CANAL SECTION 6.1 TERMS RELATING TO CANAL SECTION 2 are the different terms rel bank 3. Hydraulic gradient Counter berm Free board Side slope Service road or inspection road Dowel or Dowla a Outsice borowpit efor ‘oval land width d FSL = Fulleupply evel D = Fallsupply dep Fig. 6.1 Canal section Cane! Section 62 CANAL BANK ‘The canal bank is necessary to retain wat But the section of the canal bank is di following are the different forms for differen fs of the canal to provide only a inspection road. Here, the hyd thas no function. So, the height ofthe bank will be low and the top bbe minimum just to provide the road way. The side slope will be 14: 1 or2 1 according to the nature ofthe soil (Fig. 6.2). (®) When the Canal in Partial Cutting and Banking In this case, the banks depend or ‘canal depends on the hydraulic gr bank should be such that the hydra 0.5m (Fig. 6.3) Fig. 6.2 Conal in full cutting Fig. 63 Canal in portal cutting {and partial banking (©) When the Canal in Full Banking In this case, the canal and both the ‘canal banks are constructed above the ground level. The height of the bank be high and its section will be large due to the hydraulic gradient. But to mi ‘mise the cross section of the bank a core wall of puddle clay is provided which deflects the hydraulic gradient downwards (Fig. 6.4), Fig. 6.4 Cena! in full bonking 63 BERM ‘The distance between the toc ofthe bank and the top edge of cutting i termed as ig. 6.5). The berm is provided for the following reasons, (a) To protect the bank from eros To provide a space for wid To protecethe bank from s if necessary, ing down towards the canal section,120. tigation Engineering ‘The silt deposition on the berm makes an impervious lining, Ifnecessary borrowpit can be excavated on the berm. width of the berm depends on various factors such as capacity of the canal, the nature of the soil the site condition, etc, However, the width of the berm varies from D to 2D, where, D isthe full supply depth of the canal. 6:4 HYDRAULIC GRADIENT ‘When the water is retzined by the canal bank, the seepage occurs through the ‘body of the bank. Due to the sloping line which may pass countryside of the bank. This sloping. line is known as the hydraulic gradient ation gradient. The soil delow line is dry. The hydraulic gradient ‘depends on the permeability ofthe soil, So, while constructing the bank, the soil should be tested in soil testing laboratory and the nature of the hy- Graulic gradient should be ascertained eee This will help in fixing the height, op width and side slope of the bank. The Pa following are the approximate values [ Smusted sol hydraulic gradient for different soil AS . - HG. Clayey soil — 1:4 Alluvialsoil — 1:5 Sandysoil — 1:6 6.5 COUNTER BERM aradient line passes ‘gradient should not should pass through the base and a mini- Counter beam Fig. 6.7 Counter berm Canal section 121 6.6 FREE BOARD Beene, osteo the distance between the full sup- 5 : Diy lev and tp of te tase he fa Sounto ie bod vas Rem Gen tors bere 2 Li pnce oe enomg i con ig 68) Lt (a) To keep a suffi that the can: overtop the bank in (b) To keep the satu Fig. 68 Free board ‘of heavy rainfall or fluctuation in water supply n gradient much below the top ofthe bank 6.7. SIDE SLOPE | ‘The side slopes of the canal bank and canal section depend on the angle ofr of the soil existing on the site. So, to determine th ie slope should be 14: 1. Then the automatically take the final shape A,B, Cy, D, alter Prrrrrrrrrr Bua earthwork Fig. 6.10 xtra earth fi ec Fig. 6.9. Siding of bank le side slopes for some soil are given in the following table: Oe The satan Sceslope mas cepa Sei aapateaa Te Side slope in Side slope in ein Beak enting king 1 24 Sandy loam = 1 2a Sandy soil i 31 |fion Engineering 6.8 SERVICE ROAD ‘The roadway which is provided on the top of the canal bank ‘maintenance works is known as service road or inspection road. For mi the service roads are provided on both the banks. But for branch canals, ther is provided on one bank only. The width of the service roads for main canal varies from 4 to 6 m. The width of the road for the branch canal varies from 310 4m Fig. 6.11. Service road and dowel vice road 05m fet 05 mi ee 6.9 DOWEL OR DOWLA ‘The protective small embankment which is provided on the canal side of the service road for the safety of the vehicles plying on it is known as dowel or dow cts as a curb on the canal side of the road. It is provided abo 8 provision of freeboard. The top width is genera and the height above the road side slope of the bank (Fig constructed i full cutting, the excavated earth may not be ly required for forming the bank. In such a case, the extra earth is depos- form of small banks which are known as spoil banks. The spoil banks wie quantity of excess earth and the avail- = Drain Fig. 6.12. Spoil Bonk able space. The spoil banks run paral- Jel to the main bank. But are not con- tinuous, sufficient spaces are left be- ‘banks for proper drainage (Fig. 6.12) 6.11 BORROWPIT When the canal is constructed in partial cutting and partial banking, the exca- vated earth may not be sufficient for forming the required bank, In such a case, the extra earth required for the construction of banks is taken from some pits Coral section 123 which are known as borrowpits. The borrowpits may be inside or o canal The inside borrowpit may be located atthe centre ofthe canal. The width of the borrowpit should be half of the base width of canal. The maximum depth is done in a number of borrowpits ly the canal bed ‘The outer borrowpit may be adjacent of 1 m between the heel and edge of ‘create some inconvenience, Si far away from the canal (Fig. But the ovter borrowpit may row earth from the barren lands bowrowpit Fig. 6.13. Borrowpits 6.12 LAND WIDTH ‘The total land width required for the constru nature of the site condi cutting and partly in banking. These ns bed level ofthe canal and the natural ground surface. So, otal land with the site condition, However, to determine the total land width the dimensions should be added ‘Top width ofthe canal, ‘Twice the berm width, ‘Twice the bottom: ‘A margin of one metre from the heel of the bank on both sides. fa canal depends124 tngation Engineering borrowpit becomes necessary. 6.13 BALANCING DEPTH cath can be fully jon is known as jeal condition is known as bbe constructed, appens only when ‘banking. The cost of earth work be balanced. ‘The method of finding the balancing depth is described here. Example Find the balancing depth for a canal section having the following data, Height of bank above G.L. = 3 m, ion Refer Fig. 6.14. eo Are of banking =2x 15*3 x 3254 sq.m, a Letd be the balancing depth of cutting, 1o+10+24 Area of euting = 72710424 4-10 4a) d @ Equating the area of banking and cutting, O+d)d= se #4 10d-S4=0 Canal Section 125 q= 2104 SOOTHE _ 102178 Ee i 3 d= S1OLNTB. 549m Negecing enguive sen ‘So, the balancing depth is 3.89 m. 6.14 CANALIN FULL CUTTING the section of a canal in full RL. of GL. = 152.50 m. RIL. of canal bed = 150.00 m. ‘Bed width of canal = 15.00 m. Top width of bank = 3 m. hicight of bank = 1.5 m () Berm = 1.0m. Side he Following data also the total land width required. So Refer Fig. 6.15, aa ae 200 Fig. 6.15, 6.15 CANALIN FULL BANKING Draw the section ofa canal in full banking withthe f L. of GL. = 148.00. ‘The canal bed is just at G.L, sed width of canal = 12.0 m, )) Fully supply depth = 2.0m, (©) Free board = 0.5 m. (®) Hydraulic gradient = 1 in 4 (g) Top width of bank = 3m, ) Side slope of bank {1:1 (canal side) 2:1 (country side)} Final also the land with, Solution Refer Fig. 6.16.126 nigation Engineering 2m Lo Bares 10m ™ mJ 10 — 150m 2 6.16 CANALIN PARTIAL CUTTING AND PARTIAL BANKING. Draw the section ofa canal in partial cutting and partial banking with the follow L.of G. 50.00 m. LL of canal bed = 149.00 m, supply depth = 2.0 m, board = 0.5 m, jerm = 1.0m, Canal bed width = 10.6 m, th of bank = 3.0 m, Fig. 6.17 Review Questions |, Fill up the blanks with appropriate word/words. i) The distance between the top of the bank and top edge of cutting is known as Conat Section 127 Gi) In case of canal bank a may be required to provide a ‘minimum cover over the hydraulic gradient. ‘The distance between the F'S.L. and the top of embankments known of the vehicle running, over the service road provided, 2. Distinguish between the following terms. Berm and counter berm.