THE CLAT POST
w w w. l e g a l e d g e . i n
M O N T H L Y
THE NIGHT IS THE DARKEST
BEFORE THE DAWN
Current Affairs Practice Sheet (CAPS)
Passage: The State of India’s
Birds Report 2020 represents the
[1] collective attempt in India to
understand and assess how the
avifauna are doing. The results of this
exercise are broadly sobering. During
the last two decades, over half the
species assessed have declined. This
trend is even more pronounced in
recent times, with nearly 80% of the
species assessed showing declines
over the last five years. To the previous
list of globally threatened Indian
bird species previously identified by
the IUCN (as critically endangered,
endangered or vulnerable), the report
adds [2] more species.
Assessing the status of our birds poses
a variety of challenges. For a start,
there are over 1,300 species of birds
in India. While some are loud, colourful
or diurnal, and hence relatively easier
to detect, others are quiet, shy, or
nocturnal. Further, finding them also
means having to look in a wide variety
of habitats: in forests, wetlands,
farmlands, cities, mountains and
even open oceans. And to complicate
matters further, hundreds of species
migrate into and out of our country at
different times of the year.
1. Which of the following will fill [1]?
(a) First (b) Second
(c) Third (d) Fourth
2. Which of the following will fill [2]?
(a) 34 (b) 42
(c) 37 (d) 40
Explanations: This is the first time that the State
of India’s Birds Report has been published.
To the list of 67 globally threatened
Indian bird species previously identified
by the IUCN (as critically endangered,
endangered or vulnerable), the report adds
34 more species. The number of species of
high conservation concern in India is now
101.
The report said that the number of India’s
domestic or house sparrow has decreased
in large cities but almost stable overall.
House Sparrow is a commonly found birth
across the country. 867 species of Indian
birds assessed in this report.
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E D I T I O N FEBRUARY, 2020
KEEP GOING
3. How many number of bird-species of
high conservation concern are there
presently after the addition of [2] in
India?
(a) 96 (b) 99
(c) 101 (d) 107
4. Which of the following species of birds
have been mentioned in the report as
having declined in large cities but
remaining almost stable overall?
(a) Small minivet (b) House sparrow
(c) Indian peafowl (d) Indian thick-
knee
5. How many species of Indian birds
have been assessed in this report?
(a) 672 (b) 759
(c) 867 (d) 943
6. The report was released on 17
February 2020 at the 13th Conference
of Parties to the Convention on
Migratory Species held at -
(a) Mumbai, Maharashtra
(b) Bharatpur, Rajasthan
(c) Sariska, Rajasthan
(d) Gandhinagar, Gujarat
Passage: Egypt’s former [1] [2] ruled
with an iron fist for 30 years before
being deposed amid street protests,
defending his chequered reign to the
end. He died recently aged 91.
Once dubbed “[3]” for his long,
autocratic rule, he was swept from
power, like other regional potentates,
by the popular uprisings of the Arab
Spring. His mixed legacy is that of a
strongman who employed emergency
powers, led a police state and rigged
elections, and of a guarantor of stability
who battled jihadists, maintained close
ties with the West and kept peace with
Israel.
He came to power after his
predecessor Anwar Sadat was
assassinated in 1981 during a military
parade. He was sitting right next to
Answer Key & Explanations
The report was released on 17 February
2020 at the 13th Conference of Parties to
the Convention on Migratory Species held
at Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
1 Ans- a
2 Ans- a
3 Ans- c
4 Ans- b
5 Ans- c
6 Ans- d
Explanations: Hosni Mubarak who was also
known as ‘The Pharaoh’ was the former
President of Egypt. He was ousted during
VOL 01 | ISSUE NO: 03
Sadat. At that time he held the post
of being a deputy to Sadat. He would
survive several more attempts on his
life, most dramatically in 1995 when
militants sprayed his motorcade with
bullets at a roadblock in Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia.
7. Which of the following would replace
[1]?
(a) Prime Minister (b) President
(c) Military Supreme
(d) Supreme Commander
8. Which of the following would replace
[2]?
(a) Hosni Mubarak
(b) Mohammed Morsi
(c) Gamal Abdel Nasser
(d) Khalifa Haftar
9. Which of the following would replace
[3]?
(a) The Emperor (b) The Iron-fist
man
(c) The Pharaoh (d) The Lion
10. In which year did the Arab Springs
break-out and [2] was ousted?
(a) 2009 (b) 2010
(c) 2011 (d) 2012
11. Who is the present President of Egypt?
(a) Abdelmadjid Tebboune
(b) Hassan Diab
(c) Ghassan Salame
(d) Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
Passage: The [1] has clarified that foreign
portfolio investors (FPIs) from [2] will
continue to be eligible for registration
as foreign investors in India but subject
to increased monitoring.
The regulatory clarification was
necessitated after the island nation
was placed in the list of ‘jurisdictions
the 2011 Arab Springs. He has recently
passed away.
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi is the current President
of Egypt.
7 Ans- b
8 Ans- a
9 Ans- c
10 Ans- c
11 Ans- d
Explanations: The Securities and Exchange
Board of India (SEBI) has clarified that
` 100.00
under increased monitoring’ —
commonly referred to as the grey
list — leading to apprehensions that
the [2]-based FPIs will not be able
to trade in the Indian capital market.
[1] has clarified that “... FPIs from
Mauritius continue to be eligible for FPI
registration with increased monitoring
as per FATF norms.” Meanwhile,
the capital market regulator further
clarified that the FATF website
mentions that when a jurisdiction is
placed under increased monitoring,
it construes that the country has
committed to swiftly resolve the
identified strategic deficiencies within
agreed time frames and is subject to
increased monitoring.
This assumes significance since [2]
accounts for the [3]-largest chunk of
foreign investments, as per data from
the National Securities Depository
Limited (NSDL). In January 2020,
Mauritius-based FPIs had total assets
under custody (AUC) of ₹4.37 lakh
crore.
12. Which of the following will replace [1]?
(a) RBI (b) Ministry of
Finance
(c) NITI Aayog (d) SEBI
13. Which of the following will replace [2]?
(a) Luxemborg (b) Malaysia
(c) Mauritius (d) Singapore
14. Which of the following will replace [3]?
(a) Second (b) Third
(c) Fourth (d) Fifth
15. From which of the following places
does India receive the highest FPIs?
(a) Dubai (b) EU
(c) USA (d) Saudi Arab
16. How many countries are placed in the
black-list of FATF?
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
foreign portfolio investors (FPIs) from
Mauritius will continue to be eligible for
registration as foreign investors in India
but subject to increased monitoring. India
receives the largest chunk of FPIs from
USA. Mauritius comes next.
As at 21 February 2020, only two countries were
on the FATF blacklist: North Korea and Iran.
12 Ans- d
13 Ans- c
14 Ans- a
15 Ans- c
16 Ans- b
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 2 India’s Best Institute for CLAT | Other Law Entrances
Passage: India accounts for [1] of the world’s
most polluted cities — 21 of the most
polluted 30 cities; 14 of the highest
20; and [2] of the highest 10 — in the
2019 World Air Quality Report released
by the pollution tracker IQAir and
Greenpeace. The ranking is based on
a comparison of PM2.5 levels. Among
countries, when population is taken
into account, average PM2.5 pollution
is highest in [3], followed by Pakistan.
While cities in India, on average,
exceed the WHO target for annual
PM2.5 exposure by 500%, national
air pollution decreased by 20% from
2018 to 2019, with 98% of cities
experiencing improvements. These
improvements are believed to be
largely a result of economic slowdown,
IQAir said.
China is at number 11 in the list of
countries affected by population, with
population factored in. Chinese cities
achieved a 9% average decrease in
PM2.5 levels in 2019.
17. Which of the following will replace [1]?
(a) one-third (b) a half
(c) two-thirds (d) three-fourths
18. Which of the following will replace [2]?
(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 5 (d) 6
19. Which of the following will replace [3]?
(a) USA (b) Afghanistan
(c) Bangladesh (d) Mongolia
20. Which of the following cities is the
most polluted city as per this list in the
year 2019?
(a) Ghaziabad (b) Hotan
(c) Delhi (d) Gujranwala
21. What is the rank of India as per this
report?
(a) Third (b) Fourth
(c) Fifth (d) Sixth
Passage: Astronomers have observed a
small object orbiting Earth, which they
have dubbed a “mini-moon” or the
planet’s “second moon”. It is actually
an asteroid, about the size of a car;
its diameter is about 1.9-3.5 m. And
unlike our permanent Moon, the mini-
moon is temporary; it will eventually
break free of Earth’s orbit and go off on
its own way.
Dubbed [1], the mini-moon was
discovered by Kacper Wierzchos and
Teddy Pruyne of the NASA-funded
Catalina Sky Survey (CSS) in Arizona
on the night of February 15. The Minor
Planet Center of the International
Explanations: India accounts for two-thirds of
the world’s most polluted cities. It has six
most polluted cities in the world out of the
top 10, with Ghaziabad on top of the list. If
population is taken into account then the
most polluted country is Bangladesh and
India is at the fifth position.
17 Ans- c
18 Ans- d
19 Ans- c
20 Ans- a
21 Ans- c
Explanations: The mini moon is called the 2020
CD3. The earlier one was called the 2006
RH120.
These are called Temporarily Captured
Objects (TCOs).
The Minor Planet Center is the official
worldwide organization in charge of
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Astronomical Union acknowledged
the discovery.
For CSS, it is only the second such
discovery. It previously discovered [2],
which orbited Earth for some time that
year, before it escaped in 2007. When
an asteroid’s orbit crosses Earth’s orbit,
it can sometimes be captured into the
latter orbit. This is what happened
with [1]. It is now orbiting at a distance
farther from Earth. Such an asteroid is
called a [3].
22. Which of the following would replace [1]?
(a) 2020 RS13 (b) 2020 CD3
(c) 2020 TH5 (d) 2020 RH6
23. Which of the following would replace [2]?
(a) 2005 RN305 (b) 2006 RH120
(c) 2005 SP90 (d) 2006 SR115
24. Which of the following would replace [3]?
(a) Unstable Orbiting Object
(b) Temporarily Orbiting Object
(c) Temporarily Captured Object
(d) Unstable Captured Object
25. Where is the headquarters of the Minor
Planet Center of the International
Astronomical Union situated?
(a) Cambridge (b) Houston
(c) Dallas (d) Chicago
26. Why are there asteroids unstable?
(a) Due to the effect of earth’s rotation
(b) Due to the gravitational effect of the
Sun and the earth’s permanent moon
(c) These asteroids fall on the earth due to
its gravitational pull
(d) These asteroids burn up as they rotate
Passage: The CES contains details about
the spending patterns of households.
Data collected from this becomes a
vital source of information to improve
economic planning and budgetary
allocation. According to the report,
leaked to and published by Business
Standard, consumer spending fell for
the first time in 40 years. A remarkable
analysis of the report by Professor
S. Subramanian in ‘The India Forum’
compares the Monthly Per Capita
Consumption Expenditure (MPCE) from
the CES 2011-2012 and 2017-2018. It
presents a grim picture of rural India.
According to his article, if we rank the
rural population from the poorest to
the richest, and divide them into 10
groups (or deciles), we find that the
MPCE fell for every group.
Observing such inconvenient truths,
the government tried to shun the survey
Answer Key & Explanations
collecting observational data for minor
planets, calculating their orbits and
publishing this information via the Minor
Planet Circulars. It is located at Cambridge.
These mini-moons do not orbit for long,
because the gravitational pulls from the Sun
and Earth’s permanent moon make their
orbits unstable.
22 Ans- b
23 Ans- b
24 Ans- c
25 Ans- a
26 Ans- b
Explanations: For example, the average
monthly consumption levels of the poorest
50% of the rural population was ₹1,138 in
2011-2012. This came down to ₹1,082 in
2017-2018. Overall, the average monthly
household consumption reduced from
The CLAT Post • February 2020
results citing “data quality issues”. This
tendency to move from transparency
to opacity when confronted with
uncomfortable facts is not new. The
government had kept delaying the
release of the 2017-2018 Periodic
Labour Force Survey (PLFS) data.
In January 2019, the PLFS data was
leaked, revealing that unemployment
under the BJP-led government had
reached a [1]-year high.
Recent NSO reports suggest that
Consumer Food Price Index inflation
increased from 2.99% in August 2019
to more than 14% in December 2019.
As per the 2011 Socio-Economic
Caste Census, 56% of the households
don’t own land and around 51% of the
households depend on casual manual
labour for income. For this segment,
the MGNREGA can serve as a lifeline.
27. The Consumer Expenditure Survey
(CES) is meant to be conducted once
every 5 years by which of the following
organization?
a. CFPI b. NSO
c. MGNREGA d. PLFS
28. Which of the following fact can be
concluded from ranking the rural
population from the poorest to the
richest, and dividing them into 10
groups (or deciles) to find that the
MPCE fell for every group?
a. This means that consumption has
increased but not income
b. This means that consumption
has decreased and income slightly
increased
c. This means that consumption —
and so income — in the entire cross-
section of the rural society decreased.
d. Nothing could be concluded from
this
29. Fill [1] with a suitable option.
a. 20 b. 30
c. 35 d. 45
30. In the 2019 Global Hunger Index out
of 117 qualifying countries, what is the
rank of India?
a. 100 b. 101
c. 102 d. 103
31. in which of the following year
MGNREGA was started?
a. 2002 b. 2004
c. 2005 d. 2007
₹1,430 in 2011-12 to ₹1,304 in 2017-18, a
sharp decline of around 9%. In other words,
more people have become poorer and
hence have less money to spend.
In the 2019 Global Hunger Index, India
ranks 102nd out of 117 qualifying countries.
With a score of 30.3, India suffers from a
level of hunger that is serious.
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
2005, is an Indian labour law and social
security measure that aims to guarantee
the ‘right to work’. This act was passed in
September 2005.
27 Ans – d
28 Ans – c
29 Ans – d
30 Ans – c
31 Ans - c
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Passage: The Supreme Court’s recent
green light to introduction of African
[1] in a suitable area in India has
revived a decade-long debate over
the controversial plan first floated in
2009 and shot down by the court in
2013. India had earlier approached [2]
to send Asiatic [1], but the country had
refused.
In saving the cheetah, claimed the
proponents of the reintroduction plan,
one would also save other endangered
species of the grassland, such as the
endangered Indian wolf and the near-
extinct great Indian bustard (GIB).
Wolves, for example, are the keystone
species in Nauradehi and would have
to compete with [1]. The majestic GIB
is a potential prey for the [1]. In fact, the
project excluded Desert National Park
because “putting the [1] in with the
bustard cannot be contemplated at
all, because of the threat to this most
gravely endangered bird”.
32. Which of the following would replace
[1]?
(a) Lions (b) Pumas
(c) Panthers (d) Cheetahs
33. Which of the following would replace
[2]?
(a) Iran (b) Thailand
(c) Malaysia (d) Turkey
34. In which state is the Nauradehi Wildlife
Sanctuary situated?
(a) Gujarat (b) Rajasthan
(c) Madhya Pradesh (d) Chhattisgarh
35. How many beleaguered species
have been recognized by the Indian
Government that need immediate
help to survive?
(a) 18 (b) 21
(c) 24 (d) 27
36. Which of the following National Wildlife
Action Plan is currently ongoing?
(a) First (b) Second
(c) Third (d) Fourth
Explanations: The African Cheetahs will be
imported from Namibia to India. Earlier
India had approached Iran to import some
Asian cheetahs, but the agreement couldn’t
be sealed. The GIB is not the only species
staring down the barrel. The government
has identified 20 others – such as the Asian
wild buffalo, Jerdon’s courser, red panda
and Asiatic lion – that need immediate
help to survive. The Nauradehi Wildlife
Sanctuary is in Madhya Pradesh.
The third National Wildlife Action Plan is
currently ongoing – 2017 to 2031.
32 Ans- d
33 Ans- a
34 Ans- c
35 Ans- b
36 Ans- c
 3 India’s Best Institute for CLAT | Other Law Entrances
The CLAT Post • February 2020

41. How many districts are there in the
Passage: Recently the signing of the
Bodo Peace Accord and Narendra
Modi tweeting in Bodo language have
spiked interest in the Bodo language.
Estimated to have 1.5 million speakers
(Census 2011), Bodo is listed in the
[1] Schedule of the Constitution. It
is spoken in Assam, where the Bodo
tribe constitutes about 5-6% of the
population, and in Arunachal Pradesh,
Nagaland, Meghalaya, and West
Bengal.
The earlier Bodo Accord that was
Passage: The Year of the Rat has begun on
signed in [2] was very significant for
Bodo language because it became
the first tribal language to be included
in the Eight Schedule. In Assam, it has
enjoyed the status of official associate
language in undivided Goalpara
district since 1986.
The 2020 Accord makes Bodo the
associate official language throughout
Assam. The new Accord also promises
to establish a separate directorate for
Bodo medium schools, provincialise
schools and colleges in the BTAD
(Bodoland Territorial Autonomous
District) and establish a Cultural
Complex-cum-Centre of Excellence
named after the late social activist
Bodofa Upendranath Brahma in [3]
for protection and promotion of the
language.
37. Which of the following will replace [1]?
(a) Seventh (b) Eighth
(c) Ninth (d) Tenth
38. Which of the following will replace [2]?
(a) 2001 (b) 2003
(c) 2006 (d) 2008
39. Which of the following will replace [3]?
(a) Barpeta (b) Chirang
(c) Kakdapara (d) Kokrajhar
40. What name has been agreed upon
for the Bodo Territorial Autonomous
District as per the agreement?
(a) Bodoland Territorial Region
(b) Bodoland Autonomous Region
(c) Bodo People’s Region
(d) Bodoland People’s Territory
BTAD?
(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 5 (d) 6
an inauspicious note for China. A new
virus belonging to the Coronavirus
family (now named novel coronavirus
2019-nCoV) has claimed over 200
lives in China and the numbers
infected have touched 10,000
confirmed cases, as on Friday. The
World Health Organization (WHO) has
declared it a global emergency, as the
outbreak continues to spread outside
China.
Ironically, the epicentre of the outbreak
is the bustling town of [1], China,
which also hosts a number of biotech
enterprises. Most of the viruses are
common among animals and only a
small number infect humans.
Comparisons are being drawn the
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)
outbreak in 2002-03 which infected
around 8,000 patients and claimed
nearly 800 lives. SARS is also a
zoonotic case, part of the coronavirus
family with clues pointing to horseshoe
bats in China as the likely source.
The first incidents were reported in
Guangdong province in November
2002 but WHO was officially informed
only after three months though
mysterious flu outbreaks were being
widely reported.
All this provides an interesting contrast
with how the Kerala government dealt
with the Nipah virus outbreak in May
2018. Nipah is also zoonotic and made
the jump from fruit bats to humans.
Though there were 17 deaths in India,
effective quarantine measures by local
authorities prevented the spread. It
helped that health is a state subject.
42. Fill [1] with a suitable option. (c) Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
(d) Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
a. Xinjiang b. Wuhan
c. Chengdu d. Xi’an 48. Which of the following will replace [2]?
(a) 100 mg/litre (b) 300 mg/litre
43. Fomites, the transmission mode of
Coronavirus transmission consists of (c) 500 mg/litre (d) 1000 mg/litre
which of the following objects?
49. Which of the following will replace [3]?
a. Furniture b. Clothes
(a) Hyderabad (b) Chandigarh
c. Utensils d. All of the above
(c) Delhi (d) Mumbai
44. In 2002-03, another zoonotic
disease, Severe Acute Respiratory 50. What was the reason given by the
Syndrome outbreak infected around NGT for banning the use of ROs?
8,000 patients. Which of the following
(a) RO wastes 80% of the water for
causes Zoonotic disease?
purification
1. Bacteria 2. Virus 3. Protozoa
(b) RO throws out important nutrients
Select the correct code: while purification
a. 1 and 2 only b. 2 and 3 only (c) Both a and b (d) Neither a nor b
c. 1 and 3 only d. 1, 2 and 3
51. Which of the following bodies is
protesting against the order on behalf
45. What is the rank of India in Global
of the RO manufacturers?
Health Index 2019?
(a) Water Quality India Association
a. 100th b. 110th
(b) Indian RO Association
c. 115th d. 120th
(c) Association for Water Standards
46. The headquarter of WHO is located in
(d) Water Standards Association of
which of the following country?
India
a. Austria b. Switzerland
c. USA d. Spain
Passage: Manufacturers of Reverse
Osmosis (RO) purifiers have evoked
a mixed response over the recent
draft notification by the Ministry of
Environment that prohibits users
from installing membrane-based
water purification, particularly reverse
osmosis. The move was to comply
with recent National Green Tribunal’s
(NGT) order directing Ministry of
Environment to issue a notification
banning RO purifiers which reduce the
[1] in water below [2].
Earlier in 2019 the Supreme Court
had declined to interfere with the
National Green Tribunal order which
prohibited use of RO filters in [3] areas
with [1] less than [2]. On November
4, the NGT said that its orders have
not been implemented in the Ministry
and Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB). It set December 31 as
deadline for the both to implement its
decision.
47. Which of the following will replace [1]?
(a) pH
(b) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

Answer Key & Explanations

Explanations: Bodo was added to the Eighth
schedule of the Indian Constitution
according to the 2003 Accord.
The area under the jurisdiction of BTC,
formed under the 2003 Accord, was called
the Bodo Territorial Autonomous District
(BTAD). After the 2020 Accord, the BTAD
was renamed Bodoland Territorial Region
(BTR).
BTAD comprises Kokrajhar, Chirang, Baksa
and Udalguri districts, accounting for 11% of
Assam’s area and 10% of its population.
37 Ans- b
38 Ans- b
39 Ans- d
40 Ans- a
41 Ans- b
Explanations: According to the World Health
Organization, during previous outbreaks
due to other coronavirus, human-to-human
transmission occurred through droplets,
contact and fomites (objects or materials
which are likely to carry infection, such as
clothes, utensils, and furniture), suggesting
that the transmission mode of the 2019-
nCoV can be identical.
A zoonosis (plural zoonoses, or zoonotic
diseases) is an infectious disease caused by
bacteria, viruses and parasites that spread
between animals (usually vertebrates) and
humans.
Bloomberg has just released the World
Health Index – 2019. This London-based
organisation focuses on building products
and solutions that are needed for the 21st
century and is known for providing quality
data. The agency has ranked 169 countries
and India stands at 120th position.
The World Health Organization is a
specialized agency of the United Nations
that is concerned with international public
health. It was established on 7 April
1948, and is headquartered in Geneva,
Switzerland.
42 Ans – b
43 Ans – d
44 Ans – d
45 Ans – d
46 Ans - b
Explanations: Earlier in May, the NGT had
directed the Ministry of Environment to
frame rules for manufacturing and sale of
RO filters, and banned use of RO in areas
where TDS in water was below 500 mg per
litre. The tribunal had also ordered the RO
manufacturers to ensure that more than
60% of water is recovered. Notably, the
current system of RO discard about 80% of
water which is processed, leading to huge
wastage. The Supreme Court on Friday
declined to interfere with the National Green
Tribunal order which prohibited use of RO
filters in Delhi areas with Total Dissolved
Solids (TDS) less than 500 per litre.
The Water Quality India Association,
representing the RO manufacturers,
approached the Supreme Court contesting
NGT’s decision.
47 Ans- b
48 Ans- c
49 Ans- c
50 Ans- c
51 Ans- a

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 4 India’s Best Institute for CLAT | Other Law Entrances
Passage: The enactment of the Constitution
was an ambitious political experiment
— with universal adult franchise,
federalism in a region consisting of
over 550 princely States, and social
revolution in a deeply unequal society.
However, it was equally a unique
achievement in terms of constitutional
design.
In its early years, the Supreme Court
adopted a textualist approach,
focusing on the plain meaning of the
words used in the Constitution. A.K.
Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950) was
one of the early decisions in which the
Court was called upon to interpret the
fundamental rights under [1].
The leader of the Communist Party
of India claimed that preventive
detention legislation under which he
was detained was inconsistent with
Articles 19 (the right to freedom), 21
(the right to life) and 22 (the protection
against arbitrary arrest and detention).
We are currently in the midst of
transitioning from the third phase of
constitutional interpretation to the
fourth. In the fourth phase, the Court
has acknowledged as critical to its
interpretive exercise the purpose
for which the Constitution has been
enacted. Many Constitutions attempt
the task of entrenching a political
compromise between the incumbents
and challengers of the day. India’s
Constitution, at its very inception, was
different. In enacting the Constitution,
the founders of our Republic
expressed a sense of unease with the
status quo and raised expectations
of root-and-branch social revolution
and transformation. The Court is now
beginning to interpret the Constitution
in accordance with its revolutionary
and transformative potential.
With about a dozen significant
Constitution Bench decisions from
the Supreme Court since September
2018, there has been a renaissance
in decision-making by Constitution
Benches. This includes the Court’s
decisions striking down Section 377
and the criminal offence of adultery,
and including the office of the Chief
Justice of India within the scope of the
Right to Information Act.
52. How many years ago the Constitution
of India came into force?
a. 68 b. 69
c. 70 d. 71
53. Fill [1] with a suitable option.
a. Part II b. Part III
c. Part IV d. Part V
54. As mentioned in the passage, which
Explanations: Section 377 of the Indian Penal
Code is a section of the Indian Penal Code
introduced in 1861 during the British rule of
India. Modelled on the Buggery Act of 1533,
it makes sexual activities “against the order
of nature” illegal.
THE CONSTITUTION (FIRST AMENDMENT)
ACT, 1951 was passed specifically to
give CONSTITUTIONAL VALIDITY
OF ZAMINDARI ABOLITION LAWS IN
GENERAL AND CERTAIN SPECIFIED
STATE ACTS IN PARTICULAR which was
challenged/ appealed against in Supreme
Court by different parties for violating
fundamental rights.
As per the procedure laid out by article 368
for amendment of the Constitution, an
amendment can be initiated only by the
introduction of a Bill in either House of
Parliament. The Bill, passed by the required
majority, is then presented to the President
who shall give his assent to the Bill.
Bhopal +91-9111555433 Indore +91-9589613810, +91-731-4987379 Prayagraj +91-8114000926, +91-8114000927
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of the following option is related to
Section 377?
a. Criminalizes all “unnatural” sexual
acts
b. Granting special provisions for some
states of the Indian Union
c. Special status of the state of Jammu
and Kashmir
d. Selling minor for purposes of
prostitution
55. What was the intention behind
passing THE CONSTITUTION (FIRST
AMENDMENT) ACT, 1951?
a. Abolish Privy purse
b. Abolish Zamindari
c. Abolish Dual Citizenship
d. Define area of Assam
56. Which of the following articles of
the constitution is related with the
amendment?
a. Article 352 b. Article 356
c. Article 362 d. Article 368
Passage: The year 2019 witnessed a series
of interventions and disruptions in the
farm sector. The first half of the year
saw the launch of a grand farm sop
in the form of the Pradhan Mantri
Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN)
with a record allocation of ₹75,000
crore. The second half, however, was
a disaster for the sector as many parts
of the country witnessed drought and
floods. The economic slowdown and
the spiralling onion and vegetable
prices burdened consumers (including
farmers), providing a short respite to
only a section of farmers.
First, the disparity in agriculture
expenditure and growth drivers,
mainly the subsidiary sectors, must
be addressed. Despite higher growth
in livestock and fisheries sector,
only moderate to low expenditure
was recorded. Second, the Farmer
Producer Organisations (FPOs), which
are currently facing operational and
structural issues governed by different
Acts and funded by various sources,
may be strengthened by bringing
them under one institution, preferably
an FPO Development and Regulatory
Authority. A structured impetus must
be given to build block chain based
e-market places connecting farmers,
Answer Key & Explanations
52 Ans – c
53 ans – b
54 Ans – a
55 Ans – b
56 Ans - d
Explanations: Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman
Nidhi is an initiative by the government
of India in which all small and marginal
farmers will get up to ₹6,000 per year as
minimum income support. The initiative
was announced by Piyush Goyal during
the 2019 Interim Union Budget of India on
1 February 2019.
National Agriculture Market or eNAM is an
online trading platform for agricultural
commodities in India. The market facilitate
farmers, traders and buyers with online
trading in commodities. The market is
helping in better price discovery and
The CLAT Post • February 2020
traders, agencies, institutions and
exporters on a common platform to
check price fluctuations and harness
decentralisation.
Third, large-scale investment in
agriculture over several years have
encouraged monoculture, threatening
the environment and soil health (mainly
in green revolution areas). Thus small-
scale investment measures or an
incentive-based system is essential
to scale up sustainable practices
such as agroforestry, climate-smart
agriculture, ecosystem services,
conservation agriculture and others.
Last, the need of the hour is setting
up two institutions; one, a national
agricultural development council on
the lines of the Goods and Services
Tax Council under the chairmanship
of Prime Minister for effective
coordination and convergence of
States on key reforms and policies; two,
farmers’ welfare commissions (both
at the Centre and State level), as an
independent institutional mechanism
which will act as a neutral platform
for assessing all agriculture-related
issues and schemes. Involvement
of centrally-funded research
organisations as knowledge partners
would help to coordinate and refine
existing developmental schemes in
agriculture and allied sectors.
57. Which of the following option is the
main goal of PM-KISAN scheme?
a. Providing crop insurance
b. Providing seeds
c. Providing minimum income support
d. Providing Soil health checkup
58. Regarding ‘e- market places’ as
mentioned in the passage what is
the official name for an online trading
platform for agricultural commodities
in India?
a. eSAM b. eNAM
c. eAAM d. eTEN
59. Visible with milk production, higher
growth has been seen in livestock
sector. Regarding this, what is India’s
rank in milk production in the world?
a. First b. Second
c. Third d. Fourth
60. Which of the following option best
describes ‘monoculture’?
a. Practice of growing a single crop at a
time
b. Practice of growing more than 2
crops at the same time
c. Growing crop and maintain livestock
provide facilities for smooth marketing of
their produce.
India is the world’s largest milk producer, with
21 percent of global production, followed
by the United States of America, China,
Pakistan and Brazil.
Monoculture is the agricultural practice of
producing or growing a single crop, plant, or
livestock species, variety, or breed in a field
or farming system at a time. Polyculture,
where more than one crop is grown in
the same space at the same time, is the
alternative to monoculture.
Headquarters location of ICAR: New Delhi ;
Founded: 16 July 1929
57 Ans – a
58 Ans – b
59 Ans – a
60 Ans – a
61 Ans - d
E: query@legaledge.in
W: www.legaledge.in
one at a time
d. Another name of mixed cropping
61. The headquarters of ICAR is located in
___.
a. Mumbai b. Chennai
c. Lucknow d. New Delhi
Passage: India’s flood relief mission to
[1] was followed up with the island’s
Defence Minister Rakotonirina Leon
Jean Richard visiting Lucknow and
Delhi— the first such high-level trip
since Delhi incorporated the island
off the coast of Africa into the “Indian
Ocean Region (IOR)”. The Minister
traveled first to Lucknow to attend
the [2], and later attended the India-
Africa Defence Ministers’ conference
in Delhi, and held a bilateral meeting
with Defence Minister Rajnath Singh.
Mr. Richard discussed the devastation
in [1] due to flooding after a cyclone
and heavy rain in the island’s north-
west left at least 31 dead and
affected nearly 1,00,000 people. Last
week, the Indian Navy conducted
“Operation [3]”, with INS [4] delivering
relief material such as food, clothing,
medicines and water. Officials said
the humanitarian gesture by New
Delhi also showcased India’s strategic
capabilities in the furthermost islands
of the IOR.
62. Which of the following will replace [1]?
(a) Mozambique (b) Madagascar
(c) Angola (d) Zimbabwe
63. Which of the following will replace [2]?
(a) India-Africa Naval Exercise
(b) IORA Meet (c) Defence Expo
(d) The Indo-Africa Summit
64. Which of the following will replace [3]?
(a) Horn (b) Thunder
(c) Vanilla (d) Flower
65. Which of the following will replace [4]?
(a) Vajra (b) Sindhughosh
(c) Sindhurakshak (d) Airavat
66. India has recently signed the
‘Lucknow Declaration’ with ______
African nations.
(a) 25 (b) 38
(c) 50 (d) 54
Explanations: India had sent the Operation
Vanilla to Madagascar. In Lucknow, the
Defence Expo was held where the Lucknow
Declaration was signed between India and
50 African nations. INS Airavat is the third
Shardul-class amphibious warfare vessel of
the Indian Navy and it replaces [4].
62 Ans- b
63 Ans- c
64 Ans- c
65 Ans- d
66 Ans- c
 5 India’s Best Institute for CLAT | Other Law Entrances
Passage: A Delhi court on January 31
postponed the execution of death
warrants of the four convicts in the
December 16, 2012 gang rape and
murder case till further orders.
Additional Sessions Judge
Dharmender Rana passed the order
on plea by the convicts seeking a
stay on their execution on February
1. During the hearing, Tihar Jail
authorities challenged the application
to stay the hanging of three convicts
— Pawan Kumar Gupta, Vinay Kumar
Sharma and Akshay Kumar — saying
that only one convict’s plea is pending
and the others can be hanged.
Advocate A.P. Singh, representing the
convicts, argued that rules dictate that
when one convict’s plea is pending the
others cannot be hanged. The fourth
person sentenced to death in the case
is Mukesh Kumar, whose mercy plea
was dismissed by [1] on January 17.
The Supreme Court had on
Wednesday dismissed Mukesh’s plea
against the [1] decision.
The court had on January 20 issued
death warrants for February 1 against
the four convicts — Vinay Sharma
(26), Akshay Kumar Singh (31),
Mukesh Kumar Singh (32) and Pawan
(26) — in the case. The order now
stands stayed till further orders.
67. [1] dismissed the mercy plea on
January 17. Fill [1] with a suitable
option.
a. Prime Minister b. President
c. Chief Justice of India
d. Chief Justice of any High Court
68. Which article of the constitution allows
[1] to have the power to grant pardon
of punishment?
a. Article 70 b. Article 72
c. Article 74 d. Article 76
69. What does ‘remission’ mean which is
inclusive of the 5 types of pardoning?
a. Absolves the convict from all
sentences, punishments and
disqualifications
b. It denotes the substitution of one
form of punishment for a lighter form.
c. It implies reducing the period
of sentence without changing its
character.
d. It denotes awarding a lesser
sentence in place of one originally
awarded due to some special fact
70. In which of the following year Nirbhaya
Fund was created?
a. 2011 b. 2012
c. 2013 d. 2014
Explanations: Article 72 says that the
president shall have the power to grant
pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions
of punishment or to suspend, remit or
commute the sentence of any person
convicted of any offence.
Remission - It implies reducing the period of
sentence without changing its character.
For example, a sentence of rigorous
imprisonment for two years may be remitted
to rigorous imprisonment for one year.
Nirbhaya Fund is an Indian rupee 10 billion
corpus announced by Government of India
in its 2013 Union Budget. According to the
then Finance Minister P. Chidambaram,
this fund is expected to support initiatives
by the government and NGOs working
towards protecting the dignity and ensuring
safety of women in India.
67 Ans – b
68 Ans – b
69 Ans – c
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Passage: The Supreme Court on Friday
issued notice on a plea for a re-
examination of its January 6, 2020
judgment declaring that the State is
well within its rights to regulate the
appointment of teachers to minority-
run institutions in “national interest.”
Appearing before a three-judge Bench
led by Chief Justice of India Sharad
A. Bobde, senior advocate Rajeev
Dhavan, representing the Managing
Committee, Contai High Madrasah,
said the judgment “dismantles” the
law laid down by an 11-judge Bench
of the Supreme Court in the T.M.A. Pai
case of 2002.
The January 6 judgment by a two-
judge Bench led by Justice Arun
Mishra had given the State an absolute
right to impose regulations on minority
established and administered
institutions in the appointment
of teachers, saying the step was
necessary to achieve excellence in
education in these institutions.
71. ____ of the Constitution states that
minorities have a fundamental right
to administer their institutions and
appoint teachers.
a. Article 26 b. Article 28
c. Article 30 d. Article 33
72. The ____ can declare a community as
minority.
a. Central government
b. Governor of the state
c. Minister of Minorites
d. District Collector
73. Minority status has been awarded to
how many religions in India?
a. 4 b. 5
c. 6 d. 7
Passage: As a report card-cum-blueprint
for the future, Chief Economic Adviser
(CEA) [1] Economic Survey 2019-
20 is a mixed bag of interesting
diagnosis combined with some
optimistic prognostication. Seven
months after his maiden survey, he
finds himself again having to assess
the economy’s health and provide
signposts for the agenda ahead. And
the CEA, who in July projected real
GDP growth rebounding to 7% this
fiscal, acknowledges that 2019 was a
difficult year for the global economy,
including for trade and demand,
and by extension a challenging
period for the Indian economy as
well. The Survey concedes that “a
sharp decline in fixed investment
induced by a sluggish growth of real
consumption” has weighed down
growth, which the National Statistical
Office now estimates at 5% for the 12
Answer Key & Explanations
70 Ans - c
Explanations: The abovementioned notification
was issued by the central government
under the National Commission for Minority
Act 1992. This act does not define the
term minorities but under section 2(c) it
says that central government will notify
who are minorities. As a result, Muslims,
Sikhs, Buddhist, Parsis and Christians were
declared as minorities but not Hindus as it
was done on national level.
There are six religions in India which have
been awarded “National minority” status—
Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists
and Zoroastrians.
71 Ans – c
72 Ans – d
73 Ans - c
Explanations: The first Economic Survey of
India was presented in 1950-51 as part
of the Union Budget. After 1964 it was
separated from the Budget and presented
The CLAT Post • February 2020
months ending in March. The stress
in the non-bank financial industry
and decline in credit growth that the
IMF flagged in January when it cut its
India growth estimate for the current
fiscal to [2], from October’s 6.1%, find
reflection in the Survey. Interestingly, a
chapter devoted to “Financial fragility
in the NBFC sector” .Listing downside
risks to next fiscal’s outlook including
continuing global trade uncertainties,
escalation in West Asian geopolitical
tensions, slow pace of insolvency
resolution and the possibility of
further fiscal pressure crowding out
private investment, the CEA, however,
takes a leap of faith. In forecasting
growth rebounding to a 6.0-6.5%
range, he reiterates an expectation
from his previous survey: given the
government’s strong mandate, it
ought to expedite reforms. The Survey
also makes a political statement on
Budget eve.
74. Fill [1] with a suitable option.
a. Raghuram Rajan
b. Arvind Subramanian
c. Krishnamurthy Subramanian
d. Kaushik Basu
75. When was the first economic Survey
was presented?
a. 1949-50 b. 1950-51
c. 1951-52 d. 1952 – 53
76. Fill [2] with a suitable option.
a. 4.5% b. 4.8%
c. 5% d. 5.5%
77. Consider the statements:
1. Economic Survey does not
recommend the scrapping of Essential
Commodities Act
2. Economic Survey asserts that the
Drug (Prices Control) Order of 2013 is
a huge success.
Which of the following are the
observations of Economic Survey?
a. 1 only b. 2 only
c. Both 1 and 2 d. Neither 1 nor 2
78. A chapter devoted to “Financial
fragility in the NBFC sector” in the
survey is about which of the following
option?
a. Liquidity crisis of NBFC sector
b. Increasing loans from NBFC sector
c. Negative effects of RBI policies on
this sector
d. Scrapping of NBFC sector
Passage: Overseas Citizen of India
(OCI) card holders do not enjoy
fundamental rights guaranteed by
each year during the Budget Session
before the presentation of the budget. The
document is non-binding. Nevertheless, is
constructed and presented each year due
to its significance.
To ensure smoother functioning of markets
as creators of wealth, the Survey makes
several policy prescriptions. Contending
that government interventions hurt more
than they help, it recommends scrapping
the Essential Commodities Act — enacted
in 1955 when famines and shortages were
the concern. Similarly, it asserts that the
Drug (Prices Control) Order of 2013 has
failed to achieve its aim of making drugs
affordable and needs to go.
Interestingly, a chapter devoted to “Financial
fragility in the NBFC sector” recommends
a dynamic health index that policymakers
can use as an early warning system to avert
incipient liquidity crises in this key credit
providing sector.
74 Ans – c
E: query@legaledge.in
W: www.legaledge.in
the Constitution, including the right
to freedom of speech and expression,
the government told the Delhi High
Court on Friday.
The government’s response came in a
plea filed by former Ranbaxy executive
Dinesh Thakur seeking the right to
seek information under the RTI Act.
“OCI card holders have merely
been granted statutory rights under
the Citizenship Act, 1955,” the
government said in an affidavit filed
by the Ministry of External Affairs and
said that other grounds will be brought
up during the hearing of the case.
The ministry has not specifically
replied on whether an OCI card holder
has the right to practice religion in
India, although it says no fundamental
rights are applicable to them.
The ministry’s response to the plea is
despite a 2018 ruling by the Delhi High
Court where the court said that OCI
card holders “have the right to enjoy
the fundamental rights of equality and
freedom of speech and expression
in the same way as any other Indian
citizen.”
In 2018, the Delhi High Court, restoring
the OCI status of Dr Christo Thomas
Phillip, had said that an overseas
citizen can exercise fundamental
rights guaranteed to “natural persons”
under the constitution. Phillip’s OCI
card was cancelled by the government
on the grounds that he was involved in
missionary activities in India.
79. Which of the following cannot be
performed by OCI holder?
a. He/she can do work in coal mines
b. He/she can do research work
c. He/she can do work in
telecommunication sector
d. He/she can do work in solar energy
power plants
80. An Indian citizen ordinarily residing
outside India and holding an Indian
Passport is known as which of the
following?
a. NRI b. OCI
c. PIO
d. Such situation is not possible
81. What is the objective of Citizenship
(Amendment) Act, 2015, introducing
“Overseas Citizen of India Cardholder”
scheme?
a. It merges NRI and OCI card scheme
b. It merges OCI and PIO card scheme
c. It merges PIO and NRI card scheme
d. It deletes PIO from the constitution
75 Ans – b
76 Ans – b
77 Ans – d
78 Ans - a
Explanations: All activities except research
work for which special permission is
required from the Indian Mission/Post/
FRRO concerned.
An Indian citizen who is ordinarily residing
outside India and holds an Indian Passport
is known as NRI.
Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2015, has
modified the provisions pertaining to the
OCI in the Principal Act. It has introduced
a new scheme called “Overseas Citizen of
India Cardholder” by merging the PIO card
scheme and the OCI card scheme.
79 Ans- b
80 Ans – a
81 Ans – b
 6 India’s Best Institute for CLAT | Other Law Entrances
The CLAT Post • February 2020

Passage: Corona outbreak: A new [1]
disease that has infected nearly
10,000 people across the world has
just been declared by the World Health
Organization (WHO) as a Public
Health Emergency of International
Concern. This new strain of [1], which
has caused the infection, had claimed
213 lives in China, where it originated.
In India, one person, who recently
returned from China, has tested
positive, and has been quarantined.
An analysis of 10 genome sequences
of nCoV from nine patients in Wuhan,
published in The Lancet, has revealed
that the organism was closely related
to two SARS-like usually found in bats.
The first patients in Wuhan were
found to have visited a local wholesale
seafood market, where live animals,
including snakes, too are sold for
meat. However, how and when the
nCoV first entered the human body is
still an open question for investigation.
82. Fill [1] with a suitable option.
a. Protozoal b. Bacterial
c. Viral d. Fungal
83. The virus is named as ‘corona’
because:
a. the shape of organism in the shape
of human eye’s cornea
b. First sight of attack is cerebral cortex
c. Electron microscope image of
organism resembles the corona of the
sun
d. It’s the name of the first patient of
this disease
84. The ___ gets mostly affected by this
disease.
a. Brain b. Lungs
c. Eyes d. Kidney
85. What does ‘Genome’ mean
mentioned in the passage?
a. Part of DNA b. Protein part of
RNA
c. The complete set of genes or
genetic material present in a cell
d. Bonding of DNA and RNA
86. the ‘n’ In 2019 – nCoV, stands for
which of the following option?
a. Native b. Novel
c. Net d. Natural
Passage: Britain will have exited the
European Union after 47 years of
membership. In a journey that began in
January 2013 with the announcement
of a referendum in which the British
public would vote where or not the
country would go for Brexit (they
eventually voted in favour), the formal
exit now is only the first step of another
long journey ahead. As of now, an
11-month transition period has kicked
in. This ends on December 31, 2020.
There will also likely be priority given
to a trade deal between the EU and
its ex-member. Britain will want to lose
as little as possible of the privileges
it enjoyed as a member; it wouldn’t
want to pay extra charges on goods
and would want to continue without
trade barriers after the transition ends.
As of now, these trade rules have not
changed.
The British passport has a burgundy
design, introduced three decades
ago. Now, the country will return to
the blue passports it used to issue
before adopting the EU design. This
change was announced in 2017, by
then Immigration Minister, Brandon
Lewis. The blue-and-gold design was
first used in 1921. This switch will be
phased over a number of months; all
new passports will be issued in blue by
the middle of the year.
87. For UK after Brexit, which of the
following is still applicable?
a. UK had 73 Members of European
Parliament who can still attend regular
EU meetings
b. Only 5 UK , EU parliament members
can attend regular EU meetings
c. PM of UK can still join if he is given a
special invitation
d. PM of UK is the automatic attendee
at EU Council summits The proposed increase in gestational
as
88. Which of the following institution will
have a final say in case of legal dispute
with EU countries during the transition
period of Brexit?
a. European Court of Justice
b. UK Court of Justice
c. UK Court of Justice in consultation
with European Court of Justice
d. 50% of European Court of Justice
and 50% of UK Court of Justice
89. Will UK nationals continue to be able
to live and work in European Union
countries?
a. Yes, but during transition period only
b. Yes, till they have jobs
c. No, not allowed from the year when
UK nationals voted for exiting EU
d. Yes, until the age of retirement
90. Referendum is a general vote by the
electorate on how many political
question/s which has been referred to
them for a direct decision?
a. One b. Two
c. Three d. More than three
91. In which of the following year did the
Brexit referendum took place?
a. 2012 b. 2014
c. 2016 d. 2018
Passage: Earlier this week, the Union
Cabinet cleared a long-pending
change to the Medical Termination
of Pregnancy Act, [1] that raises the
legally permissible limit for an abortion
to [2] weeks from the current 20
weeks.
According to a government statement:
“The Medical Termination of
Pregnancy (Amendment) Bill, 2020
is for expanding access of women to
safe and legal abortion services on
therapeutic, eugenic, humanitarianor
social grounds… It is a step towards
safety and well-being of the women
and many women will be benefited
by this. Recently several petitions
were received by the Courts seeking
permission for aborting pregnancies at
a gestational age beyond the present
permissible limit on grounds of foetal
abnormalities or pregnancies due
to sexual violence faced by women.
age will ensure dignity, autonomy,
confidentiality and justice for women
who need to terminate pregnancy.”
A national discourse on amendments
needed to the MTP Act, [1] in view of
advancement of medical technologies
dates back to 2008 when Haresh and
Niketa Mehta petitioned the Bombay
High Court to allow them to abort their
26-week-old foetus who had been
diagnosed with a heart defect. It made
the point that pre-natal diagnosis of
defects had come a long way – and
some defects could be revealed after
20 weeks has passed. The Mehtas’
plea was turned down on expert
advice. But the court’s observation
that only the legislature could address
the demand for change in the legal
limit meant that India had started the
process of re-evaluating provisions of
the Medical Termination of Pregnancy
Act, [1]. Niketa Mehta, incidentally, had
a miscarriage soon after the verdict.
92. Fill [1] with a suitable option.
a. 1969 b. 1971
c. 1975 d. 1979
93. Fill [2] with a suitable option.
a. 21 b. 24
c. 28 d. 30
94. According to the New Abortion Law in
which of the following case, the upper
gestation limit will not apply?
a. Pregnancy of minor
b. Pregnancy of rape survivor
c. Substantial foetal abnormalities
d. Failure of contraception in case of
married couple
95. Following the efforts of the Health
Ministry, Failure of contraception as a
valid reason for abortion has also been
accepted in which of the following
scenario?
a. Married women
b. Unmarried women
c. Both a and b
d. Married women with more than 2
children
96. Why is the estimation of unintended
pregnancies important?
1. Because many of them result in
Abortion
2. Because many of them become
Victim of poor abortion services
a. 1 only b. 2 only
c. 1 and 2 only d. Neither 1 nor 2

Answer Key & Explanations

Explanations: Coronaviruses are a class of
viruses so named because their electron
microscope image resembles the corona
of the sun. Coronaviruses are usually found
in animals, but sometimes get transmitted
to human beings possibly through the
food chain. This happened during the
2003 outbreak of SARS (Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome), which too was
caused by a coronavirus and originating in
China, and which had claimed close to 800
lives.
An analysis of 10 genome sequences
of nCoV from nine patients in Wuhan,
published in The Lancet, has revealed that
the virus was closely related to two SARS-
like coronaviruses usually found in bats.
Another study in the Journal of Medical
Virology suggests that nCoV could have
jumped from bats to snakes before infecting
human beings.
82 Ans – c
83 Ans – c
84 Ans – b
85 Ans – c
86 Ans – b
Explanations: During the transition period, the
UK will continue to obey EU rules and make
payments to the EU. If it is involved in a legal
dispute with an EU member country, the
European Court of Justice will continue to
have the final say.
With Brexit Day on Thursday, the United
Kingdom leaves all of the European
Union’s political institutions. The UK had
73 Members of European Parliament, and
they automatically lose their seats. British
ministers will no longer attend regular EU
meetings, and the Prime Minister will no
longer be an automatic attendee at EU
Council summits, although he can still join
if he is given a special invitation.
Freedom of movement: During the
transition, UK nationals will continue to be
be able to live and work in European Union
countries. EU nationals who want to live and
work in the UK, too, can do so.
Brexit is the withdrawal of the United
Kingdom (UK) from the European Union
(EU). Following a June 2016 referendum,
in which 52% voted to leave and 48%
voted to stay, the UK government formally
announced the country’s withdrawal in
March 2017, beginning the Brexit process.
87 Ans – c Assam to 10,026,000 in Uttar Pradesh.
88 Ans – a Estimation of unintended pregnancies is
important because many of them result
89 Ans – a in abortions and the availability of cheap
90 Ans – a and safe abortion services is one of the
indicators of a robust health system.
91 Ans - c
92 Ans – b
Explanations: The upper gestation limit will
not apply in cases of substantial feotal 93 Ans – b
abnormalities diagnosed by a Medical 94 Ans – c
Board. The composition, functions and
other details of the Medical Board are to be 95 Ans – c
prescribed subsequently in Rules under the 96 Ans - c
Act.
Following the efforts of the Health
Ministry, the change also accepts failure of
contraception as a valid reason for abortion
not just in married but also in unmarried
women.
Data from the National Family Health
Survey 4 show that just 47.8% of couples
in the country use modern contraceptive
methods; only 53% use any method at all. It
found that 55% pregnancies in Assam, 48%
in Bihar, 53% in Gujarat, 50% in Madhya
Pradesh, 43% in Tamil Nadu and 49% in
Uttar Pradesh are unintended. The number
of pregnancies ranged from 1,430,000 in

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 7 India’s Best Institute for CLAT | Other Law Entrances
Passage: The protection of anticipatory or
pre-arrest bail cannot be limited to any
time frame or “fixed period” as denial
of bail amounts to deprivation of the
fundamental right to [1] in a free and
democratic country, a Constitution
Bench of the Supreme Court ruled.
Section 438 is about the anticipatory
bail) of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
The court recorded its amicus curiae
and senior advocate Harin Raval’s
argument that anticipatory bail is all
the more needed now because there
is an accentuation of political rivalry
and “this tendency is showing signs of
steady increase”.
“The life or duration of an anticipatory
bail order does not normally end at
the time and stage when the accused
is summoned by the court, or when
charges are framed, but can continue
till the end of the trial,” the court held.
The questions referred to the
Constitution Bench were twofold:
whether the protection granted to a
person under Section 438 should be
limited to a fixed period till the accused
surrenders in court, and whether the
life of anticipatory bail should end
when the accused is summoned by
the court.
97. Fill [1] with a suitable option.
a. Equality before law
b. Protection of Personal liberty
c. Freedom of conscience and free
profession
d. Protection of interests of minorities
98. Consider the following statements
regarding Section 438 :
1. It Protects people from disgrace to their
reputation
2. It Helps thwart influential powers from
implicating their rivals in false cases.
3. It Protects people from the ignominy of
detention in jail for days
a. 1 and 2 only b. 2 and 3 only
c. 1 and 3 only d. 1,2 and 3
99. Which of the following option best
describes the meaning of amicus
curiae specified in the paragraph?
a. One who assists the court by
furnishing information or advice
regarding questions of law or fact
b. One who assists the advocate
c. One who keeps the records related
to the case
d. One who is on the training after
college
Passage: The West Asia peace plan
unveiled by U.S. President Donald
Trump on Tuesday seeks to give
Explanations: A five-judge Bench, led by
Justice Arun Mishra, acknowledged that
anticipatory bail helps thwart influential
powers from implicating their rivals in false
cases. Section 438 (anticipatory bail) of
the Code of Criminal Procedure protects
people from the ignominy of detention in
jail for days on end and disgrace to their
reputation.
Amicus curiae, (Latin: “friend of the court”),
one who assists the court by furnishing
information or advice regarding questions of
law or fact. He is not a party to a lawsuit and
thus differs from an intervenor, who has a
direct interest in the outcome of the lawsuit
and is therefore permitted to participate as a
party to the suit.
97 Ans – b
98 Ans – d
99 Ans – a
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the Israelis what they have long
wanted — an expansive state with
Jerusalem as its “undivided capital”
and tight security control over a future
Palestinian state. With his plan, Mr.
Trump is actually pushing to revive the
stalled two-state talks between the
Israelis and the Palestinians, but on
his own terms. Israeli Prime Minister
[1], who had earlier spoken against the
two-state solution, has accepted the
Trump plan, while appearing beside
the President in the White House. The
Palestinians were absent.
The Trump plan seeks to address
most of the contentious issues in
the conflict such as the border of
Israel, status of Palestinian refugees,
Jewish settlements on the West
Bank, land swap between Israel and
Palestine, Israel’s security concerns
and the status of the city of Jerusalem.
However, the solutions Mr. Trump
has proposed to almost all of these
issues favour the Israeli positions. For
example, Israel would be allowed to
annex the Jewish settlements on the
West Bank.
[2], perhaps the most contentious issue,
would be “the undivided capital” of
Israel, with Palestine gaining its capital
in the east of the city — beyond the
security border Israel has already
built. In return, Israel would freeze
further settlement activities on the
West Bank for four years — the time
for negotiations. During this period,
the Palestinian Authority should
dismiss its current complaints at the
International Criminal Court against
Israel and refrain itself from taking
further actions. It should also crack
down on “terrorist” groups such as
Hamas and the Islamic Jihad.
100. Fill [1] with a suitable option.
a. Benjamin Netanyahu
b. Amir-Abbas Hoveyda
c. Mohammed Tawfik Allawi
d. Mahathir bin Mohamad
101. Which of the following country borders
West Bank?
a. Lebanon b. Jordan
c. Turkey d. Iran
102. Palestine directly control which of the
following cities?
a. Gaza strip and West Bank
b. Gaza strip and Be’er Sheva
c. Be’er Sheva and West Bank
d. Sderot and West Bank
103. Why was Palestine recently in news?
a. Due to the cancellation of Camp
David Accord
b. Due to the cancellation of Oslo
Accord
Answer Key & Explanations
Explanations: The territories of Gaza and
the West Bank are separated from each
other by Israeli territory. Both fell under the
jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority.
The West Bank is a landlocked territory near
the Mediterranean coast of Western Asia,
bordered by Jordan to the east and by the
Green Line separating it and Israel on the
south, west and north. The West Bank also
contains a significant section of the western
Dead Sea shore.
Palestine canceled the 1995 Oslo Accords
signed with Israel. Under the 1995 Oslo
Accords between Israel and the Palestinian
Authority, the West Bank, including East
Jerusalem, was divided into three portions
– Area A, B and C.
100 Ans – a
101 Ans – b
102 Ans – a
103 Ans – b
The CLAT Post • February 2020
c. Due to the cancellation of Bodo
Accord
d. Due to the cancellation of Selvian
Accord
104. Fill [2] with a suitable option.
a. Jerusalem b. Tev Avivo
c. West Bank d. Hebron
Passage: The Supreme Court on Tuesday
lifted its seven-year stay on a proposal
to introduce African cheetahs from
[1] into the Indian habitat on an
experimental basis. The plan was to
revive the Indian cheetah population.
In May 2012, the top court had stalled
the plan to initiate the foreign cheetahs
into the Palpur Kuno sanctuary in [2]
fearing they may come into conflict
with a parallel and a much-delayed
project to reintroduce lions into the
same sanctuary.
A Bench led by Chief Justice Sharad
A. Bobde was nudged by the NTCA to
take the plunge and go ahead with its
plans to bring the African cat to India.
But the Bench made sure that the
right precautions are taken. It set up a
three-member committee, comprising
former Director of Wildlife of India
Ranjit Singh, DG of Wildlife of India
Dhananjay Mohan, and DIG, Wildlife,
Ministry of Environment and Forests,
to ‘guide’ the NTCA.
105. Fill [1] with a suitable option.
a. Rajasthan b. Uttar Pradesh
c. Madhya Pradesh d. Maharashtra
106. In which of the following year did
NTCA form?
a. 2000 b. 2001
c. 2003 d. 2005
107. Name the country which has been
replaced by [1], having the largest
cheetah population worldwide.
a. Zaire b. Egypt
c. Namibia d. Chile
108. Which of the following option best
describes the current status of Asiatic
Cheetah in India?
a. Vulnerable b. Endangered
c. Extinct d.Critically endangered
109. The International Cheetah Day is
celebrated on ___
a. 25th November b. 4th
December
c. 17th December d. 2nd January
Passage: Mission Shakthi, developed
by the Defence Research and
Development Organisation (DRDO)
rolled out on the Rajpath during the
71st Republic Day parade. In addition,
104 Ans - a
Explanations: The National Tiger Conservation
Authority was established in December
2005 following a recommendation of the
Tiger Task Force, constituted by the Prime
Minister of India
Previously estimated at a population of
4,190 individuals in Southern Africa since
2007, the total population of the Southern
cheetah has likely reached over 6,000
individuals, with Namibia having the largest
cheetah population worldwide.
Cheetahs have been known to exist in
India during the British colonial times
but because of access hunting and loss
of habitat factors led to their extinction
in the country. A critically endangered
cheetah subspecies surviving today only
in Iran, Currently approximately 50 Asiatic
Cheetahs are living in the wild of Iran.
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the IAF’s newest inductions, Chinook
heavy lift helicopters and Apache
[1], also made their debut during the
flypast.
A DRDO marching contingent
displayed the ASAT missile along with
a second equipment, the Air Defence
Tactical Control Radar (ADTCR), as
President and Supreme Commander
of the armed forces Ram Nath Kovind
reviewed the parade with Chief Guest
Brazilian President Jair Messias
Bolsonaro in attendance.
There were 16 marching contingents
this year including six from the Army
and 22 tableaux from various States
and departments in the 90-minute
parade. The flypast consisted of 41
aircraft of the IAF and four helicopters
of the Army Aviation. These include 16
fighters, 10 transport aircraft and 19
helicopters flying between 60-300
metres above ground level.
On March 27, 2019 the DRDO shot
down a live satellite in Low Earth Orbit
(LEO) of 300 km using a modified
interceptor of the Ballistic Missile
Defence (BMD) system in ‘hit to kill’
mode with 10-cm accuracy.
In a change of tradition, before
commencement of the parade, Prime
Minister Narendra Modi paid homage
to fallen soldiers by laying a wreath at
the flame of the immortal warrior at
the National War Memorial (NWM),
instead of the Amar Jawan Jyoti (AJJ)
at the India Gate.
The NWM, inaugurated in February
last year, is located at the ‘C’ Hexagon
near the India Gate and was built
in memory of about 22,500 Indian
soldiers who laid down their lives for
the country in the post-independence
period. The AJJ will now be used only
for regimental events and visiting
dignitaries.
110. Which of the following option best
explain ‘Mission Shakti’ as has been
described in the paragraph?
a. Related to Anti – Satellite Missile
development
b. Related to surface to surface
development
c. Related to gun artillery development
d. Related to war tanks development
111. Fill [1] with a suitable option.
a. Twin – turbine transport helicopter
b. Heavy lift helicopter
c. Light utility helicopter
d. Attack helicopter
December 4th is International Cheetah Day.
105 Ans – c
106 Ans – d
107 Ans – c
108 Ans – c
109 Ans - b
Explanations: A low Earth orbit (LEO) is an
Earth-centered orbit with an altitude of
2,000 km (1,200 mi) or less (approximately
one-third of the radius of Earth), or with at
least 11.25 periods per day (an orbital period
of 128 minutes or less) and an eccentricity
less than 0.25.
110 Ans – a
111 Ans – d
 8 India’s Best Institute for CLAT | Other Law Entrances
112. India contracted for Apache and
Chinook with ___ government.
a. Russia b. Germany
c. USA d. China
113. An Earth-centered orbit with an
altitude of ___ or less is called a low
Earth orbit (LEO).
a. 1,000 km b. 2,000 km
c. 3,000 km d. 4,000 km
Passage: Close on the heels of a number
of critical international statements
and parliamentary resolutions,
the government is bracing for six
scathing resolutions on both Jammu
and Kashmir and the Citizenship
(Amendment) Act (CAA), 2019, that
have been filed by an overwhelming
majority of members in the European
Parliament.
These will be taken up for discussion
and voting soon.
The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA)
declined an official comment on the
resolutions, which could have a deep
impact on ties between India and the
European Union.
“We are informed that some members
of the EU Parliament intend to move a
draft resolution on the CAA. The CAA is
a matter that is entirely internal to India.
Moreover, this legislation has been
adopted by due process and through
democratic means after a public
debate in both Houses of Parliament,”
sources in the government said.
They added that the government
hoped that the sponsors of the draft
would engage with New Delhi for an
“accurate assessment of the facts
before they proceed”.
The draft resolutions (numbering from
B9-0077/2020 to B9-0082/2020)
are due to be taken up during the
plenary session of the European
Parliament in Brussels on January 29
for discussion (around 6 p.m. local
time) and January 30 for a vote.
The European Commission Vice-
President/High Representative of
the Union for Foreign Affairs and
Security Policy (HR/VP) Josep Borell
will first deliver a statement on “India’s
Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2019”,
the published plenary agenda says.
The EU parliament had discussed
developments in Jammu and Kashmir
in September 2019, but had not
ended in a vote. In October 2019 the
government had even facilitated a visit
by 22 EU MEPs to Delhi and Srinagar,
112 Ans – c
113 Ans – b
Explanations: The 5th edition of Raisina
Dialogue is being held in New Delhi. The 1st
edition was held in 2016.
The title of the Raisina Dialogue this year
(2020) is “Navigating the Alpha Century”.
Preventive detention: It is imprisonment of a
person beforehand to prevent possible
commitment of crime. Preventive detention
thus is action taken on grounds of suspicion
that some wrong actions may be done by
the person concerned.
The text submitted by the more Left-aligned
blocs have used even more critical
language, with all the other four texts
asserting that the CAA would create the
“largest statelessness crisis” in the world.
114 Ans – c
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but the effort doesn’t appear to have
had the desired effect on the European
Parliament.
The current resolutions, each of
which is worded slightly differently
and focuses mainly on the CAA, will
be introduced by six different political
groups representing a total of 626 of
the total 751 members of the European
Parliament (MEPs).
The resolutions list more than a
dozen different counts of actions by
the government that are allegedly in
violation of international norms and
India’s international commitments on
Human Rights and at the UN Security
Council, including actions in Jammu
and Kashmir after the dilution of
Article 370, police firing on protestors
against the CAA in Uttar Pradesh,
reports of “torture during detention”
and the potential for creating what it
calls the “largest statelessness crisis
in the world and cause immense
human suffering” through the National
Register of Citizens (NRC).
Sources said the issues had been
discussed when Mr. Borrell met with
Prime Minister Narendra Modi and
External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar
on the sidelines of the Raisina Dialogue
conference.
114. Resolution against ‘torture during
detention’ was raised by EU.
Preventive detention is mentioned In
which of the following article of the
Indian constitution?
a. Article 22(1) b. Article 22(2)
c. Article 22(3) d. Article 22(4)
115.
Which edition was the Raisina
Dialogue conference 2020 held in
New Delhi?
a. 3rd b. 4th
c. 5th d. 6th
116. ____ is the reason behind the CAA
resolution raised by EU political
parties.
a. It being against the India – EU
MoU
b. Refugees are mainly from Europe
c. Would be creating world’s largest
statelessness crisis
d. CAA bill not following the
parliamentary procedure
117. The headquarter of EU is located in__.
a. Belgium b. Poland
c. Sweden d. Spain
Answer Key & Explanations
115 Ans – d
116 Ans – c
117 Ans - a
Explanations: It is one of the three targets India
has set for itself in its climate action plan,
called Nationally Determined Contributions,
or NDCs, that every country has to submit
under the 2015 Paris Agreement. The other
two relate to an improvement in emissions
intensity, and an increase in renewable
energy deployment. India has said it would
reduce its emissions intensity (emissions
per unit of GDP) by 33% to 35% by 2030
compared to 2005. It has also promised to
ensure that at least 40% of its cumulative
electricity generation in 2030 would be
done through renewable energy.
A carbon sink is a natural or artificial reservoir
that accumulates and stores some carbon-
containing chemical compound for an
The CLAT Post • February 2020
Passage: The State of Forest Report (SFR)
2019, while showing an increase in the
carbon stock trapped in Indian forests
in the last two years, also shows why
it is going to be an uphill task for India
in meeting one of its international
obligations on climate change. India,
as part of its contribution to the
global fight against climate change,
has committed itself to creating an
“additional carbon sink of 2.5 to
3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide
equivalent” by 2030.
That is one of the [1] targets India
has set for itself in its climate action
plan, called Nationally Determined
Contributions, or NDCs, that every
country has to submit under the [2].
The latest forest survey shows that
the carbon stock in India’s forests
(not including tree cover outside of
forest areas) have increased from 7.08
billion tonnes in 2017, when the last
such exercise had been done, to 7.124
billion tonnes now. This translates into
26.14 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide
equivalent as of now.
118. Which of the following would fill [1]?
(a) Two (b) Three
(c) Four (d) Five
119. Which of the following would fill [2]?
(a) Kyoto Protocol (b) Montreal
Protocol
(c) Paris Climate Agreement
(d) Marrakesh Agreement
120. ____is not an example of a natural
carbon sink.
(a) Sedimentary rocks (b) Oceans
(c) Fertile agricultural soil
(d) Coral reefs
121. Which of the following option best
define carbon stock?
(a) The amount of carbon-credits
given to a country for increasing
forest-cover
(b) The amount of carbon sequestered
from the atmosphere and stored within
the forest ecosystem
(c) A permit which allows a country
or organization to produce a certain
amount of carbon emissions
(d) The amount of carbon stocked
in forest that can increase the
temperature of the surroundings by
1O C
indefinite period. The process by which
carbon sinks remove carbon dioxide (CO2)
from the atmosphere is known as carbon
sequestration. Sedimentary rocks are not
carbon sinks.
Forest carbon stock is the amount of
carbon that has been sequestered from
the atmosphere and is now stored within
the forest ecosystem, mainly within living
biomass and soil, and to a lesser extent also
in dead wood and litter.
CO2e, or carbon dioxide equivalent, is
a standard unit for measuring carbon
footprints. The idea is to express the
impact of each different greenhouse gas
in terms of the amount of CO2 that would
create the same amount of warming. That
way, a carbon footprint consisting of lots
of different greenhouse gases can be
expressed as a single number
118 Ans- b
119 Ans- c
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122.
Which of the following element
does the Carbon dioxide equivalent
measure?
(a) Carbon footprints
(b) Carbon emission from the country
(c) Carbon sequestration
(d) Carbon credits
Passage: Medical details of over 120 million
Indian patients have been leaked and
made freely available on the Internet,
according to a recent report published
by Greenbone Sustainable Resilience,
a [1] cybersecurity firm.
What is even more worrying is that the
number of data troves containing this
sensitive data went up by a significant
number in the Indian context a month
after Greenbone’s initial report was
published. The updated report also
places [2] at the top of the States
affected by the leak.
The follow-up report, which was
published in November, classifies
countries in the “good”, “bad” and
“ugly” categories based on the action
taken by their governments after the
first report was made public. India
ranks [3] in the “ugly” category.[4] is
at the first place in this category.
123. Which of the following will replace [1]?
(a) French (b) British
(c) German (d) Russian
124. Which of the following will replace [2]?
(a) West Bengal (b) Kerala
(c) Gujarat (d) Maharashtra
125. After [2], which of the following states
come in the second place?
(a) Madhya Pradesh
(b) Chhattisgarh
(c) Karnataka
(d) Andhra Pradesh
126. Which of the following will replace [3]?
(a) second (b) third
(c) fourth (d) fifth
127. Which of the following will replace [4]?
(a) Russia (b) USA
(c) Germany (d) Pakistan
120Ans- a
121 Ans- b
122 Ans- a
Explanations: Greenbone is a German
cybersecurity firm.
The most number of leaks happen in
Maharashtra, followed by Karnataka.
The follow-up report, which was published
in November, classifies countries in the
“good”, “bad” and “ugly” categories based
on the action taken by their governments
after the first report was made public. India
ranks second in the “ugly” category, after
the U.S.
123 Ans- c
124 Ans- d
125 Ans- c
126 Ans- a
127 Ans- b
 9 India’s Best Institute for CLAT | Other Law Entrances
Passage: On World Cancer Day, the World
Health Organization (WHO) released
two reports that stated, among various
figures, that [1] Indians will develop
cancer during their lifetime, and [2]
Indians would die of cancer.
India had an estimated 1.16 million new
cancer cases, 7,84,000 deaths and
2.26 million five-year prevalent cases
in 2018. Globally in 2018, there were
9.6 million cancer deaths, out of which
the most were due to lung cancer at
18.4%, followed by colorectum cancer
(9.2%), stomach cancer (8.2%), liver
(8.2%), breast (6.6%) and cancer of
the oesophagus (5.3%).
The most common type of cancer in
India is [3]. The report said that cancer
patterns in India are dominated by a
high burden of tobacco-related head
and neck cancers.
Globally, if the present trends continue,
there will be a 60 % increase in cancer
cases over the next two decades,
WHO said.
128.
Which of the following days is
observed as the World Cancer Day?
(a) 4 February (b) 6 February
(c) 9 February (d) 10 February
129. Which of the following will replace [1]?
(a) 1 in 5 (b) 1 in 8
(c) 1 in 10 (d) 1 in 12
130. Which of the following will replace [2]?
(a) 1 in 14 (b) 1 in 15
(c) 1 in 17 (d) 1 in 20
131. Which of the following will replace [3]?
(a) Lung cancer (b) Breast cancer
(c) Oral cancer (d) Colorectum
cancer
132. What was the theme of this year’s
World Cancer Day?
(a) I Am and I Will (b) I Can We Can
(c) Not Beyond Us (d) Debink The
Myths
Passage: The Central Pollution Control
Board (CPCB) has pulled up [1] thermal
power plants for not complying with a
December 31, 2019 deadline to limit
[2] emissions. These plants belong
to Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh,
Andhra Pradesh, Telengana and Tamil
Nadu. To limit particulate matter (PM),
[1] and [3] emission from thermal
Explanations: The World Cancer Day is
celebrated on 4 February and the theme for
2018-21 is I Am and I Will. 1 in 10 Indians will
develop cancer during their lifetime, and 1 in
15 Indians would die of cancer. In India, the
six most common cancer types are breast,
at 1,62,000, followed by oral (1,20,000),
cervical (97,000), lung (68,000) and
stomach and colorectal, at 57,000 each.
These accounted for 49% of all new cancer
cases.
128 Ans- a
129 Ans- c
130 Ans- b
131 Ans- b
132Ans- a
Explanations: Acting tough on non-compliant
thermal power plants, the Central Pollution
Control Board (CPCB) has issued show
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plants, India put in place a phased-
approach that directs 440 coal-
fired units — responsible for about
166,000 MW of power — to put in
place measures to limit pollution by
December 2022.
However, 11 plants in a 300 km
radius of Delhi were to comply by
December 31, 2019 because of the
poor air quality in the city as well as the
surrounding Gangetic plain. The CPCB
has the power to impose steep fines or
shut a unit under the provisions of the
Environment Protection Act. As per
Centre for Science and Environment
(CSE) estimates, these norms can
help reduce PM emissions by about
35%.
133. Which of the following will replace [1]?
(a) 12 (b) 13
(c) 14 (d) 15
134. Which of the following will replace [2]?
(a) Carbon dioxide (b) Flyash
(c) Sulphur dioxide (d) CFCs
135. Which of the following will replace [3]?
(a) Carbon monoxide (b) Nitrous
oxide
(c) Potash (d) Halons
136. Who out of the following is the
Chairperson of the CPCB?
(a) S. P. Singh Parihar
(b) Dr. Prashant Gargava
(c) Amandeep Garg
(d) Dinesh Jain
137. Which of the following years is
associated with the Environment
(Protection) Act?
(a) 1974 (b) 1986
(c) 1991 (d) 1998
Passage: The [1] has formed a panel under
[2], director, SEWA, Ahmedabad, to
assess the desirability and feasibility
of the formation of standalone micro-
insurance companies in the country.
Well-known banker with exposure in
micro-finance sector Nachiket Mor
and Ajit Dayal, founder, Quantum
Mutual Fund will be also the members
of the panel with eight other experts
and the panel would submit its report
in three months. India is the [3] micro-
insurance market in the world.
The panel would review the existing
Answer Key & Explanations
cause notices to 14 coal-based power
plants in six states asking them to respond
why these plants should not be closed
down and environmental compensation
be imposed for their failure to reduce
emissions. To limit particulate matter (PM),
sulphur dioxide and nitrous oxide emission
from thermal plants, India put in place a
phased-approach that directs 440 coal-
fired units — responsible for about 166,000
MW of power — to put in place measures
to limit pollution by December 2022.
Adequate action will be taken against them
under the Environment (Protection) Act,
1986 if they fail to provide valid reasons. S.
P. Singh Parihar is the Chairperson of CPCB.
133 Ans- c
134 Ans- c
135 Ans- b
136 Ans- a
137 Ans- b
The CLAT Post • February 2020
legal and regulatory framework to has the older, battle-proven Bofors
enable a standalone micro-insurance [2] guns in service. The [2] Dhanush
company, [4], after analysing similar towed gun system, developed based
provisions in other jurisdictions. It on the Bofors guns, is under induction.
will also recommend the maximum
sum insured per person which may 143. Which of the following will replace [1]?
be accepted by the proposed micro-
insurance company.
(a) Sharang (b) Shakti
(c) Vidyut (d) Parvat
138. Which of the following will replace [1]?
(a) RBI (b) SEBI 144. Which of the following will replace [2]?
(c) IRDAI (d) Ministry of (a) 140 mm (b) 155 mm
Finance
(c) 160 mm (d) 175 mm
139. Which of the following will replace [2]?
145. Which of the following will replace [3]?
(a) Yegna Priya Bharat
(a) Devraj Anbu (b) Benu Gopal
(b) Mirai Chatterjee
(c) Hari Mohan (d) Karambir Singh
(c) Rahim Khan
(d) Rajeev Thomas 146. India had imported the M-777 Ultra
Light Howitzers from -
140. Which of the following will replace [3]? (a) France (b) Israel
(a) largest (b) second-largest (c) Russia (d) USA
(c) third-largest (d) fourth-largest
147. The K9 Vajra is an Indian variant of K9
141. Which of the following will replace [4]? Thunder, which has been derived from
-
(a) Life Insurance Corporation
(a) USA (b) Russia
(b) Company of Indian Insurance
(c) France (d) South Korea
(c) Indian Insurance Company
148.
The Bofors based on which the
(d) Microfinance Company of India
Dhanush gun system has been
manufactured belongs to the country
142. Where is the headquarters of the [1]
of -
situated?
(a) Italy (b) Russia
(a) Delhi (b) Mumbai
(c) Japan (d) Sweden
(c) Hyderabad (d) Chennai
Passage: The Ordnance Factory Board
(OFB) has handed over [1], the first
130mm M-46 artillery gun upgraded
to [2] to the Indian Army. It was formally
handed over by OFB Chairman [3]
to Army Chief Gen. Manoj Naravane.
In all, OFB will upgrade 300 130mm
guns to 155mm and the contract will
be completed in four years.
This step will reduce the logistic trail
of the Army as it does away with the
need to carry 130mm shells and
support equipment as the mainstay
of the Army’s long range artillery is [2]
guns. As part of the development and
validation, OFB had ‘upgunned’ six
guns for testing. An artillery regiment
of the Army consists of 18 guns.
The Army inducted its first modern
artillery guns system in November
2018. These include M-777 Ultra
Light Howitzers (ULH) and K9 Vajra-T
self-propelled artillery guns. The Army
Explanations: The Insurance Regulatory Ultra Light Howitzers from the USA. The
and Development Authority (IRDAI) has K9 Thunder is the mainstay of the South
formed a panel under Mirai Chatterjee, Korean Army. The Bofors has been inducted
director, SEWA, Ahmedabad, to assess the from Sweden.
desirability and feasibility of the formation 143 Ans- a
of standalone micro-insurance companies
in the country. 144 Ans- b
The headquarters of the IRDAI is at Hyderabad. 145 Ans- c
India has the largest micro-finance setup in
146 Ans- d
the country.
147 Ans- d
138 Ans- c
148 Ans- d
139 Ans- b
140 Ans- a
141 Ans- c
142 Ans- c
Explanations: The name of the upgraded
artillery gun is Sharang. It has been updated
to 155 mm. The OFB Chairman is Hari
Mohan. India had imported the M-777
E: query@legaledge.in
W: www.legaledge.in
 10 India’s Best Institute for CLAT | Other Law Entrances
Passage: [1] was presented the ICC
Women’s Championship trophy, which
it retained by taking a winning lead
in the eight-team ODI competition
played from [2] to 2020.
The Captain of [1] [3] team has now
won both editions after ensuring
a winning lead in the [2]-2020
championship.
Captain [3] received the trophy from
ICC Women’s Cricket Manager [4]
on Saturday after the T20I series
match between Australia and India in
Melbourne.
With this [1] has qualified for the next
ICC Women’s ODI Cricket World Cup.
149. Which of the following will replace [1]?
(a) South Africa (b) Australia
(c) New Zealand (d) England
150. Which of the following will replace [2]?
(a) 2015 (b) 2016
(c) 2017 (d) 2018
151. Which of the following will replace [3]?
(a) Dane van Niekerk b. Doomsday Glacier
(b) Meg Lanning
(c) Sophie Devine (d) Natalie Sciver
152. Which of the following will replace [4]?
(a) Holly Colvin (b) Jenny Gunn
(c) Katherine Brunt glacier resting fully on bedrock and
(d) Danielle Hazell
153. In which year will the next ICC
Women’s ODI Cricket World Cup be
held?
(a) 2020 (b) 2021
(c) 2022 (d) 2023
154. Where will the next ICC Women’s ODI
Cricket World Cup be held?
(a) Australia (b) England
(c) New Zealand (d) South Africa
155.
What is the rank of the Indian
Explanations: Australia was presented the ICC
Women’s Championship trophy, which it
retained by taking a winning lead in the
eight-team ODI competition played from
2017 to 2020.
The ICC Women’s Championship will be
hosted by New Zealand in the year 2021.
India is ranked second, behind Australia in
the ICC WODI Rankings. Captain Lanning
received the trophy from ICC Women’s
Cricket Manager Holly Colvin after the T20I
series match between Australia and India in
Melbourne.
149 Ans- b
150 Ans- c
151 Ans- b
152 Ans- a
153 Ans- b
154 Ans- c
155 Ans- a
Explanations: Thwaites is important for
Antarctica as it slows the ice behind it from
freely flowing into the ocean. Because of
Bhopal +91-9111555433 Indore +91-9589613810, +91-731-4987379 Prayagraj +91-8114000926, +91-8114000927
Kanpur +91-8576066660, +91-8707605589 Raipur +91-9425584840, +91-8602268880 Ranchi +91-9334969993 Lucknow +91-6390576666
Women’s Cricket Team in the ICC
WODI Rankings?
(a) Second (b) Third
(c) Fifth (d) Sixth
Passage: In the Antarctic floats a massive
glacier, roughly the size of Britain,
whose melting has been a cause of
alarm for scientists over the years.
Now, a new study has pinned the
cause of the melting to the presence
of warm water at a vital point beneath
the glacier.
Called the [1] Glacier, it is 120 km
wide at its broadest, fast-moving and
melting fast over the years. Because of
its size (1.9 lakh square km), it contains
enough water to raise the world sea
level by more than half a metre.
A 2019 study had discovered a
fast-growing cavity in the glacier
sized roughly two-thirds the area
of Manhattan. Then last week,
researchers from New York University
detected warm water at a vital point
below the glacier. The New York
University study reported water at just
two degrees above freezing point at
[1] “grounding zone” or “grounding
line”.
156. Fill [1] with a suitable example.
a. Pine Island b. Byrd
c. Thwaites d. Beardmore
157. Which of the following is the another
name of [1]?
a. Black Day Glacier
c. Red Skull Glacier
d. Threat Zone Glacier
158. What is the meaning of “grounding
line” as mentioned in the paragraph?
a. It is the transition between where
floating on the ocean as an ice shelf.
b. It is the place where glacier melts
completely
c. It is the point of highest temperature
where glacier can exist
d. It is the origin place of glacier
159.
Antarctica is struggling with the
climate change impact. It has also
seen the the consequences of Air
pollution in the form of:
a. Increasing bronchitis in Penguins
b. Ozone hole
c. Increase of skin diseases among
Answer Key & Explanations
the risk it faces — and poses — Thwaites is
often called the Doomsday Glacier.
The grounding line is the place below a
glacier at which the ice transitions between
resting fully on bedrock and floating on the
ocean as an ice shelf. The location of the
line is a pointer to the rate of retreat of a
glacier.
When glaciers melt and lose weight, they
float off the land where they used to be
situated. When this happens, the grounding
line retreats. That exposes more of a
glacier’s underside to seawater, increasing
the likelihood it will melt faster. This results
in the glacier speeding up, stretching out,
and thinning, causing the grounding line to
retreat ever further.
The Antarctic ozone hole is an area of the
Antarctic stratosphere in which the recent
ozone levels have dropped to as low as 33
percent of their pre-1975 values.
Bharati is a permanent Antarctic research
station commissioned by India. It is India’s
third Antarctic research facility and one
of two active Indian research stations,
alongside Maitri. India’s first committed
research facility, Dakshin Gangotri, is being
The CLAT Post • February 2020
animals (a) Bangladesh (b) Sri Lanka
d. Antarctica is the only one that has (c) Afghanistan (d) Myanmar
never seen any consequence of Air
pollution 166. The japonica is a rice-variant of -
(a) South-east Asia (b) East Asia
160. ______ is the permanent Antarctic
research station commissioned (c) Middle East (d) Central Asia
by India. It is India’s _____ Antarctic
research facility.
Passage: [1], a 38-year-old from
a. Dakshin , Second Aurangabad, created history by
becoming the first completely
b. Gangotri, first visually-challenged athlete to finish an
Ironman triathlon. He completed the
c. Bharti , third d. Yamunotri, fourth
task with assistance from his sighted
companion, Arham Shaikh. Mr. Shaikh
161. Antarctic Ocean is also known as:
is the youngest Indian to finish the
a. Southern Ocean 5000 km coast-to-coast cross-
country race in the U.S.
b. Northern Ocean
The first Indian achieved an Ironman
c. South – Western Ocean finish in [2]. Mr. [1] and Mr. Shaikh
d. North Western ocean completed the race in seven hours
and 44 minutes, with 46 mins to
Passage: Scientists have mapped the spare. They stood [3] in their category
complete genome of two basmati of physically disabled athletes, and
rice varieties, including one that were the first Indian team to finish a
is drought-tolerant and resistant Ironman 70.3 triathlon.
to bacterial disease. The findings,
published in the journal [1], also 167. Who out of the following will replace
show that basmati rice is a hybrid of [1]?
two other rice groups. Despite the
economic and cultural importance (a) Chaitanya Velhal (b) Niket Dalal
of basmati and related aromatic rice
(c) Ravi Nigam (d)Ibad Mohammed
varieties, their evolutionary history is
not fully understood, the researchers
168. Which of the following will replace [2]?
said.
(a) 2001 (b) 2003
The researchers focused on two
basmati rice varieties: Basmati 334
(c) 2005 (d) 2007
from [2], known to be drought tolerant
and resistant to rice-killing bacterial 169. Where was the Ironman 70.3 Triathlon
blight, and Dom Sufid from [3], an race held this year?
aromatic long-grain rice that is one of
(a) London (b) New York
the most expensive on the market.
(c) Dubai (d) Las Vegas
Most genetic material in basmati
comes from the rice group – japonica,
followed by the rice group aus found in 170. Which of the following will replace [3]?
[4]. (a) First (b) Second
162. Which of the following will replace [1]? (c) Third (d) Fourth
(a) Nature (b) Genome 171. In which year did India host the
Ironman 70.3 Triathlon race for the
(c) Bioscience (d) Genome Biology
first time ever?
163. Which of the following countries will (a) 2016 (b) 2017
replace [2]?
(c) 2018 (d) 2019
(a) Bangladesh (b) Bhutan
(c) Pakistan (d) China 172. Which of the following events is not
held in the Ironman 70.3 Triathlon?
164. Which of the following countries will (a) Marathon (b) Cycling
replace [3]?
(c) Swimming (d) Long Jump
(a) Iran (b) Pakistan
(c) Myanmar (d) Thailand
165. Which of the following countries will
replace [4]?
used as a supply base. Explanations: Niket Dalal created history by
The Southern Ocean, also known as the becoming the first completely visually-
Antarctic Ocean or the Austral Ocean, challenged athlete to finish an Ironman
comprises the southernmost waters of the triathlon.
World Ocean, generally taken to be south of The first Indian achieved an Ironman finish
60° S latitude and encircling Antarctica. in 2005. This year the event was held in
156 Ans – c Dubai.
The Ironman 70.3 Triathlon was held in
157 Ans – b
India for the first time in the year 2019. The
158 Ans –a Ironman 70.3 Triathlon consists of a 1.9 km
159 Ans – b swim, a 90 km bicycle ride and a 21.1 km
run.
160 Ans – c
167 Ans- b
161 Ans - a
168 Ans- c
169 Ans- c
Explanations: The name of the journal is
Genome Biology. The Basmati 334 comes 170 Ans- b
from Pakistan and the Dom Sufid comes 171 Ans- d
from Iran. Japonica is a rice group found in
172 Ans- d
East Asia. Aus is found in Bangladesh.
162 Ans- d
163 Ans- c
164 Ans- a
165 Ans- a
166 Ans- b
E: query@legaledge.in
W: www.legaledge.in
 11 India’s Best Institute for CLAT | Other Law Entrances
Passage: Waiting for his train at Nagpur
station, Shankar Dayal’s eyes ran to
a sleek white machine which read
‘Health ATM’ modestly placed at one
end of the waiting hall on platform
number 1. With the indicator showing
about 30 minutes before his train
arrival, Dayal curiously walked up
to the Health ATM. A paramedic at
the kiosk asked him to hold the grab
handles of the machine and stand on
an attached platform that works as a
weighing scale. Within seconds came
out a printed slip which had analysed
Dayal’s BMI, and hydration level,
which was low. The report further
elaborated that his blood sugar and
blood pressure were in the normal
range but proteins were low.
“It was all tested for Rs 60 and within a
few minutes — that too at the railway
station. Any pathologist would have
taken at least Rs 200 for some basic
test but there it was — as simple as
withdrawing cash,” said Dayal.
These Health ATMs have brought
together “point of care devises”
assembled with software to give
out medical reports instantly. The
machines can test for 16 different
non-invasive nutritional parameters.
“They have reinvented health testing
and made it affordable,” said Shyju
Raju, a resident of Hyderabad, who
also got his test done at Nagpur.
The NFR, which was first announced
in [1], has been a non-starter over
the years but gained momentum
under over the past year with railways
looking at falling revenues.
173. What is the full form of BMI?
a. Body Measurement Index
b. Body Mass Index
c. Brain Mass Index
d. Brain Measurement Index
174. Health ATMs are a source of NFR for
railways. Which of the following is an
example of NFR?
a. Fare from passenger tickets
b. Fare from freight receipts
c. Fare from parking
d. Fare from AC tickets
175. Fill [1] with a suitable example.
a. 2010-11 b. 2011-12
c. 2013-14 d. 2014-15
176. The first health ATM was installed in
which of the following railway station?
a. Bhopal b. Nagpur
c. Lucknow d. Pune
Passage: _______ has
launched health ATMs — the first
Explanations: Body Mass Index (BMI) is a
person’s weight in kilograms divided by the
square of height in meters. A high BMI can
be an indicator of high body fatness. BMI
can be used to screen for weight categories
that may lead to health problems but it is not
diagnostic of the body fatness or health of an
individual.
In railways’ terminology, non-fare revenue, or
sundry and other earnings, comprise several
segments such as dividends from its public
sector undertakings, land lease, parking,
sale of scrap, advertisements and publicity,
among others.
Under the Fit India Movement which was
spearheaded by the Prime Minister, Narendra
Modi, the “Health ATMs” was installed at the
Lucknow.
173 Ans – b
174 Ans – c
175 Ans – a
176 Ans – c
Bhopal +91-9111555433 Indore +91-9589613810, +91-731-4987379 Prayagraj +91-8114000926, +91-8114000927
Kanpur +91-8576066660, +91-8707605589 Raipur +91-9425584840, +91-8602268880 Ranchi +91-9334969993 Lucknow +91-6390576666
such innovation in the country.
a. ICICI Lombard Health Insurance
b. Max Bupa Health Insurance
c. HDFC ERGO General Insurance Co.
Ltd
d. L&T General Insurance Co. Ltd
Passage: Mr. [1] searing look at class
divides — [2] — became the first non-
English feature film to win the Best
Film Oscar at the [3] Academy awards.
Ten foreign language films are said to
have been nominated previously for
Best Picture but none of them could
make it to the final post. The acting
Oscars went as expected. [4] won
Best Actor for playing a failing clown
who finds fame through violence in
the dark comic-book tale Joker. Renee
Zellweger was named Best Actress for
her performance in the musical biopic
[5].
First World War film [6], from
Universal Pictures, had been seen
as the film to beat but won just three
of its 10 nominations. They came
for its stunning “one-shot” feel
Cinematography, for Visual Effects
and for Sound Mixing.
178. The name of the director of the award-
winning film [2] has been replaced
with [1]. What is the name?
(a) Kang-Ho Song
(b) Bong Joon-ho
(c) Park Chan-wook (c) 36 (d) 38
(d) Park So-dam
179. Which of the following will replace [2]?
(a) Snowpiercer (b) Parasite
(c) Okja (d) The Host
180. Which of the following will replace [3]?
(a) 90th (b) 91st
(c) 92nd (d) 93rd
181. Who out of the following will replace
[4]?
(a) River Phoenix (b) Joaquin Phoenix
(c) Todd Phillips (d) Jarred Leto
182. Which of the following will replace [5]?
(a) Judy (b) Rocketman
(c) Life with Judy Garland
(d) Florence
183. Which of the following will replace [6]?
(a) Dunkirk (b) War Horse
(c) 1917 (d) Forbidden Ground
184. Who won the Best Supporting Actor
Award?
Answer Key & Explanations
177 Ans - b
Explanations: South Korean film Parasite directed
by Mr. Bong Joon-ho has become the first
foreign film to win the Best Movie Award at
the 92nd Oscars. Joaquin Phoenix won the
best Actor Award for Joker. Renee Zellweger
was named Best Actress for her performance
in the musical biopic Judy. 1917 was pitted to
win the Best Movie though. Brad Pitt won the
Best Supporting Role Award for Once Upon
A Time in Hollywood.
178 Ans- b
179 Ans- b
180 Ans- c
181 Ans- b
182 Ans- a
183 Ans- c
184 Ans- c
185 Ans- c
Explanations: Cauvery Delta is a region of Tamil
Nadu state in southern India. It encompasses
The CLAT Post • February 2020
(a) Leonardo di Caprio To harmonise U.S. law with the World
(b) Tom Cruise
(c) Brad Pitt (d)Quentin Tarantino
185. Which country does the film [2]
belong to?
(a) China (b) Japan
(c) South Korea (d) Thailand
Passage:. Chief Minister of the State
announced that the Cauvery delta
region would be declared a Protected
Special Agriculture Zone as a step
towards ensuring food security of the
State. The announcement was widely
hailed by political parties and farmers’
organisations, while the DMK termed it
a “diversionary tactic”.
At an official function at Thalaivasal
in his native Salem district, CM said
the State government would never
give its approval for projects such as
hydrocarbon exploration in the delta
region.
Many alleged that DMK leader T.R.
Baalu, who had served as the Union
Minister of State for Petroleum in
1996, when methane gas was found
in the Rajasthan desert, chose to get
the project implemented in Tamil Nadu
in 2010.
186.
In which of the following states
Cauvery Delta is present?
a. Karnataka b. Kerala
c. Andhra Pradesh d. Tamil Nadu
187. Hydrocarbon exploration is particularly
related with the:
a. Coal mining
b. Oil and Gas exploration
c. Aquaculture d. Dredging
188. Which of the following is not a tributary
of Cauvery river?
a. Harangi b. Hemavati
c. Shimsha d. Cheruthoni
189. Cauvery river dispute is between how
many states?
a. 2 b. 3
c. 4 d. 5
Passage: The U.S. government has
changed an administrative rule making
it easier for it to impose [1] on goods
from India and certain other countries.
The Office of the United States Trade
Representative (USTR) has published
a notice, amending lists of developing
and least-developed countries that
are eligible for preferential treatment
with respect to CVD investigations.
the lower reaches of the Kaveri River and its
delta.
Hydrocarbon exploration (or oil and gas
exploration) is the search by petroleum
geologists and geophysicists for deposits
of hydrocarbons, particularly petroleum and
natural gas, in the Earth using petroleum
geology.
Left tributary of Cauvery : left: Harangi,
Hemavati, Shimsha, Arkavathy. Cheruthoni
is the tributary of Periyar river.
The sharing of waters of the Kaveri River has
been the source of a serious conflict between
the two states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
186 Ans – d
187 Ans – b
188 Ans – d
189 Ans – a
Explanations: To harmonise U.S. law with the
World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Subsidies
and Countervailing Measures (SCM)
E: query@legaledge.in
W: www.legaledge.in
Trade Organization’s (WTO) Subsidies
and Countervailing Measures (SCM)
Agreement, the USTR had, in [2], come
up with lists of countries classified as
per their level of development. These
lists were used to determine whether
they were potentially subject to U.S.
countervailing duties. The [2] rule
is now “obsolete” as per the USTR
notice.
India was, until February 10, on the
developing country list and therefore
eligible for these more relaxed
standards. It has now been taken off of
that list.
The new lists consist of [3] developing
countries and [4] least developed
countries.
190. Which of the following will replace [1]?
(a) Import duties
(b) Countervailing duties
(c) Customs duties
(d) All of the above
191. Which of the following will replace [2]?
(a) 1998 (b) 1999
(c) 2000 (d) 2001
192. Which of the following will replace [3]?
(a) 32 (b) 34
193. Which of the following will replace [4]?
(a) 44 (b) 46
(c) 48 (d) 50
194. Which of the following countries other
than India were also taken off the list?
(a) Bangladesh (b) Malaysia
(c) Pakistan (d) Sri Lanka
195. What is the World Bank threshold
separating high income countries
from others?
(a) $12, 375 GNI (b) $13, 375 GNI
(c) $14, 375 GNI (d) $15, 375 GNI
196. Why was India taken off the list
despite not being in the high income
countries?
(a) India is a part of the G20
(b) India have at least a 0.5% share of
the global trade
(c) Both a and b
(d) Neither a nor b
Agreement, the USTR had, in 1998, come up
with lists of countries classified as per their
level of development.
The new lists consist of 36 developing
countries and 44 least developed countries.
India, along with Brazil, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Thailand and Vietnam were taken off the
list since they each have at least a 0.5%
share of the global trade, despite having
less than $12, 375 GNI (the World Bank
threshold separating high income countries
from others). India was taken off the list also
because — like Argentina, Brazil, Indonesia
and South Africa — it is part of the G20.
190 Ans- b
191 Ans- a
192 Ans- c
193 Ans- a
194 Ans- b
195 Ans- a
196 Ans- c
 12 India’s Best Institute for CLAT | Other Law Entrances
Passage: UN health agency experts meet August [1] and has since killed more
on Wednesday to decide whether than 2,300 people in eastern DR
the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Congo.
Republic of Congo should still be
WHO chief Tedros Adhanom
considered a global health emergency,
Ghebreyesus said he was
following a sharp decline in reported
“encouraged” by an improvement in
cases.
the situation, with only three cases
The World Health Organization last reported in the past week. But he
July declared it a “public health added: “It’s not over. Any single case
emergency of international concern” could reignite the epidemic.”
— a designation that gives the WHO
For the epidemic to be declared
greater powers to restrict travel and
over, there have to be no new cases
boost funding.
reported for [2] days — double the
The outbreak was first identified in incubation period.
Answer Key & Explanations
Explanations: Ebola is a rare but deadly virus organs. Ultimately, it causes levels of blood-
that causes fever, body aches, and diarrhea, clotting cells to drop. This leads to severe,
and sometimes bleeding inside and outside uncontrollable bleeding.
the body. As the virus spreads through the
Ebola vaccines are a number of vaccines to
body, it damages the immune system and prevent Ebola that are either approved or
Legal Current Affairs
1. The Finance Ministry has issued Sahni and Bharatiya Janata Party
a clarification on the recent leader Nand Kishore Garg, who
controversy and confusion, re- want the road to be opened and
garding the levy of tax on NRIs, the protest to be removed had
in the Union Budget 2020. The said that the road block could not
Finance Bill 2020, which proposed continue “indefinitely.” The Court
to amend the Section 6 of the then appointed a mediation team
Income Tax Act 1961, seeks to headed by Hegde, on the same
bring down the time period of issue. The Supreme Court has
stay in India for claiming the NRI appointed senior lawyers Sanjay
status, from 182 days to 120 days. Hegde, Sadhna Ra-machandran
It also seeks to add the provision and former chief information
in the Section 6, to state that an commissioner Wajahat Habibullah
Indian citizen will be deemed to as interlocutors on the matter, and
be resident in India, if he is not asked them to talk to protesters at
liable to be taxed in any country or Shaheen Bagh.
jurisdiction.
4. The panel of 17 judges, presided
2. J u s t i c e S a t y a r a n j a n by judge Abdulqawi Ahmed
Dharmadhikari, the second senior Yusuf, at the ICJ, voted unan-
most judge of the Bombay High imously to order Myanmar to take
Court after the Chief Justice of
Bombay HC Pradeep Nandrajog,
has resigned. Speaking to journal-
ists briefly in his chamber, Justice
Dharmadhikari said that he had “all measures within its power”
resigned due to personal reasons to prevent genocide, which they
because he did not want to leave said, the Rohingya remained at
Bombay as he was elevated as the serious risk of. These include the
Chief Justice of a different High prevention of killing and “causing
Court in another state. serious bodily or mental harm”
to members of the group, as
3.
The Supreme Court bench well as preserving evi-dence of
consisting of Justices S.K. Kaul possible genocide that has already
occurred. The case, at the ICJ,
was lodged by the African Muslim
majority nation of The Gambia.
The measures imposed by the
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
are binding and not subject to
appeal.
and K.M. Joseph, on hearing 5. The Government of India is to
peti-tions filed by lawyer Amit set up a Consumer Protection
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The CLAT Post • February 2020
“We cannot and must not forget 198. Ebola is caused by:
Ebola,” Mr. Tedros said, adding that he
a. Bacteria b. Virus
would travel to DR Congo on Thursday
to meet President Felix Tshisekedi. c. Protozoa d. Fungus
The decision is ultimately up to the 199. Fill [2] with a suitable option.
WHO’s Emergency Committee that
a. 30 b. 42
meets every three months once an
emergency has been declared. c. 52 d. 62
197. Fill [1] with a suitable option. 200.
The first vaccine of ebola was
developed by:
a. 2016 b. 2017
a. China b. Japan
c. 2018 d. 2019
c. Germany d. USA
in development. The first vaccine to be 197 Ans – c
approved in the United States was rVSV- 198 Ans – b
ZEBOV in December of 2019. It had been
used extensively in 2018-19 under a 199 Ans – b
compassionate use protocol. 200 Ans - d
The information regarding the
pesticides available in the market
is to be made available in digital
format. This will help farmers make
the right choice.
7. The Vivad Se Vishwas Scheme
Authority in order to implement the was proposed by the Finance
Consumer Protection Act. The said
authority is to begin its working
from April 2020. The Consumer
Protection Bill, 2019 was approved
the Parliament in 2019, which
will replace Consumer Protection
Act, 1986. The authority is being
constituted to makes sure of the
act is implemented in the right
way. The act apart from working
towards effective administration
in settling consumer disputed also
brings the E-Commerce under
Jurisdiction. It also holds celeb-
rities accountable for promoting
wrong products. Under the act, Minister Nirmala Sitaraman in
the celebrities can be fined up the Union Budget 2020. In order
to Rupees 10 lakhs for their to implement the scheme, the
misleading acts. minister introduced a bill in Lok
Sabha. The scheme aims to settle
6. The Union Cabinet has approved the pending cases on direct taxes.
to table the Pesticide Management The scheme is very similar to
the “Indirect Tax, Sabka Vishwas
Scheme”, which was introduced by
the minister in her previous budget
in 2019. The Sabka Vishwas
scheme aimed to settle down the
disputes related to excise duty
payments and service tax.
8. The Union Cabinet has approved
Medical Termination of Pregnancy
(Amendment) Bill, 2020, which
seeks to amend the Medical
Termination of Pregnancy act,
Bill, 2020 in Parliament. The bill
aims at making safe and effective
pesticides for farmers. The main
aim of the bill is to replace the
Insecticides Act, 1968. The bill
includes provisions to provide
Compensation when there is
farm loss due to use of low-
quality pesticides. The loss of
farmers is to be paid using funds
collected from the manufacturers.
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 13 India’s Best Institute for CLAT | Other Law Entrances
1971. According to the pro-posal,
termination of pregnancy is to be
extended to 24 weeks, for a certain
category of wom-en. The previous
time period was 20 weeks. The
extension is only applicable to
special catego-ry of women, which
includes rape victims, survivors of
rape and other vulnerable women
like differently-abled women.
The First Legalization on Abortion
in India took place after the Shah
Committee was appoint-ed to
review the socio-cultural and
medical aspects of abortion. It
was this committee that rec-
ommended legalization of abortion
for the first time.
9.
The Andhra Pradesh cabinet
cleared to abolish Legislative
Council. It is to be noted that the
Legislative Council has stalled
two bills that were passed by the
assembly. It includes AP Capital
Region Development Authority
Repeal Bill and Decentralization
bill. Andhra Pradesh is one of
the few states to have bicameral
legislature. The states with
legislative council include Bihar,
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Uttar
Pradesh and Telangana. Article
169 of the constitution defines
Legislative Council. As of
November 2019, there are 6 states
with State Legislative Council.
10. The Assam Cabinet nodded to
make Assamese language the
state language of Assam. This will
exclude BTAD (Bodoland Territorial
Administrative Districts), Barak
Valley and Hill dis-tricts of Assam.
After the passing of Citizenship
Amendment Bill, there has been an
increased wave of insecurity in the
Brahmaputra Valley. In order make
the move successful, the Central
Government will now have to
amend Article 345. If amended the
article will remove fears of people
fighting for their rights to culture
and language in the region.
11. The Union Cabinet has approved
the constitution of the 22nd Law
Commission of India, for a period
of three years. Although the
personnel are yet to be announced,
the 22nd Law Com-mission will
consist of: a full-time Chairperson;
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four full-time Members (including
Member-Secretary) Secretary,
Department of Legal Affairs as
ex-officio Member; Secretary,
Legisla-tive Department as ex
officio Member; and not more
than five part-time Members. It will
also identify laws that need to be
repealed, examine existing laws in
light of Directive Principles of State
Policy, convey its views on any
subject relating to law and judicial
administration to the government,
consider requests for providing
research to any foreign countries,
take all such measures to enable
laws to benefit the poor, and
remove anomalies and ambiguities
in Central Acts. The tenure of the
21st Law Commission headed
by former Supreme Court judge,
Justice BS Chauhan came to an
end in August 2018.
12. Advocate Shivaji M Jadhav, has
been re-elected as the President
of the Supreme Court Advo-cate
on Record Association (SCAORA),
winning by a margin of over
55%. This is his third term as the
SCAORA President. Earlier, he
had served three terms as its Vice
President. The SCAORA elections
were conducted yesterday. He had
highlighted the establishment of
Su-preme Court Advocates-on-
Record Welfare Trust in 2013, the
organization of national semi-nars
and symposiums, and the efforts
of the association to expedite the
allotment of chambers. With his
re-election today, Jadhav will now
serve an unprecedented third term
as the SCAORA President.
13. Pakistan’s former dictator General
Pervez Musharraf was sentenced
to death in the high trea-son case
for subverting the Constitution of
the Country in 2007, becoming
the first military ruler to receive
the capital punishment in the
country’s history. A three-member
bench of the special court, headed
by Peshawar High Court Chief
Justice Waqar Ahmad Seth,
pronounced the verdict in the
landmark case launched in 2013
The CLAT Post • February 2020
against the former Pakistan Army
chief by the previous government
17.
of former prime minister Nawaz
Sharif.
14. The Constitution (One Hundred
And Twenty-Sixth) Act was notified
by the government. The legislation,
passed by both the Houses of
Parliament last month, was ratified
by the legisla-tures of more than
half of the states recently. The Act
is set to come into force on January
25, 2020 after having received the
President’s assent on January 21.
The Centre, by this amend-ment
has done away with Anglo Indian
reservation in Lok Sabha and State
Assemblies, and at the same time,
it also extends reservation for
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes for an-other ten years. Article
334 of the Constitution lays down
that the provisions of the Constitu-
tion relating to the reservation of
seats for the Scheduled Castes
and the Scheduled Tribes and
the representation of the Anglo-
Indian community by nomination
in the House of the People and
the Legislative Assemblies of the
18. The District and Sessions Court
States.
15. In a significant ruling, the Supreme
Court said that access to the
Internet is a fundamental right
under Article 19 of the Constitution,
and asked the Jammu and Kashmir
administration to re-view within
a week all orders imposing curbs
in the Union Territory. Five-judge
benches headed by Justice NV
Ramana have asked the Jammu
and Kashmir administration
to restore Internet services in
institutions providing essential
services like hospitals and
educational plac-es. The verdict
came on pleas, which challenged
curbs imposed in Jammu and
Kashmir after the Centre’s
abrogation of provisions of Article
370 on August 5 last year. These
batches of pleas were different
from another set of petitions which
challenge constitutional validity of
ab-rogation of Article 370, being
heard by a five-judge Constitution
bench.
16.
The Transgender Persons
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(Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 has
come into force. The Act in-tends
to protect persons of transgender
identity from discrimination. The
Act is made enforce-able against
all establishments, which covers
government and private entities,
including all companies, firms,
Co-operative societies, trusts etc.
The act directs governments to
take measures to enforce these
rights and for social inclusion and
upliftment of the transgender
community. The District Magistrate
is empowered to certify a person’s
transgender identity and also to
grant revised certificate if anyone
undergoes surgery to change his/
her gender ei-ther as a male or a
female.
Justice Anant Bijay Singh has
submitted his resignation from the
office of Judge, Jharkhand High
Court. A notification informing the
same was issued on 24th January
by the Central Government.
Following his resignation, Justice
Anant Singh is now appointed as
the Judicial Member of National
Company Law Tribunal (NCLAT)
as per the notice issued by NCLAT.
The oath taking ceremony was
held on 21st January at the Court
of NCLAT Chairperson.
of Jabalpur has become the
first district court in the country
to provide the facility of online
certified copies to advocates and
litigants, to enhance the “ease
of doing business”. Last year,
this facility was introduced at
the Indore bench of the Madhya
Pradesh High Court, making it
the first court in the country to
provide online certified copies.
The “innovative tool” has been
accomplished under the effective
guidance of Justice SC Sharma,
Chairman of the Computer
Committee of the high court. It was
launched on January 27 by the
high court Chief Justice AK Mittal
and Justice Sanjay Yadav, in the
presence of Jus-tices Sujoy Paul,
Atul Sreedharan and JP Gupta.
 14 India’s Best Institute for CLAT | Other Law Entrances
Altruism or Philanthropy?
I turned away from politics and moved
towards ethics to understand Indian
society, mainly the relationship between
the State and society. I found two ideas in
ethics, namely, altruism and philanthropy,
as providing a useful tool to accomplish
this task. Although both the altruist
and the philanthropist intend to extend
a helping hand, there is, however, a
significant difference between them. A
philanthropist is the one who gives what
he or she has. An altruist, on the other
hand, is the one who will find out what the
urgent needs are and provide for them.
Between the two, there is a possibility of
variance between what is given and the
needs of the receiver. For instance, at the
time when farmers need seed to sow, and
water for the crop, the government gives
them fertilizer and tractors. The given falls
outside the purview of what is required;
this is despite its use eventually. This
variance disrupts the sequence between
what is needed and what is offered. On
the contrary, the altruist firmly sticks to
the chain.
Alternatively, philanthropists in their
preoccupation to give mostly stay within
themselves. They do not sufficiently
reach the receiver to understand what
is needed by them. The altruist moves
towards the receiver and spends time in
finding out what is required by the other.
This can make a significant difference at
the site of the consequences of what is
given. The relation between the intention
of the givers and the effects they generate
can make a lot of difference.
The reason why I brought these ethical
concepts here is to understand the
political reality of Indian society. Is
the State in India functioning like a
philanthropist or as an altruist? Is the
State of independent India undertaking
the task of examining what the needs of
its people are? Or is it giving to them what
it has?
LE
Reminds:
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An approach through ethics to understand Indian society
To highlight my point, let me bring into
the discussion a suggestion made by
J.C. Kumarappa, a Gandhian and an
economist of independent India. He
suggested that independent India should
embark on finding out in detail what each
village produces, how much it consumes,
and what are the surplus and deficit.
This finding, he claimed, should form the
basis in envisaging the developmental
programmes of the State. He emphasized
the imperative need to turn our attention
towards understanding Indian society
from the inside before planning to give
people what they need. Here let me point
out that understanding what the people
of India need does not necessarily mean
endorsing it or even giving it to them.
Understanding people’s needs should
go through a thorough evaluation of what
are desirable and what are not.
The modern Indian State, on the other
hand, leans more towards the availabilities
from the outside, importing them and
superimposing them on the people of
India. For instance, the five senses of the
body are positioned towards the outside.
However, if they do not calibrate their
perceptions with the inside, the manas,
there is the danger of a quirk between the
inside and the outside.
There is, of course, an imperative
need to look at the outside to learn. For
instance, Swami Vivekananda learnt
from Reverend Haste, an outsider, about
Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. Similarly,
two theosophists, again outsiders and
that too in England, made Mahatma
Gandhi read Edwin Arnold’s translation
of the Bhagavad Gita. However, after
being enabled by the outsider, these
two national leaders turned towards
India, their inside. These are examples of
calibrating outside and the inside.
In contrast, the Indian State is found
wanting in making this turn towards the
inside. This feature of the Indian State can
Do spend atleast an hour everyday studying for OLETs.
The CLAT Post • February 2020
derail harmony between the inside and
the outside. It can create disproportion,
or cause an imbalance between the State
and society. Further, Indian academics,
too, have not paid sufficient attention to
the presentation of descriptions of the
different aspects of Indian society, thus
presenting a realistic picture. This could
turn many from philanthropy to altruism.
I want to understand the dynamic nature
of the interaction in this odd relationship
between these two realms. That is,
the modern State has development
programmes that have many virtues and
positive results. At times, the State tends
to overlook real needs, and these remain
repressed. However, there are instances,
though not numerous, where people
do derail the policies of the State. I will
illustrate this with an incident that took
place in my village during the 1980s.
Way back in 1980, one of the nationalized
banks was asked by the government to
give loans to farmers. One of the bank
officials came to our drought-prone
village in the Rayalaseema region of
Andhra Pradesh and disbursed loans to
10 families to purchase the Ongole cow.
This breed of cow eats large quantities
of green grass per day besides other
things. And this is not readily available.
Six families did not buy the cow. Instead,
they used the money on those things on
which they would have if they had money
with them. The other four which did buy
these cows had a dreadful experience in
feeding the cows with large quantities of
green grass.
The same bank official went to the village
six months later for a routine inspection.
He reached the village by 11 am. The
farmers, one by one, took the official on
foot to the place where their cow was. It
was almost 4 pm by the time he inspected
six cows. Before the official reached the
next site, two in the four would be moved
to another location through a different
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route. He asked the farmers about the
other four cows. They asked him to
accompany them. He replied to them
that he had full faith in them and certified
that he had verified ten cows. This
incident symbolizes many things that are
happening across the country. I want to
use this symbol to highlight the mismatch
between what people want and what is
given to them. This mismatch can cause
severe disruption and distortion.
The other dimension of this is the State
that is borrowing from the outside should
consider the following. What and how
much to borrow. From whom to borrow.
More important, the need to borrow and
the capacity to pay back with interest.
This consideration requires that the
State should move from philanthropy to
altruism. More specifically, it has to start
understanding the people on the ground,
as suggested by Kumarappa.
Alternatively, while the State seems to
operate on a vertical scale, society seems
to work at the horizontal level. The former
may be long in its height. The horizontal,
while falling short in height, has a vast
breadth and length. There is an imperative
need for the vertical to bend or shorten to
reach towards the horizontal — similarly,
the horizontal needs to trim itself and
increase its height to reach to the vertical.
Otherwise, the oddity between these two
realms will remain, and the aberration that
I have highlighted above will continue
to occur. More important, India will
accumulate without cumulating, and this
is not desirable in spite of an increase in
its size. Unlike national leaders like Swami
Vivekananda, Mahatma Gandhi and
many others, the academic scholarship
on India has not turned much towards
the inside and presented descriptions
of Indian society from the grassroots. In
this respect, there is a lot that the modern
State and academics can learn from
national leaders. The State and the social
sciences in India have to think again
about this.
 15 India’s Best Institute for CLAT | Other Law Entrances
LE
Reminds:
Power of Patriarchy
The struggle for women’s emancipation
cannot be separated from the
fight against the hierarchical caste
system which both perpetuates and
strengthens Brahminical patriarchy in
India.
The yearly celebration of Women’s
Day and the ritualistic glorification and
worship of women notwithstanding, there
is an urgent need for a critical appraisal
of the status of women in India. Such an
appraisal as a mere academic exercise
will not generate much value unless it is
politically charged to fight for women’s
emancipation.
When the chief executive officer of Twitter,
Jack Dorsey, held up a placard that read
“Smash Brahminical Patriarchy” while
meeting a group of feminists during a
visit to India in November 2018, it created
a huge uproar in the media, forcing him to
apologise. Brahminical/Brahminism has
been narrowly equated with the Brahmin
caste, and even so-called “liberals”
began to attack the Twitter CEO for being
party to this casteist slogan that targeted
one particular community, excluding all
others.
Other than the small academic circle, the
words “Brahminism” and “Brahminical”
are widely used in political circles while
fighting for the rights of marginalised
Explained: Delimitation of
Constituencies
Background
Since the bifurcation of J&K State
into the Union Territories of J&K and
Ladakh, delimitation of their electoral
constituencies has been inevitable.
While the government has not formally
notified the Election Commission yet,
the EC has held “internal discussions”
on the J&K Reorganization Act, 2019,
particularly its provisions on delimitation.
What is Delimitation? Why is it
needed?
Delimitation is the act of redrawing
boundaries of Lok Sabha and state
Assembly seats to represent changes in
population.
In this process, the number of seats
allocated to different states in Lok Sabha
and the total number seats in a Legislative
Assembly may also change.
The main objective of delimitation is to
provide equal representation to equal
segments of a population.
It also aims at a fair division of
geographical areas so that one political
party doesn’t have an advantage over
others in an election.
Legal status
Delimitation is carried out by an
independent Delimitation Commission
(DC).
The Constitution mandates that its orders
are final and cannot be questioned before
any court as it would hold up an election
indefinitely.
How is delimitation carried out?
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Do focus a lot on improving your Vocabulary.
communities. The usage clearly signifies
the attitude of dominant sections that
obstruct the rights of marginalised
communities rather than indicate/target
any particular caste. Understanding the
real meaning of Brahminical patriarchy,
which cannot be narrowly confined to
a particular caste, can offer a holistic
perspective in understanding the status
of women in India.
Patriarchy generally refers to the
hierarchical power relation in which
men are dominant and women are
subordinate. The subordination of
women is explicit in many ways, in
both private and public spheres, where
women are denied rights and access to
many things that are easily available to
men. Patriarchy as a concept/tool helps
in the critical understanding of the status
of women in any society. According to the
eminent gender historian Gerda Lerner,
patriarchy manifests and institutionalises
the domination of men over women and
children within the family, and extends
its influence over the public sphere in
a society. In spite of patriarchy having
common features across societies, it acts
differently in every society, combining
with other dominant structures. In India,
this nexus between patriarchy and the
caste system has been found to be
historically exploitative and mutually
feeding off each other.
Under Article 82, the Parliament enacts a
Delimitation Act after every Census.
Once the Act is in force, the Union
government sets up a DC made up
of a retired Supreme Court judge, the
Chief Election Commissioner and the
respective State Election Commissioners.
The Commission is supposed to
determine the number and boundaries
of constituencies in a way that the
population of all seats, so far as
practicable, is the same.
The Commission is also tasked with
identifying seats reserved for Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes; these are
where their population is relatively large.
All this is done on the basis of the latest
Census and, in case of difference
of opinion among members of the
Commission, the opinion of the majority
prevails.
Implementation
The draft proposals of the DC are
published in the Gazette of India, official
gazettes of the states concerned and at
least two vernacular papers for public
feedback.
The Commission also holds public
sittings.
After hearing the public, it considers
objections and suggestions, received in
writing or orally during public sittings, and
carries out changes, if any, in the draft
proposal.
The final order is published in the Gazette
of India and the State Gazette and comes
into force on a date specified by the
President.
The CLAT Post • February 2020
Caste in India
Caste divisions in India dictate one’s
occupation, dietary habits, rituals,
marriage and other interactions with
members of other castes. Members of
the upper castes enjoy more wealth and
opportunities, while those of the lower
castes perform menial jobs. According
to a recent study jointly conducted
by Savitribai Phule Pune University,
Jawaharlal Nehru University and the
Indian Institute of Dalit Studies, 41 per
How often has delimitation been
done in the past?
The first delimitation exercise in 1950-51
was carried out by the President (with the
help of the Election Commission).
The Constitution at that time was silent
on who should undertake the division of
states into Lok Sabha seats.
This delimitation was temporary as the
Constitution mandated redrawing of
boundaries after every Census. Hence,
another delimitation was due after the
1951 Census.
Why more independence to DC?
Pointing out that the first delimitation had
left many political parties and individuals
unhappy, the EC advised the government
that all future exercises should be carried
out by an independent commission.
This suggestion was accepted and the
DC Act was enacted in 1952.
DCs have been set up four times — 1952,
1963, 1973 and 2002 under the Acts of
1952, 1962, 1972 and 2002.
There was no delimitation after the 1981
and 1991 Censuses.
Why was there no delimitation
then?
The Constitution mandates that the
number of Lok Sabha seats allotted
to a state would be such that the ratio
between that number and the population
of the state is, as far as practicable, the
same for all states.
Although unintended, this provision
implied that states that took little interest
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cent of the country’s total wealth is
owned by upper-caste Hindus. The
“untouchables” are in a permanent state
of “impurity” and forced to do menial
jobs such as toilet cleaning and garbage
removal.
Caste, being an ascriptive status without
any possibility for social mobility, has
four defining features, namely, hereditary
specialisation, hierarchical relations,
repulsion with other castes to avoid any
alliances, and endogamy.
in population control could end up with a
greater number of seats in Parliament.
The southern states that promoted family
planning faced the possibility of having
their seats reduced.
To allay these fears, the Constitution
was amended during Indira Gandhi’s
Emergency rule in 1976 to suspend
delimitation until 2001.
Despite the embargo, there were a few
occasions that called for readjustment in
the number of Parliament and Assembly
seats allocated to a state.
These include statehood attained by
Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram in 1986,
the creation of a Legislative Assembly
for the National Capital Territory of Delhi,
and creation of new states such as
Uttarakhand.
Why postponed till 2026?
Although the freeze on the number of
seats in Lok Sabha and Assemblies
should have been lifted after the 2001
Census, another amendment postponed
this until 2026.
This was justified on the ground that a
uniform population growth rate would
be achieved throughout the country by
2026.
So, the last delimitation exercise —
started in July 2002 and completed on
May 31, 2008 — was based on the 2001
Census and only readjusted boundaries
of existing Lok Sabha and Assembly
seats and reworked the number of
reserved seats.
16 India’s Best Institute for CLAT | Other Law Entrances
The CLAT Post • February 2020

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17 India’s Best Institute for CLAT | Other Law Entrances
The CLAT Post • February 2020

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 18 India’s Best Institute for CLAT | Other Law Entrances
Budget 2020 Highlights
Direct Taxation (Income Tax)
The government has proposed a new
income tax regime under Section 115BAC
that comprises a significant change in
the tax slabs rates. Taxpayers have been
provided with an option whether they
want to pay taxes according to the new
regime or if they want to continue paying
taxes according to the existing regime.
However, a few taxpayers may not be
able to switch back to the existing tax
slab once they opt to follow the new one.
Under section 194J- fees for technical
services, TDS has been reduced to 2%
from 10%.
Tax audit threshold has been increased
from Rs 1 crore to Rs 5 crore provided
turnover/ gross receipts in cash does
not exceed 5% during the
previous year. Also, payment
made in the P.Y in cash does
not exceed 5%. For such
taxpayers, the due date for tax
audit has been extended to the
31st of October from the 30th
of September.
Under Section 80EEA, the
additional deduction of Rs.1.5
lakh for interest paid on home
loans will now be allowed for
the loans sanctioned till the
31st of March 2021.
DDT has been discontinued.
Instead, the recipients of the
dividend will have to pay tax at
their applicable rate.
In the case of startups,
employees possessing
Employee Stock Option Plans
(ESOPs) may defer paying
taxes up to five years from
the time of exercise, till the
time they leave the startup,
or until they sell their shares,
whichever is earlier.
Eligible startups with a turnover of up
to Rs 25 crore is permitted to deduct
100% of its profits for three continuous
assessment years of seven years if the
overall turnover is under Rs 25 crore.
This limit is now increased to Rs 100
crore. Furthermore, the eligibility period
to deduct is increased to 10 years from 7
years.
Section 194: Dividend paid by Indian
companies, to a shareholder, who is
resident in India, TDS @ 10% if the
dividend amount exceeds 5000 during
the FY.
Section 194K: Dividend paid by MF to a
resident TDS 10% will be deducted only
if the dividend amount exceeds 5000
during the FY
Section 194: Dividend on shares paid
by company exceeding Rs 5000 will be
subject to TDS @ 10%
Section 194-O: Any payment made by
e-commerce operator to the participant,
the operator will have to deduct 1% TDS
only if the annual amount paid or credited
exceeds Rs 5 lakh.
Section 206AA: in relation to 194O has
been amended to 5% instead of 20% in
case of not furnishing the PAN.
Change in residential status: (Section
6)
An individual, being a citizen of India,
shall be deemed to be resident in India in
any previous year, if he is not liable to tax
in any other country
An individual being a citizen of India,
or a person of Indian origin who, being
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outside India, comes on a visit to India in
any previous year and is in India for 120
days or more, shall be resident in India
A person is said to be “not ordinarily
resident” in India in any previous year, if
such person is
an individual who has been a non-
resident in India in seven out of the ten
previous years preceding that year;
or
a Hindu undivided family whose manager
has been a non-resident in India in seven
out of the ten previous years preceding
that year.
Section 234G (insertion of new section)
relating to payment of fee of Rs 200 per
day for default in furnishing statement or
certificate under section 35 by research
association, university, college, company
or any other institution.
Section 43CA, if value adopted for
the purpose of stamp duty does not
exceed 110% of the actual consideration
received, then consideration so received
shall be deemed to be the full value of the
consideration for computing profits and
gains on transfer of such asset other than
capital assets. Before the amendment it
was 105% instead of 110%.
Section 50C, in case of transfer of
capital asset being land or building or
both, if value adopted for the purpose
of stamp duty does not exceed 110%
of the actual consideration received,
then consideration so received shall
be deemed to be the full value of
consideration for computing capital gains
on transfer of such capital assets.Before
the amendment it was 105% instead of
110%.
Indirect Taxation (GST, Customs)
The person involved/benefited out of
fake ITC shall also be liable for a penalty
of 100% of the tax involved.
Composition scheme restricted to
taxpayers making the inter-state supply
of service, supplies not leviable to GST
and supplies through e-commerce
operator where TCS is deductible.
The date of the debit note will be
standalone considered for availing input
tax credit, delinked from the date of
invoice.
The retrospective effect has been given
for transition provisions from 01st July
Spend atleast an hour revising old stuff daily!
The CLAT Post • February 2020
2017, to nullify the decision of Gujarat
High Court in case of Siddhartha
Enterprises.
Powers provided to notify the form of
TDS certificate and late fee (200 per day,
maximum of 5,000) for non-issuance of
TDS certificate has been waived off.
A provision inserted for cancellation of
voluntary GST registration for distinct
persons.
Power to condone the delay in applying
for revocation of cancellation has been
provided to the additional commissioner
and commissioner for a period of 30
days.
Refund due to Inverted tax prevalent
for tobacco products is barred with a
retrospective effect from 1st July 2017.
Applicability of 6% CGST rate (total of
12% IGST rate) for the supply of pulley,
wheels and products used in Agri
machinery between 1st July 2017 to 31st
December 2018.
Ladakh has been included in the
definition of Union Territory. J&K will have
its appellate tribunal.
The law has been amended to extend
the imprisonment to the person ‘who
causes to commit’ and ‘person retaining
the benefit’. Earlier the punishment is
restricted to the person committed.
This punishment is restricted to the
person fraudulently availing ITC without
an eligible invoice. Accordingly, these
offences will be congnizable and non-
bailable.
Supply of fishmeal provided a
retrospective GST exemption from 1st
July 2017 to 30th September 2019.
Provision to issue the removal of difficulty
order by CBIC extended from earlier
three-year limit to five years w.e.f 1st July
2017.
Order for determining expense in special
audit will not require the Board’s approval.
Provision to extend the time limit to return
the inputs and capital goods from job
worker.
Powers provided to notify the time and
manner of issuing an invoice for a specific
category of supplies or services.
The entry in Schedule II to the CGST
Act on ‘Transfer of business assets’ will
now exclude transactions done without
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consideration from it.
MSMEs
Steps proposed by the government for
the MSMEs:
Amendments will be made to Factor
Regulation Act, 2011.
Amendments to be made to enable
NBFCs to extend invoice financing to
MSMEs.
Provision of subordinated debt for
MSMEs by Banks which is guaranteed
by Credit Guarantee Trust. The debt will
count as quasi-equity.
App-based financing loans will be
introduced for MSMEsApp-based
invoice financing loans product
to be launched, to obviate the
problem of delayed payments
and cash flow mismatches for
MSMEs.
Public sector banks (PSBs):
Robust mechanism is in place
to monitor and ensure health
of all scheduled commercial
banks and depositors’ money
is absolutely safe.
Agriculture
The government aims to
double farmers’ income by
2022
Help 15 lakh farmers solarise
their grid-connected pump
sets
“KisanRail” and “KrishiUdaan”
for seamless transport of
perishable farm goods
Increasing coverage of artificial
insemination to 70% Raise
fishery exports to Rs 1 lakh
crore by 2024-25
Education
About 150 higher educational institutions
will start apprenticeship embedded
courses
Special bridge courses to improve skill
sets of those seeking employment
abroad
Ind-SAT to be conducted in Africa and
Asia under study in India programme
Allocation of Rs 99,300 crore for the
educational sector in 2020-21
Allocation of Rs 3,000 crore for skill
development
Financial sector
Deposit Insurance Coverage to increase
from Rs 1 lakh to Rs 5 lakh per depositor.
Eligibility limit for NBFCs for debt recovery
under SARFAESI Act proposed to be
reduced to asset size of Rs 100 crore or
loan size of Rs 50 lakh
Separation of NPS Trust for government
employees from PFRDAI. Proposal to sell
balance holding of government in IDBI
Bank. Water, Wellness, and Sanitation
Goals. More than 20, 000 empanelled
hospitals under PM Jan Arogya Yojana
“TB Harega Desh Jeetega” campaign
launched to end TB by 2025
Expansion of Jan Aushadhi Kendra
Scheme to all districts by 2024
Focus on liquid and greywater
management along with waste
management.
 19 India’s Best Institute for CLAT | Other Law Entrances
The CLAT Post • February 2020

Coronavirus and COVID-19:

All Your Questions Answered
Everything you need to know about the coronavirus outbreak.
A cluster of respiratory illness, originating in
the Chinese province of Hubei in December
2019, has health officials on high alert
around the world. In January, the causative
agent of the disease was found to be a
novel coronavirus, dubbed SARS-CoV-2,
and the disease it causes was given a
name: COVID-19 (for “coronavirus disease
2019”). It has proven to be particularly
infectious and claimed about 3,000 lives in
around three months.
The spate of illness was first reported to
the World Health Organization on New
Year’s Eve and in the following weeks
was linked to a family of viruses known as
coronaviruses, the same family responsible
for the diseases SARS and MERS, as well as
some cases of the common cold. A special
WHO committee declared a public health
emergency on Jan. 30 and later raised its
global risk assessment for the coronavirus
to “very high.”
The situation continues to evolve as more
information becomes available. We’ve
collated everything we know about the
novel virus, what’s next for researchers and
some of the steps you can take to reduce
your risk.
What is a coronavirus?
Where did the virus come from?
How many confirmed cases and deaths
have been reported?
How do we know it’s a new coronavirus?
How does the coronavirus spread?
be inaccurate or stigmatizing,” said Tedros Chinese state media publication, suggested sold at the Huanan Seafood Market. The
What are the symptoms of the coronavirus?
Adhanom Ghebreyesus, director-general the Huanan seafood market was not the virus likely originated in bats but may have
What is a coronavirus? of the WHO. “It also gives us a standard birthplace of the disease citing a Chinese been able to hide out in the pangolin, before
format to use for any future coronavirus study published on an open-access server spreading from that animal to humans.
Coronaviruses belong to a family known outbreaks.” in China. Researchers caution the full data have
as Coronaviridae, and under an electron not yet been published but coronaviruses
microscope they look like spiked rings. The Coronavirus Study Group, part of the Markets have been implicated in the similar to SARS-CoV-2 have been found in
They’re named for these spikes, which form International Committee on Taxonomy origin and spread of viral diseases in past pangolins before.
a halo or “crown” (corona is Latin for crown) of Viruses, was responsible for naming epidemics, including SARS and MERS.
around their viral envelope. the novel coronavirus itself. The novel A large majority of the people so far All good science builds off previous
coronavirus is known as SARS-CoV-2. The confirmed to have come down with the discoveries -- and there is still more to
Coronaviruses contain a single strand group “formally recognizes this virus as a new coronavirus had been to the Huanan learn about the basic biology of SARS-
of RNA (as opposed to DNA, which is sister to severe acute respiratory syndrome Seafood marketplace in recent weeks. The CoV-2 before we have a good grasp of
double-stranded) within the envelope coronaviruses (SARS-CoVs),” the species market appears to be an integral piece of exactly which animal vector is responsible
and, as a virus, can’t reproduce without responsible for the SARS outbreak in 2002- the puzzle, but research into the likely origin for transmission -- but early indications are
getting inside living cells and hijacking 2003. The virus itself was originally given a and connecting a “patient zero” to the initial the virus is similar to those seen in bats and
their machinery. The spikes on the viral placeholder name of “2019-nCoV.” spread is ongoing. likely originated from them.
envelope help coronaviruses bind to cells,
which gives them a way in, like blasting a To avoid confusion: An early report, published in the Journal How many confirmed cases and deaths
door open with C4. Once inside, they turn of Medical Virology on Jan. 22, suggested have been reported?
The novel coronavirus is officially named snakes were the most probable wildlife
the cell into a virus factory -- the RNA and
SARS-CoV-2. animal reservoir for SARS-CoV-2, but the The virus has spread to over 50 countries
some enzymes use the cell’s molecular
work was soundly refuted by two further since its discovery in late 2019 and the
machinery to produce more viruses, which The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 is studies just a day later, on Jan. 23. “We number of cases and deaths have been
are then shipped out of the cell to infect officially named COVID-19. haven’t seen evidence ample enough steadily rising since early January. The
other cells. Thus, the cycle starts anew.
to suggest a snake reservoir for Wuhan best way to keep track of the spread of the
Where did the virus come from? coronavirus,” said Peter Daszak, president virus across the globe is this handy online
Typically, these types of viruses are found
in animals ranging from livestock and of nonprofit EcoHealth Alliance, which tool, which is collating data from a number
The virus appears to have originated in of sources including the CDC, the WHO
household pets to wildlife such as bats. Wuhan, a Chinese city about 650 miles researches the links between human and
Some are responsible for disease, like the animal health. and Chinese health professionals and is
south of Beijing that has a population of maintained by Johns Hopkins University.
common cold. When they make the jump to more than 11 million people. The Huanan
humans, they can cause fever, respiratory “This work is really interesting, but when we
Seafood Wholesale Market, which sells compare the genetic sequence of this new The bulk of the confirmed cases and deaths
illness and inflammation in the lungs. In fish, as well as a panoply of meat from virus with all other known coronaviruses, have been recorded in China’s Hubei
immunocompromised individuals, such as other animals, including bats, snakes and all of its closest relatives have origins in province where the outbreak originated.
the elderly or those with HIV-AIDS, such pangolins, was implicated in the spread in mammals, specifically bats. Therefore, However, secondary outbreaks have
viruses can cause severe respiratory illness, early January. without further details on testing of animals been seen in South Korea, Italy and Iran
resulting in pneumonia and even death.
in the markets, it looks like we are no closer and a cruise ship, the Diamond Princess,
Prestigious medical journal The Lancet was quarantined in the Japanese port of
Extremely pathogenic coronaviruses were published an extensive summary of the to knowing this virus’ natural reservoir.”
behind the diseases SARS (severe acute Yokohama for 14 days in February due to an
clinical features of patients infected with Another group of Chinese scientists outbreak onboard. In total, 705 people on
respiratory syndrome) and MERS (Middle the disease stretching back to Dec. 1, 2019.
East respiratory syndrome) in the last uploaded a paper to preprint website the ship were found to be infected with the
The very first patient identified had not biorXiv, having studied the viral genetic coronavirus.
two decades. These viruses were easily been exposed to the market, suggesting
transmitted from human to human but were code and compared it to the previous SARS
the virus may have originated elsewhere coronavirus and other bat coronaviruses. How do we know it’s a new coronavirus?
suspected to have passed through different and been transported to the market, where
animal intermediaries: SARS was traced to They discovered the genetic similarities run
it was able to thrive or jump from human to deep: The virus shares 80% of its genes The Chinese Center for Disease Control
civet cats and MERS to dromedary camels. animal and back again. Chinese authorities and Prevention dispatched a team of
SARS, which showed up in the early with the previous SARS virus and 96% of its
shut down the market on Jan. 1. genes with bat coronaviruses. Importantly, scientists to Wuhan to gather information
2000s, infected more than 8,000 people about the new disease and perform testing
and resulted in nearly 800 deaths. MERS, MORE ON THE CORONAVIRUS the study also demonstrated the virus can
get into and hijack cells the same way in patients, hoping to isolate the virus. Their
which appeared in the early 2010s, infected work, published in the New England Journal
almost 2,500 people and led to more than How face masks work and who should wear SARS did.
of Medicine on Jan. 24, examined samples
850 deaths. them (hint: very few of you)
The ant-eating pangolin, a small, scaly from three patients. Using an electron
Hand sanitizer can’t fully protect you from mammal, has also been implicated in the microscope, which can resolve images
The WHO has named the new disease
getting sick spread of SARS-CoV-2. According to the of cells and their internal mechanics, and
COVID-19. “Having a name matters to
New York Times, it may be one of the most studying the genetic code, the team were
prevent the use of other names that can
On Feb. 22, a report by the Global Times, a trafficked animals in the world and it was able to visualize and genetically identify the

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 20 India’s Best Institute for CLAT | Other Law Entrances
novel coronavirus.
Understanding the genetic code helps
researchers in two ways: It allows them to
create tests that can identify the virus from
patient samples, and it gives them potential
insight into creating treatments or vaccines.
The Peter Doherty Institute in Melbourne,
Australia, was able to identify and grow the
virus in a lab from a patient sample. They
announced their discovery on Jan. 28. This
is seen as one of the major breakthroughs
in developing a vaccine and provides
laboratories with the capability to both
assess and provide expert information
to health authorities and detect the virus
in patients suspected of harboring the
disease.
How does the coronavirus spread?
This is one of the major questions
researchers are still working hard to answer.
The first infections were potentially the
result of animal-to-human transmission,
but confirmation that human-to-human
transmission was obtained in late January.
As the virus has spread, local transmission
has been seen across the world. Some of
the most at-risk people are those that work
in healthcare.
YES BANK Crisis Explained
Here’s all you need to know!
Yes Bank has come under serious
liquidity crisis, majorly because of two
things happening simultaneously. Firstly,
several borrowers of the bank defaulted
their payment, and secondly, the public
started taking out money from their
accounts.
A day after the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
took control of troubled private sector lender
Yes Bank due to a serious deterioration in
its financial position, the Narendra Modi
government on Friday (March 6, 2020)
assured thousands of the bank’s depositors
that their money is safe and there was no
need to panic.
Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said
the government has asked the Reserve
Bank of India to look into factors that led to
the present financial crisis in the Yes Bank
and assign individual responsibilities. “Yes
Bank has been under watch since 2017
and developments relating to it were being
monitored on a day-to-day basis,’’ the FM
said.
“Since 2017, the central bank noticed
governance issues and weak regulatory
compliance at Yes Bank, besides wrong
asset classification and risky credit
decisions,” she added.
The bank took many risky credit decisions,
and the RBI had advised a change in its
management, Sitharaman said adding such
decisions were taken in the interest of the
bank`s health.
A new CEO was appointed in September
2018 and cleaning up of bank started
and the investigative agencies too found
irregularities, she said. Sitharaman said the
RBI has been asked to assess the causes
of problems and identify the role played by
individuals. The Finance Minister also said
that employment and salary of Yes Bank
employees has been assured for one year.
The restructuring scheme will be fully
effective within 30 days, she said adding
that the State Bank of India has expressed
willingness to invest in Yes Bank.
Meanwhile, the RBI also announced a draft
scheme for the revival of Yes Bank and said
that India`s biggest lender State Bank of
India has expressed its willingness to make
investments in Yes Bank and participate in
LE
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“The major concern is hospital outbreaks,
which were seen with SARS and MERS
coronaviruses,” said Raina MacIntyre,
a professor of global biosecurity at the
University of New South Wales, Australia.
“Meticulous triage and infection control
is needed to prevent these outbreaks and
protect health workers.”
WHO says the virus can move from person
to person via:
Respiratory droplets -- when a person
sneezes or coughs.
Direct contact with infected individuals.
Contact with contaminated surfaces and
objects.
On Feb. 5, Chinese state media reported
a newborn had been diagnosed with
COVID-19 just 30 hours after birth,
opening up the potential for mother-child
transmission. Viruses can be transmitted
through the placenta, but experts say it’s
too early to tell whether this is the case with
the novel coronavirus, which is “unlikely” to
be passed on in the womb.
A handful of viruses, including MERS, can
survive for periods in the air after being
its reconstruction scheme.
Amid efforts to reassure panicky depositors,
who lined up to withdraw funds after the RBI
imposed a cap on withdrawal of not more
Rs 50,000, here are some of the factors
that led to the present liquidity crisis with
Yes Bank.
What is the Yes Bank crisis?
Yes Bank has come under serious liquidity
crisis, majorly because of two things
happening simultaneously. Firstly, several
borrowers of the bank defaulted their
payment, and secondly, the public started
taking out money from their accounts.
Since March 2019, more than Rs 1 lakh
crore has been withdrawn by its depositors
which includes Rs 77,000 crores of
Fixed Deposits. On the other hand, loans
worth Rs. 17,134 crores have gone bad
i.e. the borrowers have defaulted on their
payments.
Thus, the bank is not in a comfortable
position to pay back depositors’ money and
thus feeling the heat. However, it is not yet a
big crisis but a proactive step to control one.
Is the bank running into losses?
No, it’s not! But that the depositor’s money
is blocked due to loans given by the bank
and some of them becoming bad. As per
it’s 2018-19 Annual Report, Yes Bank had
public deposits of around Rs. 2.26 lakh
crores while the bank has given out loans
worth Rs. 2.36 lakh crores.
Do prepare very very hard for tests
like Legal-O-Pedia, CAPT etc.
The CLAT Post • February 2020
sneezed or coughed from an infected
individual. Although recent reports suggest
the novel coronavirus may be transmitted in
this way, the Chinese Center for Diseases
Control and Prevention have reiterated
there is no evidence for this. Writing in The
Conversation on Feb. 14, virologists Ian
Mackay and Katherine Arden explain “no
infectious virus has been recovered from
captured air samples.”
What are the symptoms?
The new coronavirus causes symptoms
similar to those of previously identified
disease-causing coronaviruses. In
currently identified patients, there seems
to be a spectrum of illness: A large
number experience mild pneumonia-like
symptoms, while others have a much more
severe response.
On Jan. 24, prestigious medical journal The
Lancet published an extensive analysis of
the clinical features of the disease.
According to the report, patients present
with:
Fever, elevated body temperature
Dry cough
Currently, the deposits have come down
further to around Rs. 2.09 lakh crores, thus
making it less than the cumulative loan
granted by the bank. This means that, if all
the money is recovered, it will have more
than what it needs to pay back.
Moreover, the bank’s Net Profit grew
steadily from Rs. 1618 crores in 2014 to
Rs. 4225 crores in 2018 but plunged to Rs.
1720 in 2019. It is expected to have gone
down further but is still positive.
How did this happen?
Bad Loans/NPAs: The bank has been
understating its non-performing assets
(NPAs) and RBI has questioned it more
than once in the past for the same. In FY’19
alone, it reported a divergence of Rs 3,277
crore in bad loans and Rs 978 crore in NPA
provisions. Currently out of the Rs. 2.25
lakh crores loan, more than Rs. 17,000
crores have gone bad i.e. their recovery is
very difficult.
Poor Management:
The corporate governance of the bank and
management practices have deteriorated
in the past. Several directors have resigned
in the past, some blaming its MD & CEO,
Senior Group President Governance &
Controls and others.
On top of it, people started withdrawing
money from the bank and it also failed to
raise additional money to save it from the
crisis.
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Fatigue or muscle pain
Breathing difficulties
Less common symptoms include:
Coughing up mucus or blood
Headaches
Diarrhea
Kidney failure
As the disease progresses, patients
also come down with pneumonia, which
inflames the lungs and causes them to fill
with fluid. This can be detected by an X-ray.
What is the bank’s spread?
It is India’s fourth-largest private sector bank
in the country with a pan-India presence
across all the states and Union Territories
in India. Yes Bank has a footprint of 1122
branches and more than 1300 ATMs.
It started in functioning in 2004 as a small
bank and slowly grew into a full-fledged
bank. Its customer base is not very clear
but could run around several lakhs or even
a few crores.
What now?
For a depositor of the bank, there is no need
to worry as the bank still has more assets
than liabilities.
Moreover, even if the bank goes bust, as
per the amended scheme, your deposits
up to Rs. 5,00,000 is insured and the
government will pay your money back if the
bank is incapable to do so. Also, the State
Bank of India is expected to invest Rs 2,450
Crore and take over the management of the
bank. This will help Yes Bank recover from
the trust deficit which is a major reason for
the crisis.
Having said so, those who need any amount
in excess of Rs. 50,000 from their Yes Bank
account could face the constraint since till
3rd April 2020, it would not be possible.
However, once the situation is accessed,
RBI could issue some relaxation.
 21 India’s Best Institute for CLAT | Other Law Entrances
The Art of Embracing Uncertainty
Uncertainty, for most of us, is terrifying. It
is the blank canvas onto which we paint
our deepest fears and most dreaded
scenarios. The unknown represents
the possibility for disaster, and more
importantly, the total loss of control over
the future.
But the ability to endure uncertainty
rather than fear it is a vital life skill.
Without this ability, we languish in any
number of crippling forms of anxiety.
We put a premature stop to our journeys
because we cannot immediately see the
destination, and thus, we don’t live as
fully as we could.
That’s a problem.
But what if there was a way to not only
endure the certain uncertainty of life,
but to embrace it? And what if that
embrace were to help you become more
courageous, open-minded, and creative?
What if it changed your life? Would you
be interested?
Psychotherapist and spiritual advisor
Estelle Frankel, in her book, “The Wisdom
of Not Knowing,” explores the power of
the unknown to be friend rather than
foe—it is the key to our personal growth.
Let’s take a look at what she has to say
about embracing uncertainty for a better
life.
Letting Go of the Illusion of Control
To embrace uncertainty, we must
first realize how little we truly know.
Socrates, considered by most as one
of the founders of Western philosophy,
once said that “The only true wisdom
is in knowing you know nothing.” Let’s
examine why that’s true.
Most of us feel like we have some
measure of control over our lives. In our
contemporary age, we can empirically
track every little thing about our lives,
from spending, to calories burned, to
the very number of decisions we make
during a day. We know our world better
than ever.
Yet, still, we cannot control it.
You can track your spending, and still lose
your fortune. You can collate your calories,
and still develop a health problem. You
can whittle down the number of decisions
you make in a day, but still burn out. These
endeavors are not pointless, and they are
LE
Reminds:
Three Tips to Improve Your CLAT
Critical Reasoning Performance
A Critical Reasoning (CR) argument
is usually structured into facts (also
sometimes referred to as premises) and
a conclusion. It is important that you are
able to identify the parts of an argument.
We have given you tips on identifying
the conclusion in our post “Identifying
the conclusion in CLAT CR questions”.
Your job is never to question the facts of
the argument. You can question the gap
between the facts and the conclusion.
This gap can be called an assumption
the writer makes in his/her argument. In
other words, what did the writer have to
believe to be true in order to reach the
conclusion, as based on the premise(s)?
There are many CR questions that require
you to identify an assumption. It can
get complex, but here are some tips to
simplify matters.
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Learn how to love the unknown.
not unwise, but the measure of control
they give us is wholly illusory.
We have to learn to let go of that illusion
of control. The unrealistic expectation
of control is the source of much anxiety
when the unexpected occurs—if we
expect the expected, we will always be
disappointed. And, even worse, operating
under a high degree of false certainty
stunts our personal growth.
To rid ourselves of this illusion, we need
to entertain the idea of permanent
uncertainty. Tell yourself that uncertainty
is okay, and that imperfection is
acceptable. Say these things out loud.
Focus on them as a positive idea,
interpreting the darkened future not as
empty, but full of wonderful possibilities.
As Frankel writes, “What we know can
limit our imagination if it is not countered
with an equally powerful don’t know.
Absolute certainty shuts down curiosity,
and curiosity is what drives us to
continually improve—in this state, we no
longer have a reason to develop courage,
to expand our minds, or to be creative.
Embracing uncertainty, as we’re about
to see, allows us to flourish in all of these
areas.
Growth Through Uncertainty
Padhte Raho, Ho Jayega
1. Simplify language.
You know from your work on SC that the
shortest, simplest answer is often the
best answer. It is as if the test makers
take these rules they have established
in SC and throw them out the window
when they write CR and RC problems.
They write their sentences in the most
confusing way possible. If you can
simplify the language the test makers
use, it can make your job easier.
2. Use your own words.
One way to simplify the language used
in a question is to express it using your
own words. This involves making very
short notes to summarize each of the
sentences in a CR passage. The purpose
of this is to make the passage easier
The CLAT Post • February 2020
The poet Antonio Machado artfully
captures the nature of uncertainty’s
benefits in beautiful language.
Wanderer, your footsteps are
the path and nothing else;
wanderer, there is no path,
The path is made by walking
When we let go of the need for certainty,
we’re better able to forge our own path.
No longer are we looking for clear-cut
roads through life—we’re able to wander
into the woods, letting our own footsteps
become the path.
When we make an effort to get out of our
safe, “predictable” comfort zones, we’re
better able to listen to our own wants and
desires—and to keep doing so. Frankel,
in her work as a psychotherapist, writes
that she often witnesses a “rapid spiritual
unfolding,” in her patients when they
strike out on their own. Just as uncertainty
can be that blank canvas which we fill
with pictures of dread, it can also be the
surface upon which we paint our dreams,
and when we begin to see the positive
potential of the unknown, we are better
able to be courageous—the first great
benefit of embracing uncertainty.
to understand. Your own words will be
easier for you to understand than the
difficult words chosen by someone who
is trying to confuse you!
3. Understand what is being asked.
For example, let’s imagine a simple
example in which the conclusion is that
Rome is a pleasant city.
A common question would be: “Which
of the following, if true, would most
strengthen the above conclusion?”
Option A) There are many great art
galleries in Rome.
Option B) Venice has many great
restaurants.
E: query@legaledge.in
W: www.legaledge.in
Embracing uncertainty also allows us
to reclaim our curiosity, according to
Frankel. She writes that the curiosity we
all have as children often grows dim as
we become adults. We become afraid to
ask questions.
But the ability to ask questions is what
helps us keep an open mind—the
second major benefit of embracing
uncertainty. When we stop thinking that
we know exactly how the world works,
we can better accept the ways in which
it doesn’t work as expected. We become
more open to the diversity of life and
fresh ideas and new ways of living. And
best of all, an open mind—especially
when combined with courage—allows
us to take advantage of unexpected
opportunities.
Open mindedness and courage are
attributes which encourage creativity—
the third benefit of coming to terms
with uncertainty. Frankel writes that
when musicians play improvised music,
the areas of the brain that inhibit and
self-monitor decrease in activity, while
the areas that control self-expression
increase. In essence, their brains are
letting go of any sense of control in order
to better create.
Creativity isn’t just for artists—it’s useful
in every part of our lives. Everyone from
teachers to scientists to businessmen
can benefit from the ability to solve
problems in new and unexpected ways.
Creativity, in essence, is simply the
ability to use imaginatively come up
with original ideas, to break down your
collective experiences into tiny bits and
put them back together in wholly new
shapes. Embracing uncertainty can give
you this power.
A Brighter Future
When we reshape our expectations to
frame uncertainty in a positive light, our
lives improve. Not only do we gain the
attributes we’ve talked about—courage,
an open mind, and greater creativity—
but we live life on our own terms. We’re
no longer defined by what we fear. We’re
defined by what we want.
Let uncertainty be your opportunity to
unfold your wings for the first time. If
you’ve found yourself thrust into a new
situation, relationship, or new stage of life,
embrace it. Love it. Realize its potential to
help you grow
Sometimes people are confused as to
whether they have to consider if the
options are true or not. You don’t have to
do this. You can assume all the options
are true. You don’t have to ask yourself
whether it is actually true that Venice
has many great restaurants. It’s clear
that Option A would be the right answer,
because it’s the only answer that actually
applies to Rome. When the questions
become more difficult, you can save time
by remembering that it is not your job to
consider whether the options are true or
not when the question is worded this way.
Try these tips on your next CR practice
questions!
 22 India’s Best Institute for CLAT | Other Law Entrances
Tackling Conditional Statements in
Critical Reasoning Questions
Today we will take a look at conditional
statements. Sometimes on the CLAT,
you will come across something that
looks like this:
If you go outside in the rain, then you will
get wet.
This is called a conditional statement,
or an “if then” statement. You are most
likely to see these kinds of statements
on critical reasoning: inference or draw
a conclusion questions. They come in
many different forms, for example:
I will play soccer on Sunday, only if my
exam is cancelled.
Mary will go to the store, unless her son
gets out of band practice late.
Major Supreme Court Judgments
on Reservation in Promotions
The Supreme Court’s recent decision
that there is no fundamental right to claim
reservation in promotions has become a
subject matter of intense debate.
The decision was discussed in the
Parliament, and the Centre has told
the House that the matter was under
the study and consideration of the
Government at “high level”.
In this backdrop, this article traces
the legal evolution of the concept of
“Reservation in Promotions”.
Reservation not confined to initial
appointment : Rangachari Case (AIR
1962 SC 36)
In this case (General Manager, Southern
Railway v A Rangachari), validity of
the circulars issued by the Railway
administration providing for reservation in
favour of Scheduled Castes / Scheduled
Tribes in promotions (by selection) was
questioned. The contention was that
Article 16(4) of the Constitution does not
take in promotions and that it is confined
to direct recruitment only. The Madras
High Court agreed with this contention.
It held that the word “appointments” in
clause (4) did not denote promotion and
further that the word “posts” in the said
clause referred to posts outside the cadre
concerned.
On appeal, the Supreme Court reversed
by a majority of 3 : 2. Certain notable
points from the judgment written by
Justice Gajendragadkar for the majority
are as follows :
The promotion to a selection post is
also included in the matters relating to
employment.
Art.16(1) guarantees equality of
opportunity to all citizens who enter
service even in regard to promotion.
The condition precedent for the exercise
of the powers conferred by Art.16(4) is
that the State ought to be satisfied that
any backward class of citizens is not
adequately represented in its services.
This condition precedent may refer
either to the numerical inadequacy
of representation in the services or
even to the qualitative inadequacy of
representation.
The advancement of the socially and
educationally backward classes requires
not only that they should have adequate,
representation in the lowest rung of
services but that they should aspire
to secure adequate representation in
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All are examples of conditional statements
and can be changed to the traditional if
then form:
If her son does not get out of band
practice late, Mary will go to the store.
If my exam is cancelled, I will play soccer
on Sunday.
Because it says “only if” you also
know that this is true: If my exam is
not cancelled, I will not play soccer on
Sunday.
What is important to note about
conditional statements is that the
contrapositive is also true. The
contrapositive is the same statement, but
switched around and negated. So, if not A
selection posts in the services as well.
State of Punjab v. Hiralal (AIR 1971 SC
1777)
In this case, validity of an order made
by the Government of Punjab providing
for reservation in promotion (in addition
to initial recruitment) was questioned.
Though the High Court upheld the
challenge, the Supreme Court (Shah,
Hegde and Grover, JJ.) reversed and
upheld the validity of the Government
order following Rangachari (supra).
N M Thomas v State of Kerala (AIR
1976 SC 490)
This case was not exactly pertaining
to reservation in promotions, but was
regarding the legality of a concession
granted by Government to SC/ST
members for availing departmental
promotion.
In this case, 7-judge bench upheld by
5:2 majority the amendment brought by
State of Kerala to its service rules to grant
exemption to members of SC/STs from
appearing in a departmental examination
for promotion.
The majority held that Article 16(4) was
not in the nature of an exception, and was
a facet of equality under Articles 14 and
16(1).
“The rule giving preference to an
unrepresented or under-represented
backward community does not
contravene Art.14, 16(1) or 16(2)”, held
the Court.
No reservation in promotions : Indira
Sawhney v Union of India (1992)
The Supreme Court’s nine-judge
constitutional bench in Indra Sawhney
v. Union of India (1992), commonly
called as Mandal Commission case,
while allowing the extension of the
reservation policy to Other Backward
Classes (OBCs), held that reservation,
under Article 16(4), cannot be extended
to subsequent promotion within the place
of employment.
Among several other issues on
reservation, the Court also considered
this specific issue :
“ Whether clause (4) of Art.16 provides
reservation only in the matter of initial
appointments / direct recruitment or
does it contemplate and provide for
reservations being made in the matter of
promotion as well?”
Ultimately, the judgment decided
The CLAT Post • February 2020
then B. The contrapositive of this would
be if not B then A.
Here are the contrapositives of the
previous statements:
If you are not wet, then you did not go
outside in the rain
If I don’t play soccer on Saturday, then my
exam was not cancelled.
If Mary did not go to the store, then her
son got out of band practice late.
So if you see a prompt with a conditional
statement, it is perfectly logical to infer
that the contrapositive it also true.
However, be careful the CLAT test makers
may try to trick you, by giving another
that reservation would apply at the
stage of initial entry only and would
not apply at the stage of promotion.
The majority disagreed with the view
expressed in Rangachari. Concerns
regarding efficiency of administration
were expressed by the majority in this
judgment. It was even remarked that
“crutches cannot be provided throughout
one’s career”.
In the words of the Court :
“While it is certainly just to say that a
handicap should be given to backward
class of citizens at the stage of initial
appointment, it would be serious and
unacceptable inroad into the rule of
equality of opportunity to say that such
a handicap should be provided at every
stage of promotion throughout their
career. That would mean creation of a
permanent separate category apart from
the mainstream a vertical division of the
administrative apparatus. The members
of reserved categories need not have
to compete with others but only among
themselves. There would be no will to
work, compete and excel among them.
Whether they work or not, they tend to
think, their promotion is assured. This
in turn is bound to generate a feeling
of despondence and ‘heart burning’
among open competition members. All
this is bound to affect the efficiency of
administration.
Putting the members of backward classes
on a fast track would necessarily result in
leap frogging and the deleterious effects
of “leap frogging” need no illustration
at our hands. At the initial stage of
recruitment reservation can be made in
favour of backward class of citizens but
E: query@legaledge.in
W: www.legaledge.in
variation of the statement that is not the
contrapositive but don’t be fooled!
In summary, remember that with
conditional statements:
You must learn to recognize a conditional
statement and translate it to its if then
form
The only thing you can infer is the
contrapositive.
If the statement says A will happen ONLY
IF B, you can also infer that if not B then
not A .
once they enter the service, efficiency
of administration demands that those
members too compete with others and
earn promotion like all others; no further
distinction can be made thereafter with
reference to their “birth mark”, as one of
the learned Judges of this Court has said
in another connection. They are expected
to operate on equal footing with others.
Crutches cannot be provided throughout
one’s career. That would not be in the
interest of efficiency of administration nor
or at in the larger interest of the nation”.
Though the Court held that Art.16(4)
does not permit provision for reservations
in the matter of promotion, it did not
unsettle the promotions already given by
applying reservations. The judgment was
held to operate only prospectively.
Constitutional Amendments to
overturn Indira Sawhney view on
promotions
There was public opinion against
the judgment and the Parliament,
in 1995, through the Constitutional
(77th Amendment) Act, bypassed the
restriction set by the Indira Sawhney,
by inserting Article 16(4)(A), thereby,
enabling the state to pass laws for
reservation in promotion for SCs and STs.
Later, the Supreme Court in Union of
India v. Viral Singh Chauhan (1995)
and Ajit Singh (II) v. State of Punjab
(1999) denied consequent seniority
for employees promoted through
reservation. To over come the same,
the Parliament, in 2001, through the
Constitutional (85th Amendment) Act,
provided consequent seniority for the
beneficiaries of reservation in promotion.
Article 16(4)(A) now reads:
 23 India’s Best Institute for CLAT | Other Law Entrances
“Nothing in this article shall prevent
the State from making any provision for
reservation in matters of promotion [, with
consequential seniority,] to any class or
classes of posts in the services under the
State in favour of the Scheduled Castes
and the Scheduled Tribes which, in the
opinion of the State, are not adequately
represented in the services under the
State.”
Alongside Article 16(4)(A), the Parliament
has inserted Article 16(4)(B) through the
Constitutional (81st Amendment) Act
in 2000. It ensures that vacant posts
arising out of reservation shall be carried
out to subsequent years and such vacant
posts will not be considered to determine
the ceiling of 50% reservation on total
number of vacancies.
Quantifiable data showing
backwardness and inadequacy of
representation needed for reservation
in promotions : M Nagraj
The Constitutional Amendments which
introduced Articles 16(4)(A) and 16(4)
(B) were challenged in the SC as violative
of basic structure. However, a five-judge
Constitutional bench of Supreme Court
in M. Nagaraj v. Union of India (2006)
upheld these amendments.
It was held :
“The impugned constitutional
amendments by which Articles 16(4-
A) and 16(4-B) have been inserted flow
from Article 16(4). They do not alter the
structure of Article 16(4). They retain
the controlling factors or the compelling
reasons, namely, backwardness and
inadequacy of representation which
enables the States to provide for
reservation keeping in mind the overall
efficiency of the State administration
under Article 335. These impugned
amendments are confined only to SCs
and STs. They do not obliterate any
of the constitutional requirements,
namely, ceiling limit of 50% (quantitative
limitation), the concept of creamy
layer (qualitative exclusion), the sub-
classification between OBCs on one
hand and SCs and STs on the other hand
as held in Indra Sawhney, the concept of
post-based roster with inbuilt concept of
replacement as held in R.K. Sabharwal”.
The Court also added that the State is
not bound to make reservation for SC/ST
LE
Reminds:
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in promotions. Certain conditions were
also introduced by the Court for granting
reservation in promotion. It was held that
State has to collect “quantifiable data
showing backwardness of the class and
inadequacy of representation of that
class in public employment in addition to
compliance of Article 335(which speaks
of efficiency in administration)”. It was
added that such reservations should not
breach the 50% cealing limit or obliterate
the creamy layer or extend the reservation
indefinitely.
It may be pertinent to note that the Court
in this case observed that the concept of
“creamy layer” is applicable even to SC/
STs.
In the words of the Court :
“The ceiling-limit of 50%, the concept of
creamy layer and the compelling reasons,
namely, backwardness, inadequacy of
representation and overall administrative
efficiency are all constitutional
requirements without which the structure
of equality of opportunity in Article 16
would collapse...
The State is not bound to make reservation
for SC/ST in matter of promotions.
However if they wish to exercise their
discretion and make such provision,
the State has to collect quantifiable
data showing backwardness of the
class and inadequacy of representation
of that class in public employment in
addition to compliance of Article 335. It
is made clear that even if the State has
compelling reasons, as stated above, the
State will have to see that its reservation
provision does not lead to excessiveness
so as to breach the ceiling-limit of 50% or
obliterate the creamy layer or extend the
reservation indefinitely...”
It is clear, therefore, that Nagaraj (supra)
has, in unmistakable terms, stated that
the State has to collect quantifiable data
showing backwardness of the Scheduled
Castes and the Scheduled Tribes for
giving them reservations in promotions.
Data showing backwardness not
a precondition for reservation in
promotions for SC/STs - SC clarifies in
2018
A 5-judge bench of the SC held in the
2018 decision in the case of Jarnail
Singh v. Lachhmi Narain Gupta (2018)
Not more than 2.5 hours daily on Current Affairs. If you’re devoting
more time on CA daily, you might be wasting most of it.
The CLAT Post • February 2020
held that there cannot be an insistence
on collection of quantifiable data of
backwardness in relation to SCs and
STs. Any such insistence was held to be
against the decision in Indra Sawhney
case.
“The conclusion in Nagaraj (supra) that
the State has to collect quantifiable data
showing backwardness of the Scheduled
Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, being
contrary to the nine-Judge Bench in
Indra Sawhney (1) (supra) is held to be
invalid to this extent”, the bench ruled.
The bench however left undisturbed the
findings in Nagraj regarding application
of “creamy layer” test to SC/STs.
“when Nagaraj (supra) applied the
creamy layer test to Scheduled Castes
and Scheduled Tribes in exercise of
application of the basic structure test to
uphold the constitutional amendments
leading to Articles 16(4-A) and 16(4-B),
it did not in any manner interfere with
Parliament’s power under Article 341 or
Article 342. We are, therefore, clearly of
the opinion that this part of the judgment
does not need to be revisited”
B K Pavitra decision - SC upholds
Karnataka law giving reservation in
promotions
In 2019, the Supreme Court upheld the
Constitutional validity of the Karnataka
Extension of Consequential Seniority to
Government Servants Promoted on the
Basis of Reservation (to the Posts in the
Civil Services of the State) Act 2018.
The said enactment provided for
consequential seniority to persons
belonging to the Scheduled Castes
and Scheduled Tribes promoted under
the reservation policy of the State of
Karnataka.
An earlier version of this Act passed in
2002 was held to be unconstitutional
by the SC in 2017 on the ground that an
exercise for determining ‘inadequacy of
representation’, ‘backwardness’ and the
impact on ‘overall efficiency’ had not
preceded the enactment of the law.
Thereafter, the Government of Karnataka
constituted the Ratna Prabha Committee
headed by the Additional Chief Secretary
to the State of Karnataka to submit
a report on the backwardness and
E: query@legaledge.in
W: www.legaledge.in
inadequacy of representation of SCs
and STs in the State Civil Services and
the impact of reservation on overall
administrative efficiency in the State of
Karnataka.
On the basis of the Ratna Prabha
Committee report, the Government of
Karnataka introduced the Karnataka
Extension of Consequential Seniority
to Government Servants Promoted on
the Basis of Reservation (to the Posts in
the Civil Services of the State) Bill 2017
which received assent of the President
on 14 June 2018 and was published in
the official Gazette on 23 June 2018.
This new law on promotions was upheld
by the SC in BK Pavitra II decision in May
2019.
No fundamental right to reservation in
promotion
In the latest case of Mukesh Kumar
v. State of Uttarakhand (2020) the
Supreme Court, reaffirming it’s decision
in Suresh Chand Gautam v State of
U.P. (2016), has denied the request to
pass a mandamus to the state to collect
quantifiable data relating to adequacy
of representation of the SCs and STs.
The Supreme Court has reiterated the
decision in Ajit Singh case (1999) that
reservation is not a fundamental right.
Most importantly, the Supreme Court has
limited its own power of judicial review
when it stated:
“Even if the under- representation of
Scheduled Castes and Schedules Tribes
in public services is brought to the notice
of this Court, no mandamus can be issued
by this Court to the State Government to
provide reservation in light of the law laid
down by this Court in C.A. Rajendran
(1968) and Suresh Chand Gautam
(2016)...
The State is not bound to make reservation
for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes in matters of promotions. However,
if they wish to exercise their discretion
and make such provision, the State has
to collect quantifiable data showing
inadequacy of representation of that
class in public services.”
(The author is a Kerala-based lawyer who
graduated from NUALS Kochi)
24 India’s Best Institute for CLAT | Other Law Entrances
The CLAT Post • February 2020

Ready Reckoners (Current Affairs)

Summits and Conferences
SUMMIT/ CONFERENCE VENUE

DefExpo 2020 Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

12th edition of the South Asia Conference New Delhi
Narmada Mahotsav 2020 Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh
India’s biggest rural technical festival ‘Antahpragnya 2020’ Telangana
National Conference on Disability-inclusive Disaster Pune
Risk Reduction: Pathways for Inclusion and Action for Resilience New Delhi
Central Asia Business Council New Delhi
5th India-Russia Military Industrial Conference. Lucknow
5th edition of Dhaka Art Summit Dhaka, Bangladesh
National Conference on e-Governance 2020 Mumbai
22nd Edition of India International Seafood show Kochi, Kerala
4th Edition of East Asia Summit conference on Maritime security cooperation 2020 Chennai, Tamilnadu
33rd edition of the African Union (AU) summit Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
6th edition of the mega industrial exhibition ‘Engiexpo 2020’ Vadodara, Gujarat
ClimFishCon 2020, an international conference on the impact of climate change on ‘hydrological cycle, Kerala
ecosystem, fisheries and food security’
13th Conference of Parties (COP) of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Gandhinagar, Gujarat
Animals (CMS)
National Water Conference Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
“National Workshop on Disaster Risk Financing, Insurance and Risk Transfer Mumbai, Maharashtra
India Action Plan 2020 Summit New Delhi
BIMSTEC’s Conference on Combating Drug Trafficking New Delhi.
National Workshop on Disaster Risk Financing, Insurance, and Risk Transfer Mumbai
BioAsia 2020 Summit Hyderabad, Telangana
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) 43rd Governing Council meeting Rome, Italy
All India Conference of the Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) New Delhi
3rd High-Level Global Conference on Road Safety for Achieving Global Goals 2030 Stockholm, Sweden
Global Investors' Summit 2020 Srinagar
5th edition of Difficult Dialogues 2020 Goa
“Chintan Shivir” Kevadia in Gujarat
National Organic Food Festival 2020 New Delhi
International Judicial Conference New Delhi
Sustainable Development Goals Conclave 2020: Partnerships, Cooperation and Development of North Guwahati, Assam
Eastern states
9th Defence and Security Expert Working Group (EWG) meeting of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Pakistan
(SCO)
2nd Edition of Exhibition and Conference on Agritechnology & Innovation Hyderabad
International Judicial Conference New Delhi
National Conference on Coastal Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilience (CDRR&R) 2020 New Delhi
"Responsible AI for Social Empowerment 2020" (RAISE 2020) New Delhi
17th edition of the Special Committee for Inter- Linking of Rivers (ILR) New Delhi
An International Conference on Standardisation of Diagnosis and Terminologies in Ayurveda, Unani and New Delhi
Siddha Systems of Medicine (ICoSDiTAUS-2020)

LE
Reminds: Do study for atleast 8-9 hours daily.

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25 India’s Best Institute for CLAT | Other Law Entrances
The CLAT Post • February 2020

Appointments
NAME APPOINTED AS EXTRA INFO
M Ajit Kumar Chairman of CBIC
B Murali Kumar Special Expenditure Observer
Vinay Mohan Kwatra Ambassador of India to Nepal He will replace Manjeev Singh Puri
Ajay Bisaria High Commissioner of India to He will replace Vikas Swarup. He is presently served as
Canada High Commissioner of India to Pakistan
Abidali Z Neemuchwala Quit as the Chief Executive Officer
and Managing Director of Wipro
Gopal Baglay India’s High Commissioner to Sri Baglay succeeds Taranjit Singh Sandhu in Sri Lanka
Lanka
Pramod Agrawal Chairman and managing director He took over after A K Jha retired as the CIL chairman
of Coal India
Amitabh Bhatt Chief Executive Officer of Ben- Prior, he was serving as Executive Director of Light
galuru-headquartered safeguard Utility Helicopter (LUH) venture in HAL
PSU, Hindustan Aeronautics Limit-
ed’s Bangalore Complex.
Deepa Malik President of Paralympic Committee Successor of the acting interim president Gursharan
of India Singh
Vijaya Rahatkar She is the Maharashtra State Commission for Women Chairperson resigned from
the post
Mohammed Tawfiq Allawi Prime Minister of Iraq Successor of Adil Abdul-Mahdi
Albin Kurti Prime Minister of Kosovo Replaced Ramush Haradinaj
Jeff Weiner LinkedIn CEO resigned
Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg World Bank Chief economist re-
signed
Avishek Dalmiya President of Cricket Association
Bengal
Sanjay Vatsyayan Eastern Fleet Commander
Atul Kumar Gupta President of the Institute of Char-
tered Accountants (ICAI)
Chandrakant Dada Patil Maharashtra BJP Chief
Robin Singh Director of cricket of the United
Arab Emirates
Justice Satyaraujan Dharmadhikari Judge of Bombay High court re-
signed
Rajiv Bansal Chairman and Managing Director
of national carrier Air India
Vishnu Dutt Sharma BJP Chief of Madhya Pradesh
Vinay Dube GoAir CEO
Mahant Nritya Gopal Das President of the Ram Janmab-
hoomi Teertha Kshetra Trust
Sanjay Kothari Vigilance Commissioner
Rajlaxmi Singh Deo President of the Rowing Federation
of India (RFI)
Vijay Advani US-India Business Council Prior to this, he served as Executive Chairman of the
(USIBC) new Chair of its Global Board in January 2020
Board of Directors
Abhay Kumar CMD of National Hydroelectric
Power Corporation (NHPC)
Jawed Ashraf India's next Ambassador to France
Rajesh Kumar MD & CEO of CIBIL He will succeed Satish Pillai
Ajay Banga Mastercard Chief Executive Officer Banga will become the company’s executive chairman,
replacing the retiring Richard Haythornthwaite
Sumant Kathpalia Managing Director and Chief He will hold the office for a tenure of three years. Kath-
Executive Officer of Induslnd Bank palia will replace Romesh Sobti
Ltd.
Abhishek Singh Ambassador of India to the He will succeed Rajiv Kumar Napal
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

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26 India’s Best Institute for CLAT | Other Law Entrances
The CLAT Post • February 2020

Awards
NAME AWARD
Yusuf Jameel 2019-20 PEN Gauri Lankesh Award for Democratic Idealism for his outstanding contri-
bution in journalism.
Waheeda Rehman Madhya Pradesh government’s National Kishore Kumar Samman.
Vinod Kumar Shukla Mathrubhumi Book of the Year award for his translated book “Blue Is Like Blue“.
Shaktikanta Das ‘Central Banker of the Year 2020’ for the Asia-Pacific region by financial intelligence
magazine The Banker.
Mo O’Brien 1st deaf person to row Atlantic Ocean
Madhya Pradesh 1st position for its implementation of Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)
Delhi Transport Corporation Road Safety Award 2018-2019
Big Bang Boom Solutions SKOCH Award for “Boron Nitrate Based Personal Hybrid Combat Armour ”
The district of South Salmara Mankachar of Assam National Award for implementation of the Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana
Manoj Das Mystic Kalinga Literary Award
Pullela Gopichand International Olympic Committee’s (IOC) Coaches Lifetime Achievement Award in Male
Category of the year 2019
South Indian Bank winner in the ‘Most Customer-Centric Bank Using Technology’ category and runner up
in the ‘Best Payments Initiative’ category amongst small Banks’.
Gita Sen Dan David Prize 2020
Lewis Hamilton and Lionel Messi Laureus World Sportsman of the year award
SK Barua the seventh PSU Leadership Award
Shri P. Ramakrishnan. Ideal Legislative Assembly Speaker/Ideal Legislative Council Chairman Award
Dr Niti Kumar SERB Women Excellence Award-2020
Adline Castelino Miss Diva Universe 2020
Kannada novel Kusumabale by Devanur Mahadeva Sahitya Akademi’s Translation Prize for 2019
Sreekar Prasad Limca Book of Records for ‘films
Forest Man of India Jadav Payeng Swami Vivekananda Karmayogi Award 2020

Important Days and Themes

DAY CELEBRATED AS THEME
February 1 Foundation Day of Indian Coast Guard
February 2 World Wetlands Day Theme: “Wetlands and Biodiversity”.
Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD) /NRI Day The day is celebrated every year to mark the contribution of the
overseas Indian community in the development of India.
February 4 World Cancer Day Theme: I am I will
February 6 International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation “Unleashing Youth Power: One decade of accelerating actions
for zero female genital mutilation”.
February 9 Guru Ravidas Jayanti In India, this day is a holiday in the regions of Haryana, Himachal
Pradesh, and Punjab. To mark his birth anniversary, processions
carrying his portrait took place in the streets of Seer Govard-
hanpur.
February 10 World Pulses Day
February 10 National Deworming day
February 11 International Day of Women and Girls in Science The idea behind this day is to ensure equal participation and
involvement of women and girls in the fields of Science, Tech-
nology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM).
February 11 World Unani Day This day is celebrated every year to mark the birth anniversary
of great
Unani scholar and social reformer Hakim Ajmal Khan.
February 12 National Productivity Day
February 13 National Women’s Day The day was first celebrated on 13 February 2014 marks the
135th birth anniversary of late Sarojini Naidu.
February 13 World Radio Day Theme: "Radio and Diversity".
February 19 Soil Health Card Day The day commemorates the day Soil Health Card Scheme
which was launched on 19 February 2015 by Prime Minister
Shri Narendra Modi at Suratgarh, Rajasthan.
February 19 Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Jayanti
February 20 World Day of Social Justice “Closing the Inequalities Gap to Achieve Social Justice”
February 21 International Mother Language Day “Languages without borders.”
February 24 Central Excise Day The day aims honours the contribution of the Central Board of
Excise and Custom to India's economy.
February 27 World NGO Day
February 27 National Protein Day
February 28 National Science Day Theme: Women in Science
February 29 World rare disease Day Theme: Reframe Rare

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27 India’s Best Institute for CLAT | Other Law Entrances
The CLAT Post • February 2020

Obituaries
NAME FIELD PLACE
Vidya Bal Social activist, feminist writer and journalist Maharashtra
Dalip Kaur Tiwana Punjabi novelist Ludhiana, Punjab
Rabi Singh Poet Odisha
Jaswat Singh Kanwal Writer Punjab
M Narayana Reddy Politician Telangana
Daniel Arap Moi Kenya’s Longest serving PM Kenya
D Manjunath Politician Karnataka
Kirk Douglas Hollywood legend and veteran actor United States
Giriraj Kishore Hindi novelist Uttar Pradesh
P Parameswaram Writer Kerala
Roger Khan Author United states
Raju Bharatan Cricket Journalist Mumbai
Nandu R Kulkarani Journalist Mumbai
Wendell Rodricks Fashion designer Goa
RK Pachauri TERI Chief
Sonam Sherpa Guitarist
Tapas Pal Bengali Actor
Harry Greg former Manchester United goalkeeper
Kishori Ballal Kannada actor Karnataka
Dr. V.L Dutt Former Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Indus-
try (FICCI) President
Larry Tesler Computer Scientist New York
Ashok Chatterjee Footballer
Krishna Bose Politician West Bengal
Mohammed Hosni Mubarak Egypt’s Fomer President Egypt
Katherine Johnson Famous NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administra-
tion) mathematician
Sudhakar Chaturvedi Vedic Scholar Bengaluru
Chitetsu Watanabe World’s Oldest Person Japan

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 28 India’s Best Institute for CLAT | Other Law Entrances
The CLAT Post • February 2020

ONE LINERS
1. Insurance cover on bank deposits at affordable rates. World Heritage site.
has been increased to five lakh
11. Vice President M Venkaiah Naidu 16.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi
inaugurates the Hubbali-Dharwad attended the celebrations on
the signing of the Bodo Peace
Accord at Kokrajhar in Assam on 7
February.

17.
India has offered assistance
to China to deal with the novel
labour force participation is 36.9 Coronavirus outbreak. Official
% and the rate of unemployment sources said, in a letter to
for 2017-18 is 6.1%. Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) project in Chinese President Xi Jinping,
Karnataka. Prime Minister Narendra Modi
6. E-commerce marketplace Flipkart expressed solidarity with the
12. The union government proposes president and the people of China
rupees from one lakh rupees. The a single exam for all government over the outbreak of the virus in
decision came into effect from 6th the country.
Feb.
18.
Union Information and
2.
Finance Minister Nirmala Broadcasting Minister Prakash
Sitharaman stated India will host Javadekar released the first look
of a biopic on former President
is downing shutters on Jabong APJ Abdul Kalam in New Delhi .
and the portal is now redirecting
the users to the Myntra website. 19.
The 15.6km long railway line
between Agartala, India(Tripura)-
7. Xiaomi has collaborated with ISRO Akhaura in Bangladesh will
to bring the space agency’s Indian jobs. In the budget 2020, be completed by September
presented by the Finance Minister 2021, these railway routes will
Nirmala Sitharaman, the union improve connectivity between
government intends to introduce Indian Railways and Bangladesh
major reforms in recruitment Railways and will boost trade
to non-gazetted posts in between the two countries.
the G-20 Presidency in 2022 and
Rs 100 crore has been allocated governments and public sector
20.
Uttarakhand government has
for this purpose. banks.
cleared the design of a glass floor
Regional Navigation Satellite 13. President Ram Nath Kovind today suspension bridge, the first of
3. A remarkable growth in GST
System “NavIC technology” to its opened the yearly Udyanotsav of its kind in the country, to be built
smartphones. across Ganga River in Rishikesh,
Uttarakhand as a replacement
8. India bans the exports of all kinds to iconic Lakshman Jhula which
of personal protection equipment, was closed in 2019 due to safety
including clothing and masks used reasons.
to protect people from airborne
particles. It is due to the outbreak 21. BBIN(Bangladesh, Bhutan, India,
of novel Coronavirus. Nepal) member nations discussed
collection over Rs 1 lakh crore for
the proposed MoU (Member of
last month has been reported by 9. Union Government aims to Understanding) to implement
Finance Ministry. GST revenues achieve the objective of Housing Motor Vehicle Agreement (MVA)
during the month of January from
for regulation of the passenger,
domestic transactions showed a
personal & cargo vehicular traffic
growth of 12% over the revenue
among the countries.
during the month last year. Rashtrapati Bhavan. The Mughal
Gardens at Rashtrapati Bhavan
22. National Institute of Financial
4. Fitch Ratings has estimated will remain open for the overall
population from 6th February
2020.

14. The Government has set a target

for All by 2022 under Pradhan of installation of 100 GigaWatt
Mantri Awas Yojana-Grameen. A solar power and 60 GigaWatt wind
total of over one crore 50 lakh rural
houses have been completed in
the last five years.

10. Union Budget 2020-21 provides

an additional 69,000 crore rupees Management (NIFM), Faridabad
India’s GDP growth of 5.6% in the
will be renamed as Arun Jaitley
next FY21 in its India Economic
National Institute of Financial
Outlook.This forecast is lower
Management (AJNIFM).
than the projection made by the
government’s Economic Survey. 23. A study by the National
For the current fiscal 2019- 20 power capacity in the country by
Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)
(FY 20), GDP is projected at 4.6%. December 2022 by implementing
stated that the highest incidence
various schemes.
of children and women being
5. As per the new Periodic Labour
trafficked was observed from the
Force Survey (PLFS) being 15. Jaipur “The Pink City” has been
for the health sector. The Finance cities of Mumbai and Kolkata.
conducted by the Ministry certified by the United Nations
Minister proposed to expand Jan Educational Scientific and Cultural
of Statistics and Programme 24. In Delhi Assembly Election,
Aushadhi Kendras in all districts of Organisation (UNESCO) as the
Implementation (MosPI), the Arvind Kejriwal’s Aam Aadmi Party
the country to provide medicines
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 29 India’s Best Institute for CLAT | Other Law Entrances
scored a landslide victory. This is 34. The Indian Railways South Central
the second time in a row as Aam Railways (SCR) zone has become
Aadmi Party swept aside both
BJP, which was again restricted to
a single digit and Congress which
could not win a single seat.
25. The government of India has
announced all medical devices
sold in the country would be the 1st zonal railway in the country
treated as “drugs” with effect from to have functional “energy neutral”
1 April 2020. railway stations on the network.
26.
National Workshop on e-office 35.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi
was inaugurated in New Delhi visiting his parliamentary
by Union Minister of State for constituency Varanasi to
Personnel, Public Grievances and inaugurate several development
Pensions, Dr Jitendra Singh. projects, including flagging-off
‘Mahakal Express,’ expected to
27. National Winter Games will be link the holy cities of Varanasi,
hosted in the world-famous ski
Ujjain, and Omkareshwar.
destination Gulmarg in Jammu
and Kashmir. The five-day games 36.
Indian Railways will operate a
will be held from 7 March under new train based on Ramayana
the Khelo India programme. theme which will take pilgrims to
locations associated with Lord
28. The Union Cabinet led by Prime Rama.
Minister Narendra Modi gave the
37. President Ram Nath Kovind is
embarking a two-day visit to
Union Territory of Dadra & Nagar
Haveli and Daman & Diu on 17-18
February 2020.
38.
The World’s Biggest Cricket
Stadium, the Motera Stadium
in Ahmedabad renamed as the
Sardar Vallabhbhai
in-principle approval for capital 39.
Stadium inaugurated by US
infusion for three Public Sector President Donald Trump during
General Insurance Companies his visit to India.
(PSGICs), namely, Oriental
Insurance Company Limited 40.
The Haryana government has
decided to rename the Ambala
(OICL), United India Insurance
City bus stand after former Union
Company Limited (UIICL), and
minister late Sushma Swaraj.
National Insurance Company
The bus stand will now be called
Limited (NICL).
‘Sushma Swaraj Bus Stand’.
29.
President of Portugal Marcelo
Rebelo de Sousa arrive in New 41. Union Government has decided to
rename the Institute for Defence
Delhi on a four day visit to India.
Studies and Analyses, IDSA as
30. Service Institute in the national Manohar Parrikar Institute for
capital as Sushma Swaraj Institute Defence Studies and Analyses.
of Foreign Service.
42.
The Northeast Frontier Railway
31. India has agreed to partially import Construction Organisation has
poultry and dairy markets from the built India’s tallest railway pier
United States. bridge 100 m tall equivalent to a
33-storey building, across Makru
32.
Portuguese President Marcelo river in the Tamenglong district of
Rebelo de Sousa and Union Manipur.
Minister for Culture and Tourism
Prahlad Singh Patel inaugurate 43.
India’s first private gold mine
the Cha-Chai, installation of the operation will begin in the last
art-work of Joana Vasconcelos at quarter of 2021 at Jonnagiri in
the National Museum. Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh.
33.
Union Minister Nitin Gadkari 44.
The Northeast Frontier Railway
launched India’s first inter-city (NF) Construction Organisation
has built India’s tallest railway pier
bridge across river Makru in the
Tamenglong district of Manipur.
45.
Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman
Nidhi (PM-KISAN) celebrated
the first anniversary of the new
Central Sector Scheme
46.
J&K Advisor to Lieutenant
Governor, Farooq Khan flagged off
electric bus service between
a group of students from across
Mumbai and Pune.
Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh
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The CLAT Post • February 2020
Union Territories for a ten-day tour
‘Watan Ko Jano’, a youth exchange
programme.
47. The 16th Session of the Joint
Ministerial Commission (JMC)
was held between India and
Australia in New Delhi
48.
The Union Cabinet approved
to grant the status of National
Importance to National Institutes
of Food Technology (NIFT) at
Kundli, Haryana, and Thanjavur,
Tamil Nadu
49. Union Minister of Food and Public
Distribution Ram Vilas Paswan
announced that the Central
Consumer Protection Authority
(CCPA) will be set up by the first
week of April 2020.
50.
In Madhya Pradesh, three-day
Narmada Mahotsav is being
started from 31st Jan.
51.
Nagoba Jatara tribal festival
was celebrated in the state of
Telangana.
52.
YS Jaganmohan Reddy, Chief
Minister of Andhra Pradesh
launched the first Disha Police
Station in Rajamahendravaram
city.
53. Governor of Madhya Pradesh Lalji
Tandon has inaugurated Hunar
Haat in Indore.
54. The first-ever hornbill festival in
Tripura has begun with an aim to
raise awareness among people for
bird conservation.
55.
The Uttarakhand Government
has approved the design of a
glass floor suspension bridge, the
first of its kind in the country to
have a floor made of toughened
transparent glass.
56. Haryana government has decided
to give 6 crore rupees to players of
the state that bag gold medals at
the Olympic Games.
57.
Delhi Police celebrated 73rd
Raising Day on 16 February 2020.
58. ‘Pyaar ka Paudha’ (a plant of love)
campaign has been launched
by the Bihar government’s
Department of Environment and
Forest in Patna, to encourage the
practice of planting trees in the
state.
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59. Titabor has become Assam’s first
“zero waste town” by setting high
standards in effective integrated
waste management.
60.
The 1st-ever Bharat-Bangla
Paryatan Utsav-Tourism festival
begins in Agartala, Tripura.
61. The Chitra Bharati Film Festival
will be held at Gujarat University
in Ahmedabad, Gujarat and will
be organised by Bharatiya Chitra
Sadhana.
62.
The first-ever Khelo India
University Games will begin in
Odisha at the Jawaharlal Nehru
Indoor Stadium, Cuttack
63.
The Department of
Telecommunications (DoT) has
launched the “5G Hackathon”
on 21 February to promote
applications relevant to India in the
5G realm.
64.
Bihar became the 1st National
Democratic Alliance (NDA) state
in India, which passed a resolution
against National Register of
Citizens (NRC) and also passed
a resolution to implement the
National Population Register
(NPR), according to 2010 format,
with an amendment. In this regard,
a unanimous resolution has been
passed by the Bihar assembly.
65. The Kerala High Court recently
passed an order and banned all
types of political movements in
the college and school premises.
66.
The Government of Bhutan,
Thimphu decided to implement
a daily fee of Rs.1200 ($17) for
“regional tourists” from India, the
Maldives, Bangladesh from July
2020.
67.
The Government of Somalia
announced a National Emergency
on Locusts (family- Acrididae)
attack because these insects
caused major damage to the
food supply in one of the world’s
poorest countries & and most
vulnerable regions in the world.
68.
Britain’s Prince Charles has
unveiled a new children’s
protection fund for India as part of
British Asian Trust.
69.
For the first time, Nepal has
announced that it will count a
“third gender” category in its next
population census.
70.
The World Health Organization
(WHO) has officially named
 30 India’s Best Institute for CLAT | Other Law Entrances
The CLAT Post • February 2020

the disease caused by the new AVSM, NM took charge as the
coronavirus as “Covid-2019“. Commandant of the Naval War
College, Goa
71. Pakistan successfully flight tested
81. Novak Djokovic from Serbia inched
the inaugural Khelo India Winter will conduct their 5th edition
Games later this month, followed of joint military exercise ‘Ajeya
by a similar event in the UT of Warrior-2020’ at Salisbury Plains,
Jammu and Kashmir in March, the United Kingdom
Sports Minister Kiren Rijiju.
94.
Defence Research and
Development Organisation
(DRDO) has started developing
a 200-km strike range tactical
ballistic missile ‘Pranash’.

95. Armies of India and Bangladesh

participated in joint military
the air-launched nuclear-capable exercise SAMPRITI-IX at Umroi,
cruise missile Ra’ad-II. 87. Navi Mumbai will be hosting the Meghalaya.
closer to Spain’s Rafael Nadal and final of the FIFA U-17 Women’s
72.
Sri Lanka has topped a new Roger Federer from Switzerland World Cup 96. The Chief of the Defence staff
survey conducted by the World on the list of male tennis players (CDS) General Bipin Rawat
Breastfeeding Trends Initiative with most Grand Slam titles after 88. Ross Taylor has become the first has announced the plan of
(WBTi). capturing a record-extending 8th player in the cricketing world to
title at Australian Open. play 100 matches in all the three
73.
NCRB stated that the highest formats of the game.
number of women and children 82.
The National Anti-Doping
who go missing in the country are 89. The International Cricket Council
from\Maharashtra and Madhya
Pradesh

74. India ranked 40th on a global

establishing the first Integrated
Tri-Services Command. The
Integrated Tri-Services Command
will be responsible for handing the
(ICC) banned Oman player Yousuf air defence of the entire country.
Abdulrahim Al Balushi from all The command is expected to be
Agency (NADA) has suspended forms of cricket for 7 years. established by June 2020. The
weightlifter Ramshad AR for a planned Integrated Tri-Services
International Intellectual Property period of 2 years after being found command will be headed by an
(IP) Index. guilty of violating the anti-doping Indian Air Force (IAF) officer.
rule.
75. As per World Steel Association 97.
The Vice President of India
data, India became the second- 83.
Former BCCI president late Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu
largest steel producer of crude Jagmohan Dalmiya’s son Avishek released a book titled ‘A Child
steel after China2019, by replacing became the youngest president of of Destiny’ an autobiography
Japan. Cricket Association Bengal. penned by Prof. K. Ramakrishna
90. India will host the Commonwealth Rao.
76.
Hindi is the 3rd most spoken 84.
Bangladesh has won the ICC Shooting and Archery
language of the world in 2019 with U-19 Cricket World Cup 2020 Championships in January 2022. 98. Haryana Chief Minister, Manohar
615 million speakers. Lal Khattar released a book titled
91. Five-time Grand Slam champion
77.
The Economist Intelligence Maria Sharapova has announced
her retirement from tennis.

“A Commentary and Digest on

held in South Africa. Bangladesh The Air, Act 1981,” at Chandigarh.
Unit (EIU) published Worldwide
Under-19 cricket team defeated
Educating for the Future Index 99.
“Messages from Messengers”
India Under-19 team by 3 wickets
(WEFFI) 2019. India jumped five book launch by Priti K Shroff at
to win the final of the ICC U-19
ranks and secured 35th rank in the prestigious Bombay Stock
Cricket World Cup 2020 held at
the list. Exchange, Mumbai. The Vice
JB Marks Oval, Potchefstroom,
South Africa. President of India M Venkaiah
78. India ranked 3rd in Hurun Global 92.
India and Madagascar have Naidu released the book titled
Rich List 2020 agreed to reiterate maritime ‘Death- An Inside Story: A book
85. India finished their campaign with
five medals at the 64th Bocskai security cooperation in bilateral for all those who shall’ authored
79. The Supreme Court of India has
Memorial Boxing tournament at talks held between Defence by Jaggi Vasudev, but famously
appointed retired Kerala High
Debrecen in Hungary. Minister Rajnath Singh with Lt Gen known as Sadhguru, Founder of
Court judge C N Ramachandaran
Rokotonirina Richard, Defence Isha Foundation.
Nair to formulate an inventory and
86. Union Territory of Ladakh will host Minister of Madagascar on the
valuation report of ornaments at 100. The Indian Space Research
second day of DefExpo 2020 in
Sabarimala temple. Organisation will launch the Geo
Lucknow
Imaging Satellite “GISAT-1”.
80. Rear Admiral Sanjay Jasjit Singh
93.
India and the United Kingdom

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LE
Reminds:
“A DOSE OF GRAMMAR”
Regular Inflections
Inflections are the way that the ending
of a word changes when you use
the word in different ways. For
example, you say ‘I read’ but ‘he
reads’.
The inflections of some words are
irregular, especially the past
tense of common verbs (e.g. buy
changes to bought in the past
tense).With irregular inflections,
NAME
Comparative forms of adjectives:
Superlative form of adjectives:
One-syllable adjectives:
Two-syllable adjectives:
Three-syllable adjectives:
Note: Some two-syllable adjectives
can form the comparative and
superlative with -er and -est too.
The most common of these are:
adjectives ending in -y and -ow
happy – happier, happiest
noisy – noisier, noisiest
For regular verbs add the following endings:
NAME
3rd person singular
Present participle
Past tense and past participle
Three-syllable adjectives:
Note: For verbs ending in -s, -ss, -ch,
-x, or -z you need to add -es for the
third person singular ending (e.g.
reach, reaches), but the present
participle, past tense and past
participle are the same as other
• If a word has irregular inflections
these are shown in the dictionary
next to the word.
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The CLAT Post • February 2020
Hope you’re preparing for each and every topic
of The Topics Galaxy properly.
you cannot simply work them out The following tables show you how mass – masses, match – matches
. You just have to learn them. All nouns, adjectives and verbs
of these irregular inflections are change their endings. Nouns which end in a consonant
shown in the dictionary next to the (e.g.m, t, p) + y form their plurals by
word that you are looking up. Nouns taking away the -y and adding -ies
The two pages here show you what Most nouns form their plural by baby – babies, university – universities
happens with inflections that are adding -s.
Nouns which end in a vowel (e.g. a, e,
not irregular.
chair – chairs, plate – plates o) + y form their plurals by adding
There are easy rules for regular -s
Nouns which end in -s, -ss, -ch, -x and
inflections and you can use these tray – trays, toy – toys
-z make their plurals by adding –es
rules to work out how a particular
word changes.
ADJECTIVES
FIELD PLACE
this is used to show that someone or something has more of a you can either add –er to the end of the adjective, or
particular quality than someone or something else use the word more before it (see below)
this is used to show that someone or something has more of a you can either add -est to the end of the adjective,
particular quality than anyone or anything else or use the word most before it (see below)
these adjectives usually form their comparative and superlative small, smaller, smallest
with -er and -est
these adjectives can all form their comparative and superlative complex, more complex, most complex
with more and most
these adjectives usually form their comparative and superlative beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful
with more and most
shallow – shallower, shallowest some other common two-syllable take away
adjectives which can take -er and
adjectives ending in -le -est the -e before adding the ending: pale,
paler, palest
able – abler, ablest common, cruel, handsome, pleasant,
polite, quiet, wicked If the adjective ends in -y, change this
noble – nobler, noblest to -i before adding the ending:
simple – simpler, simplest When you are using the -er, -est
forms, if the adjective ends in -e, happy, happier, happiest
VERBS
FIELD PLACE
add -s pack – packs
add -ing pack – packing
the add -ed pack – packed
these adjectives can all form their comparative and superlative complex, more complex, most complex
with more and most
these adjectives usually form their comparative and superlative beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful
with more and most
regular verbs: reach, reaches, hating, hated -y and add -ied: cry, cries, crying,
reaching, reached cried
For verbs ending in a consonant
For verbs ending in -e, take away followed by -y, for the present Verbs ending in a vowel followed by
the -e before adding the present participle take away the -y and -y are regular: play, plays, playing,
participle, past tense, and past add -ies, and for the past tense played
participle endings: hate, hates, and past participle take away the
SUMMARY
• You can work out all regular • You need to look at the last letters producing their regular inflections.
inflections by using these pages. of nouns and verbs to be sure that
you have got the right rules for
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32 India’s Best Institute for CLAT | Other Law Entrances
The CLAT Post • February 2020

Bhopal +91-9111555433 Indore +91-9589613810, +91-731-4987379 Prayagraj +91-8114000926, +91-8114000927 E: query@legaledge.in

Kanpur +91-8576066660, +91-8707605589 Raipur +91-9425584840, +91-8602268880 Ranchi +91-9334969993 Lucknow +91-6390576666 W: www.legaledge.in