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3259 - BASICS OF Com LAB PDF
3259 - BASICS OF Com LAB PDF
Diploma in CABM
EXPT
NAME PAGE NO.
NO
1 Introduction to Computers
4 Monitors
SEMESTER :3
COURSE CATEGORY :B
PERIODS/WEEK :4
PERIODS/SEMESTER : 60
CREDITS :2
Lab Manual
Ex. No. 1
Theory:
A computer is a device that accepts information (in the form of digitalized data) and
manipulates it for some result based on a program or sequence of instructions on how the data
is to be processed.
The period of fifth generation is 1980-till date. In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology
became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of
microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components. This generation is based on
parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch
in computer science, which interprets means and method of making computers think like
human beings. All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this
generation
1. Low-Level Language
Low-level languages are designed to operate and handle the entire hardware and
instructions set architecture of a computer directly. Low-level languages are considered
to be closer to computers. In other words, their prime function is to operate, manage and
manipulate the computing hardware and components. Programs and applications written
in low-level language are directly executable on the computing hardware without any
interpretation or translation.
3. Assembly Language
Hardwares: Computer hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer and related
devices. Internal hardware devices include motherboards, hard drives, and RAM. External
hardware devices include monitors, keyboards, mice, printers, and scanners.
Types of Software
Practically computer systems divide software systems into three major classes
System Software:
System software is computer software designed to operate and control the computer
hardware and to provide a platform for running application software. Operating system is a
type of system Software. Examples are Windows, Linux etc
pplication software
Computer Programs
Input Devices: "An input device is a hardware device that is used to provide input (data /
instructions) to a computer so that it can be processed". Besides the widely used input devices
like keyboard & Mice there are other different input devices that perform various input
operations like a scanner scan images / documents. Webcams capture videos & images.
Output Devices:
Output devices are used to communicate the processed information to the users. The
output devices translate the processed data information to the users. The output devices
translate the processed data in machine readable form to forms that can be interpreted by
human. The most common types of output devices are monitor, Printer etc. Output can also be
obtained in the form of drawings and voices.
Central Processing Unit:
The CPU is refered as the brain of the computer. The CPU controls the overall
functioning of a system.Cpu controls the flow of datas inside the computer.The CPU comprises
of three main parts. ALU-which control arithmetic and logic operations.
Control Unit:
which controls the overallfunctions of all other units of a computer system and memory
Devices.
a) Motherboard:
As the name suggests, a motherboard is the mother to all the other parts. In other
words, everything in a computer connects to the motherboard. A motherboard (mobo) is the
primary circuit board in a computer. It contains the processors memories various supporting
chips and different expansion slots.
b) Processor:
A processor, or "microprocessor," is a small chip that resides in computers and other electronic
devices. Its basic job is to receive input and provide the appropriate output. While this may seem like a
simple task, modern processors can handle trillions of calculations per second. The central processor of
a computer is also known as the CPU, or "central processing unit." This Processor handles all the basic
system instructions, such as processing mouse and keyboard input and running applications.
c) Memory:
In computing, memory refers to the physical devices used to store programs (sequences
of instructions) or data (e.g. program state information) on a temporary or permanent basis for
use in a computer or other digital electronic device. The term primary memory is used for the
information in physical systems which are fast (i.e. RAM), as a distinction from secondary
memory, which are physical devices for program and data storage which are slow to access but
offer higher memory capacity. Primary memory stored on secondary memory is called "virtual
memory".
ROM (read-only memory): Computers almost always contain a small amount of read-
only memory that holds instructions for starting up the computer. Unlike RAM, ROM
cannot be written to.
A computer fan is any fan inside, or attached to, a computer case used for active
cooling, and may refer to fans that draw cooler air into the case from the outside, expel warm
air from inside, or move air across a heat sink to cool a particular component.
Result:
Studied the different parts of personnel Computer System-Different Languages etc.
Ex. No. 2
Mother board (mobo) or the main board is the most important section in any computer system.
No computer system can operate without its motherboard. Motherboard is easily identified in the
system by its size or shape. It holds many of the crucial electronic components of the system,
such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, and provides connectors for other
peripherals
A PC motherboard contains numerous logic devices, memory chips and other electronic
component and circuits, in addition to it different expansion and RAM slots. Various
components of the motherboard are CPU, RAM BIOS, Cache memory, Buffer IC’s, Latch IC’s,
numeric Co-processor, I/O interface controllers, Logic chips, decoder and other electronic
components such as transistors, diodes, capacitors, resistors, crystal oscillators, jumpers, dip
switches, various types of connectors and slots.
Motherboard Form Factor
The form factor refers to the physical dimensions (size and shape) as well as certain connector,
screw hole and other positions which also determine the type of case into which the board will fit into.
AT and ATX are the main form factors used by Intel. In INTEL D945GCPE Desktop Board Form Factor is
Micro ATX [8.60 inches x 9.60 inches]
Processor Socket
To make Processors user-installable and replaceable, Intel introduced CPU Sockets and Slots.
Older Sockets introduced with 486 processors were LIF Sockets (Low Insertion Force) and later Socket
design was turned into ZIF (Zero Insertion Force). With ZIF Socket Design, the processor could be easily
installed or removed with no tools. (No force is required). ZIF Sockets use a lever to engage or release
the grip on the chip, and with the lever released, the chip can be easily inserted or removed.
In INTEL D945GCPE Desktop Board uses the LGA 775 or Socket T CPU Socket
Chipsets
Chipset provides the support circuitry to CPU that makes a complete PC. The Chipset
contains the processor bus interface, memory controllers, I/O controllers etc. The chipset
decides the features of motherboard, the speed, type, and amount of memory, the type of
expansion buses etc. Most of Intel’s earlier Chipsets and other non-Intel Chipsets used the
traditional Multitier North/South Bridge Architecture. Later Intel introduced the Hub
Architecture for its Chipsets. The Hub architecture based Chipset consists of a Graphics
Memory Controller Hub (GMCH) and an I/O Controller Hub (ICH). There are two main
variations on this hub interface. They are
BIOS
The fundamental purposes of the BIOS are to initialize and test the system hardware
components, and to load a boot loader or an operating system from a mass memory device.
The BIOS additionally provides abstraction layer for the hardware, i.e. a consistent way for
application programs and operating systems to interact with the keyboard, display, and other
input/output devices. Variations in the system hardware are hidden by the BIOS from programs
that use BIOS services instead of directly accessing the hardware. Modern operating systems
ignore the abstraction layer provided by the BIOS and access the hardware components
directly. BIOS software is stored on a non-volatile ROM chip on the motherboard. It is
specifically designed to work with each particular model of computer, interfacing with various
devices that make up the complementary chipset of the system. In modern computer systems,
the BIOS contents are stored on a flash memory chip so that the contents can be rewritten
without removing the chip from the motherboard. This allows BIOS software to be easily
upgraded to add new features or fix bugs, but can make the computer vulnerable to BIOS root
kits.
CMOS:
1. I/O slots
2. Memory slots
3. CPU slots [used only for slot type processor]
1. 8 bit ISA
2. 16 bit ISA
3. MCA
4. VESA
5. PCI
6. AGP
7. 32 bit EISA
Types of connectors used in motherboard
1. IDE connector
2. SATA connector
3. Floppy connector
4. Power supply connector
5. Keyboard connector [ PS/2 or USB ]
6. Mouse connector [ PS/2 or USB ]
7. VGA connector [Monitor data connector]
8. Parallel Port
9. Serial Port
10. Audio connector
11. LED connector
12. FAN connector
13. USB port
Theory:-
SMPS
In a personal computer (PC), the power supply is the metal box usually found in a corner of the
case. The power supply is visible from the back of many systems because it contains the power-
cord receptacle and the cooling fan.
A power supply unit (PSU) converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC power for the
internal components of a computer. Modern personal computers universally use a switched-
mode power supply Some power supplies have a manual selector for input voltage, while
others automatically adapt to the supply voltage.
ATX power supplies are turned on and off by a signal from the motherboard. They also provide
a signal to the motherboard to indicate when the DC power lines are correct so that the
computer is able to boot up. While an ATX power supply is connected to the mains supply it
provides a 5 V stand-by (5VSB) line so that the standby functions on the computer and certain
peripherals are powered.
First-generation microcomputer and home computer power supply units used a heavy
step-down transformer and a linear power supply. Modern computers use switched-mode
power supplies (SMPS) with a ferrite-cored high frequency transformer. The switched-mode
supply is much lighter and less costly, and is more efficient, than an equivalent linear power
supply. Computer power supplies may have short circuit protection; overpower (overload)
protection, overvoltage protection, under voltage protection, over current protection, and over
temperature protection
There are two major types of computer power supplies: AT and ATX.
AT Power Supply
An AT power supply is what was used for older computers. This type of power supply powered
the first personal computers made by IBM, and the standard was adopted for other
manufacturers as well. Specifically, it powered all AT and AT-compatible motherboards.
The AT-compatible motherboard obtained its power from a special two-part power connector
from the AT power supply. This power connector contained four +5 volt DC wires, four ground
(0 volt) wires, one - 5 volt wire, one +12 volt wire and one -12 volt wire.
The remaining wire was a signal wire that allowed the power supply to tell the motherboard
that "Power is good." With an AT power supply, you were required to manually turn off your
computer by pressing the power switch (which generally was a dedicated On/Off switch).
ATX Power Supply
ATX (Advanced Technology eXtended) is a motherboard form factor specification developed
by Intel in 1995
With advances in software and operating systems, computers could do more, such as enter
"Power-Save" or "Sleep" mode. Software could now be used to turn off the computer, rather
than having to turn off a computer with a power switch. This has all been made possible by use
of ATX power supplies and ATX-compatible motherboards. The ATX power supply, therefore, is
more complex. An ATX power supply has more outputs that connect to an ATX-compatible
motherboard. Whereas the AT power supply only had 8 outputs, the ATX power supply uses
either 20 or 24 outputs. Most ATX power supplies take into account that an ATX motherboard
can contain either 20 or 24 outputs, so the extra 4 outputs are often split out as a separate plug
that will only fit one way into a 24 output motherboard connector. The ATX power supply also
supports more voltage settings, and is capable of accepting signals from the ATX-compatible
motherboard other than simply "Power Good." The 24-pin ATX power supply has the following
number of outputs, all voltages DC: three +3.3 volt, eight ground (0 volt), five +5 volt, one -5
volt, two +12 volt, one -12 volt and four "signal" wires ("Power Good," "+5 volt standby," "+3.3
volt sense" and "Power on").
The voltages produced by AT/ATX/ATX-2 power supplies are:
a) 4 Pin Berg Connector - Used to connect the PSU to small form factor devices, such as
3.5" floppy drives.
available in: AT, ATX & ATX-2
b) 4 Pin Molex Connector - This is used to power various components, including hard drives
and optical drives.
available in: AT, ATX & ATX-2
c) 20 Pin Molex ATX Power Connector- This is used to power the motherboard in ATX
systems.
available in: ATX( ATX-2 have four extra pins)
d) 4 Pin Molex P4 12V Power Connector - Used specifically for Pentium 4 Processor
Motherboards.
available in: ATX (integrated into the power connector in ATX-2)
e) 6 Pin AUX Connector - Provides +5V DC, and two connections of +3.3V.
available in: ATX/ATX-2
To Check Whether SMPS is Working or Not
Take a small piece of wire and connect one end in GREEN wire port and other in the
BLACK. Switch ON the supply if the fan in the SMPS is working the SMPS is good. If not
open the cover and check whether the Capacitors inside the SMPS is bulged on the top.
If bulged replace the capacitor with the same value of the earlier. Check the voltages
with a multimeter.
A Good ATX SMPS wires gives the following voltage as the output. And work for
different purpose
Black 0 Ground
Power supply
Green +5
on/off
20 Pin Molex ATX Power Connector 4 Pin Molex P4 12V Power Connector
Theory/Procedure
A computer monitor is an electronic device that shows Output. Monitors often look similar
to televisions. The main difference between a monitor and a television is that a monitor does not
have a television tuner to change channels. Monitors often have higher display resolution than
televisions. A high display resolution makes it easier to see smaller letters and fine graphics.
This monitor uses a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT). Cathode ray tube creates an image on
the screen using a beam of electrons. CRT consists of one or more guns that fire a beam of
electrons inside the screen. The screen is coated with very tiny Phosphor dots from inside.
The beam of electrons repeatedly falls on the surface of screen. Every beam fall takes only a
fraction of second. CRT in color monitors consists of three guns. These guns generate red,
green and blue (RGB) colors. The other colors are generated with a combination of these
three colors. Nowadays, most of the CRT monitors are replaced by Flat Panel Monitors.
2. Flat Panel Monitors
Flat Panel Monitors take less space and are lightweight. These monitors use much
less power than CRTs. It does not emit harmful radiations. It is much expensive than CRT.
Notebook computers, PDA and cellular phones use flat panel monitors. Flat panel monitors
are available in different sizes such as 15”, 17”, 18.5” & 20” etc. There are two types of Flat
Panel Monitors they are
a) Liquid Crystal Display
Liquid crystal display, also known as liquid crystal diode, is one of the most advanced
technologies available at present. Typically, an LCD monitor consists of a layer of colour or
monochrome pixels arranged schematically between a couple of transparent electrodes and
two polarizing filters. Optical effect is achieved by polarizing the light in varied amounts and
making it pass through the liquid crystal layer. At present, there are two types of LCD
technology available. These include the active matrix or TFT and a passive matrix technology.
Among these, TFT technology is more secure and reliable, and generates better picture
quality. On the other hand, passive matrix has a slow response time and is slowly becoming
outdated.
Advantages:
These monitors are compact, lightweight, do not consume much desk space and electricity
and can even be operated by using batteries
Disadvantages.
These monitors are very expensive. Secondly, image quality is not constant when viewed
from different angles. Also, an LCD monitor’s resolution is always constant. Any alterations
can result in a reduced performance.
b) LED (Light-Emitting Diodes) Monitors
LED monitors are the latest types of monitors in the market today. Like LCD, it is
again a flat panel display making use of light-emitting diodes for back-lightning instead of
Cold Cathode Fluorescent (CCFL) back-lightning used in LCDs. Primarily, the display is of LCD
only but the back-lightning is done by LEDs. LED monitors are said to use much lesser power
than CRT and LCD. Thus, they are also considered environmental friendly.
They produce images with higher contrast, Lifespan and durability of LED monitors is more
than CRT or LCD monitors, Do not produce much heat while running
CRT Monitor
LCD Monitor
Ex. No. 5
Objective:
Theory:-
A keyboard is a lot like a miniature computer. It has its own processor and circuitry that
carries information to and from that processor. A large part of this circuitry makes up the key
matrix. The key matrix is a grid of circuits underneath the keys. In all keyboards (except
For capacitive models), each circuit is broken at a point below each key. When you press a key, it presses
a switch, completing the circuit and allowing a tiny amount of current to flow through. The mechanical
action of the switch causes some vibration, called bounce, which the processor filters out. If you press
and hold a key, the processor recognizes it as the equivalent of pressing a key repeatedly.
When the processor finds a circuit that is closed, it compares the location of that circuit on the
key matrix to the character map in its read-only memory (ROM). A character map is basically a
comparison chart or lookup table. It tells the processor the position of each key in the matrix
and what each keystroke or combination of keystrokes represents. For example, the character
map lets the processor know that pressing the a key by itself corresponds to a small letter "a,"
but the Shift and a keys pressed together correspond to a capital "A." In the key matrix
A keyboard's primary function is to act as an input device. Using a keyboard, a person
can type a document, use keyset shortcuts, access menus, play games and perform a variety of
other tasks. Keyboards can have different keys depending on the manufacturer, the operating
system they're designed for, and whether they are attached to a desktop computer or part of
a laptop. But for the most part, these keys, also called keycaps, are the same size and shape
from keyboard to keyboard. They're also placed at a similar distance from one another in a
similar pattern, no matter what language or alphabet the keys represent.
Most keyboards have between 80 and 110 keys, including:
1.Typing keys
2. A numeric keypad
3. Function keys
4. Control keys
The typing keys include the letters of the alphabet, generally laid out in the same pattern used
for typewriters. According to legend, this layout, known as QWERTY for its first six letters,
helped keep mechanical typewriters' metal arms from colliding and jamming as people typed.
The numeric keypad is a more recent addition to the computer keyboard. As the use of
computers in business environments increased, so did the need for speedy data entry. Since a
large part of the data was numbers, a set of 17 keys, arranged in the same configuration
found on adding machines and calculators, was added to the keyboard.Key board can be
classified by the switch technology that they use. Computer alphanumeric keyboards typically
have 80–110 durable switches, one for each key.
The major types of keyboards technologies are
Result:
Magnetic recording
A hard disk drive records data by magnetizing a thin film of ferromagnetic material on a
disk. Sequential changes in the direction of magnetization represent binary data bits. The data
is read from the disk by detecting the transitions in magnetization. User data is encoded using
an encoding scheme, such run-length limited encoding, which determines how the data is
represented by the magnetic transitions.
A typical HDD design consists of a spindle that holds flat circular disks, also
called platters, which hold the recorded data. The platters are made from a non-magnetic
material, usually aluminium alloy, glass, or ceramic, and are coated with a shallow layer of
magnetic material typically 10–20 nm in depth, with an outer layer of carbon for protection.
Platters - A number of disks on which data is stored (the more disks, the greater the drive's
capacity) The 5.25” platter were used in earlier days. Now a days it is replaced by the 3.5”. The
2.5”, 1 1/8”, 1 1/3” & 1” platters are using in the laptop computers. Among this the 1” platter
are known as “Micro drive”. The material by which a disk platter is manufactured is Aluminum
Glass or Glass Ceramic compounds. To hold the data on the substrate, it must be coated with
magnetic media like Iron Oxide media or Thin Film media
Tracks
Each side of the platter surface is divided into so many concentric circles is called tracks.
The track number stars from 0. The outermost track is given track no 0 and next 1 and so on…
The innermost tracks will have the highest no. In a modern hard disk will have thousands of
tracks on each platter.
Sectors
It is the smallest addressable unit on a direct access storage device and can hold up to
512mb of data only. The storage capacity of the hdd will vary according to the number of sectors
or tracks present in it.
Latency Time
Latency is the average time it takes for a sector to be available the heads have reached a
track. It is a factor in disk read and write performance. Decreasing the latency increase the speed
of access to data or file.
Head - to read and write data (The heads "fly" over the surface of a disk supported by a few
molecules of air)
(The figure A shows a device that has four disks (or platters). The white rings in each platter
indicate a specific track. The white rings compose a cylinder.)
Areal density: Defines how tightly information is packed together on a medium. Increasing
capacity per platter results in fewer parts, lower power consumption, less heat, and less noise.
Increasing areal density increases performance because the head reads bits quickly as more pass
under the head in the same amount of time; a lower speed disk could outperform a higher speed
disk. SMART (Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology) is an industry-standard
specification for EIDE and SCSI disks that allows the monitoring of disks for reliability and
impending disk drive failures
Spindle Motor
It is the main motor which rotates the platters of the hard disk. It is also called spindle
motor because it directly connected to the spindle on which the platters are connected.It rotates
at speed of 3600 to 7200 Rpm or more.
Logic Board
All modern hard disks are made with an intelligent circuit board integrated into the hard
disk unit. It contains the electronic components that controls various sections of the hard disk. It is
also acts as an interface between the hard disk drive and the system
IDE/ SATA Connectors : used to connect with motherboard
Modes of Failure
Hard drives may fail in a number of ways. Failure may be immediate and total, progressive,
or limited. Data may be totally destroyed, or partially or totally recoverable.
Earlier drives tended to develop bad sectors with use and wear, which could be "mapped out" so
that they did not affect operation; this was considered normal unless many bad sectors developed
in a short period. Later drives map out bad sectors automatically and invisibly to the user;
S.M.A.R.T. (SMART -Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology) Information logs these
problems. A drive with bad sectors may usually continue to be used.
Other failures which may be either progressive or limited are usually considered to be a reason to
replace a drive; the value of data potentially at risk usually far outweighs the cost saved by
continuing to use a drive which may be failing. Repeated but recoverable read or write errors,
unusual noises, excessive and unusual heating, and other abnormalities, are warning signs. Some
of the common failures seen are Head Crash, Bad Sectors, Striction, Circuit failure etc.
Master/Slave Settings (in IDE Connectors)
When connecting more than one hard drive to a computer on the same IDE controller, you
generally have to assign one as the primary (master) and one as the secondary (slave). You do
this by changing the jumpers on the hard drive next to the power connector. Normally, the
drive will have a diagram to
Let you know which jumper should be set for a master drive and which to set for a slave drive.
Result:
Studied different Components of the hard disk drive.
Ex. No. 7
Objective: To acquire the knowledge and skills required to build and assemble a PC and to
Components Required: Cabinet, Mother board, Processor, SMPS, Hard Disk, Keyboard, Mouse ,
Theory:-
The first step to building a computer is acquiring the parts. These parts include the internal
components such as Power Supply Unit(SMPS), Motherboard, CPU, RAM, Hard Disk Drives, Optical
Drives, and sometimes a Graphics Card. We also need external components such as Keyboard, Mouse,
Monitor and sometimes other peripherals such as Printer, Scanner etc. A computer is made up of a case,
also called a chassis, which houses several internal components, and the external components, including
peripherals.
Safety precautions
1. Static electricity is the biggest danger to the expensive parts of PC that we are about to assemble,
even a tiny shock, much too small for us to feel, can damage the delicate Electronic traces, many times
smaller than a human hair, that make up CPU, RAM and other chips. Its important to use an anti-static
wrist strap. Once we have the power supply installed in the case, clip the end of the wrist strap to the
outside of the power supply. (Never plug your computer in while you are connected to it by a wrist
strap.) This will ensure that you, the case and the power supply are all connected to a common ground,
in other words there will be no inequality of charge that will allow a spark to jump from you to the case.
It’s also helpful to have an antistatic mat to set the case and other components on.
2. Turn off your computer and unplug your Power Supply before installing or removing any
components—if power is flowing to components as they are installed or removed, they can be seriously
damaged.
3. Never cut the grounding pin off your power cord. This “safety ground” Stands between you and
potentially lethal voltages inside the power supply.
4. Be careful of sharp edges! Many lower-end PC cases have sharp, unfinished edges. This is especially so
on interior surfaces, and where the case has been cut or punched-out. Use care and take your time to
avoid cutting our hands.If your case has this problem, a little time with some sandpaper before you
begin construction can spare you a lot of pain
6. Dismantling discrete electronic components such as your Power Supply or Monitor is dangerous. They
contain high voltage capacitors, which can cause a severe electric shock if we touch them. These hold a
charge even when the unit is not plugged in and are capable of delivering a fatal shock.
Assembly Procedures
I. Motherboard Installation
Step 1. Take the new Motherboard out of the antistatic bag it was supplied and place it on the bag or
the antistatic mat, if you have one.
Step 2. Install the processor. First, find pin 1 on the processor which is usually denoted by a corner of the
chip, marked by a dot or bevel. Next find the corresponding pin 1 ofthe CPU Socket in the Motherboard.
Insert the CPU into the Socket by lifting the release lever until it is vertical.
This process may be different for different types of Active Heat Sinks. Most Heat sinks clip to the
socket with one or more retainer clips.
Step1. Ensure that the ejector tabs are flipped down on the memory socket. DIMMs are keyed by
notches along the bottom connector edges that are offset from the centre so they can be inserted in
only one direction.
Step 2. Push down on the DIMM until the ejector tabs lock into place in the notch on the side of the
module.
Step1. Remove the I/O Shield from the back of the case where the ports on the back of the
motherboard will fit, and put in the I/O Shield that came with your motherboard.
Step 2. Find the holes in the new Motherboard for the standoffs. Install Standoffs in the case wherever
there is a matching screw hole in the Motherboard. The screw holes typically have a ring of solder
around them, which acts as a grounding point.
Step 3. Screw any Standoffs into the new case in the proper positions to align with the screw holes in the
Motherboard.
Step 4. Install the new motherboard into the case or motherboard tray and screw the motherboard into
the case using the screws supplied with the new motherboard.
The Power Supply attaches to the chassis with four screws. Plug the main power connector ( ATX 20 pin
or ATX12V 24 pin ) to the Motherboard.
Step 1. Connect the floppy cable between the floppy drives and the 34-pin floppy controller Connector
on the Motherboard.
Step 2. Connect the Serial ATA and Parallel ATA cables to the drives and host adapter ports on the
Motherboard.
Step 3. Attach the front-panel switch, LED, internal speaker wires, and front-mounted ports such as USB
from the case front panel to the motherboard.
Install Hard Drive, floppy drive and optical drive using the following steps.
Step 2. To install optical drives, simply slide the drive into chassis.
Step 3. Connect the PATA or SATA Cable to the rear of the drive.
Step 4. After the drive is in the bay, line up the drive-mounting screw holes on the drive with the holes in
the case chassis. Secure the drive with four screws.
Step 5. To install the floppy and hard drive, slide the drives into the drive cage and secure them with
four screws and connect the Cables to the rear of the drives.
Step 6. Connect the drive cables to the appropriate locations on the motherboard.
Step 7. Connect the Peripheral Power from PSU connectors to the drives. Connect Floppy Power
Connector to Floppy Drive. For SATA HDDs, connect SATA Power connector from PSU.
Step 1. Insert each card by holding it carefully by the edges. Be careful not to touch the chips and the
circuitry. Put the bottom-edge finger connector into the appropriate open slot (usually PCI or PCI
Express). Firmly press down on the top of the card, exerting even pressure, until it snaps into place.
Install the cover assembly and connect external devices such as keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Speakers
and network cables.
Switch on the System and check for the display. If we get display, run CMOS Setup Utility and ensure the
drives are detected properly.
Ex. No. 8
Objective: To know and understand the features available in BIOS Setup utility and common errors in POST.
(Power on self Test)
Components Required : PC
5. Theory:-
The BIOS Setup Program or CMOS Setup Program is the System configuration and setup program which
runs from System BIOS. It is a menu-driven program. It enables us to configure the motherboard and
chipset settings, date and time, passwords, disk drives, Boot options and many other basic system
settings. The configurations done by BIOS Setup Utility are stored in a special CMOS RAM.
The BIOS Setup Utility can be activated only by pressing a special key or key combinations during the
POST. The correct key to press is normally displayed onscreen during POST. The key or Key combinations
used by major BIOS vendors are
On newer Intel Motherboard based PCs, press F2 to enter BIOS Setup program.
BIOS Setup MenusA typical Setup menu is shown in the figure A. This menu includes Main, Advanced,
Using the Boot menu in the BIOS Setup Utility, we can change the boot drive order.
1. Select Boot menu by pressing Left Arrow ( ) or Right Arrow ( ). Boot Menu is shown in figure B.
2. Select Boot Device Priority item from Boot menu by pressing Up Arrow(↑)
Down Arrow (↓) and press Enter. Now Current Boot Device Priority is displayed as in
Figure C.
Almost all computers run a series of diagnostic tests called a "Power On Self Test" (or POST)
when they start up. These check everything from the motherboard to the keyboard. Only after POST is
passed does the computer try to start up the operating system. When the POST is successfully
completed, the computer beeps once.
If the computer beeps more than once, or if it doesn't beep at all, it means it failed the POST and never
even got to the operating system. If the computer beeps more than once it's trying to tell you what's
wrong. Each BIOS vendor (such as AMI and VIA) has their own "Beep Codes", but here are some
common examples of what the codes mean. For example a long, continuous beep usually means a stuck
key on the keyboard or a problem with the system's motherboard. Check your computer's manual or
look on the BIOS Company’s web site for a chart of what the beeps mean.
If any new hardware has been recently added to the computer, remove that hardware to make
sure it is not the cause of your issue. If your computer works after removing the new hardware, it can
mean a few things. Either the new hardware is not compatible with your computer, a system setting
needs to be changed, or the new hardware is defective.
2. Remove any disks or USB devices
3. Disconnect external devices
4. Reconnect and check power cords
5. Check all fans
6. Check all cables
7.Remove the RAM
If you continue to experience the same problem with all the above hardware removed, remove
the RAM from the motherboard and turn on the computer. If the computer has a different beep code or
if your computer was not beeping and is now beeping, turn off your computer and try the below
suggestions. Make sure to turn off the computer each time you are adding and removing the memory
and then turning the computer back on to see if the suggestion resolves the issue.
Re-insert the memory into the same slot.
If you have more than one stick of memory, remove all but one stick of memory and try rotating through
each stick.
Try one stick of memory in each slot.
If you can get the computer to boot with one or more of the sticks of memory installed, it is likely you
are dealing with some bad memory. Try to identify which stick of memory is bad and replace it.
B: Boot Menu
C: Boot Device Priority
Ex. No. 9
Objective: To learn the necessary skills to install and uninstall an Application Software
Theory:-
Ports are very important part for a system as they work as interface between your
system and other devices that you want to attach with your system. This piece of equipment is
easy to found in all the systems as it allows you to plug other devices in it. When you connect a
new device with help of any of the port then signals starts flowing through system to device
and your device start working with your system, according to your commands. Mainly these
ports are divided into two types, and then further subtypes are counted in its series. Two mail
types of ports are male and female which are popularly known as serial and parallel ports.
Female ports are most popularly used because bent pins are easier to replace on a cable than
on a connector attached to a computer.
PS/2 Ports are most simple and oldest type of ports, and are still working in market with
systems. These are 6-pin, low-speed serial connection ports which are used with mouse
and keyboards mostly. In system two ports of this kind are found, although they look
similar but they are not interchangeable. It is important to be extremely careful to
attach the keyboard and mouse to their respective PS/2 port.
VGA Monitor Port is used to display Video Graphics Array in your system. This port uses
an analog monitor which forward signals towards display adapter. All monitors and LCDs
accept these signals, but some flat displays prefer to use digital signal interface. VGA
resolution typically refers to the original resolution of 640×480 pixels and 16 colors, but
it is not preferred to use for small monitors or displays.
USB ports are popular now as they have replaced many old ports from systems now.
They have take place of old printer hook-ups, and these port are also addition ways for
transferring data and add accessories to a system. Flash drives are biggest examples for
these ports, which are connected on these ports only. These ports are also helping
Smartphone users, as they can now transfer data very easily from computer to their
phones.
Serial ports are designed to handle all processes of a system. This port consist 9 to 24
pins and are able to send data in range of more than 18 feet. Serial ports have ability to
do one and two way data transmission with complete responsibility.
Parallel ports consisted of 25 holes or pins and commonly connected the devices to
system. Performance capability of these ports is much faster as compared to serial ports
and other types of ports. These ports are built in mother board and consist of 25 wires,
8 of those wires are responsible to transfer data and control complete circuit.
RJ45 Ethernet Port is famous to use for connecting your system with local area
networks. It look like connector of telephone wire but it is little wider than that.
Besides these some famous types of port input, output, audio, video, network and many other
types of ports use to attach to a system. All of them are famous to perform their functions
accurately in a computer system. Users can easily use any of them according to type of
hardware that he wants to connect to his personal computer.
Ex. No. 10
Objective : To Install and Configure a DVD Writer and practice to write in a Blank DVD
Procedure:
Look for a DVD with the letters RW on the box. This is so you can read disks and
record them as well. Make sure the speed rating is 16X.
Disconnect the power cord from the back of the Computer Cabinet
Open the case of the computer.
Locate the DVD drive. Most have two connections and can only be snapped in place one
way. One connection is for data and one for power.
Check to see if your computer mounts the DVD/CD ROM drives from the inside or if they
are pushed through the front panel (you may have to remove the plastic panel on some
models.)
Carefully remove the plastic “knock-off.
Slide the DVD drive into an empty compartment or bay. Connect the data cable and
Power to it.
Re-assemble the cover and plug the computer back in.
Select Current recorder as CD/DVD and Click the burn button. Burning Process starts ,the files are written to the
disk
Then finished the writing process and DVD will be ejected automatically
Ex. No. 11
Procedure :
Step 1.
Before inserting the CD/DVD, you'll have to enter bios (in most cases by pressing DEL on system
start-up) and select your primary boot device CD-ROM Insert the Windows 7 Installation Disc
and start your computer. When prompted to "Press any key to boot from CD," press a key on
the keyboard.
Step 2. You will see a prompt that says ‘Press any key to continue’ after the ZT logo disappears.
When you see this press any key immediately.
Step 3. ‘Starting Windows’ with the Windows7 logo will appear.
Step 4. Language options, by default English will be set along with “time and currency format”
and “keyboard or input method” ( Fig.3 )
Step 5. Click “Install Now”
Step 6. End User License Agreement (E.U.L.A.), check the box to accept, and click “Next”
Step 7. “Which type of installation?” window will appear. Upgrade will be grayed out; the only
option you should be able to choose is Custom (advanced).
Step 8. “Where do you want to install windows?” Make sure the partition is highlighted.
Step 9. Delete the partition by clicking on Drive options (advanced) on the bottom right corner
of the field.
Make sure the partition is highlighted and click on Delete. If drive advanced options is greyed
out, then the partition will not have to be deleted.
*NOTE: Deleting the partitions will erase all data on the system
Step 10. Disk 0 Unallocated Space should be the only listing at this point. If it is press next, If not
please proceed to delete any additional partitions that may be listed.
Step 11. The next screen will show “Installing Windows”. This process should take
approximately 10 minutes after which the system will reboot
*NOTE: Do not press any keys during this boot up process so as to not disturb the rest of the
installation.
Step 12. The next screen will show “Installing Windows” again to complete the installation
process.
Step 13. “Setup is starting Windows” will appear on the screen, then you will be asked to create
a user name and a computer name.
Step 14. The next step will prompt you to create a password for your account (optional).
Step 15. The next screen will come up and ask you to choose one of three options: “Use
recommended settings”, “Install important updates only” and “Ask me later”.
Step 16. This screen will allow you to choose your local time zone and also adjust the date and
time
Step 17. Click on the appropriate location of your computer to enable Windows 7 to apply the
correct network settings.
The installation is done! You have successfully installed Windows 7 on your computer.
Plug the live USB or disk in to the computer and restart the computer. While booting the
computer press F10 or F12 function key (defers from computer to computer) to go to the boot
menu. Now, choose the option to boot from USB or CD/DVD.
After a few minutes a screen appears as shown below. Here are 2 options
1. Try ubuntu without installing and
2. Install ubuntu
Here we can select install ubuntu
[Even if you choose to try, you can find the option to install on the desktop]
In a few minutes installation wizard will be started. Select your language and click the
"Install Ubuntu" button to continue...
This is the most important part of the whole dual boot installation. Where to install Ubuntu?
Windows is already installed here, so, we’ll prepare a new partition for Ubuntu. In the
Installation Type window, choose Something Else:
When select something else and continue we will get a screen like this
Linux recognizes and assigns IDs to drive in a different manner to Windows. In the above
image, you can clearly see hard disk in the list. It is identified by "/dev/sda." Linux
recognizes drives in the following way:
• Sda = 1st drive
• Sdb = 2nd drive
• Sdc = 3rd drive and so on
Partitions are also shown after the drive letters. So if I had 2 partitions on my first disk, they
would be identified as:
• Sda1 – 1st drive, 1st partition
• Sda2 – 1st drive, 2nd partition
You will not see the common Windows C: label in the disk menu in the above list. You do,
however, have key things to help you recognize your Windows C: drive. Both of these can
be used to identify which is your Windows disk.
• The size of the disk is shown
• The name of the drive is shown
This is your current partition layout for your hard disks. If you have more than one disk, they
will show up as /dev/sda, /dev/sdb etc.
Firstly, identify your Windows installation. In this case, it's sda1 (which is first hard disk,
first partition). What you see depends on how you created the extra space. Here it is just
resized the Windows partition from within Windows, and left the free space ready to
install Linux. Therefore, we now need create a minimum of two partitions:
Click OK once you have finished setting the partition information and you will return to your
partition screen, now showing the root partition you just created. Using the same methods as
before, create a SWAP partition.
It is recommend you set the size of your SWAP partition to at least the size of your available
RAM. If you have plenty of hard disk capacity I would suggest you use double the size. So if you
have 2GB of RAM, set it to either 2GB or 4GB. For best performance it is recommended you
have your SWAP partition at the beginning or end of your drive. Once you have done that, you
should be looking at something like below.
After getting this click install now button and go
Step 6
This time we get a screen asking Where are you? Select your location and Click the "Continue"
button.
Just double click on your country if it is correct, and then select continue.
Step 7
Step 8
Here the “who are you" screen, will appear. Here we enter our details like name, passwords etc.
Step 9
The installation information screens will now appear as Ubuntu continues the installation:
Once installation has finished, you will be presented with the following box:
Select Restart Now. After restart yow will granted by the login window. Use the login details
you given and start use Ubuntu
On next boot, you will see the option of Ubuntu in the grub screen.
Ex. No.12
Theory:-
A Device Driver is a program that controls a particular hardware device. After installing
the Operating System, the first thing we need to do is install drivers for various hardware
devices installed in the system. These drivers include chipset drivers for motherboard, drivers
for new video cards, Audio hardware, Network adapters etc. Modern Motherboards have
integrated hardware components such as Graphics adapter, Audio hardware, Network Adapter
etc. The Motherboard manufacturer provides all the device drivers for the chipset and other
integrated hardware components. We need to install all these drivers. Steps for installing
Device Drivers for an Intel Motherboard
1. Log on to Windows 7 by using an account with administrator privileges.
2. Insert the Motherboard Driver CD that comes with the motherboard into CD/DVD-
ROM drive.
3. The Mother board Driver Installer program (For Intel Motherboard, Intel Express
Fig A
Hard Disk Drive Partitioning and Formatting
Ex. No. 13
Objective: To learn how to partition and format the hard disk using Disk Management Snap in
Tool in Windows 7
Components Required :
Theory:-
Preparing a Hard Disk for Data Storage involves the following procedures
Process of dividing the disk media into tracks and sectors and is done at factory level by
the Disk manufacturer.
2. Partitioning :
Hard Disk is treated differently than other secondary storage devices. A single physical
Hard Disk can be divided into partitions and each partition can be treated as separate drive.
Microsoft OS assigns drive letters to these partitions.
- Primary Partition
- Extended Partition
4 primary partitions
OR
Extended partition can be divided into multiple logical drives and each logical drive is assigned
with a drive letter.
Running Disk Management Tool
1. Right click on My Computer icon in the desktop and then select Manage from the context
Menu appears. This launches Computer Management Console. From the Computer
OR
2. Open Start Menu, select Run, type diskmgmt.msc, and then click OK.
3. In Disk Management’s Graphical view, right-click an unallocated or free area, and then click
New Simple Volume. This starts the New Simple Volume Wizard. (Note: If you need to create
unallocated space, see the Tip Easily Shrink a Volume on a Windows 7 Disk for information on
how to do this.)
2. The Specify Volume Size page specifies the minimum and maximum size for the volume
in megabytes and lets you size the volume within these limits. Size the partition in
megabytes using the Simple Volume Size field and then click Next.
3. On the Assign Drive Letter Or Path page, specify whether you want to assign a drive letter
or path and then click Next. The available options are as follows:
Assign The Following Drive Letter Select an available drive letter in the selection list provided.
By default, Windows 7 selects the lowest available drive letter and excludes reserved drive
letters as well as those assigned to local disks or network drives.
Mount In The Following Empty NTFS Folder Choose this option to mount the partition in an
empty NTFS folder. You must then type the path to an existing folder or click Browse to search
for or create a folder to use.
Do Not Assign A Drive Letter Or Drive Path Choose this option if you want to create the
partition without assigning a drive letter or path. Later, if you want the partition to be available
for storage, you can assign a drive letter or path at that time.
4. Use the Format Partition page to determine whether and how the volume should be formatted.
If you want to format the volume, choose Format This Volume with the Following Settings, and
then configure the following options:
File System Sets the file system type as FAT, FAT32, or NTFS. NTFS is selected by default in most cases. If
you create a file system as FAT or FAT32, you can later convert it to NTFS by using the Convert utility. You
can’t, however, convert NTFS partitions to FAT or FAT32.
Allocation Unit Size Sets the cluster size for the file system. This is the basic unit in which disk space is
allocated. The default allocation unit size is based on the size of the volume and, by default, is set
dynamically prior to formatting. To override this feature, you can set the allocation unit size to a specific
value. If you use many small files, you might want to use a smaller cluster size, such as 512 or 1,024 bytes.
With these settings, small files use less disk space.
Volume Label Sets a text label for the partition. This label is the partition’s volume name and by default is
set to New Volume. You can change the volume label at any time by right-clicking the volume in Windows
Explorer, choosing Properties, and typing a new value in the Label field provided on the General tab.
Perform A Quick Format Tells Windows 7 to format without checking the partition for errors. With large
partitions, this option can save you a few minutes. However, it’s usually better to check for errors, which
enables Disk Management to mark bad sectors on the disk and lock them out.
Enable File And Folder Compression Turns on compression for the disk. Built-in compression is available
only for NTFS. Under NTFS, compression is transparent to users and compressed files can be accessed just
like regular files. If you select this option, files and directories on this drive are compressed automatically.
2. In Disk Management, right-click the volume that you want to shrink, and then click Shrink Volume.
3. In the field provided in the Shrink dialog box, enter the amount of space by which to shrink the disk.
The Shrink dialog box provides the following information:
Total Size Before Shrink In MB Lists the total capacity of the volume in MB. This is the formatted size of the
volume.
Size Of Available Shrink Space In MB Lists the maximum amount by which you can shrink the volume. This doesn’t
represent the total amount of free space on the volume; rather, it represents the amount of space that can be
removed, not including any data reserved for the master file table, volume snapshots, page files, and temporary
files.
Enter The Amount of Space To Shrink In MB Lists the total amount of space that will be removed from the
volume. The initial value defaults to the maximum amount of space that can be removed from the volume. For
optimal drive performance, you should ensure that the volume has at least 10 percent of free space after the
shrink operation.
Total Size After Shrink In MB Lists what the total capacity of the volume in MB will be after you shrink the volume.
This is the new formatted size of the volume.
4. Click Shrink.
Once you have unallocated space, you can use that space to create a new partition. For a tip on creating a new
partition using above steps
Printers
Ex. No. 14
Impact printers
An impact printer makes contact with the paper. It usually forms the print image by pressing an
inked ribbon against the paper using a hammer or pins. Following are some examples of impact
printers.
Dot-Matrix Printers
The dot-matrix printer uses print heads containing from 9 to 24 pins. These pins produce
patterns of dots on the paper to form the individual characters. The 24 pin dot-matrix printer
produces more dots that a 9 pin dot-matrix printer, which results in much better quality and clearer
characters. The general rule is: the more pins, the clearer the letters on the paper. The pins strike
the ribbon individually as the print mechanism moves across the entire print line in both directions,
i-e, from left to right, then right to left, and so on. The user can produce a color output with a dot-
matrix printer (the user will change the black ribbon with a ribbon that has color stripes). Dot-
matrix printers are inexpensive and typically print at speeds of 100-600 characters per second.
Daisy-wheel printers
In order to get the quality of type found on typewriters, a daisy-wheel impact printer can
be used. It is called daisy-wheel printer because the print mechanism looks like a daisy; at the end
of each “Petal” is a fully formed character which produces solid-line print. A hammer strikes a
“petal” containing a character against the ribbon, and the character prints on the paper. Its speed
is slow typically 25-55 characters per second.
Line printers
In business where enormous amount of material are printed, the character-at-a-time printers
are too slow; therefore, these users need line-at-a-time printers. Line printers, or line-at-a-time printers,
use special mechanism that can print a whole line at once; they can typically print the range of 1,200 to
6,000 lines per minute. Drum, chain, and band printers are line-at-a-time printers.
Drum printer
A drum printer consists of a solid, cylindrical drum that has raised characters in bands on
its surface. The number of print positions across the drum equals the number available on the
page. This number typically ranges from 80-132 print positions. The drum rotates at a rapid
speed. For each possible print position there is a print hammer located behind the paper. These
hammers strike the paper, along the ink ribbon, against the proper character on the drum as it
passes. One revolution of the drum is required to print each line. This means that all characters
on the line are not printed at exactly the same time, but the time required to print the entire
line is fast enough to call them line printers. Typical speeds of drum printers are in the range of
300 to 2000 lines per minute.
Chain printers
A chain printer uses a chain of print characters wrapped around two pulleys. Like the
drum printer, there is one hammer for each print position. Circuitry inside the printer detects
when the correct character appears at the desired print location on the page. The hammer then
strikes the page, pressing the paper against a ribbon and the character located at the desired
print position. An impression of the character is left on the page. The chain keeps rotating until
all the required print positions on the line have filled. Then the page moves up to print the next
line. Speeds of chain printers range from 400 to 2500 characters per minute.
Band printers
A band printer operates similar to chain printer except it uses a band instead of a chain
and has fewer hammers. Band printer has a steel band divided into five sections of 48
characters each. The hammers on a band printer are mounted on a cartridge that moves across
the paper to the appropriate positions. Characters are rotated into place and struck by the
hammers. Font styles can easily be changed by replacing a band or chain.
Non-impact printers
Non-impact printers do not use a striking device to produce characters on the paper; and
because these printers do not hammer against the paper they are much quieter. Following are
some non-impacted printers.
Ink-jet printers
Ink-jet printers work in the same fashion as dot-matrix printers in the form images or
characters with little dots. However, the dots are formed by tiny droplets of ink. Ink-jet printers
form characters on paper by spraying ink from tiny nozzles through an electrical field that
arranges the charged ink particles into characters at the rate of approximately 250 characters
per second. The ink is absorbed into the paper and dries instantly. Various colours of ink can
also be used.
One or more nozzles in the print head emit a steady stream of ink drops. Droplets of ink
are electrically charged after leaving the nozzle. The droplets are then guided to the paper by
electrically charged deflecting plates [one plate has positive charge (upper plate) and the other
has negative charge (lover plate)]. A nozzle for black ink may be all that’s needed to print text,
but full-colour printing is also possible with the addition of needed to print text, but full-colour
printing is also possible with the addition three extra nozzles for the cyan, magenta, and yellow
primary colours. If a droplet isn’t needed for the character or image being formed, it is recycled
back to its input nozzle.
Several manufacturers produce colour ink-jet printer. Some of these printers come with
all their colour inks in a cartridge; if you want to replace on colour, you must replace all the
colours. Other colour ink-jet printers allow you to replace ink individually. These printers are a
better choice if user uses one colour more than other colours. These printers produce less noise
and print in better quality with greater speed.
Laser printers
A laser printer works like a photocopy machine. Laser printers produce images on paper
by directing a laser beam at a mirror which bounces the beam onto a drum. The drum has a
special coating on it to which toner (an ink powder) sticks. Using patterns of small dots, a laser
beam conveys information from the computer to a positively charged drum to become
neutralized. From all those areas of drum which become neutralized, the toner detaches. As the
paper rolls by the drum, the toner is transferred to the paper printing the letters or other
graphics on the paper. A hot roller bonds the toner to the paper.
Laser printers use buffers that store an entire page at a time. When a whole page is
loaded, it will be printed. The speed of laser printers is high and they print quietly without
producing much noise.
Install and configure Dot matrix printer and Laser printer:
Method 1
1. Every printer should come with the software used to install a printer in Windows or your
operating system.
2. After everything has been plugged in turn the computer on.
3. Insert the CD that came with the printer. If the CD does not automatically start, open My
Computer, double-click on the CD drive, and then click the Setup or Install file. If you have
downloaded the drivers, run the downloaded setup file.
4. Follow the installation wizard and once completed your software is installed.
5. Test the printer to make sure it is working.
Method 2:
Connect the power cable to printer. Connect data cable of the printer to computer
Select the Manufacture and model and click next button. if the model is not in the list,
click “have disk” button and in browse window locate the driver
if there is an existing driver that you want to replace select it and click next
Type printer name and click next
if you want to set this printer as default select the check box and click finish
Then, follow the instructions on the computer screen.
After installation restart the system and check the printer.
(ii) To Install and configure Laser printer use the above steps after connecting the Laser Printer
to system and turn on the printer. The changes are
On the Choose a printer port page, make sure that the Use an existing port button and
the recommended printer port are selected, and then click Next. Here select USB Port-
Then Follow the same steps
Common problems
If the computer printer does not turn on, make sure power is on at the outlet, and then
check to be sure that all cable connections are secure. Check the electrical cord. Also
make sure that the cover is closed properly.
If the printer turns on but does not print, or print is distorted, check software
configurations. Then turn the printer off, wait a few seconds to clear the memory and
turn it back on. If necessary, reboot the computer.
If the unit still doesn’t print or print is distorted, check for a loose belt (dot-matrix only)
and tighten, and remove and clean the print head (dot matrix and ink-jet printers only).
If necessary, install a new factory-authorized head.
You also can run self-test following instructions in the computer printer owner’s manual.
If the test fails to identify the problem, contact a service center.
If the print on the page is smeared or streaked, clean all rollers, platen, and rails (dot
matrix or ink-jet printers) or clean the print head or print cartridge and the corona wire
of a laser printer. If the wire is broken you’ll need to have it replaced by a professional.
Reboot your computer. This generally solves most printing problems.
Print a test page. If that prints and the application you are using doesn't, you probably
will need to contact the application's vendor for support.
Try reinstalling the printer driver
Offline: Press the Go or Online button. If this does not change the printer display to
Online, Power the printer off for 1 minute and then turn it back on.
Paper Jam: Open the doors and remove any paper, being careful not to tear it and lose
pieces inside. Paper may also be lodged under the toner cartridge so you may have to
pull it out. If you believe you have removed the paper but the display still says Paper
Jam, power the printer off for 1 minute and turn it back on. If the jam is severe, contact
the printer vendor for their expertise to rectify the problem.
Processing Job : If the printer displays Processing Job but nothing is printing the job may
just be really large and taking a while to print. If it has not printed after 5 minutes,
press the Cancel Job button on the printer. If the job will not cancel, power the printer
off for 1 minute and turn it back on.
Theory:
A scanner is an input device that scans documents and images, which can be imported into a
computer. They are available in flatbed or sheet-fed versions and are usually connected via a high-speed
USB port.OCR software can be used to recognize text documents imported from a scanner. The first
image scanner developed for use with a computer was a drum scanner. It was built in 1957 at the US
National Bureau of Standards
Procedure:
To open Scanners and Cameras, click Start, click Control Panel, and then click Scanners and
Cameras.
It displays already installed scanner. Select “add device” and click next in the next
Select the manufacture and model if it available. Otherwise select “Have disk”
The next window asks the driver i.e manufactures installation disk. Click browse
Locate the driver file and click open. Then it will install the driver for the scanner
Notes
If you have a Plug and Play camera, Windows detects it and installs it automatically.
If your camera or scanner is not Plug_and_play, follow the installation instructions that came
with the device.
If your camera or scanner is not listed in the Scanner and Camera Installation Wizard, try to
install it using Device Manager.
How to scan a Document
Result: The Installation and configuration of Scanner to the pc done successfully and studied to
scan a document.
Installing and Uninstalling an Application Software in Microsoft
Windows 7 Environment
Ex. No. 16
Name of the Experiment: Installing and uninstalling an Application Software in Microsoft
Windows 7 Environment
Aim: Installing and uninstalling an Application Software in Microsoft Windows 7 Environment
Objective: To learn the necessary skills to install and uninstall an Application Software
Theory:-
Here we use Microsoft Office 2007 Application Package for installation and
uninstallation.
3. The Microsoft Office 2007 Setup Wizard should start automatically. If it does not,
on the Start menu, select My Computer, and in the My Computer window, open
4. In the Microsoft Office 2007 Setup Wizard, enter the 25 character Product Key and click
Continue.
5. Read the licensing agreement, and then select the I accept the Terms of this agreement in
6. In the next screen, choose the installation you want. Select Install Now to install typical
Office components. To customize Installation options, File location and enter User information,
select Customize.
7. Installation Progress windows appears. After installation, select Go Online for Web Updates.
1. By running the same Setup program used for installing Microsoft Office 2007.
Method 1.
3. The Microsoft Office 2007 Setup Wizard should start automatically. If it does not,
on the Start menu, select My Computer, and in the My Computer window, open
4. Since the Microsoft Office 2007 is already installed, Change Your Microsoft Office 2007
window is shown with three options – Add or remove features, Repair and Remove.
Method 2
1. Click on Start Button. Select Settings from the Start Menu and then select Control Panel.
3. Now currently installed programs are listed. Select Microsoft Office 2007 and click
remove.
environment.
Ex. No. 17
Objective: To learn the skills to build up a UTP Straight through Cable and Cross Over Cable.
Components Required : UTP Cable (Cat 5e), RJ-45 connectors, Wire stripper & Crimping Tool
Theory:
To construct a Straight through UTP cable, crimp both ends of the cable using either
568A or
568B. For a Cross Over cable, crimp one end of the cable with 568A Standard and the other
end with 568B Standard.
Name of the Experiment: Workgroup based Network using Windows 7 Professional OS.
Aim: Building and setting up a Workgroup based Network using Windows 7 Professional OS.
Objective: To learn the necessary skills to Building and setting up a Workgroup based Network
Theory:-
Windows 7 supports two types of network environments in which users can share
common resources – Workgroup based and Domain based Network environments. A
Workgroup is a logical grouping of networked computers that share resources, such as files and
printers. A Workgroup is also called a peer-to-peer network because all computers in the
workgroup can share resources as equals (peers) without requiring a dedicated server. Each
computer in the Workgroup maintains a local security database, which is a list of user accounts
and resource security information for the computer on which it resides.
A Domain is a logical grouping of networked computers that share a central security
database, generally called directory database. The directory database contains user accounts
and security information for the domain.
Result: Studied building and setting up a Workgroup based Network using Windows 7
Professional OS
Ex. No. 19
Name of the Experiment: Local Printer sharing in Windows 7 OS.
Objective: To learn the necessary skills to share a printer using windows 7 on local Network
Theory:-
Fig C Fig D
Fig E Fig F
Fig G Fig H