated time in the past. The exact time Is not mentioned because itis either unknown or unimportant. ‘The emphasis is placed on the action. The Taylors have bought 2 sailing boat. (The exact time is pp unknown or unimportant. What Is important isthe fact that they ba now own a saling boat) = 4) for an action which has happened within a specific time period which is not over at the moment of speaking. We often use words and expressions such as today, this morningievenina/weekimonth, ete. ‘She has taken fiteen pictures today. (The time period - today - Js not over yet. She may take move pictures.) BUT: She took twenty pictures yesterday. (The time period - yesterday -s over) Note: We use the present perfect to announce a piece of news and the past simple or past continuous to give more details about it. The police have finaly arrested Peter Ouncan. He was trying to leave the country when they caught bi, The present perfect is used with the following time ‘expressions: for, since, already, yet, always, just, ever, never, s0 far, today, this weekimonth, etc., how long, lately, recently, still (in negations), etc. BreSenu perrecu Gontinugus We use the present perfect continuous: '2)_ to put emphasis on the duration of an action which started in the past and continues up to the present, especially with time expressions such as for, ‘since, all morningiday/ year, etc. ‘sam nas geen taiking on the phone for half an hour. (He began talking on the phone hait an hour ago ‘and he is stil talking ) b) for an action which started in the past and lasted for some time. The action may have finished or may still be going on. ‘The result of the action Is visible in the present. Her feet nut. she has been walking all moming, (The result ofthe action is Visible inthe present - her oot burt) ©) to express anger, irritation or annoyance. Somebody hhae boon giving our plans. (Une speaker is rntated!) Note: With the verbs live, work, teach and feel (= have @ particular emotion) we can use the present perfect or present perfect continuous with no difference in meaning. We have livedihave been living here for twenty years. The present perfect continuous is used with the following time expressions: for, since, how long, lately, recently.8 Theteacher has been correctingihas corrected essays Note: We use the present perfect to put emphasis on fee aecetone umber and the present perfect continuous to put ——g_icnae’'s car broke down last week, so he usesiis using emphasis on duration. his father’s forthe time being. Compare the examples: 10 Itrarely getsiis getting very hot in Britain (By crcore the corect ans 1.C.. him, 100. He's very nice ‘am meeting B have been meeting C have met Ndvetbs ot Erequency- @ Adverbs of frequency (always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom/rarely, never, etc.) come before 2 in a hotel? the main verb (read, work, etc.) but after the verb fo No, But my parenis cid last summer in Rome ‘bo, auxiliary verbs (do, have, etc.) or modal verbs ‘Have you ever stayed B Did you ever stay (can, should, etc.). Adverbs of frequency go € Are you ever staying before the auxiliary verbs in short answers 3 Who is in that naw film? €.g, Susan often goes sking a the weekend. ‘Wella young aciress the leading te i= fs sometimes rude fo other people. ‘Aas been playing plays C has played You ean always call me it you need help. aoe eee ‘Do you help your mother with the housework?” Yes, but he 1 shower at tne moment Yee, usually do, Aishaving Bas been hang. © has @ Expressions such as every day, once/twice a 5 ‘Why are you so upset?” week/month, etc., most mornings/evenings, etc. ' my favourite ring. go at the beginning or the end of a sentence. Alose 8 have been losing C have lost Usually, often, sometimes, normally and occasionally 6 “Have you found a house yet? ccan go at the beginning or the end of a sentence No.1 wnt my aunt atthe moment for more emphasis. Astay Bam staying C have stayea 8.9. We go on holiday twice a year. Usually, | finish work at five. | fee! bored sometimes. Put the adverbs of frequency in the correct position. © The adverbs never, seldom and rarely have a negative meaning end ere never used with the a. Do you wear sunglasses in tne winter? word not. B: No. Ido. (never) 2.9, | rarely go to bed late, (NOT: Hareldentgen..) No, | never do. 2 A: Do you like fishing, Alan? B: Yee, I g0 fishing at wookends. (cometimes) 3. A Do you go to the gym very often? B: Yes, Igo. (once a week) 4 A How often do you visit your parents? B: [visit them. (every weekend) 1. The plane Jeavesihas left at four o'clock. We mustbe § A:_Do you eal in restaurants very often? atthe airport by two o'clock. B: No. Ido. (arely) 2 It getsiis getting colder and colder every day. 6 A: Do you like oysters? 3 Have you seen Linda? | have been lookingiam looking B: I don't know. | have eaten oysters, (never) for her for almost an hour 7 A: How often do you go on noliday? 4 Samis a very interesting person. He knowsihas known B: 1 go on holiday. (once a year) all kinds of unusual facts. 8 A: When do you read your post? 5 First, you are heatingiheat the oven to a temperature B: [read it on the way to work. (usually) of 180°C. 9 & Shall lock the door? 6 Have you heard the news? They have just elected) B: Of course. You should lock the door when you go have been electing a new club chairman! ‘out. (always) 7. Martha is findingihas found anew job. She is staring 10: You are breaking things! (always) next week. B: I'm sony. I don't mean to.(A) scanty te tenses, then match them tothe correct descriptions. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 0 10 " 2 13 4 ‘The plane to Sydney leaves at eleven o'clock I have written two letters this morning, ‘They'te going on holiday on Saturday, Graham has known Errol for five years, You're always leaving the door open We are rehearsina a new olay at the moment. George has bought a new car. Usa has been cleaning the house all morning. Look! Alison has dyed her hai! More and more people are recycling their rubbish PUL the verbs In brackets Into the correct, present form. A: Tortoises «lve. (ve) to be very old 8: Ive heard of one which ie over a hundred years old A: Ae you stll busy? B Yes.1 (read) this article for an hour and I stit (notfinsh). A: More and more people {go} to University these days, B: Yes. | think i's a good thing AL (have) a party tonight. Do you want to come? ©: Yes, wnat ume does i stan? ‘A: Why are your shoes wet? BI (wash) the car. A: What's the matter? BI (oreak) my ankle A. What do | need to do next? 8: You (add) the sugar to the mixture and you (rnin it wel &: who (use) my car? B: Ihave AA: Ae you new here? By No. Actually, | {live) here for almost ten years, A: Pete is playing his music very loud. B: Again! He (atwaysido) that! A; Have you made plans for Saturday yet? BI (go) to the cinema with Jack. A: Mr Collins is a very good teacher. 8: Well, he (teach) Maths for twenty-five years, you know. [A: Are you going to the concert on Saturday night? B: Yes. Actually, | (already/buy) the tickets, A Hello, Simon, B: Oh! We (alwaysimeet) each other in this supermarket vraag azIIITG ‘actions which started in the past and continue up to the present action which has recently finished and whose result is, visible in the present to put emphasis on the duration of an action which started in the past and continues up to the present to express criticism or annoyance timetables and programmes actions that we have arranged to do in the near future action which has happened within a specific tme period Which is not over at the moment of speaking action which happened at an unstated time in the past i changing or developing situations temporary actions & Dear Kathleen 4) (writ) to tell you my news. My school 2) (choose) me to spend ‘six weeks at a Schoo! in the USA. Im very happy about it! » a) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. 'm writing [At the moment, 13) (pack) things for my trip, because | 4) (leave) next week. My mother 5) (book) the ticket. i) (wait) for this opportunity for ‘ages. so Im very excited. | 7) irish reading two books about the USA and | 8) (Gorrow) another one from the school Nar. 19) (become) more and more nervous every day! Well. | must go now. Ive got a lot of things to do. Ii write to you from the USA. Love. Tracy b) Which of the present forms in the text above are used to express: 1. actions which happened at an unstated time in the past 2 actions which started in the past and continue up to the present with emphasis on duration actions happening at or around the moment of speaking 4 changing and developing situations 5 actions that we have arranged to do in the near future a10 jerbs which describe a state rather than {an action and therefore do not normally have continuous tenses. These include: a) ») oy verbs which express likes and dislikes: dislike, hate, enjoy, prefer, adore chocolate ice cream. verbs af the eencee: 200, hear, emell, tat look, sound. We often use can or could with these verbs when we refer to what we see, hear, ete. at the moment of speaking. e.g. Jim must be at home. | ‘can see his car parked outside. verbs of perception: know, believe, understand, realise, remember, forget, notice, recognise, think, ‘seem, see (=understand), expect (=think), etc. e.g, | expect they will be late some other verbs such as be, contain, include, belong, fit, need, matter, cost, mean, own, want, ‘owe, have (=possess), require, weigh, wish, keep (continue), ete. eg. My uncle owns a hotel ike, love, ete. €.9. | love ‘Some of the above verbe are ueed in continuous tense when they describe actions and not states. Study the follow 1 2 3 4 (Dy retin vere in 1 2 examples: | think he's ying. (= believe) ''m thinking about the plan. (= am considering) The food tastes delicious. (= has a delicious flavour) He is tasting the food. (= is testing the flavour of) | can see some people. (= perceive with my eyes) | see what you mean. (= understand) I'm seeing my doctor tomorrow. (= am meeting) It looks as if they've finished the job. (= appears) Mike is looking out of the window. is directing his eyes) A: why are you emelng. youll te soap? 8 (smell lovely. Its lke roses! Wy (youttaste) the soup? B: Tosesifit (taste) good. | think itneeds more salt. wI (fool) very tired B: You should go to bed early ra (see) Andy this evening, BI (see). So, you don't want 10 come to the cinema with me, do you? A: How much {the bag of applesiweigh)? B: Idon't know yet. The man’ (weigh) the bag now. AT (think) about buying a new car soon B: Why? (think) your car is fine You don't need a new one. A: What (youtlook) at? B: The sky. It (look) as if i's going to rain, 10 1” Note: 9) The verb enjoy can be used ur: 10 1” 1 13 This perfume smelis nice. (= has a nice smell He is smelling the mik. (= is snitfing) The baby’s hai feels like silk. (~ has the texture of) She is feeling the baby’s forehead. (= is touching) Bob has a Porsche. (= possesses) He's having a shower at the moment, (= is taking a shower) ‘The chicken weighs 2 kilos. (= has a weight of) The butcher is weighing the meat. (= is measuring how heavy itis) This dress fits you perfecly. (= itis the right size) We are fitting new locks. (= are puting in) He appears to be nervous He is appearing in a new play He is a rude person. (= character - permanent state) He is being rude. (= behaviour - temporary situation, usually with adjectives such as careful, sly impolite. lazy, etc) continuous tenses to express specific preference. e.g. im enjoying this party alot. (speciic preference) enjoy going to partes. (| enjoy partes in general) bb) The verbs fook (when we refer to a person's appearance), fee! (= experience a particular ‘emotion), hurt and ache can be used in either the continuous or simple tenses with no difference in meaning, 8.9, You lookiare looking great today. .ckets into the present simple or the present continuous. A Lreally (enjoy) home-made food. B: Sodol and! (enjoy) every bit of this meal A Why (yourtee)) the radiator? Bit (feel) cold in here. Is the heating on? A: That famous opera singer (appear) at the opera house tonight. B: Yes. He (appear) to be feeling better after his operation, Chris (be) a sensible person, isn't ne? B: Yes. but in this case he (oe) rather foolish A: My dad (fit) the od blind from the living room in my bedroom today. B: Really? (uty that window? A: My back: (hun) 8: Why don't you le down for a wnile?‘She isn't here, Hy She's gone to the “supermarket, / Where the supermarket © She has gone to the office. (This means she has not come back yet. She is stil a the office.) © He has been to Rome twice. (This means that he has visited Rome twice; he Is not there now. He has come back.) Note: In this case been Is used as the past participle of the verb to go. Fill in the gaps with have / has been (to) or have / has gone (to). 1. A: Hello, Jim! Have you seen Mum? B: Yee, She . has gone to... the chops. She'llbe back 2A: Where you today? BI the cinema, 3A: Shall we go on a picnic this weekend? B. Oh, yes! | rot (on a picnic for ages. 4 A: Im going to India this year. BI never India A Really? | there twice before 5 A: Where are tne children? 8: They. the park to play football a Dad with them? BO course Don't worry! (Gy encerine tne comect wor in ol | alwaysialready do the housework on Saturdays. We haven't booked our summer holiday justyet My brother has just/ever joined the football club, Linda has already/ever bought a new dress for the part. Have you so far/ever tasted Japanese food? JJoe has been in Paris since/for two weeks. | have neverijust seen ths film belore, The secretary has typed twenty letters yel/so far this ‘morning, 9 Ihave been working here since/still July. 40. The Taylors have moved house recently/so far. 11. They sill/already haven't employed a new supervisor. 10 " 2 aero Be @rar wror Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present form. Linda ...is learning... learn) to drive at the moment. | know. She told me last wook Has Alan got a job? Oh yes. He (be) the manager of a leisure centre Do vou want to have a break now? Not yet. | (owe) a repor for tomorrow's meeting. I's ten o'clock. Have you given the manager his letters? Yes. and (atsoltype) sx reports so far this morning. Is Jeff stil in the garden? Yes. He (plant) flowers all aternoon That author is very well-known. isn't she? Yes. She (write) twenty novels so far You look very happy today. Lam. Gustineas) some good news. What time (the play! start) tonight? Seven o'clock, | think ‘Are you new to this company? Not realy. In fact. 1 (work) here for almost two years, ‘Ave you ready for the concent? Yes. (practise) or weeks. Do you do any exercise at all? Yes. Actually. | (go) swimming three times a week 1Lots Best Sine ‘We use the past simple: @) for an action which happened at a definite time in the past. The time is stated, already known or imptiea a) ») They went camping by the lake last month. (When ai they go camping? Last month. The time is stated.) ») for actions which happened immediately one atter the other in the past. ° First she paid the driver, then she got out of the taxi ) for past habits or states which are now finished. In Such cases we can also use the expression used to. 4 Kitchens wereiused to be very iflerent a hundred years ago, The past simple Is used with the following time expressions: yesterday, then, when, How long ago ...?, last nightiweek/monthiyear/Tuesday, etc. three days} weeks, ete. ago, in 1997, etc. 2 est Continous We use the past continuous: for an action which was in progress ata stated time in the past. We do not mention when the action Startea or rinsed At seven o'clock ® af L yesterday evening thy were having Ger ; (tec nt snow wen they stoned or ished ther dimer) for an action which was in progress when another action interrupted it. We use the past continuous for ae the action in progress (longer action) and the past simple for the action which interrupted it (shorter action), He was walking down the street when he ran into an ld trend, {for two or more simul neous past actions. ‘She was talking on her ‘mobile phone while she was driving to work. to describe the atmosphere, setting, ete. in the introduction to a story before we describe the main events. ‘One beautitul autumn afternoon, Ben was strolling down 2 quiet county lane. The birds were singing and the leaves were rustling in the breeze. a The past continuous is used with the following time expressions: while, when, as, all morningieveningiday/ night, ete.best Periect We use the past perfect: ) for an action which happened before another past action or before a stated time in the past. ware She had finished work when she met her fiends for cottee, (She tnished work fest and then she met her frends.) ') for an action which finished in the past and whose result was visible in the past. He was happy. He had signed an important contract. (The action fished in the past and its result was visible in the past. 100) Note: The past perfect is the past equivalent of the present perfect 29. a} He had feed the old armchair. It looked brand new, (The action —had fixed happened in the past. The result looked brand new. was also visible in the past.) He has fixed the old armchair. It looks brand new. (The action — has fixed happened in the past The result —Iooks brand new ~ 1s still visible in the present) The past perfect is used with the following time expressions: before, after, already, just, for, since, til) until, when, by, by the time, never, ete. Note: We can use the past perfect or the past simple with before or after without any difference meaning. e.g. They went out after it had stopped | stopped raining. Pasi Feticet Continuous We use the past perfect continuous: a) to put emphasis on the duration of an action which started and finished in the past before another past action or a stated time in the past, usually with since or for. They had been looking for a house for six months ‘before they found one they liked b) for an action which lasted for some time in the past Wd whose resull was visible in the past Last Friday Ron had to fy to New York. His fight was delayed. He was annoyed. He had been waiting atthe airport for three hours. (He waited atthe airport for three hours and the result of the action was visible in the past. 100,) Note: The past perfect continuous is the past equivalent of the present perfect continuous. e.g. a) | had been driving for ten hours. so | felt exhausted. (The action ~ had been driving ~ lasted for some time in the past The result felt exhausted — was also visible in the past.) b) 1 have been driving for ten hours. so | feel exhausted. (The action —have been driving Started in the past. The result feel exhausted ~ is ‘ti visible in the present, The past perfect continuous is used with the following time expressions: for, since, how long, before, until, ate. Bb4 A. Brian and Ruth went on a day trp yesterday. Look at the notes below and say what they did, using the linking words from the list. first, then, nex, after that, later, finally St: First, they travelled to Brighton by train. 9:15 - 10:90: travel to Brighton by train 40:20 - 11:30: look around shops 11:90 = 12:30: walk on beach 120 - 200: eat lunch at seaside restaurant 2:00 - 4:20; visit funfair 4:20 - 5:0; have afternoon tea B Now, in pairs, ask and answer ‘questions about what Brian and Ruth were doing at the times in the list below, as in the example. ‘SA: What were Brian and Ruth doing at half past nine In the morning? SB: They were travelling to Brighton by train 9:90 am 11:45 am 2:30 pm 11:00 am 1:15 pm 5:00 pm Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the past continuous. A The sun 4) ..was shining... (shine) and the birds 2) (sing) as Mike 3) (arve) down the county lane. He 4) (smile because he 5) (look forward) to the journey ahead. Mike 6) (enjoy) driving, especially when he 7) (go) somewhere new. Then, suddenly, the engine 8) (begin) to make a strange noise and the car 9) (stop) dead in the middle of the road. Mike 10) (try) to stat it, but nothing 11) (happen) He 12) (sigh). then 13) (get out) ofthe car. As he 14) (pusty the ‘ar to the side of the road, Mike 15) (star) to wish he had stayed at home. B John 1) (enter) his lat and 2) (close) the door. He 3) {ang up) his coat when he 4) (hear) a strange noise. A tap 5) (run) in the kitchen. He 6) (walk) into the kitchen and 7) (turn) it oft Then, ne 8) {tteeze). Someone 9) (stand) behind him. He 10) (take) a deep breath and 11) (turn) around. His flatmate. Steve, 12) (lean) in the doorway, "You 13) (ive) me a fright! Jonn exclaimed Steve 14) (laugh) at him. John 15) (star) to laugh, too. 1 16) (think) you had gone to London today. he said. ‘No, 7) (reply) Steve. ‘Unfortunately. | 18) (iss) the train coe ene 1 Were you expecting James and Paul to stay for dinner? 'No, but |..A...@ fot of food, so it didn't matter. A had prepared B was preparing © had been preparing 2 Tony has been singing for years. hasn't he?” Yes. He his frst record when he was sixteen A made B was making had made 3. “There was a power cut last night, I know. | some paperwork when the lights went out A had been doing B was doing © had done 4 ‘Did you see Paul Simon in concen?” 'No. | was hoping to get tickets, but they Ahad sold out B sold out © were selling out 5 ‘The restaurant was packed last night ‘Yes. Luckily | a table in advance. A was booking B had booked © had been booking 6 ‘Did you watch the film yesterday? ‘No. It by the time we got home, A finishes B was finishing © had finished 7 Did you stay up late lastnight? No. | all day, so | went to bed early A had been working = B-worked © was working 8 ‘Did you enjoy your holiday? ‘Yes, We ‘mast of our time on the beach, ‘A had spent B were spending spent 9 ‘Kim looked tied this morning. know. She all night long A studied B had studied © had been studying 10 “So what happened? we through the woods when we heard a gunshot A hadwaked B walked © were walkingUsce te/Be uscd ted Cet usec te/Weule © We use used to + Infinitive to reter to past habits fr states. In such cases, used to can be replaced by the past simple with no ditference in meaning eg. They used to travelitravelled a lot when they were vounger. (Thev don't anv more © We use the past simple, and not used fo, in the following cases: a) to refer to an action which happened at a definite time in the past 2.9.1 drove to work yesterday. (NOT:-tuseeHo-deine to-werkyesterdey:) b) to say how many times an action happened at a definite time in the past. 2g. went fo the cinema four times last month (NOT: tsecHe-ge-to-the-ememeoor-tmes-est month) ‘# We use would/used to for repeated actions or routines in the past. e.g. We would\used to eat out on Sundays We do not use would with state verbs eg. a) They used to live in London. (NOT: Fheywrovtcttven-tondon state) ) used to have a pet dog. (NOT: bee hveeneteloe ) © Be used to + noun/pronoun/-ing form = be accustomed to, be in the habit of 9.8) They are used to the cold. (present) ) L001 ming waiking. Im used to Mt (present) ) She wasn't used to living in the country (past) © Get used to + noun/pronouning form = become accustomed to eg a) 1am getting used to the weather. (present) bb) He didn't tke using the computer at frst, but hhe got used to it (past) ) She will soon get used to wearing contact lenses, (tuture) a sone oe erect eter 1 “Shaton looks ditterent now, doesn't she? Yes. She .... to have long dark hair, didn't she? A is used B used © would 2 10 2 3 st 2: ‘Ihave never dren an automatic car before. You will soon tot A gotusod —B beused © © used How is Saran? ‘She's fine. She A got used to life in the countryside B used € is getting used Have you always worked as a nurse? No. | a childminder A was used to being © amused to being ‘Do you remember when we were litle?” Yes. Dad always read us a bedtime story A wasused!o B would — C gotusedto B used to be ‘Reon't you teed? No! to walking long distances. A amused —-B_gotused C used ‘Jane had trouble with her job at first ‘Yes. She to working on her own, A used B gotused C wasn't used Did you find your degree course difficult” Yes, but | soon toit A used B gotused C was used Do you rememiber Uncle Danny? Yes. He always bring us presents. A would B wasused C used Have you ever lived in a flat before? ‘No. but I wil tot A be used B getused C used Because | to getting up early in the morning, Aamused Bused © amnotused ‘Do you know that man? Yes. He to work for me, A wasused B used = isused Mary had to move to Italy for her job. At first. she found tiving in a foreign country quite dificult. but she is slowly getting used to it. Use the prompts below to talk about how she is getting along, as in the example. She wasn't used to living by the sea, but she is used to It now. She stil hasn't got used to living on her own. lvebythesea ¥—* useanewcurrency ¥ 4 Wen heroun x @ nowoustome = | be away fom her © dive onthe other | famiy andifiends x side oftheroad x hotweather 7 speak Italian esbest Sinple ‘The past simple is used for actions which happened in the past and are not related to the present. We use the past simp ‘+ for an action which happened at a definite time in the past. The time is stated, already known or implied. sion Cot pana tf aay (When? In 1980. The time fs stated.) Mr Clark taught Maths for thity years (He is no longer a teacher. He has retired) ‘+ for an action which happened in the past and cannot bbe repeated. 9. a) Mike won more than twenty medals when he was an athlete. (He is 10 longer an athlete. He cannot win another medal.) b) Fonce spoke to Frank Sinatra. (He is ne longer alive. won't speak fo him again.) ** for an action which happened within a specific time period which is over at the moment of speaking. eg. I wrote three eters this morning, (The time period is ‘over. It is evening or night now.) Note: Fesent Feticet ‘The present pertect is used for actions in the past and are related to the present. happened We use the present perfect: ‘= for an action which happened at an unstated time in the past. The exact time is either unknown or unimportant, and therefore it is not mentioned or implied. ‘Simon Cook has painted 2 lot of pictures. (When? We 00 not know. The exact time is not ‘mentioned or implies.) * for an action which started in the past and continues up to the present. ‘Mrs Nelson has taught French for twenty years (She started teaching French twenty years ago and she i stil teaching French today.) d ** for an action which happened in the past and may be repeated. eg. a) Ben is an athiete. He has won more than ten ‘medals. (He ts stl an atniete. He may win some ‘more medals.) 'b) ve spoken to Celine Dion. (She is stil alive. may ‘speak to her again) ‘+ for an action which happened within a specific time period which is not over at the moment of speaking, 2g. [ve written two letters this morning, (The time period We use the past simple to talk about actions which were performed by people who are no longer alive, even It the time Is not stated. e.g. Charles Dickens wrote Oliver Twist Put the verbs in brackets AB 14)..ve seen. (See) this film before. B: Me too, but I ove this actor. He 2) (lay) a lat of good roles. A. Tom Cruise? 13) (meet him, you know. B: Really? When? A: When 14) (be) in Los Angeles on holiday. BA: Whois that man? & Hess an artst. He 1) (painy a tot of beautiful pictures. A: Ithink Van Gogh 2)... (paint) the most beautiful pictures ever. But his ife 3) (be) miserable. 16 10 the past simple or the present perfect. cAI Gustthear from) an old trend of mine B: Oh, realy? A Yes. Jim2) (write) to me. 3) (get) the letter this moming B: That's nice. When 4) (youtfrstimeet) him? A tle 5) (lve) next door to me for three years, but he 6) (move) avy last June and | 7 (not/see) him since.‘© Thepast simple is used for actions | @ The past continuous is used for @ past action which was in progress when another action Interrupted it. Big | [al which happened immediately one after the other in the past. When Jim came home, they watched a film on TV. Jim came nome and then they watcned a tim together.) ‘came home.) ‘Continuous = Ni When Jim came home, Mary was watching a fim on TV. (She was sult watching tne tim when Jim X ch ieee © The past perfect is used for an action which happened before another past action or a specific time in the past. oe When Jim came home, Mary had already watched the film on TV. (She watched the fm tirst. Jim ‘came home afterwards.) ‘© We can use the past simple, past continuous or past perfect without any difference in meaning with verbs such {as think, hope, mean, expect. etc. for things we hoped or wished to do, but didn't. e.g, | expectediwas expectingihad expected him to call me, but he dint Put the verbs in brackets into the correct ten: 1A What ..were you doing... (youldo) at ten o'clock ia morning? BI (ead) some important documents in my office 2 A: Why are you so disappointed? B: Because | pass the test, but I didn’, Have you found your bag yet? B: No, but! to the police yesterday ia you enjoy the play last night? 8: No, even though I {900d reviews of it before | Bought the tickets. (hope) that ! would (repon) it stolen (read) 5A: Have you writlen your report yet? ca ustistar) when you came in, actually. 6 A: Sorry 'm late B. Where have you been? | (expect) you an hour ago. 7 & We (go) to an antique market yesterday, 8 (yourbuy) anything? 8 A: Were you surprised that the factory closed down? B. Not really. tn fact. | twas going to happen. ‘Julia did well in the test, didn't she? B: Yes. She (study) very hard for it (kom) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tensé ‘A When Simon 1) arrived. ozone of poopie 2) They 3) (arrive) at the cinema, (quous) outed. (wait) to see the samme film ‘as Simon, Simon, however. 4) (buy) attcket in advance, so he §) (walk) straight to the front of the queue and 6) (enter) the cinema. He 7) (te0)) relieved that he didn’t have to queue. He 8) (reach) his seat just as the lights 9) (go down) for the start ofthe fim, B Last weekend, Cathy 1) (rire) acar ana 2) (drive) to the seaside. When she 3) (arrive) the wind 4) (blow) and the sky 5) (be) cloudy. She 6) (get out) of the car and 7) (take) a walk along the seafront. Then she {(decige) to go for isn ana chips at a nearby restaurant that she 9) (500) earlier and liked the ook of. By the time she 10) (leave) the restaurant, it 11) (alreadyiarow) ‘dark. As she 12) (walk) to hor carit 13) (begin) to rain. However, Cathy 14) {notimind) because she 15) (have) a wonderful day. V7GB, i People used to havelhad very simple ives in those days. ‘She was talking on the phone when her boss came in. ‘Sam was in hospital because he had erashed his car They had been studying hard all morning, so they were tired. | was cooking lunch while he was pouring the drinks. we naa peen ving in ine nouse tor a year Detore We decorated the kitchen Princess Diana did a lot of work for charity. ‘At two o'clock this afternoon they were having lunch at work. First, she knocked on the door. Then, she went inside, \We had bought the tickets before we went to the theatre, 20), underne ine correct tense. 1 10 " 2 13 4 5 16 7 8 9 Lynne was singing/had sung as she was cleaning the windows, ‘Mr Todd was teachingihad been teaching for thirty vears when he retired I phoned Jack because | wantedihad wanted to ask him a question, They had walkedihad been walking for hours when they stopped for a rest. Ihe shop nad been sellinginad sold tne table by ine time | got there, Joe was happy. He was winningihad won first prize in the competition, It was raining/had rained while they wer football match, Rob was openingiopened the box and looked inside. Eve was delighted to hear that she was getting/had got the job. People used to workiwere working very long hours in those days, | was running when | slippediwas slipping on the ice. ‘They were already buyingihad already bought the lickets when they went to the concent Carol had brokeniwas breaking her arm. so she Couldn't write for six weeks. We had been staying/stayed in a hotel by the sea last Elvis Presley sangihad sung lots of hit songs. openediwas opening the door and stepped outside, They had stood|were standing outside when the resulls were announced, ‘Alexander Graham Bell had inventedlinvented the telephone. She broke the glass while she had washediwas washing it playing the. then match them to the correct scriptions. 1a 0 tak about actions of people who are no longer alive 'b action which happened before another past action or botore a stated time in the past © actions which happened immediately one after the ‘other in the past {to put emphasis on the duration ofan action which stated and finished in the past before another past acton action which was in progress ata stated time in the past two or more simultaneous actions action in progress when another action interrupted it action which lasted for some time in the past and whose result was visible in tne past past habit or state which is now finished {action which finished in the past and whose result was visible in the past QA), choose me correct answer 1. He went to bed ..5.. ne had brushed his teeth A before Batter © while 2 Iwas watching television the doorbell rang A when B assconas © while 3. She hadn't finished the washing-up when the quests arrived, A yet B just © suit 4 We had been walking for hours we reached the campsite A since B tor © before 5 John was repairing the car Steve was tidying the garage A while B betore © ater 6 We went to Spain on holiday A tomorow —B next year © ast year 7 (ell asleep | closed my eyes. A just B assoonas — C akeady 8 did Jane and Ted get married? A Howlong B How long ago © While 9 She hasn't seen Jim she left school A for B ust © since 10 He won't go home hhe has finished his work A how long B unt © yet 11 Tave lived in Kent ten years now. A since B for © betore 12. We haven't finished work A yet B until © just 13 did Tina meet Steve? A Howlong —B How long ago WhileFill in the gaps with an appropriate past form. 2, * (One fine marning, @ man 4) in a river. The sun 2) (shine) and the man 3) (sit) on the river bank. Everything was very quiet and peaceful. The man 4) (wait) patiently for several hours when suddenly he §) (feel) something pulling on the fishing line. He 6) (stand up) quickly and 7) (begin) to take in the line, He 8) (Gusti) the huge fish he had caught out of the water when there was a loud splash and it ell back into the ver. A firs, the man didn't know what 9) (happen. Then, he 10) (look) carefully at his fishing line. It 11) (snap). The poor man was so disappointed that he 12) (pack) away all his things and went home. was fishing... (ish) +1 emphasis on the duration of an action which started Sand fnished inthe past before another past action or asstated time in the past 2. action which happened at a definite time in the past- time stated, known or implied 3 actions which happened immediately one after wwe ther in the past 44 to describe the atmosphere, the setting, etc. in the introduction toa story 5 action which happened before another past action we 1. While Joanne ..1vas washing... her hai, Carl was Cleaning the house. 2 Ihave no idea where | my wallet 3 He off his skateboard, his leg when he fell 4 We in the classroom for ton minutes before the teacher artived 5 She to the theatre lastnight 6 Mytooth for a week before | went to the dentist's, 7 She cried when she her driving test 8 What when the alarm went off? 9. They got into the car and away. 10. I could tell she the ‘competion because sne couldn t Siop Smiling 11 We ‘along the beach when we heard a cry for help. 12 Tom the piano for years before he became famous ‘A: Hello, Mark. You 1) ..to0k: answer the door (take) a tong time to 8: Sorry. 12) (notihear) the bell Come in. Tony. ‘A: 3) What (you'plan) to do today? B. Well 14) (think) of going for a picnic in the country. but the weather is awful so | 5) (change) my mind ‘A: Oh dear. Well. yesterday Mary 6) (tel) me that she 7) (buy) two tickets to see the Rocking Stars, but she couldn't goto the concert. So 18) (buy) the tickets trom her. because 19) (rink) you's ike 10 go, 8: Tory, that's brillant! | 10) (mean) to buy tickets for that concer, but they 11) (sell out) by the time 112) booking office A: Well. it's lucky | 13) (g0) to the (see) Mary. then. isn't it? Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. Look at Steve! He is soaking wet iknow. He ..has been washing... wash) the cat. why {youlmake) 50 much food? well (expect) guests, but they phoned to say they couldn't come. 3. A’ Julia performed well at the concert B: Yes, She (practise) for months belorehand, an (youjever!go) to Spain? B: Yes. (go) last year. 5A: | like your new coat B. Tharik you. (wear) my old coat for years, so | decided to buy a new one, 6 A: Do you know this town well? B: Of course. | (live) here for six years. 9Sie We use the future simple: 4) in predictions about the future usually with the verbs think, believe, expect, etc., the expressions be sure, bbe afraid, etc., and the adverbs probably, perhaps, ~~ Imatrad we Certainly, etc.( won't be on tin for the meeting, ») for on-the-spot decisions. 7 Ft \ this eg of lamb. ©) for promises (usually with the verbs promise, swear, guarantee, etc), threats, warnings, requests, hopes (usually with the verb hepe) and offers. leon (understand this (exercise. Wil you help me, wih i? request OF course! TU explain i 0 you (otter) 4) for actionsievents/situations which will definitely happen in the future and which we cannot control. ‘Te temperature will reach 40°C tomorrow. SEE Cele Te We use be going to: a) for plans, intentions or ambitions we have for the future. 1'm going to become a famous violinist one day. (ambition) ‘Now that they've won the ‘otter, they are going to buy {a big house. jintention/plan) ») for actions we have already decided to do in the rear future. They are going to get ‘married in three months. (They have already decided toaoit) BUT: They're getting ‘married next month (They have decided and ‘arranged 10 00 it.) ©) in predictions when there is evidence that something will happen in the near future. Look at the clouds! i's ‘going to ain. Note: 1) We normally use be going to to talk about something we intend to do and will to give details or make comments. e.g.A: Im going to have a party next week. invite ail my friends. B: That'll be great. 2) We normally use the present continuous rather than be going to with verbs which express movement, especially the verbs go and come. .9, Sam is going to the market in afew minutes. ‘Sheila fs coming to my house for tea this atternoon. ‘The future simple and be going to are used with the following time expressions: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, tonight, soon, next weekimonthiyear, in a weekimonth/year, in twoithree daysiweeks, etc.f a ui SCONE We use the future continuous: 2) for an action which will be in progress at a stated time This te rox weok weil be crulsing) rte island \ am ') for an action which will definitely happen in the Don't (call Jul. 1m be S seeing her later, so Ti pass the \ message on. ‘¢) when we ask politely about someone's plans for the rear future (what we want to know is if our wishes. {it in with their plans.) poe “Wil you be using the photocopier, Stor ong?” (ineed to make \ some photocopies, ‘No. Why?) FUUECRCC We use the future perfect: for an action which will be finished before a stated future time. ‘She will have delivered ail the ‘newspapers by 8 o'clock. The future perfect is used with the following time ‘expressions: before, by, by then, by the time, untill. Untittit are only used in negative sentences. 4) She will have finished the report by tomorrow. (NOT: .. ntiibtomenon) 'b) She won't have completed the report untill 5 o'clock, to emphasise the duration of an action up to a certain time in the future, By the end of next month. she will have been teaching for twenty years ‘The future perfect continuous is used with: by .. for. Note: After the time expressions by the time, until, before, we use the present simple because they Introduce time clauses. The future perfect and the future perfect continuous may come either before or after the time clause. Study the following examples: 4a) | won't have finished cieaning the house until you ‘come back. ») By the time they reach York, they will have been {travelling forfour hours. Note: We can use the future simple, future continuous or future perfect to make a prediction about the present or past, that is to say what we believe may be happening or have happened. Study the following examples: €.g.a) ‘There's somebody on the phone for you.’ That l be my mother. ') Don't call her now — she'll be sleeping ©) Its seven o'clock Dad will have left the office by now. 2Test We use the present simple for future actions when we refer to programmes, timetables, etc. eg. The bus arrives in Liverpool at 7:30. Presenucontinuous We use the present continuous for actions we have decided and arranged to do in the near future. 2g. I'm fying to Lisbon tomorrow morning, ‘# We use the present simple or present perfect, and ot future forms, after words and expressions such ‘as while, before, after, untill, as, unless, when, Whenever, i, suppose/supposing, once, as soon as, ‘slong as, by the time, in case, on coneition that, etc. ‘2.9, Call me as soon as you get back (NOT: .s-s00rras-yoorwitget-beet) © We use future forms: ) with when when it is used as a question word. When itis used as.a time word we use the present simple. 2.9. When will they get married? 1m not sure when they will visit us. BUT: ! will et you know when I decide. b)with if (= whether) when it is used after expressions wnicn snow ignorance, uncertaimy, lc, such as / don't know, | wonder, I doubt, ete. eg. don't know itjwhether he'll move house | doubt itiwhether she'll pass her exams. BUT: If you eall her. give her my regards. 1A: Your house is very small. B: Iknow. |. going to move... (move) to a bigger hnouse riext year 2 A: Ihave got anew job! 8: Wonderful! | (call Mum and tell her the good news How old is your dau She (be) fourteen next week | must phone Julia, Well, don't phone her now. She (sleep) Have you been living here long? Yes. By next month. | Alive) here for ten years. a> or a> 1” 2 w 4 5 16 A: Are you having a party next weekend? B: Yes. Ihope | (finish) decorating the house by then. ‘A: What are your plans for tonight? B: Well, (meet) Steve at eight o'clock. ‘A: | must buy some bread. B: You'd better hurry. The shops. (close) in half an hour ‘A: Shall | call you at ten o'clock tomorrow? B: No.1 (leave) for work by then A are you coming 10 ine Usco On Frigay night? B: Ican't | (study) for my exam then, A: Are you excited about going to California? B: Yes! This time tomorrow | (ty across the Atlantic, A: I's seven o'clock B: Yes. John (leave) the office by now, A: There's somebody at tne door. B. Oh. That (be) the postman, A. Tve left my jacket at home. BI (go) back and get it for you A: Have you booked a taxi to fake you to the airport”? B: Yes. (come) at eight o'clock inthe morning ‘Are you nervous about the interview? > Yes. This time tomorrow. | (talk) to the managing director. Fill in the future simple, the present simple or the present perfect. My car is being repaired and | don't know when it 1) will Be. (be) ready. | doubt whether 12) (be able to) collect it before the weekend, | wonder if John 3) (give) me a lift to the party on Saturday. Il ask him when he 4) (come) home | was calling to ask if you'd like to go out after we » (finish) work tomorrow or f you 2) (want) to watch a video instead Call me back as soon as you 3) (get) in il wait unt 1 4) (near) from you | will eave the hotel early in case there 1) (be) a lot of trafic. 1 don't know how long the journey 2) (take) oF what time the plane 3) (lang), but | 4) (cal) you as soon as 5) (arrive) at the airport. Then, | will wait unt you 6) (come) to collect me Paula is drinking tea as she is waiting for Charles. Sne wonders ithe 1) (be) late as usual She will wait until the clock 2) (strike) five and then she will call him in case he 3) forget)Guitle Situele weiss Be eeihe te 2 We use the future simple: when we make a prediction based on what we think, believe or imagine. Inthe year 2020 people ‘mil arwve elecine cars. for onthe decisions. ike this one (beter than the other. 11 take 1 lNi 8), rain he tre sinpn ob gig 1 2 10 " 2 ‘A: Have you finished your essay yet? B No. but Im sure I. finish... (finish) it on time, ‘A: | have decided what to wear for the party, B: Really? What (you/wear) then? A. wy Uo you news NOt soapy water? 8 ® 8 Because | (wash) the car. Did you post those letters? No, I forgot. 1 (post) them this, atternoon AA: Did you book a table at the restaurant? B: Yes, but | don't expect it (be) busy A. I'm hungry. 8: Me too. | (make) us something toeat |A: What are you doing this weekend? B: Oh! (probably/vsit) my grandparents, A: Look at that dog! B Oh yest it (swim) across the river A: Tony is nearly eighteen, isn't he? B: Yes. He: (work) for his father ‘when he leaves school ‘A: Are you going into town today? B: Yes. 1 (give) you alii you like, ‘A Your shirt is diy B: Oh dear! | (change) into another one A: hope we {(notiarrve) late for he meeting B: Don't worry. There's plenty of time. We use be going to: ‘© when we make a prediction based on what we can see (evidence) or what we know. ‘She is going to cut the sunflowers © for actions we have 13 4 dy decided to do the future. (Bo you tke Cine olouse? 4 Tm going (qveittomy devote esa ‘A: I'm really thirsty afterall that hard work BI (make) some tea A: Did you give Steve his present? B: No. (give) I 10 him tonight at dinner A: Watch out! You (ang) your hhead on the doortrame, D: On! I dicn cealise it was 90 love (23), undentne te corct tans a Next Saturday, Daisy 1) is flyingitlies to Paris for a business meeting, Her secretary has already booked the fight The plane 2) will leavelleaves at nine O'clock in the morning and one of her business clients 3) will have metiwill be meeting her at the airport when the plane lands, She doesn’t know how long the meeting wil last. but she 4) will have returnediwill have been returning home by Thursday evening, Florence 1) is going to become(will be becoming a doctor when she finishes medical school. She thinks she 2) will probably workiwill have probably worked in a hospital for most of her career. This time next month, she 3) will have revisediwill be revising hard for her exams. By the time she gets her degree she 4) will have been studying wil have studied medicine for five years. Florence hopes she 5) will have ‘passediwill pass all the exams with excellent grades.24 Wien We use: wil you ..? to give an order or make a request. ‘@g il you stop taking, please? (= Please stop ‘atking) @ won't to express unwillingness or an emphatic rofueal, oven when the eubject ie net a pi e.g. I've [old him not to do that, but he won't listen (= He retuses to listen.) The washing machine won't work We use wouldn't to refer to the past. 9.1 asked him to help me, but he wouldn't (= He was unwiling to help me.) © Shall we ..? a) to make an offer. e.g. Shall I do the washing-up for you? (= Do you want me fo do the washing-up for you?) 'b) to make a suggestion. 9. Shall we go out for dinner tonight? (= Way don't we go out for dinner tonight?) €) to ask for suggestions or instructions. ‘e.g. Where shall | put ine vase?’ On tne rable. What shall we do tonight?" We could go out Replace the words in bold with williwon't or ‘shall Iiwe, as in the exampl + Can you buy me some mik, please? Will you buy me some milk, please? 2 What do you want me to do with this shopping? 3 Ive asked Jane to tidy ner room. but she refuses to do iu 4 Gan you open the door tor me. please? ‘5. Do you want me to walk the dog for you? © Wy don't we go to the theatre tonight? 7. When do you want me to vsit next? 8 Please be quiet! 9 Annis unwilling to talk to me Giher weys cf the {uve We can also express the future with: © be to + Infinitive (formal English). eg, The President isto visit Poland next Moncey © be about to + infnitve/be on the point of + -ing form (to reter to the near future). 9, Look! The bus is about fo leave. The company is on the point of closing down be due to + Infinitive (timetables). 2.9. Thir fight is due to arrive a 6:15. verbs such as decide, plan, intend, arange, mean + {0 «infinitive (for plans oF intentions). e.. We intend to buy a biager fat © be sure to/be certain to/be bound to + infinitive (to express certainty about the future). ‘eg. This pian is sure tolis Bound to succeed The future in the past We use the following patterns to talk about things we intended to do or plans we had for the future. {8} was going to/was to/was about to/ was due to + Infinitive 2.4. Mr Simon was going to resign. but the manager offered him a better salary. (So he aight resign) 'b) was on the point of + -ing form 2g. They were on the point of leaving the house when the phone rang. (S0 they didnt leave.) Compl word: ch sentence with two to five including the word in bold. 1. The Queen will open the new sports centre next week is The Queen ..|s to open... tne new sports centre next week 2 We are planning to go to Spain next summer intend We Spain next summer. 3. The guests should have arrived at nine, but they were late due The quests at nine, but they were late 4 Jane was thinking of looking for a new job, but she changed her mind, going Jane job, but she changed her mind 5 The manager willbe angry when he hears the news, bound The manager angry when he hears the news 6 Hurry up! The bus is going to leave! about | Hurry up! The bus leave! 7 Helen will love this present ‘sure Helen this present.%, ike these shoes. I'l buy them ‘They will have eaten lunch by two o'clock this afternoon, 1m going to open my own business in the future This time tomorrow. be taking my driving test By the time Jack finishes the race, he will have been running for two hours. Everyone believes he will win the competition Tit tell Paul about the party. Ill be seeing him at work anyway 8 Will you be speaking to Rob later? Ive got a message for him, 1 Look at them! They are going to catch the thieves. i 10 Since you're tired. Ill 90k dinner tonight wy Next month, Maggie 1). going... (go) to Australia to « visither sister, who she hasn't seen for fifteen years. The plane 2) ‘A Fill in the gay tense form. with an appropriate (leave) eary inthe morning | and 3) (stop off) at Singapore | beiore fying on to Sydney. It) (be) avery long, tiring journey, but Maggie is very excited because this time next month, she 8) (begin) her adventure onthe other sie of the world, Sho 9 (stay in Australia for one i ‘month. She has booked her fight, so she 7) (fy) back to Britain on 3st May. She “hopes that she 8) (visit) lis of fascinating places ana seen many interesting things by the time her holidays are over. cy ‘competition! I think my life 1) ..ill change. lot now! 12) ‘organisers next week to get my prize — a cheque for tity the tenses, then match them to the correct descriptions. for offers. promises. threats, ete action which will definitely happen in the future as @ result ofa routine or arrangement for plans, intentions or ambitions we have for the future predictions about the future asking politely about someone's plans for the near future action which wil be finished before a stated future time to emphasise the duration of an action up to a certain time in the future action which will be in progress at a stated future time on-the-spot decision predictions when there is evidence that something wil hhappen in the near future Put the verbs in brackets into the correct future form. Dear Lionel Tm writing to tell you my exciting news. | have won a (change) a (meat) the competition B Which of the tense forms in the text “acy a jonse forms in the tox ‘As soon as 13) (have) the money. acre are meee eareeee 4) (uy) a new car, and 18) . (alsolredecorate) my house F 1 tmetavesiprogranmes Hopetuly. 1 6) (irish) te whole t house by the end of June. Then, on the fifth of July. nis ea stated E 2 actions which will nave firished before a sta 7 (fy) to Tahit for an exotic holiday future time E 3 plans or intentions FE 4. fixed arrangements in the near future E 6 predictions based on what we know e in the sun. 18) ‘of July anc then 19) . forall my friends. hope you 10) Welt i's almost lunchtime, so! 11) (say) goodbye for now. | promise | 12) (send) you a postcard trom Tahit. (ceturn) by the end throw) abig party (come) Best wishes, Emily(38), rin ine comet present or tuture forms. 26 Htyou 1) like. (ike) watersports, you 2) (love) Aquaworid. As soon as you 3) (arrive) at this unique theme park, you 4) (be greeted) by visitor hosts who 5) (show) you to a luxury chalet (Once you 6) (be) in your swimsuit, you 7 (be able to) enjoy a wide variety of watersports, from swimming to water-skiing Yous) {find) plenty to do and yous) (have) the chance to try many exciting activites. Aquaworld 10) (open) at 9am every day and 11) (lose) at 8 pm. There 12) special faciities for children and lifeguards 13) (supervise) all activities. Vist AQUaWorla for an experience you 14) (neveritorget)! BB), croose te conect answer. 1. 1..A.. about buying a new car recently Really? What sort of car? ‘A have been thinking B have thought (oe) © thought 2 ‘haven't seen Mark for weeks. ‘Well, | him this afternoon, Why don't you come along? A havemet BB ammeeting © meet 3. ‘We'd better take a taxi to the station, Yes, The train in fiteen minutes, A has lett B willhavelett Cleaves, 4 “Whereis the newspaper? ‘threw it away. thought you reading it A have tinished B finished © had fnishea 5 feel very tred How can you be tired? You a thing all day. ‘A haven't been doing —_B aren't doing © haven't done 6 ‘Cathy doesn't study enough know. I'm afraid she her exam A won't pass © won't have passed B wont be passing 7. It's bad news about Janet crashing her new car. isn't t? Yes. She for months to buy it A saved B issaving Chad been saving 18 "There's someone here to see you. ‘Oh, that ‘my sister. Send her in ‘A willhave been B was © willbe 9 “Whose is this earring? | don't know. | found it when 1 the house. ‘A was cleaning B had cleaned C am cleaning wi to reacn vane on tne pnone alt aay. ‘Don't you know? She's gone on holiday. A tied B havebeen trying © have tried 11 ‘lwant to visit Katie ‘Well, don't vist her before five o'clock. She A is working B will be working © willhave worked 12. That like Dad's car. ‘tis. He must have finished work early ‘A sounds B had sounded C has sounded 1 ‘Is that a new jumper? No.1 ‘it from Laura yesterday ‘A have borrowed B had borrowed © borrowed 4 to the library today?” "Yes. Would you like me to return your books? A Will you have gone B Will you have been going © Will you be going 18 “How is your grandiather? His condition day by day. A improves B has improved © is inwoving 16 “When did you speak to Sue?” ‘met her as | to work ‘A hadwaked —B was walking © am walking 17 ‘Shall we go shopping? I cant go until the babysitter A arrives Bwillarive © arrived 18 ‘Ive invited Sam to my party. | doubt if he He's studying for an exam, A comes. B wilcome © is coming 19 ‘Im sony mate q here for over an hour. ‘A have been waiting B have waited C was waiting 20 “I'm having trouble withthe car. ‘Ym sure John you fx it if you ask him. A isgongtohelp B helps © will help 21 “How long James? ‘Since we were children, A have you known © aia you know 22 You ‘good teacher one day Do you really think so? A were B will be B do you know © are being[ce [Study these examples. The second sentence has a similar meaning to the first sentence. 1 Ive never heard such a sad story. ever It's the saddest story | have ever heard. 2 He started painting fifteen years ago. been He has been painting for fiteen years, 3 She hasn't fished decorating the fat yet. til She ie etill decorating the fat. 4 ve never eaten Chinese food before. first I's the first time | have ever eaten Chinese food 5 when ci hey arcuate rm college? since How long since they graduated fom college? 290 How long ago ald they graduate fom tolege” 6 Hedidn't begin taking until everyone had sat down. before’ He waited ntl everyone had sat down betore he began aleng 7 We havent been othe rete fra year time The last time we went to tne tneatre was a year ago. last We last went to the theatre a year ago. 8 I's two years since | went on holiday. have {have not been on holiday for two years, 9 twas the frst time they had travelled by boat never They had never travelled by boat before. 10 Jack was about to have dinner when his boss called. pei Jack wae on the point of having dinner when his boss called Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold. 1 She began to play tennis when she was 10. since She ..hae been playing tennis since. she was 10 2 | bought this coat three years ago. for | three years, 3 haven't finished writing the report yet. stil the report. 4 We've never sean such a funny film, ever isthe seen. 5 He's never played football before time Its the fst football 6 John hasn't played golf for years. time The golf was years ago. 7 When did Mary move to Liverpool? since How longis it to Liverpool? 18 Itwas the first time I had met a fim sta. never | film star betore. 8. We aidn't start tying up until after tne guests nad let. before We waited unti the guests tigying up. 10 Kate was about to leave the house when the postman point — Kate was the house when the postman came. 11 It's four weeks since | spoke to Paul have | for four weeks 12. When did they announce their engagement? ago How long their engagement? 13. We haven't played squash for six months, last We ‘six months ago. 14 Kim was on the point of closing the shop when a customer walked In about Kim the shop when a customer walked in, 15 He's the kindest man Ive ever met, never Ihave ‘man before, 16 They are still discussing the problem finished They the oroblem yet 17 Mike started studying medicine four years ago. been Mike four years, 18 The waiter didn't take our order until everyone had decided what they wanted, before The waiter waited until everyone had decided what they wanted our order, Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. Kate Teale 1) ..has decided... (decide) to open her own restaurant. Yesterday, she 2) (have) a meeting with her bank manager and she 3) (ask) him fora loan. He agreed, so Kate 4) (be able) to start making plans. In fact. she 5) {already fing) a building for her restaurant and she 6) (look) at tables and chairs next week. By the end of the month, work on the restaurant 7) (begin) and by the summer, everything will be ready. Kate 8) (hope) that her business will be a success. At the moment, she 9) {interview} people to be chefs and waiters, 27Ceimmen tiisicke © /Fcall you whem I will finish. x call you when I finish. have read this book a manth ago. x {read this book a month ago. 7 have met him two days before. x Ihave met him before. ‘Take tay In ease you wlll yet Host. « ‘Take a map in case you get lost. 7 When was the last time you have been to the ‘cinema? x ‘When was the st time you went to the cinema? ¥ | haven't seen him since I have finished school. x haven't seen him since I finished school. v ''m learning English since 1996, x {ve been learning English since 1996. He stopped smoking a year before. x He stopped smoking a year ago. / Sharon found a job last month, She had left schoo! ss months ago. x Sharon found a job last month. She had left school six months before. v They still have called us. x They still haven't called us. ¥ He hasn't still bought a computer. x He stil hasn't bought a computer. She still is abroad. x She Is still absoad. They haven't reached yet a decision. x ‘They haven't reached a decision yet. ¥ They will have returned until noon. x ‘They will have returned by noon. ¥ | used to go to the cinema twice last month. x | went to the cinema twice last month. / (39), correct the mistakes. 1 2 a 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1" 12 28 t'm playing chess since | was eight years old. |used to eat at that restaurant three times last week They haven't stil delivered my television, We haven't read yet his letter. have met that man a week ago. We moved to Glasgow a year before. Mike and Kelly got married last week, They had met teach other four years ago Filmake the dinner when | wil get home. Take some food in case you will et hungry ‘The house will have been built until the end of May. Peter stil is at school When was the last time you have seen Tony? 13. [nave seen this fim three months before. 14 She hasn't been to a party since she has returned trom her holiday. (4O)p croose ine correct answer 1. The play had started ..C... we got to the theatre A wile B until € by the time 2 Tom has had some good news A stl B yet just 3. Do you know betore she retired? she had been working there A when B how long how long ago 4 They wil have had dinner eight A before B until c by 51 hadn't cleaned the house when the quests arrived, A sill B yet just 6 We have been training six months, A since B for C while 7 id you move to Essex? ‘A How long ago B How long While 8 she eats beans because they make her il A ever B never © always 9. frm red, | have been working very hare A so far B just € lately 10 Paul leaves, he will have typed ten letters A Bythetime —B By then © Belore 11 James was washing the car ..... Sue was cutting the grass. A assoonas B before © while 12. Colin has invited ten people to his party A yet B ever © soar, 6—-—-— 1. The advantage offinfover computers is that they can process information quickly. ‘She accuses nim for/otrabout stealing ner bag The train arrived attolin Manchester at §.30 pm. Her parents did not approve for/ot/about her out He was aware aboutforiot being followed, Mary agreed to/with/on help me arrange the party. We were amazed offat/with how many people attended the meeting 8 Paul was angry with me aboutifor/at using his car 9. Sarah is very bad tofforlat Mathematics. 10. | don't believe infoniat ghosts, 11 According withito/by the weather forecast. t will be sunny tomorrow. 12. She blamed me onifor/from the damage to the carPhrasal Verbs be atter: (tu) 1) want, ty to gain, 2) chase be against: tr) oppose (opp: be for) be in for: (t) expect sth (usu bad) be oft: (tt) 1) not wantiike any more, 2) be absent (trom school, work, ote) be on: (tt) be shown (on TV. atthe cinema, ete) beoutof: tr) not have sth: lack be over: (int) come to an ena be uo: (int 1) he awake and out af het 2) stay awake at night, 8) be wrong or unusual k down: (nt) 1) stop working, 2) lose control of feelings, 3) fall break in (inty ak into (tr): 1) enter by force, 2) intercupt break out: (int) 1) begin suddenly (of war, fie, ete) BUT: a storm breaks, 2) escape break up: int) 1) stop for holidays (of schools, ete), 2) separate; split up G2), rin tn corect pate. 10 1" 2 8 4 6 16 wv 8 8 20 a War broke ...out... suddenly in the country, My Tat was broken while | was away. The police are the bank robbers. The washing machine has broken n calla repairman, Many peuple are The school wil break for the holidays soon, What's 2 ls something wrong? The supermarket was bread. so | didn't get any. Jack was school last week because he had the fu ‘Are you yet? called Mum early this morning ‘When she heard the bad news she broke and cried Alter three weeks, the exams ate finally Several prisoners broke of prison early this morning Iwas all night because of my bad cough Government negotiations broke last week ames is ‘anew bicycle for his birthday Look at the clouds. | think we're bac weather today, itnow, for a while, but then | used to love pizza, but Im ‘The couple broke ‘got back togetner. There is a new play The secretary broke us cote. at the Empire theatre. (on the meeting to bring Life has changed a lot in the past century. Look at the information in the chart and make sentences, as in the ‘example. You can add your own ideas. e.g. St: 100 years ago, people atelused to eat simple, ‘home-made food. 'S2: Today. we eat tinned food and pre-packaged meals, Soe Pen a aloes ee vine co ip Steam = ccheaenae Entertainment Books/ oo ree — Z aero : ‘Shopping ‘Small ‘Supermarkets. oe eee vos Activity ‘G, Write an article about life in the future for a magazine called ‘Millenium’. Write your predictions about food, transport, entertainment, settlements and shopping. Include words and expressions such as be bound to, ‘be on the point of, expect, ete. 00d pills - shuttle bus/electric cars - computersivirtual reality - space colonies/underwater cities - shopping via the internet UUFE « IN THE » FUTURE | believe that ite wil be very aiferent in the future Firstly. scientists are bound to invent food pis which will replace actual meals. Secondly, ‘On the whole think that if in the future willbe very different from lite today, as there wil be many more ‘changes which we cannot yet imagine.