Slide 1

Normal and Abnormal Characteristics of Urine

Slide 2

Abnormal

1
Straw, amber

Transparent
2
Dark amber
Cloudy
Dark orange
Red o dark brown

Faint, aromatic
3

2
Mucous plugs, viscid, thick

4.5-8

4
Offensive
3

Over 8
Under 4/5

4
Normal
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Slide 4
 Urine Collection
A urinalysis (UA), also known as routine and microscopy (R&M), is the physical, chemical, and
microscopic examination of urine. It involves number of tests to detect and measure various
compounds that pass through the urine.
The color, density, and odor of urine can reveal much about the state of health of an individual.
Slide 5

Indications - Contraindications

Patient with signs and symptoms of UTI:

Example: Dysuria, suprapubic pain/ tenderness, urgency, frequency or costovertebral
angle pain/ tenderness.

A urinalysis is considered a safe and non-invasive form of testing.

Suspected acute glomerulonephritis

Unexplained acute or chronic renal failure

The only risk it may pose is for those who require catheterization to obtain a urine
sample.
Hematuria (with or without proteinuria)

Suspected UTI malignancy

Slide 6

Random Urine Sample

A sample of urine collected at any time of the day.

This type of specimen is most convenient to obtain.

Slide 7

Supplies and Equipment

Clean, dry container with lid
Laboratory request form

Cotton ball or towelette

Slide 8

Procedure
Instruct the patient to use the cotton ball or towelette to clean urethral area
thoroughly to prevent external bacteria from entering the specimen.
01
02
Let the patient void into the container.
Label the specimen container with patient identifying information, and send to the lab
immediately. A delay in examining the specimen may cause a false result when
bacterial determinations are to be made.
03
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04
Wash your hands and instruct the patient to do it as well.
05
Note that the sample was collected.
Slide 10

24 hour urine collection

A 24-hour urine collection is done by collecting your urine in a special container over a
full 24-hour period.

Slide 11

Slide 12

Supplies and Equipment

Large, collection bottle with cap or cover
Measuring cup/jar

Disposable clean gloves

Bedpan or urinal

Slide 13

Preparation
The test does not require anything other than normal urination. Generally, the patient
will be given one or more containers to collect and store urine over a 24-hour time
period.
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Procedure
1. Label the bottle with the patient’s name, as well as the date and time.

2. Instruct the patient to:

Urinate in the toilet preferably first thing in the morning, because the procedure
should start in an empty bladder.
Note the time, as it is the starting period of the 24 hour urine collection.

3. Emphasize proper hand hygiene before and after each collection.

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4. Instruct the client to collect all the urine using the collection bottle for the next 24
hours, and store it in a cool, dry place. It can be kept in the refrigerator or in an ice
cooler.

5. Instruct the patient to measure and note the amount of each collection using the
measuring cup before pouring it in the large collection bottle.

6. Instruct the patient to drink adequate fluids during the collection period.
Slide 16

7. At exactly 24-hours, instruct the patient to void. This will be the final collection of
the specimen.

8. Measure the total amount of urine and record it on the specimen bottle.

9. Document the date and time when the final collection of the urine has finished.

Example: The patient was instructed to void at 7:00AM in the morning, in a toilet seat.
It means that 7:00AM will be the starting point of the 24 hour urine collection. Then
instruct the patient to start collecting all the urine the whole day until 7:00 am the next
morning.
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1. Instruct the patient to void directly into a clean, dry container. Sterile, disposable
containers are recommended. Women should always have a clean-catch specimen if a
microscopic examination is ordered. Feces, discharges, vaginal secretions and
menstrual blood will contaminate the urine specimen.

Nursing Responsibility
Slide 18

Drain the urine from the bag into the container provided by your health care provider.

Cover all specimens tightly, label properly and send immediately to the laboratory

If a urine sample is obtained from an indwelling catheter, it may be necessary to clamp

the catheter for about 15-30 minutes before obtaining the sample.

Clean the specimen port with antiseptic before aspirating the urine sample with a
needle and a syringe.

If the specimen cannot be delivered to the laboratory or tested within an hour, it

should be refrigerated or have an appropriate preservative added.
Collect specimens form infants and young children into a disposable collection
apparatus consisting of a plastic bag with an adhesive backing around the opening
that can be fastened to the perineal area or around the penis to permit voiding directly
to the bag.

Active infants can move the bag, causing the urine to be absorbed by the diaper. The
infant should be checked frequently and the bag changed after the infant has urinated
into the bag.

Observe standard precautions when handling urine specimens.

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