@ (b) Number of ways to arrange two digits in aline="P,= Number of ways to arrange three digits in aline =", =3! Number of ways to arrange 6 letters ina line Permutations 1g are some of the results The followin: for permutations. ‘The number of permutations of arranging n different objects in a line ig» . which is n!. «can the digits 2 and 3 be arranged? a) In how many way ( scan the three digits 5, 6 and 7 be arranged? (b) In how many way’ Solution (a) The wo digit (b) The three digits 5,6 and 7 can be arranged in 3 756, 765). 2 ways (ive. 23 and 32), 6 ways (i.e. 567, 576, 657,615 5 2-and 3 can be arranged in 2! Example10 In how many ways can the six letters A, B, C, D, E, F be arranged? Solution ‘Number of permutations = “P, 6! =6x5x4x3xX2x1 =720 ‘The number of permutations for r objects from n different objects is "P,- oa =n(n=1)(n-2)...(n-r+1) Example 11 Find the number of permutations of selecting two letters from four different tenes A,B, Cand D. Solution 4! Number of permutations = * 4-21 ‘The list of permutations is AB, AC, AD, BA, BC, BD, CA, CB, CD, DA. DB-P™ Example 12 Four peopl if ea D apply for two vacancies as senior engineer 0” number of ways of filling up the two vacancies. Solution ‘The two vacancies are. i fortwo different posts and thus the order of selection 5 Number of ways of filling th i = ae 8 the posts of senior engineer and junior engine Scanned with CamScanner‘The possible permutations are: Seniorengineer| A | Al|Alalelelc|]c|]clo|]o|o yuniorengineer | 2 | C}O]|Alclolalelolalselec £xamp How many different three-letter code words can be constructed from the letters (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H}, where no letter is repeated in the word? Solution ‘Three letters are to be chosen from the letters A to H. ber of code words =" 7 Num 1 aa 36 The number of permutations for arranging n objects containing a group of 7, similar objects, a group of 1, similar objects, a group of n, similar objects and soon, is Example 14 How many permutations can be formed from the letters of the word (a) SUSUNAN? (b) CALCULUS? Solution (a) There are 7 letters with 2 each of letters 5, U and N, and 1 letter A. 2 2 = 630 Number of permutations = = (b) There are 8 letters with 2 each of letters C, Land U, | letter A and 1 letter S. Number of permutations = stor 5.040 Example 15. —_ E peseecsesseerese In how many ways can the letters of the words (a) “TSUNAMI and (b) ‘ANALYSIS" be arranged? Solution (a) The word ‘TSUNAMI consists of 7 different letters. 5040 Therefore, number of ways = (©) The word ‘ANALYSIS" contains 8 letters with letter A occurring 2 times and letter $ occurring 2 times. Therefore, number of ways = tH = 10080 Acode word can be any ‘combination of letters, irespective of whether the words exist or not. So, the order of the letters matters. Scanned with CamScannérNumber of ways of arranging n objects inacircleis(n-1), (hues anging 1 different objects in a tions of arranging 7 The number of permutal 1d anti-clockwise ‘arrangements as different is(n-1)!. clockwise an i+ i Example 16 i le? Inhow many ways ean five persons sitaround a tab Solution : : Five persons can sit around a table in (5 - 1)! = 24 ways. Example17. a q “The letters from the word ‘SAYANG? are arranged around a circle, Find the nun of possible arrangements. Solution ‘There are 6 letters in the word ‘SAYANG’ with two letters A. (6-1)! _ 5! Total number of arrangements in a circle = Example 18. The letters from the word ‘ENGINE? are arranged around a circle. Find the nunber of possible arrangements, Solution ‘The word “ENGINE” has 6 letters with 2 letters E and 2 letters N. Total number of arrangements in a circle = (6-1)! _ 5! 2ikee4 Example19 = — Eight men are tobe arranged in row. What is the probability that the three bespectd men are standing side by side? Solution Let S be the sample space, then n(S) = 8! Let be the event that the three bespectacled me Taking the three bespectacled men, sa of arrangements = 61 inding side by side, as an item, then the mutt stand side by side. But in each of these arr ae Tangements, the three bespectacled men can be arate ‘Therefore, the total numberof arrangements ig NE) = 16! P(E) =") _ 316! _ 3, nS) a OF ‘The probabilit Probability that the thee bespectacled men are standing side by side i8 3g Scanned with CamScannerExample 20 Iathrve-digit numbers formed from the digits 1, find the probability that the number can be divided by 5 Solution Let S be the sample space, then nS) = 31 = 6, Let E be the event ‘the number ean be divided by 5°, Only the numbers ending with S can be divided by 5 As such, n() = number of Ways of arranging [and 3 re MAD 2d Thus, P(E) nS) 60 3 Combinations When calculating the number of combi arrangement is not taken into c4 tions of r objects from 1 unlike objects, nsideration, ‘The number of combinations of r objects from n different objects is "C,. nt rhin=nt Example 21 Three letters are randomly selected from the word ‘BEAUTY* (a) How many code words of three letters can be formed? (b) Find the probability that all the three letters chosen are consonants. Solution (@) Numberof three-letter code words that can be formed is the number of permutations =P =6x5x4= 120 (b) Number of ways of selecting 3 letters from 6 letters without considering its arrangement, n($) ="C, — OxSx4 20 If Bis the event ‘three consonants are selected’, then n(E) = °C, 1 ‘The probability that three consonants are selected is Example 22 Four balls are randomly selected from a box containing 5 red balls and 6 white balls. () In how many ways can the four balls be chosen if (i) there is no restriction’? ii) the white balls must be more than red balls? () Find the probability that of the four balls chosen there is only one white ball and the digits cannot be repeated, Since the order of the letters matters, this is a ‘permutations’ problem. Consonants are the non: vowel letters. in this case, there are three consonants 8,Tand¥. Since the order in which, the balls are selected is ot important, thisis a ‘combinations’ problem, biny 73. ~ Scanned with CamScannerExample 20. “= — Ifathree-digit number is formed from the digits 1, 3, Sand the digits cannot be repeated, find the probability that the number can be divided by 5. Solution Let § be the sample space, then n(S) = 3! Let E be the event ‘the number can be divided by 5°. Only the numbers ending with 5 can be divided by 5. ‘As such, n(£) = number of ways of arranging | and 3 = 2! =2 mE) n(S) Thus, P(E) = Combinations When calculating the number of combinations of r objects from n unlike objects, | arrangement is not taken into consideration, ‘The number of combinations of r objects from n different objects is "C, n(n = In =2) ... (n= r+ 1.253! 6 Example 21_ Three letters are randomly selected from the word ‘BEAUTY’. (a) How many code words of three letters can be formed? (b) Find the probability that all the three letters chosen are consonants. Solution (9) Number of three-lettercode words thatean be formedisthe number of permutations since the order ofthe P,=6x5x4=120 letters matters, thisisa ‘permutations’ problem. (b) Number of ways of selecting 3 letters from 6 letters without considering its arrangement, n(S) = *C, = 6x5x4 1x2x3 =20 If Bis the event ‘three consonants are selected’, then n(E) =*C, 2] Consonants are the non- vowel letters. In this case, P(e) = ME) = there are three consonants nS) 20 B,Tand Y. ‘The probability that three consonants are selected is + Example 22_ —— — Four balls are randomly selected from a box containing 5 red balls and 6 white balls, {@) In how many ways can the four balls be chosen if Guanine (i) there is no restriction? the balls are selected is (i) the white balls must be more than red balls? notimportant, thisisa (b) Find the probability that of the four balls chosen there is only one white ball, ‘combinations’ problem, Scanned with CamScanner