Example 14____ aS ‘The following table shows the number of typing errors in a report that consists of 100 pages. Number of errors in one page o 1 3 4 Number of pages 64 23 8 4 a a Toble23 Find the mean number of errors in a page. Solution Number of errors (x) Number of pages (f) fi 0 64 0 1 (23 23 2 8 16 5 4 12 4 1 4 f= 100 Dk =55 “A Table 24 Bf _ 55 055 F100 The mean number of errors in a page is 0.55. (c) Mean of a grouped frequency distribution When the data is organised into class intervals, the midpoint of each class is used to The midpoint ofa class. represent the respective class interval. Isalso known as the class mark. ‘The mean of a grouped frequency distribution is given by: Bi y h where x, is the midpoint of the * class and f is the corresponding frequency. Oe ‘The waiting time for 40 customers at a bank is shown in the table below: Time (minutes) 1-4 | 5-8 | 9-12 | 13-16] 17-20| 21-24] 25-28 Number of customers | 3 8 2B 9 4 2 1 A Table 25 Find the mean waiting time of a customer for the above distribution, Scanned with CamScannerSolution Time (minutes) Midpoint, x __| Number of customers, f fe 1-4 25 3 75 5-8 65 8 52 9-12 10.5 13 1365 13-16 145 9 130.5 17-20 185 4 74 21=24 22.5 2 45 25-28 26.5 1 265 f= 40 A Table 26 =a _ 42 _ ag 78 Therefore, the mean waiting time of a customer is 11.8 minutes. (d@) Calculating the mean by the coding method ‘The technique involves two main steps: ‘The coding method sr Is used to simplify the calculation of a mean. 10 ty ty «ss, By using the formula ais the assumed mean and b is the scaling factor. 2 Determine ¥ by using the formula, ¥=a+ bz orF= a+b, ye Proof: Let x,,x,,..., ¥, occur with frequency f, f, ....f, respectively b =atbi Notes: @ i all the class intervals are of equal width, the class width is chosen as the scaling factor. (b) For ungrouped data, 7= a+ ote with u, = (ais the assumed mean and b is the scaling factor). 22 pata Description ; Scanned with CamScannerExample 16-___ = ee ‘A researcher measured the heights (in cm) of 80 seedlings that have been planted for two years and obtained the following results: Height (cm) Frequency 55-59 3 60-64 6 65-69 10 70-74 uel 75-79 a 80-84 14 85-89 8 90-94 4 95-99 1 ‘A Table 27 Find the mean height of the seedlings using the coding method. Solution Note that all the class By choosing a= 77 and b = 5, thus u = intervals have an equal width of 5, thus 5is i idpoit cchosenaas the scaling Height (cm) | Midpoint, x fu cen ee 55-59 57 =12 midpoint of the class in 60-64 62 6 3 -18 the middle is chosen as 65-69 07 10 2 20 the assumed mean a. 70-74 R 13 1 -13 75-79 7 2 0 0 80-84 82 4 1 4 85-89 a7 8 2 16 90-94 92 4 3 12 95-99 7 al 4 4: 2f=80 f= —17, ‘A Table 28 =759(1 dp.) ‘The mean height of the seedlings is 75.9 om. Scenery 2 The following data shows the typing speed (in 1 Find the mean for the following data: words per minute) for eight typists: (a) 16, 17, 30, 24, 28, 22, 19, 22, 26 26, 36, 30, 44, 40, 42, 28, 46 (b) 0.25, 0.36, 0.36, 0.74, 0.25, 0.48, 0.74, 0.48 Find the mean for the data, ©) 7,5,4,6,6,8,2,7,3,3 3 Ina certain month, a telephone company sells as @) 6.4,-68,-16.5, 12, -6.8, -21.6 many as 3 000 pieces of telephone cards and the mean price of a card is RM7. Find the total sales (e) 920, 985, 1 008, 780, 1 000, 800, 769 for that month. Scanned with CamScanner4 The mean mark for 40 students in class A is 60. ‘The mean mark for 45 students in class B for the same examination is 56. Find the mean mark for all 85 students. 5 The following are a few characteristics for the mean: For a set of numbers {x,, 2 mean X, (a) if each number in the set is increased by a constant quantity b, the new mean is X + b, (b) if each number in the set is multiplied by a constant quantity a, the new mean is ax, , x,) with the 10 The following table shows the times (in minutes) taken by 50 workers to perform a task. Find the mean for this frequency distribution. Time (min) |15-20]20-25]25 -30|30-35 135 ~40)40~45]45 - 50] Numberof] , ] 7 | 19 | 5 | 2 | 2] 1 workers ‘The following table shows the amount of particles ‘A found in cach litre of a certain mixture. Find the ‘mean for this frequency distribution. ‘Amount of particles (g) |0-24 25 ~ 43) 50-74) 75 - 99} 100-124} Frequency Splegr ite sbr ja? (6) ify,=a-+ bx, i= 1, 2, -...m with a and b being : constant quantities, therefore j= a + bz. 11 By using the assumed mean of 209.5 and the ee . scaling factor of 60, find the mean for the following Prove the characteris above forte following frequency distribution. set of data by using a= 2.dan b= 5. 4.6.7, 10, 13} Class interval [s-19[20-179[e)-B9pw Papo 390-0 Frequeny | vi[»la2l[ulele 6 State each of the following numbers in the form of 612 +0.1x: 12 Find the mean for the following frequency 612.2, 612.5, 612.7, 612.1, 612.9, 612.4 distribution by using the — transformation Find the value of ¥ and hence the mean of the y= 87. 485) with x as the midpoint of a class. above numbers. 25 t Class interval Frequency 7 Find the mean for the following frequency 0-2499 3 distributions. 25.00- 49.99 5 @ix] 3 a 5 6 50.00 - 74.99 10 ecaec leas. 75.00 - 99.99 12 2 7 7 100.00 - 124.99 6 () [x] 21 | 26 | 31 | 36 | 41 | 46 fase 4 fa|_ 2 3 8 | 2] 12] 5 13 Find the mean of the frequency distribution below @ using the coding method. x[@ | 0] 2 | «| 16 eines 1 al2 [6 |wiu|s interval _|'5-2920-44i5-59]60-74l75-29}90- 1405-1 ‘ c 8 Find the mean for the following grouped frequency pores | | Bs | m8 | distributions. 4 @ Class interval Frequency! 1 | 6 | 5 / i2[ 5 [1 1-3 | 4-6 | 7-9 hto- 1213-1: herd ©) Fetass interval Frequency| 8 | 14 | 16 | 12 | 10 [ 0 2- | 7- | 12- | 17- | 22- | 27- © Class intervat_|!2-B]!4-17|18-21]2r-2f26-29}30-2313¢-37 Frequency| 5 | 2} 5] ] 4] 2] 4 The frequency distribution for the monthly advertising expenditures of 100 companies in a month is listed in the table below. Class interval Frequency | 500-999 8 1000-1499 12 1500-1999 20 2000-2499 32, 2500-2999 14 3000-3499 10 3500-3999 4 Find the mean monthly advertising expenditure of a company using the coding method. Scanned with CamScannerMedian ‘The median is the middle value when a set of data is arranged in order of size. (a) Median of ungrouped data For a set of data x,, x, ..., x, arranged in order of magnitude, there are two cases, (a) When the number of data (n) is odd, the median is the (21) observation. “(b) When the number of data (n) is even, the median is the mean of the two middle values. ‘ Example 17_ _ eae Find the median for the following sets of data: Set (a) has an odd number (a) 21, 24, 17, 28, 36, 20, 32 of data, while set (b) has (b) 3.56, 2.71, 5.48, 8.61, 4.35, 6.22 an even number of data, Solution - (@) When the data is arranged in order of magnitude, we have: 17, 20, 21, 24, 28, 32, 36 Median = @ +1 \ observation = 4" observation =24 (b) When the data is arranged in order of magnitude, we have: 2.71, 3.56, 4.35, 5.48, 6.22, 8.61 Median = ( 6 = \ observation = 3.5" observation = to observation + 4" observation) = F435 +5.48) =4915 Example 18” This set of data contains anextreme value. ‘The number of greeting cards sent by five members of Encik Ahmad’s family this year is as follows: 9, 13, 8, 11,59 Find (a) the mean, and (b) the median of the above data. Solution (=) F= FE = 941348411459 _ 99 n 5 (b) When the data is arranged in order of magnitude, we have: 8,9, 11, 13, 59 Scanned with CamScanner‘The median is not affected by extreme values, Median = ( = 3" observation ell ‘The mean number of cards that are sent by js 11. In this case, the median is more suital r influenced by the extreme value whereas the median is not. Sut y observation Encik Ahmad’s family is 20 and the median ble in representing the data as the mean jg (b) Median of an ungrouped frequency distribution N+1 2 Fora discrete ungrouped frequency distribution, the median is the( ) observation, when all the observations are arranged in an ascending or descending order and N=3f Example 19. ‘The number of reports received by a police station in a duration of 80 weeks is as follows: Number of reports received Number of weeks 0 7 1 16 2 26 3 7 4 9 35 5 ‘A Table 29 Find the median of the frequency distribution. Solution x_ |__| Cumulative frequency 0 7 7 1 16 2 i 80+1)\" Median = ( | i Das i FJ observation me eT) 6 = 40.5" observation 409 75 =52+2) as [5 80 =2 A Table 30 (c) Median of grouped data: Interpolation method Far dices or continous grouped ffequency distributions, the data is grouped in $ actual values of the individual data are hod used is different from the method just di Seite ned Just discussed and the exact val dian cannot be obtained. In this case, there are ion te ean at ¢ ; two ways to esti i is interpolation method and the graphical method. nn “te median: thats . Scanned with CamScannerIn the interpolation method, the median is estimated by calculation. This technique can be summarised by the following formula: Medi a 2 edian 7 where N le ‘f,, frequency of the median class ize of the median class lower boundary of the median class ‘otal number of observations (2f) cumulative frequency until point L Example 20 __ — —_ Ss The age distribution of 100 workers in company X is shown in the following table: Age (years) 20-24 | 25-29 | 30-34 | 35-39 | 40-44 | 45-49 | 50-54 Number of workers | 8 18 28 2 14 6 4 A Table 32 Estimate the median of the above frequency distribution. Solution Age (years) Frequency, f Cumulative frequency 20-24 8 8 25-29 18 26 Q-D 28 35-39 2 76 407m 4 90 45-49 6 36 50-54 ri 700 ‘A Table 33 AS Bf= 100, therefore X= 50 ‘The median is the 50" observation, Median class: 30 - 34 L=295,F=26,f =28,c=34.5-29.5=5 Nip Median = L +|—2 le =295+ (2322}5 = 33.79 (2d.p.) Scanned with CamScanner1 Find the median of each set of data: (a) 10, 13,21, 15, 18, 24, 20 (b) 7, 10, 12, 13, 8, 4, 6,7 (©) 8,7, 16, 14, 28, 13, 13, 21, 10 2 The mean and median salaries for 80 technicians in a factory are RM800.00 and RM765.00 respectively. Find the total amount of monthly salaries that must be paid by the factory to all its technicians. From the information given, does the majority of the technicians have a higher or lower salary than RM800.00? 3 Find the median for the discrete distributions below: ®ia [72] [4]15]e6 [7 f 2 13 21 24 6 ©) (x [a | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 f 4 WW 23 | 28 8 5 4 Find the median for the following grouped data: (a) Gas [es] ]enfe-s|aco]ies] | fore mont iusat tis alt ona como Frequengy|2{317191e}3 frequency graph and state the approximate value © fae for the median. Tntervat | 4-3 | 6-7 | 89 [t0-11]z-2]uais Time (minutes) Number of days Frequeny|2|#|ul[uls|1 2 _ 3 © [tas 1W, | 4 | 23 | 8 | 5 | 3 women (@) Find the median for the distribution. (b) Plot a cumulative frequency graph for the above distribution and estimate the median. (©) Compare the values obtained by the calculation method and the graphical method. 6 Company A performed a marketing research to obtain information regarding the distribution of its customers’ age. The results of the survey are as follows: ‘Age (years) |Below 20/20 - 29}30 - 39]40-49]50 and abovel %customers| 34 26 18 14 8 Find the median age of their customers. 7 The table below shows the times (in minutes) Mode Like the mean and median, the mode is a way of representing a set of data with a single value. ‘The mode of a set of data is the value that occurs most frequently, (a) Mode of ungrouped data -Example22 Find the mode for the following set of data: (a) 74,9, 5,8, 3, 8,8 (b) 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.3, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.3, (©) 2,2, 6,6, 8, 8,9, 9, 13, 13 Scanned with CamScannerSolution @) 74,9, 5,8, 3, 8,8 Mode =8 This set of data has only one mode and it is said to be unimodal. (b) 0.2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6 , 0.3, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.3 Mode = 0.6 and 0.8 (since both occurs thrice) This set of data has two modes and it is said to be bimodal. (©) 2,2,6,6,8,8,9, 9, 13, 13 For this set of data, the mode does not exist because there is no value that occurs most frequently. ‘The modes used when we wantto determine the data that occurs most. frequently to represent asset of given data. Itis not affected by extreme values (i. 74in the given example), However not all the data sets have a mode and their values are not necessarily unique. The mode does not exist when every observation hhas the same frequency. -Example23___ act The blood types for 10 blood donors in a certain centre are as follows: B, O, AB, A, A, 0, 0,0, B, A Find the mode of the above data, —— The mode can also be B,[O}, AB, A, A,[O], [0], [0]. B, A used for qualitative data. The mode for the given data is blood type O. The mode can be used for both quantitative and qualitative data whereas the mean and median can only be used for quantitative data. (b) Mode of grouped data: Graphical method When the data is grouped into class intervals, the modal class is the class with the highest frequency. For example, in the following distribution, the modal class is “38-40". Classinterval | 35-37 | 38-40 | 41-43 | 44-46 | 47-49 | 50-52 ae Frequency 7 18 6 5 3 1 Al ‘A Table 35 i ‘There are two ways to estimate the mode, either by using a graphical method or by formula. We can estimate the mode graphically from a histogram or a cumulative frequency curve. Figure 19 shows part of a histogram. The bar that is shaded is the modal class. = ‘The mode can be estimated by finding the point of intersection of AC and BD as shown in Figure 19. -Example24- ‘The table below shows the time taken by a lorry ¢o make 80 trips from Kuala Lumpur to Penang. The variations in the time taken are caused by the traffic conditions. Draw a histogram to illustrate the data and estimate the mode. Timethours) | 42-46 | 46-50 | 5.0-54 | 54-58 | 58-62 | 62-66 Frequency 2 5 18 30 20 5 ‘A Table 36 A Figure 19: Estimating the mode from a histogram Scanned with CamScanner