LWP-MP 3-8-2 Defensive Tactics FULL PDF

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AUSTRALIAN ARMY
LAND WARFARE PROCEDURES

MILITARY POLICE
DEFENSIVE TACTICS
LWP-MP 3-8-2
DEVELOPING DOCTRINE
As this publication is new and is developing doctrine it does not

supersede any previous Australian Army publication.
This publication is a valuable item and has been printed in a limited production run.
Units are responsible for the strict control of issues and returns. No replacements are
available.
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AUSTRALIAN ARMY
LAND WARFARE PROCEDURES

MILITARY POLICE
LWP-MP 3-8-2
DEFENSIVE TACTICS
DEVELOPING DOCTRINE
© Commonwealth of Australia (Australian Army) 2004
Defence Police Training Centre

10 April 2004
Issued by Authority of
Commandant DPTC
M.S.Foxe
Lieutenant Colonel
Commandant
Defence PoliceTraining Centre
LWP-MP 3-8-2 DEFENSIVE TACTICS, 2004

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Doctrine Wing, Doctrine and Simulation Group, Land Warfare Development Centre,
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AUSTRALIAN ARMY, LAND WARFARE PROCEDURES MILITARY POLICE, LWP-MP 3-8-2,

DEFENSIVE TACTICS, 2004
Doctrine Wing, Doctrine and Simulation Group, Land Warfare Development Centre is
responsible for the management and sponsorship of this publication. The doctrine
contained herein was approved on 10 April 2004.
AMENDMENT CERTIFICATE
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through normal channels to the sponsor. To facilitate this, there are amendment proposal
forms at the back of this publication.
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have been made in this publication.
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DISTRIBUTION
st
Headquarters 1 Military Police Battalion 2
Headquarters Defence Police Training Centre 2
Defence Force Correctional Establishment 5
Police Training Wing DPTC 5
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1 Military Police Company 5
nd
rd
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Land Warfare Doctrine Centre 2
RAAF Security and Fire School 2

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As this is new and developing doctrine this publication does not

supersede any previous Australian Army publication.
PREFACE
Aim
1. The aim of this publication is to provide doctrine technical information and tactics,
techniques and procedures for the conduct of Defensive Tactics for Military Police.
Level and Scope
2. Land Warfare Procedures - Military Police 3-8-2 Defensive Tactics is aimed at students
on courses and for continuation training in units. This publication is the source document
for all matters involving Defensive Tactics and articulates the Military Police Force
Continuum and Use of Force Options Model.
Sponsorship
3. This publication is sponsored by the Commandant, Defence Military Police Training

Centre, as subject matter expert for Defence.
Associated Publications
4. This publication should be read in conjunction with other publications and documents, in
particular:
a Australian Defence Force Publication 201, Defence Law Manual;
b Defence Act 1901;
c Occupational Health & Safety (Commonwealth Employment) Act 1991;
d Commonwealth Employees Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1998;
e Exercise Physiology & Muscular Conditioning Manual 1998; and
f Victorian Police, Operational Safety & Tactics Training Unit, Warm Up Exercises
Training Manual 1999.
On line Doctrine
5. Online doctrine is also available at the following intranet address:
http://lwdc.sor.defence.gov.au/doctrine
Gender
6. Words importing gender refer to both male and female unless specifically stated otherwise.

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This Page Intentionally Blank

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CONTENTS
CONDITIONS OF RELEASE iv
AMENDMENT CERTIFICATE v
DISTRIBUTION vi
PREFACE vii
CONTENTS ix
GLOSSARY xxii
ABBREVIATIONS xxiv
CHAPTER 1 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
FOR DEFENSIVE TACTICS TRAINING 1-1
SECTION 1-1. INTRODUCTION 1-1
General 1-1
SECTION 1-2. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY (COMMONWEALTH

EMPLOYMENT) ACT 1991 1-1
SECTION 1-3. PROVISIONS OF THE ACT – GENERAL 1-2

Duty of Care 1-2
SECTION 1-4. SAFETY AND INJURY PREVENTION PHILOSOPHY 1-2

Intelligent Participation 1-2
No Ego 1-2
Tap Out 1-2
Look after your Partner 1-2
Look after Yourself 1-2
Take it slowly 1-2
Warm up Properly 1-2
Listen to the Instructor 1-2
Protect existing injuries 1-2
Positional Asphyxia 1-3
ANNEX:
A. Positional Asphyxia
CHAPTER 2 MILITARY POLICE POWERS 2-1

SECTION 2-1. POWERS OF ARREST 2-1
Introduction 2-1
Use of Force in Making an Arrest 2-1
Use of Lethal Force 2-1
Using Minimum Force 2-1
Use of Lethal Force Threat Assessment 2-1
Pre Response Phase 2-1
Response Phase 2-2
Techniques 2-2

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Searching – No Suspect 2-2

Assessing a Suspect (Extreme Danger anticipated) 2-2
Action after firing 2-2
SECTION 2-2. VERBAL CONTROL 2-2

What is (OFF TARGET OFF TRIGGER?) 2-4
Tactical Training 2-4
SECTION 2-3. TACTICAL COMPONENTS 2-5

Assessment Position 2-5
Scanning 2-5
Torch Techniques 2-6
Firearm Reloading with the Torch 2-7
The Harries Technique 2-7
Modified Harries Technique 2-8
The Chapman Technique 2-8
The Ayoob Technique 2-9
Tactical Shooting Position 2-10
The High Kneeling Position 2-10
Low Kneeling Position 2-10
SECTION 2-4. USE OF COVER 2-11

Introduction 2-11
Common Mistakes Made While Using Cover 2-15
Safety with a Drawn Firearm 2-16
Remember 2-16
Effects of Ricochet 2-17
Firearm Retention 2-17
General Situations 2-17
Basic Principles 2-17
The Four Step Method of Firearm Retention 2-17
ANNEXES:
A. DFDA Powers of Military Police
B. Use of Force in Making an Arrest
C. Minimum Use of Force
CHAPTER 3 USE OF FORCE 3-1

SECTION 3-1. SELF DEFENCE 3-1
SECTION 3-2. USE OF FORCE 3-1

Use of Force 3-1
Tactical Options 3-1
Verbalisation 3-1
Escort Holds 3-1
Unarmed Impact 3-2
Sprays 3-2
Baton 3-2
Lethal Force 3-2
Tactical Options Model 3-2
Improvised Weapons 3-3
Military Operational Environment 3-3
Justifiable Use of Force 3-3
Use of Force Continuum 3-4
SECTION 3-3. MILITARY POLICE/SUBJECT FACTORS AFFECTING LEVELS OF

FORCE 3-4

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SECTION 3-4. SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES REQUIRING AN INCREASED LEVEL OF

FORCE 3-4
SECTION 3-5. CONDITIONS OF AWARENESS 3-5

Condition White – Complacent 3-5
Condition Yellow – Alert 3-5
Condition Orange – Suspicious (Preparation) 3-5
Condition Red – Danger (Preparation/Response) 3-5
Condition Black – Danger (Critical Incident/Response) 3-6
Time + Distance + Cover = Safety 3-6
Time 3-6
Distance 3-6
Cover 3-6
SECTION 3-6. ELEMENTS REQUIRED BY MILITARY POLICE FOR THE SAFE

EMPLOYMENT OF DEFENSIVE TACTICS 3-7
SECTION 3-7. USE OF FORCE SUCCESS FACTORS 3-7

Behavioral Warning Signs 3-7
Pre-Attack Indicators 3-8
Edged Weapon Confrontation 3-8
CHAPTER 4 COMMUNICATION SKILLS 4-1

SECTION 4-1. THE PROFESSION OF LAW ENFORCEMENT 4-1
High Visibility 4-1
Quick Decisions 4-1
Codified Body of Knowledge 4-1
Continuous Training 4-1
Ethical Standard of Conduct 4-1
SECTION 4-2. GOAL OF TACTICAL COMMUNICATION 4-1

Introduction 4-1
Enhanced Professionalism 4-2
Reduce Stress 4-2
SECTION 4-3. TACTICAL COMMUNICATION OPTIONS 4-2

Professional Presence 4-2
Verbal Communication 4-2
SECTION 4-4. TYPES OF PEOPLE 4-3

Introduction 4-3
SECTION 4-5. HOW TO DEAL WITH VERBAL ABUSE 4-3

Deflection and Redirection 4-3
Reasons to use Deflectors 4-4
SECTION 4-6. COMMUNICATION SKILLS 4-4

Active Listening 4-4
Receivers Point of View 4-4
Summarising and Confirmation 4-5
SECTION 4-7. VOICE CONTENT 4-5

Introduction 4-5
Behavioral Warning Signs 4-5
Tone 4-5
SECTION 4-8. COMMUNICATION TACTICS 4-5

The Tactical Five Step 4-5
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Step 1 – Ask 4-6

Step 2 – Explain 4-6
Step 3 – Present Options 4-6
Step 4 – Confirm 4-6
Step 5 – Act 4-6
SECTION 4-9. EIGHT STEP VEHICLE INTERCEPT/FIELD CONTACT 4-6

Step 1 – Greeting 4-7
Step 2 – Identify Self/Unit 4-7
Step 3 – Reason for Stop 4-7
Step 4 – Reasons for the Offence 4-7
Step 5 – ID/License 4-7
Step 6 – Other Information 4-7
Step 7 – Decision 4-7
Step 8 – Close 4-8
Example of Eight Step 4-8
Advantages 4-8
Step Cards 4-8
Field Interview Stance 4-8
SECTION 4-10. STANCES 4-9

Defensive Stance 4-9
SECTION 4-11. RELATIVE POSITIONING THEORY 4-10
SECTION 4-12. BODY MECHANICS 4-12

Relaxation versus Tension 4-12
Basic Principles 4-13
CHAPTER 5 ESCORT HOLDS 5-1

SECTION 5-2. TYPES OF HOLDS 5-1

Blanket Hold 5-1
Escort Hold 5-1
Compression Holds 5-3
Forward Compression Hold 5-3
Rear Compression Hold 5-4
SECTION 5-3. DECENTRALISATION 5-5

From the Escort Hold 5-5
CHAPTER 6 REDIRECTION AND DECENTRAILISATION TECHNIQUES 6-1

SECTION 6-2. TACTICS FOR MINIMISING PHYSICAL CONTACT 6-1

Dangers of Restraint and Control 6-1
Take Down (Decentralisation) Techniques 6-2
Arm Drags 6-2
Go Behind from Clinch 6-3
Rear Take Down Procedures 6-7
Take Down from the Rear 6-7
Take Down from Side 6-7
SECTION 6-3. GROUND CONTROL TECHNIQUES 6-10

The Process of Control 6-10
Hooks in Back Control 6-13
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Breakdown 6-15
Breakdown procedure 6-15
Transfer to a Three Point Hold 6-16
Three Point Holds 6-17
Three Point Hold 6-18
Three Point Hold – Arm Option One 6-18
Three Point Hold – Arm Option Two 6-19
Three Point Hold – Leg Control 6-19
The Step and Drag Move 6-20
Methods of Leg Control 6-20
Leg Lock 6-22
Reverse Leg Lock 6-22
CHAPTER 7 HANDCUFFING 7-1

Handcuff Type 7-1
Carriage of Handcuffs 7-1
Ratchet Position 7-1
Position of Offenders Hands 7-1
Correct Location and Fit 7-1
Handcuff Key 7-1
Maintenance 7-1
SECTION 7-2. HANDCUFFING PROCEDURES 7-2

Apparently Cooperative 7-2
Steps One and Two 7-2
Steps Three, Four and Five 7-3
Uncooperative 7-5
Loosening Handcuffs 7-6
Removing Handcuffs 7-7
SECTION 7-3. MOVING A HANDCUFFED OFFENDER TO A STANDING POSITION 7-9
CHAPTER 8 SEARCHING 8-1

SECTION 8-1. REASON FOR SEARCH – SAFETY AND EVIDENCE 8-1
Pre-arrest 8-1
Arrest 8-1
Search Procedures 8-1
Search Procedure for Cooperative Offenders 8-1
Uncooperative 8-4
Covering Member 8-4
Situational Awareness 8-4
CHAPTER 9 UNARMED IMPACT 9-1

When to Cease? 9-1
Making a Fist 9-1
Heel Palm Push 9-1
Straight Punch 9-1
Heel Palm Strike 9-2
Forearm Strike 9-3
Round Kick 9-3
Defensive Front Kick 9-4
Knee Strike 9-4

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CHAPTER 10 OLEORESIN CAPSICUM SPRAY 10-1

SECTION 10-1. HISTORY 10-1
Description of OC Spray Unit 10-1
Propellant 10-2
Carrier 10-2
Flammability 10-2
Effects of OC Spray 10-2
Policy 10-3
Issue and Carriage of OC Spray 10-3
Drawing OC Spray 10-3
Deployment of OC Spray 10-3
Tactical considerations 10-4
Extreme Caution – Armed Offenders 10-6
General Tactics 10-6
Observation 10-6
Indoor Tactics 10-7
Team Tactics 10-7
Outdoor Tactics 10-9
Deployment 10-9
Warning Prior to Use 10-12
After-Care 10-13
Asthmatics 10-13
Initial Action 10-13
Medical Attention 10-14
Medical Conditions/Respiratory Distress Symptoms 10-14
Inert Sprays 10-15
CHAPTER 11 EXPANDABLE BATON 11-1

SECTION 11-1. MEDICAL ASPECTS OF BATONS (EXPANDABLE BATON) 11-1
The Expandable Baton 11-1
SECTION 11-2. TECHNICAL INFORMATION 11-1
SECTION 11-3. MAINTENANCE 11-2
SECTION 11-4. BATON OPERATION 11-2

Expandable Baton Modes 11-2
Carrying the Expandable Baton 11-3
Drawing the Expandable Baton (Presentation) 11-3
Reaction Side Draw 11-3
Weapon Side 11-3
Baton Grip 11-3
Opening the Expandable Baton 11-3
Closing the Baton 11-6
Baton Positions 11-6
Threat Level 11-8
Expandable Baton Strikes 11-8
Baton Retention 11-12
CHAPTER 12 GROUND DEFENCE 12-1

Defensive Prone Position 12-1
High Leg Kick 12-2
Round Kick 12-3
Disengage and Stand Up 12-4
Preventing a Mount 12-6
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Escapes from under Mounted Position 12-6

Escape One – Bridge and Roll 12-7
Escape Two – Clinch and Roll 12-9
CHAPTER 13 VEHICLE INTERCEPTS 13-1

Intercept Procedure 13-1
Safety Corridor 13-1
Approaching the Vehicle 13-1
Contact and Cover 13-2
Eight Step 13-3
Departure 13-4
Vehicle Extractions 13-4
SECTION 13-2. HIGH RISK VEHICLE INTERCEPTS 13-4

Risk Assessment 13-4
Commencement of Intercept 13-6
Procedure after Intercept 13-6
Multiple Vehicle Occupants 13-12
CHAPTER 14 CONTINUATION TRAINING 14-1

SECTION 14-2. DEFENSIVE TACTICS CURRENCY/REQUALIFICATION 14-1
SECTION 14-3. RECOGNITION OF PRIOR LEARNING 14-1
SECTION 14-2. WARMING UP – COOLING DOWN & FLEXIBILITY 14-1

Warming Up 14-1
Cooling Down 14-3
Flexibility 14-4
Stretching 14-4
Recommended Stretches 14-5
Upper Body 14-5
Partner Assisted 14-17
Stretches Which Must Be Avoided 14-22
References 14-25
SECTION 14-5. GROUND FIGHTING/GRAPPLING 14-25

Grappling Training 14-26
Safety Considerations for Grappling Training 14-26
SECTION 14-6. SCENARIO TRAINING – GUIDE FOR INSTRUCTORS 14-26

Introduction 14-26
Facility 14-27
Personnel 14-27
Occupational Health and Safety Issues 14-28
Training Aids 14-28
Personal Equipment 14-28
Conducting the Scenario 14-29
Teaching Points 14-29
ANNEXES:
A. Possible Scenarios
B. Possible Responses

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ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure 2-1: Assessment Position (Side) 2-5
Figure 2-2: Assessment Position (Front) 2-6
Figure 2-3: Torch Grip 2-7
Figure 2-4: Harries technique (side) 2-8
Figure 2-5: Harries Technique (Front) 2-8
Figure 2-6: Chapman Technique (Hand Positions) 2-9
Figure 2-7: Chapman technique (Side) 2-9
Figure 2-8: Chapman Technique (Front) 2-9
Figure 2-9: High Kneeling Position (side) 2-11
Figure 2-10: High Kneeling Position (front) 2-11
Figure 2-11: Barricade Shooting (standing) 2-12
Figure 2-12: Barricade Shooting (kneeling) 2-13
Figure 2-13: Body Positioning 2-13
Figure 2-14: Body Angle 2-14
Figure 2-15: Correct Position Behind Cover 2-14
Figure 2-16: Example of Resting Firearm Against Cover 2-15
Figure 2-17: Example of Pushing Firearm Past Cover 2-16
Figure 2-18: Secure Firearm 2-18
Figure 2-19: Breaking the Hold (option 1) 2-18
Figure 2-20: Breaking the Hold (option 2) 2-19
Figure 3-1: Military Police Tactical Options Model 3-3
Figure 4-1: Tactical Communications Cards (Front) 4-9
Figure 4-2: Tactical Communications Card (Back) 4-9
Figure 4-3: Field Interview Stance 4-10
Figure 4-4: Defensive Stance Side View 4-11
Figure 4-5: Defensive Stance Front View 4-11
Figure 4-6: Relative Positioning Chart 4-12
Figure 5-1: Blanket Hold 5-2
Figure 5-2: Blanket Hold - Close Up 5-2
Figure 5-3: Escort Hold 5-3
Figure 5-4: Escort Hold - Close Up 5-3
Figure 5-5: Forward Compression Hold 5-4
Figure 5-6: Rear Compression Hold 5-5
Figure 5-7: Decentralisation from the Escort (Stage 1) 5-6
Figure 5-8: Decentralisation 5-6
Figure 5-9: Decentralisation from Forward Compression (Stage One) 5-7
Figure 5-10: Decentralisation from Forward Compression (Stage Two) 5-7
Figure 6-1: Contact and Cover Tactics 6-3
Figure 6-2: Arm Drag (Position One) 6-3
Figure 6-3: Arm Drag (Position Two) 6-4
Figure 6-4: Arm Drag (Position Three) 6-4
Figure 6-5: Clinch (Position One) 6-5
Figure 6–6: Clinch (Position Two) 6-5
Figure 6–7: Clinch (Position three) 6-6
Figure 6–8: Clinch (Position Four) 6-6
Figure 6–9: Take Down from the Rear (Position One) 6-7
Figure 6-10: Take Down from the Rear (Position Two) 6-8
Figure 6-11: Take Down from the Rear (Position Three) 6-8
Figure 6-12: Take Down from Side Position (Stage One) 6-9
Figure 6-13: Take Down from Side Position (Stage Two) 6-9
Figure 6-14: Take Down from Side Position (Stage Three) 6-10
Figure 6-15: Side Mount (Step One) 6-11
Figure 6-16: Side Mount (Step Two) 6-11
Figure 6-17: Side Mount (Step Three) 6-12
Figure 6-18:Side Mount (Variation One) 6-12
Figure 6-19: Side Mount (Variation Two) 6-13
Figure 6-20: Hooks in Back Control (Step One) 6-13
Figure 6-21: Hooks in Back Control (Feet Positioning – Close Up) 6-14
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Figure 6-22: Hooks in Back Control (Step Two) 6-14

Figure 6-23: Hooks in Back Control (Hand Positioning – Close Up) 6-14
Figure 6-24: Breakdown (Completed position) 6-15
Figure 6-25: Transfer (Stage One) 6-16
Figure 6-26: Transfer (Stage Two) 6-16
Figure 6-27: Transfer (Stage Three) 6-17
Figure 6-28: Three Point Hold 6-17
Figure 6-29: Three Point Hold (Step One) 6-18
Figure 6-30: Three Point Hold (Step Two) 6-18
Figure 6-31: Three Point Hold (Arm Option One) 6-19
Figure 6-32: Three Point Hold (Arm Option Two) 6-19
Figure 6-33: Three Point Hold (Second Member) 6-20
Figure 6-34: Three Point Hold (Leg Control) 6-20
Figure 6-35: Step and drag (Step One) 6-21
Figure 6-36: Step and Drag (Step Two) 6-21
Figure 6-37: Leg Tackle and Wrap (Step One) 6-22
Figure 6-38: Leg tackle and Wrap (Step Two) 6-22
Figure 6-39: Leg Lock 6-23
Figure 6-40: Reverse Leg Lock 6-23
Figure 7–1: Handcuffing Procedure (Step One) 7-2
Figure 7–2: Handcuffing Procedure (Step Two) 7-3
Figure 7–3: Handcuffing Procedure (Step Three) 7-3
Figure 7–4: Handcuffing Procedure (Step Four) 7-4
Figure 7–5: Handcuffing Procedure (Step Five) 7-4
Figure 7–6: Alternate Procedure 7-5
Figure 7–7: Uncooperative (Step One) 7-5
Figure 7–8: Uncooperative (Step Two) 7-6
Figure 7–9: Changing Handcuffs 7-6
Figure 7–10(a): Removing Handcuffs (Step One) 7-7
Figure 7-10(b): Removing Handcuffs(Step One) 7-7
Figure 7–11: Removing Handcuffs (Step Two) 7-8
Figure 7-11(b): Removing Handcuffs (Step Two) 7-8
Figure 7–12: Standing Position (Step One) 7-9
Figure 7–13: Standing Position (Step Two) 7-9
Figure 7–14: Standing Position (Step Three) 7-10
Figure 8–1: Search Position (Cooperative) 8-2
Figure 8–2: Alternate Search Position (Hands on head) 8-3
Figure 8–3: Alternate Search Position (Kneeling) 8-3
Figure 8–4: Search Position (Uncooperative) 8-4
Figure 9-1: Straight Punch 9-2
Figure 9-2: Forearm Strike 9-3
Figure 9-3: Round Kick 9-4
Figure 9-4: Defensive Front Kick 9-5
Figure 9-5: Knee Strike 9-5
Figure 10–1: Live OC Canister 10-2
Figure 10-2: Ready Position 10-4
Figure 10–3: Loaded Position 10-4
Figure 10–4: Incorrect Deployment (wind affected) Primary Exposure by Members 10-5
Figure 10-5: Single Member/Multiple Offenders 10-7
Figure 10–6(a): Single Member/Single Offender 10-7
Figure 10-6(b): Single Member/Single Offender 10-8
Figure 10–7(a): Multiple Members/Single Offender 10-8
Figure 10-7(b): Multiple Members/Single Offender. 10-9
Figure 10–8: Multiple Members/Single Offender 10-9
Figure 10–9(a): Out Door Tactics 10-10
Figure 10-9(b): Outdoor Tactics 10-10
Figure 10-10 Good Deployment 10-10
Figure 10–11: Incorrect Target Area 10-11
Figure 10–12: Minimum Distance (wind affected) 10-11

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Figure 10–13: Deploying OC spray (Single MP) 10-12

Figure 10-14(a): Deploying OC Spray (Multiple MP) 10-13
Figure 10–14(b): Deploying OC spray (Multiple MP) 10-13
Figure 10–15: Inert Spray Canisters 10-15
Figure 11–1: Baton Grip 11-4
Figure 11–2: Defensive Stance (Baton in Closed Mode) 11-4
Figure 11–3: Open to the Sky 11-5
Figure 11–4: Open to the Ground 11-5
Figure 11–5: Closing the Baton 11-6
Figure 11–6: Loaded Position (Front) 11-6
Figure 11–7: Loaded Position (Side) 11-7
Figure 11–8: Ready Position (Front) 11-7
Figure 11–9: Ready Position (Side) 11-8
Figure 11–10: Weapon Side Strike (Arm) 11-8
Figure 11–11: Weapon Side Strike (Leg) 11-9
Figure 11–12: Reaction Side Strike 11-9
Figure 11–13: Reaction Side Strike (Two) 11-10
Figure 11–14: Clearance Strike (Front) 11-10
Figure 11–15: Clearance Strike (Side) 11-11
Figure 11–16: Point of Impact (Upper Arm) 11-11
Figure 11–17: Point of Impact (Fore Arm) 11-12
Figure 11–18: Point of Impact (Upper Leg) 11-12
Figure 11–19: Baton Retention (Holstered – Step One) 11-13
Figure 11–20: Baton Retention (Holstered – Step Two) 11-13
Figure 11–21: Baton Retention (Holstered – Step Three) 11-14
Figure 11–22: Baton Retention (Unholstered – Step One) 11-14
Figure 11–23(a): Baton Retention (Unholstered – Step Two) 11-15
Figure 11–24: Baton Retention (Unholstered - Step Three) 11-15
Figure 11–25: Baton Retention Unholstered (Step One) 11-16
Figure 11–26: Baton Retention Unholstered (Step Two) 11-16
Figure 11–28: Baton Retention Unholstered (Step Four) 11-17
Figure 11–29: Baton Retention Unholstered (Step Five) 11-17
Figure 12–1: Defensive Prone Position 12-1
Figure 12–2: High Leg Kick (Stage One) 12-2
Figure 12–3: High Leg Kick (Stage Two) 12-2
Figure 12–4: Round Kick (Stage One) 12-3
Figure 12–5: Round Kick (Stage Two) 12-3
Figure 12–6: Stand Up from Low Kick (Stage One) 12-4
Figure 12–7: Stand Up from Low Kick (Stage Two) 12-4
Figure 12–8: Stand Up from High Kick (Stage One) 12-5
Figure 12–9: Stand Up from High Kick (Stage Two) 12-5
Figure 12–10: Preventing a Mount 12-6
Figure 12–11: Preventing a Mount (Sweep) 12-7
Figure 12–12: Bridge and Roll (Stage One) 12-7
Figure 12–13: Bridge and Roll (Stage Two) 12-8
Figure 12–14: Bridge and Roll (Stage Three) 12-8
Figure 12–15: Bridge and Roll (Stage Four) 12-8
Figure 12–16: Clinch and Roll (Stage One) 12-9
Figure 12–17: Clinch and Roll (Stage Two) 12-9
Figure 13–1: Diagram of Safety Corridor 13-2
Figure 13–-2: Forward view of Safety Corridor 13-2
Figure 13–3: Forward view of ‘Contact and Cover’ positions 13-3
Figure 13–4: 45° degree rear view of vehicle intercept 13-3
Figure 13-5: Vehicle Extraction 13-5
Figure 13–-6: Vehicle reactionary gap/safety corridor 13-6
Figure 13–-7: Arms out 13-7
Figure 13–8: Contact and Cover 13-7
Figure 13–9: Contact Member at assessment position 13-8
Figure 13–10: Cover member at assessment position 13-8
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Figure 13-11 Opening door 13-8

Figure 13–-12: Releasing the seatbelt 13-9
Figure 13–-13: Turning and Feet Placement 13-9
Figure 13–14: Moving to front of vehicle 13-10
Figure 13–15: Moving to side of vehicle 13-10
Figure 13–16: Offender on ground 13-10
Figure 13–17: Three-point hold 13-11
Figure13–18: De-escalation (Option One) 13-11
Figure 13–19: De-escalation (Option Two) 13-11
Figure 14–1: Chest Sag 14-5
Figure 14–2: Reach 14-6
Figure 14–3: Neck Bend 14-7
Figure 14–4: Pull Behind 14-8
Figure 14–5: Slump Pull 14-9
Figure 14–6: Pull Across 14-9
Figure 14–7: Pectorals 14-10
Figure14–8: Forearm Flexors 14-11
Figure 14–9: Triceps 14-12
Figure 14–10: Cat 14-13
Figure 14–11: Cross Leg Buttock 14-13
Figure 14–12: Calf Stretch 14-14
Figure 14–13: Quads Side Lie 14-14
Figure 14–14: Deep Hip 14-15
Figure 14–15: Spinal Rotation 14-15
Figure 14–16: Lying Hamstring Stretch 14-16
Figure 14–17: Short Groin Stretch 14-17
Figure 14–18: Partner Hamstring Stretch 14-17
Figure 14–19: Partner Hamstring Stretch (Toe Flex) 14-18
Figure 14–20: Partner cross leg buttock 14-19
Figure 14–21: Front Shoulder 14-19
Figure 14–22: Quad Side Lie (Partner) 14-20
Figure 14–23: Front Shoulder (Partner) 14-21
Figure 14–24: Short Groin Stretch (Partner) 14-21
Figure 14–25: Toe Grip 14-22
Figure 14–26: Side Bend (Locked Leg) 14-23
Figure 14–27: Tricep Stretch with Forward Flexion 14-23
Figure 14–28: Rearward Reach 14-24
Figure 14–28: Forward Flexion with Rotation 14-24
Figure 14–30: Hurdler Stretch 14-25
TABLES
Table 11–1: Areas to Be Avoided 11-1
Table 14-1: Scenario Control Signals 14-29

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GLOSSARY
1. The terms listed below are used in this publication. Definitions which appear in Australian
Defence Force Publication 101, Glossary, 1994, are shown verbatim in normal type.
Definitions or portions of definitions, which are not included in Australian Defence Force
Publication 101, Glossary, 1994, are shown in italics.
Defence Tactics Defensive Tactics is knowledge; skills and attitudes (beliefs),

consisting of carefully designed verbal and physical measures and
counter-measures, that enhances Military Police operational safety
(Draft).
Defensive Tactics A member of the RACMP who has successfully completed an
Instructor accredited Defensive Tactic's Instructor's Course with an Australian
Civil Police Agency or another recognised course and deemed
competent in writing by Commandant DPTC.
Defensive Tactics A member of the RACMP who has successfully completed Subject
Continuation Trainer 2/4 SGT (RACMP), deemed competent on their record of attainment
and upon promotion to SGT.
Defensive Tactics A member of the RACMP who has successfully completed the
Practitioner Service Police Basic Course (FT/PT) or the MP Regimental Officers
Basic course and deemed competent on the statement of
attainment.
Doctrine Doctrine is defined as those fundamental principles by which military
forces or elements thereof guide their actions in support of national
objectives. It is authoritative but requires judgement in application.
Graduated Response The term graduated response refers to the application of force on a
sliding scale from non lethal to lethal force, necessary to
successfully neutralise an attack or threat.
Lethal Force Lethal Force is any action taken which is intended to cause serious
bodily injury or death.
Oleoresin Capsicum Oleoresin Capsicum Spray is an organic based, less than lethal
Spray option, which has been introduced to assist Military Police resolve
critical incidents. It is based on an oil extract (capsicum) produced
from the fleshy part of Cayenne peppers.
Peroneal Pocket Commonly known as the Common Peroneal Nerve, it is roughly a
hand span above the knee, towards the back of the leg. A hit to this
region can cause the leg to collapse.
Position Asphyxia Positional Asphyxia is when the position of a person's body
interferes with respiration, resulting in death from asphyxia or
suffocation.
Reaction Side The hand opposite to the weapon side.
Reasonable Use of Reasonable use of force is that force which is reasonable, justified
force and necessary to establish or re-establish control over an
individual(s) and/or a situation.
Self Self defence or protection is the inherent right to use such force as it
Defence/Protection necessary to protect ones self against hostile acts.
Solar Plexus The Solar Plexus is a dense cluster of nerve cells and supporting
tissue, located behind the stomach in the region of the celiac artery
just below the diaphragm.
Tactical Options The Tactical Options Model is a range of verbal, physical and
Model specialist skills available to Military Police when dealing with
situations requiring actions to gain compliance from protagonist or
offenders, while at the same time ensuring their own safety.

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Use of Force The use of Force Continuum details a range of force options based
Continuum on the intensity and reversibility of their effects. The force options
available in a given situation are dependent on a person's mix of
weapons and training, the environment and prevailing legal
constraints.
Vicarious Liability Vicarious Liability is a legal principle whereby one person is held
responsible for the misconduct of another, although the person held
responsible is without blame or fault.
Weapon Side The hand used to draw and fire the firearm regardless of which hand
(left or right).

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ABBREVIATIONS
1. The following abbreviations are used in this publication. Abbreviations which appear in
Australian Defence Force Publication 103, Abbreviations and Military Symbols, 1995, are
expanded upon in normal type. Abbreviations shown in italics have not been accepted for
joint Service use.
ADF 103
ADF Australian Defence Force
ADFP Australian Defence Force Publication
DFA Defence Force Discipline Act
DFM Defence Law Manual
OFOF Orders For Opening Fire
MP Military Police
ROE Rules of Engagement
Common Military Usage
ADFPTS Australian Defence Force Physical Training School
DPTC Defence Police Training Centre
DT Defence Tactics
DTCT Defensive Tactics Continuation Trainer
DTI Defensive Tactics Instructor
NLF Non lethal force
OC Oleoresin Capsicum
ONV Other Non Verbal
PAD Positional Asphyxia Death
PTI Physical Training Instructor

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CHAPTER 1
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
FOR DEFENSIVE TACTICS TRAINING
SECTION 1-1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Defensive Tactics (DT) is knowledge, skills and attitudes (beliefs), consisting of carefully
designed verbal and physical measures and counter-measures enhancing Military Police
(MP) operational safety. DT is the foundational skills set required by MP in order to safely
and successfully enforce ADF and Army rules, regulations and legislation.
1.2 To ensure a safe and healthy environment for all personnel within Defensive Tactics (DT)
training, the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) (Commonwealth Employment) Act
1991 has been implemented.
1.3 In accordance with the Defence OHS policy statement, qualified instructors must ensure
all avenues for the safe conduct of training have been considered and implemented, if
required, so as to ensure the minimum risk of injury to all participants during the conduct
of training.
General
1.4 Australia’s OHS legislation aims to provide mechanisms for reducing occupational injury
and disease and to ensure that Commonwealth employees, including all Defence
personnel, both military and civilian, receive the protection at work to which they are
entitled. The legislation is based on the British ‘Robens’ style legislation which establishes
duties of care owed by all parties, including employers, managers and supervisors,
employees, contractors and suppliers. The legislation also emphasises the rights of all
involved parties to information, consultation and where imminent, serious OHS risks are
perceived, to cause intervention measures to be invoked to ensure workplace safety.
SECTION 1-2. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

(COMMONWEALTH EMPLOYMENT) ACT 1991
1.5 The legislation applicable to all Commonwealth employees in the Department of Defence
is the Occupational Health and Safety (Commonwealth Employment) Act 1991 (the Act).
1.6 The Act provides a legal basis for the health, safety and welfare of all Commonwealth
employees, including all military and civilian Defence personnel, contractors and visitors.
1.7 The Act links responsibilities of OHS to compensation and rehabilitation arrangements
established under the Commonwealth Employees Rehabilitation and Compensation
(CERC) Act 1988 in such a way that prevention; rehabilitation and compensation may be
considered as one. The Act is administered by the Commission for Safety, Rehabilitation
and Compensation of Commonwealth Employees (COMCARE).
LWP-MP 3-8-2, DEFENSIVE TACTICS, 2004

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SECTION 1-3. PROVISIONS OF THE ACT – GENERAL
Duty of Care
1.8 The Act imposes on commanders, managers and employees both a general duty of care
and specific obligations in respect of workplace health and safety. Duty of care is the
legal obligation to avoid causing harm to another person, especially through negligence.
Specific obligations imposed by the Act on commanders, managers and employees are
intended to ensure that foreseeable, potentially harmful consequences are systematically
identified and avoided.
SECTION 1-4. SAFETY AND INJURY PREVENTION PHILOSOPHY
Intelligent Participation
1.9 Use common sense in all training drills and exercises. You, your partner and the
instructors/trainers need to be capable of continuing the training.
No Ego
1.10 The training is intended to provide you with a learning experience. Not an opportunity to
show off or prove yourself to others. You must not allow your ego to control your
participation.
Tap Out
1.11 When any position, hold, or restraint is causing such discomfort that you are in fear of
injury, ‘Tap Out’. That means firmly and repeatedly tap any part of your partners’ body, or
the mat. If you can't tap, tell your partner to ‘STOP!’
Look after your Partner
1.12 He or she wants to train tomorrow and go home today, not to hospital.
Look after Yourself
1.13 You want to train tomorrow and go home today, not to hospital.
Take it slowly
1.14 Be methodical, be technical, keep control. Unnecessary haste will only reduce your
learning experience and increase the probability of an injury occurring.
Warm up Properly
1.15 Participate enthusiastically in all warm up sessions. Warm ups reduce the occurrence of
injury. See Chapter 14 for detailed instructions on this area.
Listen to the Instructor
1.16 The Instructors are experienced in defensive tactics training. Accepting their advice may
prevent an injury.
Protect existing injuries
1.17 If you have existing injuries the staff must be notified. You have responsibility for
participating at a level commensurate with your abilities. The training is for your benefit.

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Do not leave in worse condition than you arrived. Injuries will cause unnecessary delay to
training, and your qualification or re-qualification.
Positional Asphyxia
1.18 Positional asphyxia is a term associated with the dangers of restrictive positions of
restraint applied to offenders. Annex A provides a comprehensive explanation of the
positional asphyxia phenomena, including signs and symptoms and prevention
strategies.

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ANNEX A TO CHAPTER 1
POSITIONAL ASPHYXIA
The following is an excerpt from an article written by Senior Constable Bernie Jenkins of the
Victoria Police and published in the Australian Police Journal in December 2000. It has been
reproduced with the permission of the author.
1A.1 In recent years the correlation between restraint positions and the sudden, unexpected
deaths of a number of people in custody has been recognised. There are various names given
to this and its associated phenomenon. They include Sudden Custody Death Syndrome,
Positional Restraint Asphyxia and Positional Asphyxia.
1A.2 The generic term for the phenomenon is Positional Asphyxia. A death that occurs as the
result of Positional Asphyxia may be termed a Positional Asphyxia Death (PAD). The
phenomenon of PAD is most often associated with the restraint position known as ‘Hog Tying’.
This is where the person is restrained with the wrists bound behind their back, the ankles are
also bound and then the knees are flexed so that the wrists and ankles can all be secured
together behind the person’s back. If left unsupported the person will lie face down or on his or
her side.
1A.3 The ‘Hog Tie’ was, until the last decade, a commonly used method of restraint by western
police forces. This was due to its effectiveness in incapacitating and restraining a significantly
violent person. Research in the area of PAD has increased and most police departments have
abandoned the ‘Hog Tie’ in an attempt to curb associated deaths. The banning of ‘Hog Tying’
resulted from the work of Dr Donald Reay, the chief medical examiner for King Country,
Washington, USA. Reay placed most of the blame for PAD on the ‘Hog Tie’ position.
1A.4 Even though much attention has been given to the ‘Hog Tie’ position it is clear that this
position alone cannot be seen as the sole cause of PAD. Multiple factors, rather than one single
cause, play a role in the deaths where restraint has been applied. It would be remiss to assume
that PAD will no longer occur as a result of removing the ‘Hog Tie’ from operational practices.
People are known to have died from Positional Asphyxia while being restrained in all sorts of
positions, including face up in bed and sitting upright in chairs. It is not in fact the ‘Hog Tie’
position that causes death. The ‘Hog Tie’ does however; appear to accentuate those factors
that contribute to a PAD.
1A.5 The ‘Hog Tie’ is not included in Victoria Police’s operational practices, however the other
factors remain and therefore the risk of PAD continues to be a reality that must be faced.
1A.6 There are several schools of thought in the medical community as to the mechanism of
death that occurs in a case of PAD. Although there have been several notable studies done on
the subject the results have been challenged and there is some argument over the relevance of
the testing procedures used.
1A.7 In particular, a study by Dr Tom Neuman, professor of medicine at the University of

California at San Diego Medical Centre, refuted Reay’s findings. Neuman’s study was used in
the case of ‘Price vs San Diego, United States District Court, S.D. California. April 2, 1966’. In
this case Reay conceded that Neuman’s study was superior to his. After Reay’s retraction, the
presiding judge said, ‘Little evidence is left that suggests that the ‘Hog Tie’ restraint can cause
asphyxia.’
1A.8 As it is not ethically possible to study PAD in a controlled scientific environment it is

difficult to generate indisputable testing. Regardless of this the various schools of thought
generally only differ in their attribution of blame to the significance of the various contributing
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factors. In general terms a case of PAD is likely to involve a person who is obese, affected by
psychosis, illness or fatigue. The event is likely to have involved multiple police and the use of
chemical sprays.
1A.9 Regardless of the significance attributed to any of these factors it is possible to recognise
them and begin to address the phenomenon in a practical manner.
PAD – What is it?
1A.10 Positional Asphyxia is most simply defined as when the position of a person’s body
interferes with respiration, resulting in death from asphyxia or suffocation.
1A.11 The term ‘Positional Asphyxia’ may be given to a death were:
a. The person had been placed in a position that interfered with pulmonary gas
exchange. This may be as a result of obstruction of the mouth and nose or restriction
of the chest or diaphragm;
b. the person had been unable to escape. This inability to escape can be the result of
restraint or unresponsiveness brought on by the effects of drugs or injury; and
c. the death cannot be attributed to any other cause.
1A.12 Asphyxia is unconsciousness or death produced by failure of the blood to become

properly oxygenated in the lungs. This failure may be caused by the inability of air to reach the
lungs, as in suffocation, or by paralysis of the nerve centres that control the lungs because of
inadequate oxygen or respiratory system failure.
1A.13 Any body position that interferes with the muscular or mechanical components of
respiration, or that obstructs the airway, may result in positional asphyxia. There is an even
greater risk where the person is unable to move in order to breathe. This inability may be as a
result of the effects of drugs or exhaustion or they may be restrained so that they cannot move.
1A.14 Death can occur extremely rapidly. Depending on the individual circumstances, death
may occur unexpectedly and within a very short period of time. There have been numerous
cases where the person could not be revived, even with trained medical staff and facilities.
What are the Risk Factors?
1A.15 In any physical confrontation it may be necessary to place a violent or combative person
in a prone position to achieve restraint.
1A.16 There are of course multiple factors, rather than one simple cause, that play a role in
PAD. The following factors, are commonly accepted to contribute to this phenomenon:
a. Obesity. Particularly a large bulbous abdomen, ‘beer belly’. The risk associated is
due to the way in which the contents of the abdomen are forced upward within the
abdominal cavity when the body is in a prone position. Thereby placing pressure on
the diaphragm and restricting respiration.
b. Psychosis. Often induced by drugs or alcohol, such as methemphetamine, cocaine,

and LSD can create a state of ‘Excited Delirium’ frequently accompanied by violent
muscular activity. The mind-altering character of these drugs, combined with the
added outbursts of violent and vigorous muscular activity, can cause individuals to
lose their breath more quickly than expected. When the restraint position prevents
recovery from such an oxygen deficit, cardiac rhythm disturbances can occur,
resulting in death.

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c. Pre-existing physical conditions. These can contribute to sudden in custody death.

Any condition that impairs breathing under normal conditions will put a subject at a
higher risk of respiratory failure when a situation escalates to the point that physical
restraint must be employed. Heart disease, asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, and
chronic pulmonary disease fall into this category. Clearly, members subduing a
violent subject will not be able to pause in the midst of the action to inquire about the
subject’s medical history. It would be prudent however, for watch house staff and
supervisors to be aware of prisoners’ medical records and be alert for potential
problems when using restraints.
d. Respiratory Muscle Fatigue. This may follow violent muscular activity (such as
fighting or running away) and results in hypoxia (a deficiency of oxygen reaching the
tissues). The process is insidious, and a person might not exhibit any clear
symptoms before they simply stop breathing. Generally, it takes several minutes for
significant hypoxia to occur, but it can happen more quickly if the subject has been
violently active and is already out of breath.
e. Multiple Police. Any situation that requires a person to be held in the prone position.
This will put pressure on the person’s rib cage restricting respiration. Where several
police are involved the pressure and restriction to the person’s respiration is
increased. The more police there are holding the subject down the higher the risk.
f. OC Spray. Members should bear in mind the effects of Oleoresin Capsicum Spray
on a person’s respiratory system. This may increase the risk of PAD.
The Downward Spiral
1A.17 The occurrence of Positional Asphyxia can be understood when the spiral of conflict is
analysed. This is a typical combination of behavior by the person and responding police
members that may lead to a PAD. Recognition of this pattern may enable police to alter the
method in which they attempt to resolve the situation and avert a tragic outcome.
1A.18 People who legitimately require total restraint inevitably experience three phrases of
extreme muscle exertion and energy expenditure prior to becoming fully restrained.
Stage 1 – Development of the Incident
1A.19 The individual exhibits irrational, violent behavior with aggressive and/or paranoid
features, resulting in hyperactivity and extreme physical exertion. Such behavior may indicate a
state of ‘Excited Delirium’. Excited Delirium is usually the result of alcohol and/or drug use (most
often cocaine). However, severe manic depression, schizophrenia, or excited postictal states
occasionally produce Excited Delirium.
1A.20 Regardless of its cause, the behavior involving extreme physical exertion may contribute
to producing extreme exhaustion. The individual’s ‘out of control’ behavior is noticed or
becomes so threatening that police or security are summoned.
Stage 2 – Intervention
1A.21 Interveners arrive, recognise the need for restraint, and a struggle ensues. The distressed
person experiences additional extreme energy expenditure while running from and/or wrestling
with interveners. The individual may be out numbered and will probably be placed in a prone
position, often with one or more persons sitting on his or her chest. Regardless of the mental
state of the person this level of restraint is likely to cause restricted breathing and discomfort.
Facing suffocation and pain the person may fight even harder in an attempt to get relief. If the
person continues struggling the interveners will apply more force. The interveners are likely to
call for backup and more may arrive shortly after.

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Stage 3 – Exhaustion
1A.22 In panic, madness or desperation the individual persists in forceful attempts to breathe
and escape restraint. Interveners see this as a continued threat of harm to themselves or
others. Interveners will perceive it to be necessary to apply even more force to restrain the
person. Whether placed in handcuffs, prone restraint, or any other form of total body restraint,
the individual is now unable to escape from the restraint. While in a prone position the individual
will continue to expend what energy they have left just trying to breathe. Rapidly, the individual
becomes lethally exhausted.
1A.23 The violent muscular activity that occurs during these three stages of arrest creates a
‘hypercatabolic state’, which weakens all the body’s muscles and especially results in significant
respiratory muscle fatigue. Muscle fatigue may induce the central nervous system to shunt
energy to contracting muscles. A deficit in energy supply to respiratory muscles can influence
their performance. A decrease in chemical energy supply to respiratory muscles will hasten their
failure as well as the failure of other muscle groups. The psychiatric or drug induced state of
Excited Delirium coupled with police confrontation undoubtedly places catecholamine (chemical
function) stress on the heart. Second, the hyperactivity associated with Excited Delirium as well
as struggling with police and against restraints undoubtedly increases the oxygen delivery
demands of the heart and lungs. Finally, the Hog Tied position clearly impairs breathing in
situations of high oxygen demand by inhibiting chest wall and diaphragmatic movement.
1A.24 As can be seen by this description of events, an incident can escalate in a manner that
could easily result in a tragic outcome. This knowledge may enable police to recognise the
pattern and may prevent such an undesirable event.
What are the Signs and Symptoms?
1A.25 Operational recognition of risk factors is the first step in PAD prevention. Recognition of
the risk factors will not however eliminate the necessity to physically control some individuals
because of their violent or dangerous behavior. Without restraint some of these people will harm
or even kill themselves or others. In these situations police members would need to be mindful
of the risk. Recognition of the signs and symptoms, followed by preventative action may help to
reduce the occurrence of PAD.
1A.26 Close attention should be given when police members recognise the following signs or
symptoms, taking immediate action to remedy the problem.
a. Telling you he/she cannot breathe.
b. Gurgling/gasping sounds.
c. Cyanosis (face is discoloured blue due to lack of oxygen).
d. Panic, prolonged resistance – Three Stages of Restraint.
e. Sudden Tranquillity. An active subject suddenly changes to passive – loud/violent to

quiet/tranquil.
How is PAD Prevented?
1A.27 In line with the ‘Safety First’ philosophy, physical restraint should be used only when the
situation clearly justifies it and when there is no other way to prevent physical harm to the
person or to others. Sometimes it may be better to wait things out than to intervene. The use of
OC should be minimised if any of the risk factors are obvious. OC is not a tranquilizer or
restraint, but rather a disabling device that works by producing an adverse physical and
psychological effect. In people whose condition is compromised by the effects of drugs this
effect may be compounded. In cases of psychiatric illness, the use of seclusion or containment
may be less confrontational and cause less stress to the effected person. Anyone who is
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restrained should be under constant observation by a member assigned exclusively to this task.
The time spent under restraint should be minimised.
Successfully placing the person in restraint is not an end in itself, but

rather the first stage in a process of calming the person and resolving
the situation.
Reduction Strategies
1A.28 The following actions on behalf of police members will reduce the likelihood of a
positional asphyxia death occurring:
a. Identify person at risk. Knowledge of the risk factors will enable members to identify
potential PAD situations.
b. Avoid prone restraint unless absolutely necessary. Safety first, avoid force, avoid
confrontation. Consider alternative methods for resolution of the situation. The
subject should be repositioned from the prone, facedown position, as soon as
practical. Lying on their side without any external pressure, sitting, kneeling or
standing the person up is acceptable.
c. Identify danger signs of asphyxia. If members can see it coming they may be able to
change their tactics to prevent PAD.
d. Constantly monitor the person. A member must continue to monitor a restrained

subject where there is any risk of PAD. Unless wholly unavoidable, a person should
not be transported in the prone, facedown position. In the exceptional circumstances
where this is necessary, constant attention should be paid to the condition of the
person and immediate steps taken to alleviate any breathing difficulties.
1A.29 Seek medical attention. Where there is any concern over the health of a restrained
person, medical attention is to be sought

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2-1
CHAPTER 2
MILITARY POLICE POWERS
SECTION 2-1. POWERS OF ARREST
INTRODUCTION
2.1 Military Police powers (as defined in Defence Law Manual) are confirmed on the
successful completion of initial employment training. This chapter provides further
information on the use of lethal force and revisits specific sections of ADFP 201 relating
only to the use of force in effecting arrest or self-defence.
2.2 The powers of a MP, as defined in the Defence Force Discipline Act (DFD Act), are at
Annex A to this chapter.
Use of Force in Making an Arrest

2.3 The use of force while effecting and arrest will be predicated on the threat, the
circumstances and the experience and skill of the MP. Annex B is an extract from the
DFD Act and provides some legislative guidance on the use of force.
Use of Lethal Force

2.4 The use of lethal force in effecting an arrest is within the context, although not specifically
stated, of Annex B. There are however, several renowned publications and definitions
that provide the necessary guidance that complement and expand on the DFD Act.
Annex C provides exerts from the Australian Centre for Police Research (ACPR) National
Guidelines for police use of lethal force, which is endorsed by all State and Territory
Police Ministers.
Using Minimum Force

2.5 The use of minimum force has always been an issue raised as a result of conjecture or
ignorance as to the difficulties encountered by police while prosecuting the law. Annex C
contains exerts from the British Criminal Law Review and provides graphic detail and
argument to defining the parameters of minimum force.
Use of Lethal Force Threat Assessment

2.6 The threat assessment, as it applies to the use of lethal force, underpins MP authority
and reinforces the previous sections of this chapter. Through formal training and
processing available information, an initiative response is achievable, rather than single
reaction. There are two phases in a threat assessment; pre response and response.
Pre Response Phase

2.7 The pre response phase involves situational awareness as the primary means of threat
assessment prior to progressing towards a ‘shoot/ no shoot’ response. This is the most
important phase and may negate the need to use lethal force as alternative strategies or
tactics may be employed to resolve the situation. However, should the threat and
situation dictate a ‘shoot scenario’, it is the Response Phase that guide an MP on the
direct application of lethal force.

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Response Phase
2.8 The Response Phase is in responding to the actions of an offender. In some
circumstances, due to the seriousness of the threats, the response will be instantaneous.
Techniques
2.9 The following procedures are the physical methods of conducting a threat assessment.
Utilised in conjunction with Off Target Off Trigger (OTOT), the methods are predicated on
having drawn firearms.
Searching – No Suspect
2.10 Depending upon the situation, the head, body and eyes may be scanning an area,
constantly assessing/searching. Throughout this procedure, the firearm should be held in
the assessment position (OTOT) and panning, in unison with the head and eyes. If a
threat is located, then the member will be in a position to immediately cover the threat
and assess the situation.
2.11 Carrying the firearm in the assessment position will not interfere with visual scanning/
assessment. When the firearm is moving in virtual unison with the head, it will enable the
member to cover any threat with minimal delay. This procedure is complimentary to the
training for engaging multiple offenders – (LOOK, COVER, ASSESS).
Assessing a Suspect (Extreme Danger anticipated)

2.12 Assessing a suspect when extreme danger is anticipated is totally dictated by and
dependant upon the prevailing circumstances. The firearm may be in the assessment
position aimed at the suspect. The firearm should be directed at a point on the suspect’s
body, low enough to enable an uninterrupted view of their hands. This will allow the
assessment of the threat level posed by the suspect. At all times, other than actually in
the firing process, the principles of OTOT must be followed.
Action after firing

2.13 Having utilised a firearm against an offender, in addition to an ongoing process of threat
assessment, the member must ask themselves three questions:
a. Has the trigger reset?
b. Do I have a sight picture?
c. Is the threat still there?
2.14 If the answer to all three questions is yes, the correct course of action is to fire again. The
process occurs rapidly and is ongoing until such time as the threat ceases.
SECTION 2-2. VERBAL CONTROL
2.15 In policing there will be situations whereby members will have to issue a verbal challenge.
Some basic guidelines for issuing challenges is that they must be CLEAR, LOUD
AUDIBLE and AUTHORITIVE, and must be followed by a PAUSE to give the recipient of
the challenge time to comply with your direction.
2.16 If the situation dictates a necessity for firearms consideration must be given to seeking
cover (if available) before issuing the challenge. What you say will also have a profound
effect on the offender, witnesses and in evidence in court.
2.17 You must announce who you are so there is no confusion on the part of the offender(s)
as to who it is. Military Police should announce ‘MILITARY POLICE!’ for a personal
confrontation and ‘THIS IS THE MILITARY POLICE!’ for a situation whereby offenders
may be in the rear of a dwelling and you are entering the front. If an individual is occupied

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they may not hear the first words clearly. This is will serve to draw their attention to the
fact someone is speaking and then draw their attention to ‘military police’. Your
identification is to be repeated until you contact or see the persons you are seeking.
2.18 The position you occupy will depend on available cover and the immediate environment.
You must attempt to retain a “REACTIONARY GAP’. Another pertinent point is the
consideration of multiple offenders; do not commit yourself to tunnel vision on one person
if there is the possibility of other offenders.
2.19 Next is a direction that will assist in immediate control and threat assessment. ‘DON’T
MOVE!’ This assessment, if only used once a person is seen, will also clearly indicate to
other MP that you have detected someone. Any movement after this should only be at the
direction of the controlling officer.
2.20 The reason that ‘Military Police’ or ‘this is the Military Police is combined with ‘don’t move’
as opposed to just ‘police, don’t move’, is that is has been held to sound like ‘please don’t
move’ when said quickly and under stress.
2.21 The next series of commands are to be issued by one member only (to avoid confusing
the offender) and assists in situation assessment and control. It should be taken into
consideration that the offender has just been told not to move.
a. ‘SLOWLY’
b. ‘SHOW ME YOUR HANDS…’
c. ‘DROP THE KNIFE (FIREARM,ETC)’
2.22 Obviously, if an offender is clearly brandishing a knife or firearm, then after identifying
yourself as a MP member, they will immediately be told to ‘Drop the…. ‘. Never give an
offender a count down ultimatum (If you don’t drop it on the count of three). This commits
you to a course of action at a time when flexibility is what you need. You may also force
the offender into some form of action. Each situation will have its own specifics. The
safety of the public, MP and the offender is paramount.
2.23 The offender should then be given directions (which will be situation specific) by the
contact member to move away from the weapon and to adopt a prone position for
approach/search by your partner. Have the offender lie face down with their head toward
the commanding/challenging member. The cover member approaches from the side,
utilising triangulation. As an adjunct, have the offender turn their head in the opposite
direction from which your partner will approach.
2.24 Be aware of your arcs of fire and where your firearm is pointed at all times. Lower your
firearm whilst your partner is in close proximity with the offender, however, remain at the
ready.
2.25 The following is an example of a verbal challenge. Obviously, as stated, each situation
may demand different directions, as long as you clearly identify yourself, assess and
control the offender.
a. ‘MILITARY POLICE’.
b. ‘DON’T MOVE’.
c. ‘SHOW ME YOUR HANDS’
d. ‘DROP THE KNIFE (FIREARM, etc)’.
e. ‘SLOWLY’.
f. ‘TAKE THREE PACES BACK’.
g. ‘DOWN ON YOUR KNEES’.
h. ‘LAY ON YOUR STOMACH’.

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i. ‘ARMS OUT TO YOUR SIDE’.
j. ‘PALMS UP’.
k. ‘CROSS YOUR FEET’.
l. ‘TURN YOUR HEAD AWAY FROM THE SOUND OF MY VOICE’.
m. ‘DO NOT MOVE UNLESS YOU ARE DIRECTED TO DO SO.’
What is (OFF TARGET OFF TRIGGER?)

2.26 Off Target Off Trigger is when the firearm is not engaging the threat, and at any time
other than actually engaged in the firing process, the finger must be outside the trigger
guard and resting firmly on the frame or trigger guard. The finger may only be placed
upon the trigger when the firearm is intended to be discharged. If a discharge is not
acceptable or justified at that particular moment, then the finger must be off the trigger as
described above. Likewise, if the suspect does not present himself or herself as a
potentially serious threat, then avoid pointing the firearm at them. This is primarily for
safety reasons but also enhances consistency and precise shot placement when
executed correctly.
2.27 Studies have shown that involuntary muscle contraction can occur when a person is
startled, loses their balance, or exerts themselves fully (sympathetic muscle contraction
or overflow). All of these are quite possible, even likely in a situation that required a
member to draw their firearm in the first place. If the finger is on the trigger when any of
those factors occurred, a discharge of the firearm is to be expected. Simply removing the
finger from the trigger is not enough to ensure safety. If the finger was poised firmly on
the frame or trigger guard, an obstacle is placed between the finger and trigger that would
block an involuntary conclusive motion but not a conditioned voluntary response to a
decision to fire. In order to use the trigger guard in this manner, the finger must be long
enough to firmly rest on it, not just barely touching it.
Tactical Training
2.28 It is appreciated that the shooting ranges available to members are quite diverse only in
design. Instructors are required to incorporate and explore as many, if not all, of the
following tactical components into training as is reasonably practicable, having regard to
safety, realism, practicality and purpose. Whilst this will be regarded as training, other
than a test, a subjective assessment will be made by the instructor as to the competence
or otherwise of the student.
2.29 Tactical components to be incorporated into courses of fire are as follows:
a. Forced Reloads;
b. Fire and Movement;
c. Cover (use of appropriate);
d. Barricade left/right side;
e. Shooting Positions;
f. Shoot/No Shoot Targets;
g. Low light; and
h. Torch Techniques.
2.30 Other considerations should be single hand, reactive hand and wounded member drills.

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SECTION 2-3. TACTICAL COMPONENTS
Assessment Position
2.31 In this position, the member has a toe handed grip on the firearm, trigger finger off the
trigger, outside the trigger guard and extended along the frame. Both arms are extended
into a shooting position, but the muzzle is lowered/pointed below the beltline of the
suspect. This keeps the suspects hands in view. In this position:
a. To fire, the member raises the firearm to the firing position, simultaneously moving
the trigger finger into position (see Figure 2-1);
b. Moving with the firearm in high cover is only done with the trigger finger off the
trigger, outside the trigger guard, and extended along the frame (see Figure 2-2);
c. The extended position of the trigger finger along the frame is an excellent technique,
even when the member is wearing gloves. The wearing of gloves can cause a false
perception of the trigger pressure, which could lead to an unintentional discharge;
and
d. When members with their firearms drawn come within ‘contact distance’
(approximately one – 1.5 metres) of suspects, they risk disarming attempts and
unintentional discharges. Accordingly, every effort should be made to avoid such
situations. Whenever possible, a backup member should be utilised to cover the
suspect from a safe distance so that the officer approaching within contact distance
to handcuff or search can do so with his firearm safely holstered.
Scanning
2.32 The term ‘scanning’ relates to the actions when checking the surrounding area for any
additional threats, prior to re-holstering the firearm. This action will break any tunnel
vision and establish that no further threats exist.
2.33 After dealing with the initial threat the high cover/subject control position, should be
employed to allow an unobstructed view over the firearm. In addition, conduct a visual
examination of the initial offender to be certain that no further threat exists.
Figure 2-1: Assessment Position (Side)

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Figure 2-2: Assessment Position (Front)

2.34 Scan for individual threats by moving head, eyes and firearm in unison, and view as much
of the surrounding area as possible
2.35 Then, without moving from position, the MP should” scan” for additional threats by moving
their head and eyes to view as much of the surrounding area as possible. At this time, the
firearm will still be in the high cover/subject control position, but should move with the
eyes.
REMEMBER - LOOK OVER THE FIREARM NOT THROUGH THE SIGHTS.
Torch Techniques
2.36 Torch techniques are methods used to join a firearm and torch together in areas of
extreme low light or no light, where you are unable to positively identify a threat/offender.
2.37 The following torch techniques are the four most popular and widely used in the world.
Choose one or more of the techniques that suit you. Remember, the technique must be:
a. SIMPLE – and easily adopted in a stress situation,
b. SAFE – to use so that the firearm blast does not injure your hand, and
c. SUPPORT – for your shooting hand to assist accuracy.
2.38 When using a torch technique, remember that your torch not only helps you identify a
threat/offender, it also shows your position. Use the torchlight sparingly. Only illuminate
possible threats, do not keep the torch on continually. Once you have illuminated a threat
and dealt with it, turn off immediately and move your location so that you will avoid
retaliation from an unseen offender.

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Figure 2-3: Torch Grip
Firearm Reloading with the Torch

2.39 When reloading your firearm DO NOT leave the torch on, it only marks your location at
your most vulnerable time.
2.40 The recommended technique is to place the torch under your shooting side armpit. This
allows the torch to be secured quickly and easily in a stress situation but still allows the
basic reloading technique to be used.
2.41 DO NOT attempt to put the torch back into its loop or into your pocket or waistband, as
this takes too much time. Placing or dropping the torch on the ground may cause its loss
in the dark.
The Harries Technique

2.42 A slow technique to assume but offers excellent mutual support for both shooting and
torch hands.
2.43 The support/torch hand must have a REVERSE GRIP on the torch, so that the little finger
is on the head of the torch and the middle finger activates the torch button.
The Harries Technique is as follows:

a. Bring the firearm to the shooting position;
b. Holding the torch in support hand, bring it under the shooting hand (NEVER IN
FRONT OF THE BARREL) (see Figure 2-4); and
c. Shooting hand remains straight and the torch hand is curled slightly up, enabling
torch hand to be positioned against back of shooting hand (see Figure 2-5). Both
wrists lock and press together, creating isometric tension.

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Figure 2-4: Harries technique (side)
Figure 2-5: Harries Technique (Front)

2.44 While conducting an area search, The Harries Techniques (described above) should be
maintained loosely as it is a physically stressful technique. Lowering the firearm and torch
will reduce stress to the shoulders and arms.
Modified Harries Technique

2.45 The Modified Harries Technique should only be employed when competent at the Harries
Technique. The modification used is when gripping the torch with the support hand.
Ensure a natural grip is employed, so that the thumb activates the torch button
The Chapman Technique

2.46 The Chapman Technique is slow to assume (in comparison with the Harries technique),
but provides good support for shooting and torch/support hands. During this technique
the grip applied to the torch ensures the thumb activates the torch button. The Chapman
Technique is as follows:
a. The shooting hand and torch hands are brought to a shoot position at the same time;
b. The torch is held to the support side of the firearm, using only the thumb and index
finger of the support hand (see Figure 2-6);

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c. The remaining three fingers of the support hand wrap around the fingers of the
shooting hand, approximating the two handed shooting grip (see Figures 2-7 and
2-8); and
d. The torch is activated using the support hand thumb.
Figure 2-6: Chapman Technique (Hand Positions)
Figure 2-7: Chapman technique (Side)
Figure 2-8: Chapman Technique (Front)
The Ayoob Technique

2.47 The Ayoob Technique is a technique that can be assumed quickly and offers acceptable
support for both shooting and torch hands. The torch hand must have a natural grip, so
that the thumb activates the torch button.
2.48 The Ayoob Technique is as follows:
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a. Shooting hand and support hand are brought to a shooting position at the same time;
b. Torch is held to the support side of the firearm, securely by all support hand fingers;
c. Support and shooting hand are positioned side by side so that the thumbs of each
hand are together; and
d. Torch is activated with support hand thumb.
2.49 While conducting an area search this technique can remain loosely in place; with the
pistol and torch lowered to reduce stress to shoulders and arms. Alternatively, the firearm
and torch can be held separately and brought together as the threat increases.
Tactical Shooting Position

2.50 Tactical shooting positions are designed to assist firers in the various situations that
require the use of lethal force. Each position has distinct advantages and disadvantages
that will be highlighted.
The High Kneeling Position

2.51 The High Kneeling Position is utilised when engaging offenders and no or minimum
positional movement is required. This position may be employed from the draw, ready or
shooting position, but is limited tactically as the majority of body weight is on one knee.
2.52 The High Kneeling Position is as follows:
a. Step to the rear with the strong side leg, at a distance that approximates the distance
between the knee and foot;
b. Lower body on the strong knee (the knee replaces where the strong foot was in the
standing position); and
c. Weak leg is bent 90 degrees with foot flat for balance. Torso remains erect (see
Figures 2-9 and 2-10).
Low Kneeling Position

2.53 The Low Kneeling Position is the same as the High Kneeling Position, with the following
modifications;
a. Lower the body by flexing both knees forward (quadriceps control the speed of
movement);
b. Maintain stability by ensuring both knees contact the ground at the same time; and
c. To ensure a standing position, bring the strong leg forward by placing the foot flat on
the ground and stand up.

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Figure 2-9: High Kneeling Position (side)
Figure 2-10: High Kneeling Position (front)
SECTION 2-4. USE OF COVER
Introduction
2.54 Firing a firearm from behind cover is not difficult and is one of the key physical survival
mechanisms available. However, understanding the logic of using and firing behind cover
enables a better understanding of available techniques and their relationship to a given
situation. Cover and concealment and the ability to observe and fire on an offender are all
important.
2.55 Exposing the minimum area of your body from behind cover affords the maximum
protection and concealment. For example, only the hands griping the firearm, side of the
head, aiming eye and pistol should be visible.
2.56 To use cover correctly you must:

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a. Keep back from the edge of cover, in order to ensure the firearm remains at least
30cm behind cover when adopting a normal firing position;
b. Maintain normal firing stance, so the firing technique remains the same (see Figures
2-11 and 2-12); and
c. Keeping your body behind cover, cant slightly to the side in order to fire around the
cover with the maximum amount of protection.
Figure 2-11: Barricade Shooting (standing)

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Figure 2-12: Barricade Shooting (kneeling)

2.57 By positioning your body just within the protection of the cover, you only need to cant your
body slightly to fire around the cover (see Figures 2-13 and 2-14).
2.58 Use the appropriate eye for cover. If you are capable of shooting accurately sighting with
the right eye or left eye, then use the eye appropriate to the side of cover being used.
(Right for right side of cover, left side for left side of cover). This will reduce the amount of
your head is visible to the offender (see Figure 2-15)
Figure 2-13: Body Positioning

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Figure 2-14: Body Angle

2.59 If you can not shoot equally well with either eye, then continue to sight with your master
eye and cant the body accordingly to sight around either side of the cover.
2.60 Continue to move your body behind the cover to protect yourself if the offender alters
their position.
Figure 2-15: Correct Position Behind Cover

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Common Mistakes Made While Using Cover
2.61 TOO CLOSE TO THE COVER. The firer hugs the available cover to obtain maximum
protection from in-coming fire. Although this affords good protection this restricts
peripheral vision around the cover and prevents a clear understanding of the overall
situation and may allow a second offender to approach unseen.
2.62 RESTING THE FIREARM AGAINST THE COVER. The firer, in hugging the cover, rests
the firearm against the cover to establish a normal shooting position or to obtain a rest.
Although this may assist in steadying the firearm, the function of the firearm may be
interrupted by contact with the cover. More importantly the muzzle or cylinder blast as the
weapon fires, may dislodge debris from the cover and blow it into the eyes temporarily
blinding them (see Figure 2-16).
2.63 PUSHING THE FIREARM PAST THE COVER: The firer hugging the cover must now
extend the firearm beyond the limits of the cover to establish a normal shooting position.
This not only “telegraphs” their position by showing the weapon to an unseen offender,
but also creates the potential for the weapon to be grabbed and the shooter disarmed by
an unseen offender (see Figure 2-17).
Figure 2-16: Example of Resting Firearm Against Cover

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Figure 2-17: Example of Pushing Firearm Past Cover
Safety with a Drawn Firearm

2.64 Be aware of the potential danger when the firearm is held on an offender. This procedure
should ideally be conducted from the high cover ensuring a clear view of the offender’s
hands/weapon is maintained. Ensure the following actions occur:
a. Give dynamic appropriate verbal commands;
b. Always maintain at least three metres (where possible) between yourself and the
offender. If the distance is small enough for the offender to reach the firearm,
disarming could easily take place, or a firearm could be made inoperative by having
the slide held;
c. Whilst maintaining distance, take up a position where there is an object (chair, table,
etc) between both parties (This is more valid for offenders armed with clubs, etc or
edged weapons);
d. DO NOT assume that an offender is disarmed because the obvious weapon has
been discarded; and
e. Maintain this position until the offender is completely under control, in custody and
handcuffed. Do not rely on compliance.
Remember
2.65 You are in danger from an offender armed with:
a. Bare hands: Within three metres;
b. Edged weapons: Less than 12 metres; and
c. Firearms: Line of sight without obstruction within the capabilities of the
firearm.

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Effects of Ricochet
2.66 Beware that ricocheting bullets present a danger in situations when using a wall as cover
or if a projectile strikes a hard wall, ground or an object at an angle of less than 45
degrees it will not bounce, but flatten out and travel at about one to eight inches above
the wall, ground or object.
Firearm Retention
2.67 The first consideration for firearm retention should be:
a. To maintain your equipment in good condition,
b. To wear it correctly fitted, and
c. Secure to your belt with keepers.
2.68 Your equipment cannot be expected to perform if it is damaged, incorrectly worn, poorly
fitted or poorly secured.
General Situations
2.69 There are three general situations which firearms have been taken from the police in
confrontations.
a. The firearm has been removed from holster either from the front, side or rear in
some manner;
b. The member has had a firearm drawn on an offender and has had the barrel
grabbed in an attempt to take the pistol; and
c. An attacker grabs the member’s wrists and attempts to pull the firearm from their
hands.
Basic Principles
2.70 Keep in mind that these are tips to avoid a situation in which your firearm has become the
subject of an attack.
a. Keep the firearm holstered and correctly secured at all times;
b. Make it a habit to help secure the firearm with your strong arm whilst talking to
anyone;
c. Always maintain a balanced stance, facing the offender at a 45 degrees angle with
your strong side away from the offender;
d. Maintain a distance of at least 1.5 metres from an offender unless you must move
closer to effect an arrest;
e. Keep your eyes on the offender at all times and make sure you can see their hands;
and
f. Keep your hands out of your pockets and do not fold your arms across your body.
The Four Step Method of Firearm Retention

2.71 When your firearm has been attacked the Four Step Method of Firearm Retention
provides an easy reference to essential principles of ensuring you are always capable of
retaining the firearm and controlling an attacker. The four steps are:
a. Secure the firearm in the holster. This procedure will vary slightly depending on
your type of holster. Push down firmly or form a clamp with your strong hand to
secure the firearm in the holster (see Figure 2-18);

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Figure 2-18: Secure Firearm

b. Position and balance yourself. Once you have secured the firearm in the holster,
position and balance yourself in order to deliver the maximum amount of force to
your assailant;
c. Breaking the hold. Once you have secured the firearm and adopted a counter
attack position, break the hold your assailant has on the firearm by using unarmed
impact (see Figures 2-19 and 2-20); and
Figure 2-19: Breaking the Hold (option 1)

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Figure 2-20: Breaking the Hold (option 2)

d. Create distance. After the release has been successful, move away from the
assailant to ensure further attempts are not made and use what ever procedures/
verbal commands are appropriate to effect the arrest.
2.72 These procedures require practice and a proper mental attitude to develop a degree of
proficiency and automatic reflex. It is best to practice these techniques with training-
firearms. If this is not possible ensure no live ammunition, either in firearms or loading
devices, is present when practising.
2.73 REMEMBER:
a. Secure the firearm in the holster,
b. Position and balance yourself,
c. Break the hold, and
d. Create distance.
NOTE: An attempt to disarm you of your firearm should be considered

to be a potentially lethal assault on you and should be treated
accordingly when breaking the hold your assailant has on the weapon.

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2A-1
DFDA POWERS OF MILITARY POLICE
2A.1 The following is an extract from the DFDA Sect 89 involving arrest without warrant.
Arrest without warrant
2A.2 Sect 89. (1) A member of the Defence Force may, without a warrant, arrest a person
over whom the member has a power of arrest if, and only if, the
member believes on reasonable grounds:
(a) that the person has committed, or is committing, a service

offence;
(b) that the arrest of the person is necessary in order to achieve

one or more of the following purposes:
(i). the purpose of ensuring the appearance of the person

before a service tribunal in respect of the service
offence;
(ii). the purpose of preventing a continuation of or repetition

of the service offence or the commission of a further
service offence;
(iii). the purpose of preventing the concealment, loss or

destruction of evidence of, or relating to, the service
offence;
(iv). the purpose of preserving the safety or welfare of the

person; and
(v). that proceedings under section 87 against the person in

respect of the offence would not effectively achieve that
purpose or those purposes.
(2) For the purposes of subsection (1):
(a) an officer has a power of arrest over:
(i). a sailor, soldier or airman;
(ii). an officer in respect of whom he or she is a superior

officer; or
(iii). a defence civilian;
(b) a warrant officer or a non-commissioned officer has a power of

arrest over sailor, soldier or airman in respect of whom he or
she is a superior officer;
(c) a member of:
(i). the regulating staff,

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2A-2
(ii). the staff of the officer of the watch; or
(iii). the staff of the officer of the day;
(d) a police member or a person lawfully exercising authority under

or on behalf of a service police officer has, subject to the
regulations, a power of arrest over any person; and
(e) where the service offence concerned is mutiny or a service

offence involving disorderly or violent behavior;
(i). an officer has a power of arrest over any other officer;

and
(ii). a warrant officer or a non-commissioned officer has a

power of arrest over any other sailor, soldier or airman.
(3) A power of arrest under paragraph 1, may be exercised:
(a) personally;
(b) by ordering the person concerned into arrest; or
(c) by giving an order for the arrest of the person concerned.
(4) Nothing in paragraph 1 authorises the arrest, without warrant, of a

person who is not a defence member or a defence civilian.
(5) A constable may, without warrant, arrest a person who the constable
believes, on reasonable grounds, is escaping from custody or has
escaped from custody to which the person is still liable.
2A.3 Commentary. Nothing stated in Section 89 authorised the arrest, without warrant of a
person who is not a defence member. However, there are specific
sections of the Defence Act.

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2B-1
ANNEX B TO CHAPTER 2
USE OF FORCE IN MAKING AN ARREST
2B.1 The following is an extract from the DFDA on the use of force in making an arrest.
Sect 92 (1) A person shall not, in the course of arresting person under this Act, use
more force, or subject the other person to greater indignity, than is
necessary to make the arrest or to prevent the escape of the other
person after the other person has been arrested.
(2) A person:
(a) Shall not, in the course of arresting another person under this
Act, do an act likely to cause the death of, or grievous bodily
harm to, the other person unless the person making the arrest
believes on reasonable grounds that the doing of that act is
necessary to protect life or to prevent serious injury to any other
person (including the person making the arrest); and
(b) Without limiting the application of the sub-paragraph (a), shall

not, in the course of so arresting another person who is
attempting to escape arrest by fleeing, do such an act unless
the other person has, if practicable, been called upon to
surrender and the person making the arrest believes on
reasonable grounds that the other person cannot be
apprehended in any other manner.
Commentary. This section is the result of statute and common law. The onus will always be on
the MP effecting an arrest.

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2C-1
ANNEX C TO CHAPTER 2
MINIMUM USE OF FORCE

‘Lethal force’ can be defined as that force which is intended to cause death or
grave injury or which creates some specified degree of risk that a reasonable and
prudent person would consider likely to cause death or grave injury.’
Use of Lethal Force
2C.1 Police officers will not use firearms against another person except in self-defence or
defence of others against the imminent threat of death or serious injury, to prevent the
perpetration of a particularly serious crime involving grave threat to life, to arrest a person
presenting such a danger and resisting there authority, or to prevent his or her escape,
and only when less extreme means are insufficient to achieve these objectives. In any
event, intentional lethal use of firearms may only be made when strictly unavoidable in
order to protect life.
2C.2 In the circumstances provided above police shall, where the circumstances permit:
a. identify themselves as police;
b. give a clear warning of their intent to use firearms;
c. ensure there is sufficient time for the warning to be observed before using firearms
unless it would:
(1) unduly place the police at risk;
(2) create a risk of death or serious harm to other persons; or
(3) be clearly inappropriate or pointless in the circumstances of the incident;
d. not fire warning shots.
2C.3 When the use of lethal force is necessary, police will:
a. exercise restraint in such use and act in proportion to the seriousness of the offence
and the legitimate objective to be achieved;
b. minimize damage and injury and respect and preserve human life; and
c. ensure that assistance and medical aid are rendered to any injured or affected
persons at the earliest possible opportunity.
2C.4 Police will report promptly to their superiors, in accordance with established procedures,
all instances involving the use of lethal force causing death or injury.
2C.5 Police may use lethal force (other than by use of firearms) in accordance with their
training and with reasoned discretion.
2C.6 Commentary. The ACPR endorsed guidelines clearly stated the requirement (where
practicable) to inform the offender of the imminent use of lethal force.
2C.7 The following is an edited extract from the October 1990 edition of the British Law
Review. This article provides an excellent argument totally negating the notion of the
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‘need for minimum force’ and highlights the operating environment and dangers
associated during the prosecution of the law.
th
On the 13 January, 1990, three men, two of whom were armed with replica weapons,
were shot dead by plainclothes soldiers engaged in intelligence gathering during an
attempted robbery at a betting shop in Belfast.
The shooting reawakened concern about the existence of a ‘shoot to kill’ policy by
security forces in Northern Ireland. This incident came in the wake of the shooting by
members of the S.A.S. of three armed Provisional IRA terrorists in Gilbraltarin April 1988,
and a number of incidents involving the Royal Ulster Constabulary, which led to the
Stalker Inquiry.
Amongst the many issues raised by these various incidents is the question of whether the
degree of force employed has been consistent with the principle of ‘minimum force’.
Critics have drawn attention to the fact that some of those killed were unarmed and, in
one of the ‘shoot to kill’ cases, the victims had no connections with the terrorist group.
Scepticism had been voiced about whether the victims were afforded the opportunity to
surrender before being shot. Concern has been expressed about the number of shots
being fired and particular anxiety has been aroused by allegations that victims were shot
even after they had collapsed.
The Meaning of ‘Minimum Force”
The principle of ‘minimum force’ goes beyond, and is more restrictive than, the law i.e.,
that a person may only use ‘such force as is reasonable in any circumstances’ in order to
prevent a crime or to arrest an offender. How much force is reasonable in any given
circumstance is a matter of fact for a jury to decide. Some commentators have feared that
the police and security forces might exploit the imprecision of the ‘reasonableness’
criterion and have proposed the more restrictive stipulation of ‘absolute necessity’. In fact
Home Office (Britain) guidelines and policy effectively impose a necessity’ criterion and it
is clear that whatever the legality of controversial shootings, the police and security forces
are actually judged by the more stringent standards of ‘necessity’. ‘Minimum force’ is
merely one expression of the ‘necessity’ requirements for, put simply. No more force than
is ‘necessary’ should be used to achieve a lawful purpose. What goes unrecognised is
that ‘necessity’ has two quite distinct aspects, which are of crucial operational importance
to the use of firearms by police or security forces.
The first is that force should not be employed until it becomes essential. Thus, although
there may be occasions where pre-emptive use of force may be expedient in order to
extinguish any likelihood of threat, it is normally expected that force will only be used in
response to some threatening action by the adversary. Force, in other words, should not
be used ‘just in case’ the adversary poses a threat, but only after that thereat has
materialised.
Secondly, is that the amount of force should only be sufficient to overcome resistance. No
matter how who is threatened by an adversary, the force employed should be limited to
that which is necessary to subdue him or overcome resistance. Once resistance is
overcome the use of more force would be gratuitously punitive.
When police use non-lethal force, both aspects of ‘necessity’ are readily accessible. For
example, a police officer should only strike someone with his truncheon if that person
poses a sufficient threat to make hitting him necessary. Having struck him with sufficient
force to disable, any further blows would be unjustified. By contrasts, the use of firearms
entails crossing a threshold, which precludes the application of this second restriction.

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‘Minimum Force’ and the Use of Firearms
Because firearms are inherently lethal weapons, they can only be justifiably used in the
most extreme conditions of an immediate threat to life. Hence, police officers are
instructed that they may only open fire in conditions, which would justify killing the person
at whom they aim, even if the shots fired did not kill.
Primacy is thus accorded to the first aspect of the ‘necessity’ criterion – that force should
only be used when it becomes essential for the preservation of life. Paradoxically, this
effectively renders other considerations redundant, for in life-threatening circumstances it
is imperative that incapacitation be both total and immediate. To do otherwise might allow
the person to open fire at police, hostages, innocent bystanders, or enable him to
detonate explosives even after he has been hit. Instant and complete incapacitation
entails inflicting nothing less than devastating injury, since the circumstances are so
extreme that there is no room for error. If instead, an effort is to be made to minimise the
injury from him to the innocent, a failure to incapacitate completely might lead to the
threat being executed.
Shooting to Wound and the Primacy of the ‘Extremis’
One humanitarian alternative that seems to accord faithfully with the principle of
‘minimum force’ is to shoot to wound. Having passed the threshold at which recourse to
firearms becomes necessary, this surely avoids inflicting more injury than is required to
subdue an adversary. A person shot in the lower limb might well drop any weapon he was
carrying and thus be rendered harmless. It seems difficult to disagree with Blom-Cooper
who suggests –
‘Even if prevention (of a crime) dictates some incapacitation of
the terrorist before effecting his capture, it may be unnecessary
or unreasonable to use deadly force. Warning shots
overhead, or in an emergency to avoid an escape, shooting
to injure or maim (but not to kill) may suffice.”
Yet, if such a policy were to be implemented, far from reducing death or serious injury, it
would be likely to increase them. There are four reasons why this is so.
Firstly, shots intended to wound are likely to miss. Limbs are very much more difficult to
hit than the torso, especially in the highly charged conditions of an armed confrontation. It
is, therefor, more likely that the shots will miss their target completely. In this event two
dangers arise; the first is that the bullet will hit someone else and cause him injury or
death; the second is that the person at whom the shot was aimed will carry out his threat.
Secondly, a wounded person is unlikely to be incapacitated either totally or immediately

compared to the trauma that normally follows after being shot in the torso. Gunshots
wounds in the limbs inflict only relatively slight injury, and are highly likely to pass through
their target retaining enough velocity to inflict serious injury or death upon anyone
unfortunate enough to be in the way.
The third objection follows from the first two, for if shots aimed at the limbs fail to
incapacitate totally and immediately, police officers would become inclined to open fire at
a lower level of threat.
This leads to the fourth objection; if police were to open fire at a lower level of threat,
albeit with the intention of wounding, the result is less likely to be an increase in serious
injury and death. Mention has already been made of the danger posed to innocent
bystanders by shots that miss or pass through a limb. There is also likelihood that shots
fired with the intention of wounding will actually kill. Errors of aim are likely to result. Even
when the bullet strikes its desired target, there is no guarantee that it will not ricochet off
bone or a hard object carried by the person and cause unintended serious injury or death.

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If police were to follow the guidance offered by Blom-Cooper and fire at the lower torso,
this likelihood becomes much greater.
Therefore, the likelihood is that a ‘shoot to wound’ policy would result in more people
being shot, a proportion of whom would be killed.
The balance of advantage seems to lie in favor of making recourse to firearms only ‘in
extremis’, and in doing so with the intention of inflicting grievous, if not fatal, injury. To do
otherwise would be to invite a lowering of the threshold at which recourse to firearms was
made and thereby possibly cause an unintended greater loss of life.
The principle of ‘minimum force’ when applied to the use of firearms implies, first and
foremost, that recourse to potentially lethal force should not be made except in the most
extreme circumstances, when someone’s life is immediately threatened. What has
hitherto gone unrecognised is that if life-threatening circumstances do arise, it is essential
that action taken by police or security force should ensure, as far as possible, that
incapacitation of the armed opponent is both total and immediate. To do otherwise is to
place innocent people at risk of injury or death. Commentators should not leap to the
conclusion that because an adversary suffers devastating injury without warning,
‘minimum force’ was not employed.
Commentary. This extract expands on and reinforces those aspects of DFD Act as they
relate to the term ‘minimum force’ adds clarity to an MP’s operational environment and
provides a sound basis for doctrine and training.

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CHAPTER 3
USE OF FORCE
SECTION 3-1. SELF DEFENCE
3.1 In exercising self-defence, a person is entitled to use such a degree of force as is

appropriate to:
a. defend themselves;
b. defend someone they are entitled to protect;
c. protect property (in accordance with the Rules of Engagement/law);
d. prevent the commission of a felony; or
e. exercise a lawful power of arrest.
3.2 There are even specified circumstances whereby the taking of a life can be justified in
exercising self-defence. Self-defence may sometimes lawfully take the form of attack. If a
revolver were pointed at a man, a blow from that mans umbrella may be the only possible
method of self-defence, it must not be repeated for aggression; a ‘fair fight’ is not self-
defence. Self-defence is a matter of justification and the onus is on the prosecution to
show that there was no justification for the act charged.
SECTION 3-2. USE OF FORCE

Use of Force
3.3 The use of force by MP must be reasonable and proportionate to the objective at all
times. The military, media, public and the judicial system will primarily judge the
reasonableness and proportionality.
Tactical Options
3.4 Presence. The lowest level of force available is the mere presence of a MP. The
presence of uniformed MP or marked vehicles can be a deterrent against people
committing offences or re-committing offences. For example a continual presence around
a unit-wet canteen is a highly visible deterrent against behavioral offences. However
members must be reminded that a large MP presence could insight or inflame the
situation.
Verbalisation
3.5 The most basic defensive measure available to the member is the use of verbalisation
(talking) to persuade a subject to cooperate. Verbalisation is the best form of
defensive tactic and the most fundamental use of force that can be employed.
Verbalisation should be continued throughout an entire contact or confrontation. This will
be explained in further detail in Chapter 4.
Escort Holds
3.6 Verbalisation is the foundation on which all additional levels of force are built. However, if
verbalisation is not effective, the next means of gaining control is the use of an escort or
pain compliance hold.

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3.7 Pain compliance involves the manipulation of a joint to cause pain. Compliance results
from an effort on the part of the subject to relieve the discomfort. In those circumstances
in which an escort technique is inappropriate or ineffective and yet a higher use of force is
not justified, pain compliance would be an appropriate and often effective procedure.
Unarmed Impact
3.8 Unarmed impact is not static but dynamic and is the next level of force available if pain
compliance is ineffective or inappropriate. Unarmed impact has a high probability of
gaining compliance, but also has a higher potential for injury to the subject and the MP.
As a result, unarmed impact is only employed in those circumstances in which the
preceding levels of force would prove inappropriate as a result of the assailant’s behavior,
or when they have shown themselves to be ineffective as a means of control.
Sprays
3.9 The use of escort holds and pain compliance techniques are effective, however these
techniques can only be employed in situations where physical contact has already been
made with the subject. In situations where the subject is already violent and the level of
force needs to be escalated without the need of physical confrontation, which comes with
the use of unarmed impact, Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) spray can be employed as another
use of force. This is achieved without the need for a dynamic physical confrontation with
the subject. OC spray is a non-impact and non-dynamic force and can be effectively
employed in a planned and unplanned situation.
Baton
3.10 When unarmed impact fails or would be inappropriate, or OC spray would not be
deployable due to the prevailing weather conditions, the use of the baton may be
required. The baton is an intermediate level of force that bridges the gap between the use
of hands or fists and the use of a firearm to control the assailant.
Lethal Force
3.11 Finally, if the intermediate force of a baton proves ineffective or inappropriate, the firearm
may be required as the only final solution to negate the threat, if ‘Tactical Withdrawal’ or
‘Cordon & Contain” are not viable. Lethal Force is a last resort option.
Confidence and skill in the verbal and physical components of

the force continuum may prevent you resorting to the use of your
weapon prematurely.
Tactical Options Model

3.12 The RACMP has adopted a Tactical Options Model (see Figure 3-1) to assist members in
understanding the appropriate level of force in operational situations.
3.13 Throughout the Tactical Options Model the common theme is a safety first attitude,
together with communication skills, which are used to promote de-escalation of the
incident and thus ensure the minimum use of force. It can be seen on the circular
representation of the model that central to the whole issue of the use of force is safety.
Prior to the application of any level of force, communication skills should be exercised.
3.14 Physical confrontations are not static but are dynamic by nature. The tactical options
wheel turns in either direction, moment by moment to the appropriate option depending
on all the circumstances. These circumstances may include factors such as the size,
special skills, age, sex of the subject/MP; numbers of MP/ offenders present; weapons
that may be present and the environment in which the incident occurs.

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3.15 The role of MP is to apply the correct tactics and communication in an endeavor to bring
about a peaceful resolution to the incident or basically to Generate Voluntary
Compliance by the offender. The escalation/ de-escalation of the incident may be, in
some cases, dictated by the member’s correct choice of tactics.
3.16 Members are reminded that mere presence is a tactical option. Prior to deciding on this
option members should analyse the situation, prepare the plan, make all possible
inquiries about the offender and request any assistance deemed appropriate.
Figure 3-1: Military Police Tactical Options Model
Improvised Weapons
3.17 Through “if/then” thinking the considerations of improvised weapons may, out of
necessity, be available and appropriate in the circumstances. The use of improvised
weapons does not negate legal justification for the use of force and, as such, should not
be used in the first instance.
Military Operational Environment

3.18 Whilst deployed on operations the use of force will be restricted through the Rules of
Engagement (ROE) and clarity of these rules through formal orders and use of Orders
For Opening Fire (OFOF).
Justifiable Use of Force

3.19 Although as a general rule anyone who uses force is criminally responsible for doing so,
there are certain occasions on which a person is entitled to use force. In cases where the
use of force is justified, the basic principle is that a person must not use a greater force to
achieve the lawful objective than is reasonable.
3.20 The most important occasions on which the use of force may be justified or excused are
the execution of a legal sentence, arrest, search, prevention of crime, lawful correction,
sport and in self-defence.

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3.21 An acronym to assist with justifying the use of the force is I A M O +P. It stands for:
a. Intent: What is the intent of the offender?
b. Ability: What is the ability of the offender?
c. Means: Does the offender have the opportunity to carry out his threat / intentions?
d. Opportunity: Does the offender have the opportunity to carry out his threat?
e. Preclusion: Are you precluded from any other course of action or tactical option.
3.22 If members ask and answer these questions during their risk assessment the force used
should be justifiable. Remember that the offender decides the action.
Use of Force Continuum

3.23 The use of force continuum is a system of verbalisation skills coupled with physical
alternatives.
SECTION 3-3. MILITARY POLICE/SUBJECT FACTORS AFFECTING

LEVELS OF FORCE
3.24 To assist in assessing what level of force is appropriate the following factors must be
considered:
a. Size. A larger MP using lesser control techniques than a smaller MP may control a
smaller subject. A smaller MP may need to use more control over a larger subject;
b. Special Skill. If it can be perceived from knowledge and experience that the subject
possesses special fighting skills, i.e. He immediately took up a ‘fighting stance’, the
MP may have to consider heavier subject control options;
c. Age. The age and physical ability of the both MP and subject must be considered;
d. Sex. Whether the subject or MP is male or female must be considered because of
the physiological differences;
e. Multiple Offenders. If the MP are outnumbered then the level of force must exceed
that necessary to control one person (disengaging would be considered as would
back-up); and
f. Multiple Military Police. Lesser control techniques may be used when MP
outnumbered the subject.
SECTION 3-4. SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES REQUIRING AN

INCREASED LEVEL OF FORCE
3.25 The choice of the level of force an MP is required to use in a given situation must change
as the level of resistance changes. The following are circumstances where the present
level of force will have to escalate to avoid injury or death:
a. Proximity of Offender to Weapon: This presents one of the most dangerous
situations a member may experience. If, during a struggle the MP becomes aware of
the subject making attempts to gain control of weapons in his/her possession, an
immediate escalation of force must occur;
b. MP Injured or Disabled: Where the MP is injured or disabled and is unable to
effectively control the situation, an immediate escalation of force must occur to
regain control and prevent any further injury;
c. Fatigue: Should the fight become prolonged and fatigue starts to prevent the
member being able to match the resistance, an escalation of force must occur.

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Fatigue will generally start to set in after 20 to 30 seconds of struggling. It is about
this stage that the chances of injury/defeat will increase if control is not gained; and
d. Ground Position: If a member is on the ground and not in the process of controlling
an offender, he is probably losing the fight.
If the member possesses special knowledge about the person he

is dealing with, this knowledge will assist in determining the level
of force to be used, ie.'known for violent assaults'.
SECTION 3-5. CONDITIONS OF AWARENESS
Condition White – Complacent

3.26 This is a state of environmental unawareness, a state of daydreaming, tiredness, and
preoccupation with other matters or complacency. If a MP is complacent, they ignore or
are oblivious to danger signals, no matter how obvious.
3.27 Thinking, “It wont happen to me”, indicates a low level of alertness or readiness in this
mental state. This ‘mindless’ condition may actually encourage an attack by an offender
keen to take any opportunity presented. If a MP is in a complacent condition when
confronted with a life threatening situation there is a high likelihood that they will enter a
state of cognitive overload or panic as the mind races to catch up. Due to the effects of
the body alarm reaction and the instantaneous and massive adrenaline dump (in
conjunction with other chemicals) any immediate mental and appropriate physical
response is virtually impossible. This may then result in severely delayed responses, or
negligent responses or freezing in place, unable to act.
Condition Yellow – Alert

3.28 When on duty MP should be relaxed, alert and cautious, but not tense. This is a state of
interest in the environment and can be maintained indefinitely without any nervous strain.
The person is receptive to information.
3.29 Whilst in this condition, danger signals and threat cues will be readily observed. MP will
be mentally prepared to plan or act in accordance with trained responses. Upon receiving
any danger signals an MP should naturally adopt condition Orange or Red in accordance
with the threat cue/risk assessment.
Condition Orange – Suspicious (Preparation)

3.30 The MP is suspicious and acknowledges the presence of risk or danger. The body alarm
reaction may be commencing with adrenaline beginning to course through the body,
preparing the body physically and mentally for action. The MP commences to
purposefully scan and evaluate the environment for signs of danger and threat cues,
which is virtually a heightened risk assessment. Back up may be requested, cover
sought, approaches and contingencies planned for, routes for tactical withdrawal
considered.
3.31 In this condition, planned and trained responses will occur, and it would ideally be very
difficult to be caught by surprise.
Condition Red – Danger (Preparation/Response)

3.32 A confrontation may be occurring or a critical incident may be developing. Varying
degrees of the body alarm reaction will be experienced. Studies in the field of motor
behavior clearly indicate that the body will react predictably when exposed to
spontaneous stress.

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3.33 The heart rate will increase, breathing will become shallower and more rapid, fine motor
skills may experience some degradation and cognitive ability may also be impaired.
Decision-making and reactions will be made, in part, by the subconscious based upon
recognition and recall of previous training and experiences. Successful resolution may
now rest on how aware the MP was before the incident commenced, and as a result, how
effectively they were able to prepare for the incident.
Condition Black – Danger (Critical Incident/Response)

3.34 The MP is faced with a life threatening or extreme high street situation. The body alarm
reaction is in full flight, and the MP may no longer be able to respond through conscious
information processing and problem solving skills. If an MP has been appropriately
trained, actions may rely on sub-conscious retrieval of trained and learned responses to
relevant situational and threat cues.
3.35 Phenomenon such as perceptual narrowing, auditory exclusion, time and space
distortion, varying degrees of motor skill degradation may be experienced, or even
functional stress (cognitive and physical) may occur. If the MP has not been well trained
and prepared for the situation, the response will be uncertain and unpredictable. A
successful resolution will be haphazard. A well-trained MP, aware and prepared, will be
operating in accordance with their training.
Time + Distance + Cover = Safety
Time
3.36 MP need to be cognisant of the requirement to ensure there is sufficient distance
between an offender/subject in order to maximise reaction time to a direct or perceived
threat. This time gap is based on the ability of armed (other than a firearm) and unarmed
offenders.
a. Unarmed Offender. In order to maintain personal space and react to sudden
movements a reaction time of one second or two metres is considered the minimum
reactionary gap; and
b. Armed (other than a firearm) Offender. A man armed with an edged weapon can
move approximately six metres and deliver a fatal thrust in about 1.5 seconds. To
enable MP sufficient reactionary gap a distance of 12 metres or three seconds is
considered the minimum requirement to negate an armed offender.
Distance
3.37 There is an inextricable link between time and distance. This link is exemplified by the
following summary of statistics of the actions police officers are capable of when rushed
by an offender with an edged weapon.
a. 1.5 metres –
(1) incapable of drawing weapon.
(2) majority of police officers were assaulted even with drawn weapons.
b. 3.0 metres – capable of drawing weapon but incapable of providing effective fire.
(1) 4.5 metres – majority capable of drawing and firing, but were assaulted in the
process.
Cover
3.38 Whether operating as an individual or in pairs, MP situational awareness needs to be
focused not only on verbal or ONV threat cues from offenders, but also partner protection
and cover for self protection in the event of a escalation in threat. Proficient training and
maintaining a reactionary gap maximises safety.

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SUBJECT CONTROL DISTANCES

DANGER ZONES OF ASSAULT
Unarmed: two metres or more.
Armed (other than the firearm): 12 metres or more
NOTE: It is not recommended Military Police engage in a situation involving edged/blunt edged
weapons, unless they are carrying firearms and there is no other alternative
*ACTION IS QUICKER THAN REACTION*
SECTION 3-6. ELEMENTS REQUIRED BY MILITARY POLICE FOR THE

SAFE EMPLOYMENT OF DEFENSIVE TACTICS
3.39 Mental Commitment. The will to survive and the will to win are of paramount importance.
Be prepared to go to extreme measures to survive. Don’t ever give up, regardless of how
hopeless the situation appears. ‘I will succeed and go home’, mental attitude is
everything.
3.40 Physical Fitness. A member’s physical fitness can also determine and increase the
chances of survival. Fit bodies can withstand far more physical and mental stress than
one that is not. Using force requires physical fitness and all the components that fitness
comprises – strength, flexibility and cardio-vascular endurance.
3.41 Techniques and Tactics. Having techniques and tactics that work for you in the
operational environment helps ensure your survival.
3.42 Equipment. Ensuring that operational members have the best equipment available and
confident ability in using that equipment enhances the member’s ability to survive when
confronted with a life-threatening situation.
3.43 The above four elements complement each other and MP must possess all four to ensure
survival.
SECTION 3-7. USE OF FORCE SUCCESS FACTORS

3.44 The use of force success factors are articulated in the acronym RISC;
a. Rapid. Once you believe that the circumstances leave you no alternative and the
use of force is justified, you must act immediately. Delay will reduce your chances of
success;
b. Intensity. Using force requires intensity. ‘As hard as you can hit’, - anything else
would indicate that there was no need to use force at all;
c. Specific. To ensure success, techniques should be delivered to a specific target for
a specific purpose; and
d. Competence. MP must have the ability to make techniques work. This is only
achieved by regular training.
Behavioral Warning Signs

3.45 In anticipating danger, it is imperative to take into consideration the following behavioral
warning signs:
a. Past history,
b. General level of agitation,
c. Conspicuously ignoring you,
d. Excessive emotional attention,

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e. Exaggerated movements,
f. Act drunk, and
g. Uncooperative to cooperative.
Pre-Attack Indicators
3.46 The following points are some clues, which may be indicators, prior to being attacked:
a. Establishing a stance – bladed foot position;
b. Hand set – fist clenching;
c. Shoulder shift;
d. Target glance – i.e. at firearm etc;
e. Bobbing up and down;
f. Rocking forwards and back;
g. Facial wipe;
h. 1000-yard stare;
i. Head drops down; and
j. Growl.
3.47 MP mental state of awareness or being situationally aware is an important safety factor
and directly affects the ability to deal with the entire range of situations. MP should
consider all possibilities in situations BEFORE they occur. This approach is called
“If/Then Thinking”. Employing If/Then Thinking enables planning in response to threats.
MP must also be conscious of potential obstructions, cover, escape route, anything that
might pose a threat or impede the use of defensive tactics.
If he does this, then I will do that in response.
Edged Weapon Confrontation

3.48 Knives, razor blades, syringes, spears, cutlery, scissors and any other sharp instrument
that are manufactured or adopted to cut, tear or cause incisions are labeled '‘EDGED
WEAPONS'’. An edged weapon is in many ways far more dangerous than a firearm
because it never jams, it does not require ammunition and it tears and shreds as it cuts,
causing a propensity to inflict extensive damage to vital organs.
3.49 What then is the defence against a knife attack? Can we legally use a firearm against a
person with a knife/edged weapon? The answer is clearly ‘a definite maybe”. This
question cannot be easily answered with a simple ‘yes’ or ‘no’. There are a number of
variables that clearly will make the use of a firearm justifiable, or not justifiable. These
variables would include – How far the offender was from the member? Did the member
take the threat as serious? Did the subject have the ability to deliver their threats?
However, as with all situations requiring the use of force, it must be proportionate to the
threat.

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CHAPTER 4
COMMUNICATION SKILLS
SECTION 4-1. THE PROFESSION OF LAW ENFORCEMENT
High Visibility
4.1 MP wear a distinctive uniform, operate high visibility vehicles, represent authority and
ensure compliance with relevant legislative and policies. All MP actions and re-actions,
both on or off duty, are subject to scrutiny and comment by the military or civilian
community. The high visibility of MP requires all members of RACMP to embrace and
reflect the RACMP Code of Ethics.
Quick Decisions
4.2 MP may have to make an instant decision to use various levels of force up to and
including lethal force. Injuries to offenders due to baton strikes, punches or kicks etc, may
bring about serious consequences. Depending on the urgency and how much time can
be required particularly in life threatening matters. These decisions have the potential to
change a career or life forever.
Codified Body of Knowledge

4.3 MP training develops specific knowledge relating to laws and procedures that enable
members to act on behalf of commanders. This knowledge is specific to policing and
includes a thorough understanding of such things as the DFDA, Defence Act,
Commonwealth Crimes Act, Evidence Act, Federal/ State Road Safety Acts and other
legislation.
Continuous Training
4.4 All professional organisations need to train continually to sharpen their skills. Continuous
training in all aspects of Defensive Tactics, MP procedures and practices ensures
professional representation during the conduct of all tasks.
Ethical Standard of Conduct

4.5 All professional bodies have standards of conduct. Similarly the ADF, Army and MP have
an ‘Ethical Standard of Conduct’, which requires us to treat all persons with dignity and
respect. This is highlighted by the Army’s ‘Rules for a fair go’ and the RACMP Code of
Ethics. The ‘Rising Sun’ and Corps Badge are symbols; they represent the publics and
ADF’s trust in us as an organisation, and to violate this trust is unthinkable. We must be
what we represent. If this is not what you want, you ARE in the wrong job.
SECTION 4-2. GOAL OF TACTICAL COMMUNICATION

Introduction
4.6 Tactical Communication skills assist personal safety by incorporating specific language
and phrases, designed to enhance MP ability to control situation by de-escalation. Recent
statistics indicate national and international police forces employing these techniques
have received up to 80% reduction in complaints. The primary aim of Tactical
Communications is to generate voluntary compliance.

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Enhanced Professionalism
4.7 Removing personal bias and prejudices enhances professionalism and better equips MP
when communicating. The two principles of communication are:
a. ‘Natural language is disastrous’. By using natural language you will use words that
come readily to the lips without thinking about the impact they will make. You will
make the greatest speech that you will ever live to regret; and
b. ‘If it makes you feel good, it is no good’. In the heat of the moment during a verbal
exchange do not say something, which makes you feel good. It will usually be
defamatory, insulting, degrading or just a simple put down to others. It will therefore
cause conflict or aggression and distract you from your objectives.
Reduce Stress
4.8 Employing tactical communications enables individuals to depersonalise experiences and
situations, thereby benefiting inherent coping mechanisms and facilitating stress
reduction.
SECTION 4-3. TACTICAL COMMUNICATION OPTIONS

Professional Presence
4.9 Ensuring verbal communications are reflected by movement and gestures are keys to
successfully de-escalating and controlling situations.
MP must not only look good you must sound good - or its no
good.
Verbal Communication
4.10 Clarity and conciseness are important characteristics in verbal communication; however,
correct tone and avoiding phrase repetition will significantly assist MP manages most
situations. There are two types of phrases MP need to be aware of; these are conflict and
peace. Examples of each phrase are as follows:
a. Conflict Phrases (The tone used is very significant):
(1) ‘Calm Down! (What do you feel when someone says this to you?)’
(2) ‘What’s your problem?’
(3) ‘Hey you, come here!’
(4) ‘You wouldn’t understand.’
(5) Because those are the rules!’
(6) ‘Because I said so!’
(7) ‘It’s none of your business!’
(8) ‘What do you want me to do about it?’
(9) ‘I’m not going to tell you again!’
(10) ‘I’m doing this for your own good!’
(11) ‘I’m not going to say this again!’
(12) ‘Why don’t you be reasonable?’

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b. Peace Phrases (Tone is also very important)
(1) ‘I am here to help you’
(2) ‘It is going to be alright’
(3) ‘What is the matter/ what has happened?’
(4) ‘Excuse me, can I talk to you?’
(5) ‘Can I ask you… for your safety and mine…?’
4.11 As a basic principle, the MP role and voice must harmonize. Any conflict between role
and voice, a person will believe voice. Voice with ONVs or body language will account for
93% of effective communication.
SECTION 4-4. TYPES OF PEOPLE

Introduction
4.12 MP need to be proficient when dealing with two key aspects; information and people.
When dealing with people MP need to remain flexible and open-minded in order to gain
trust and information. There are three types of people will come in contact with, either on
or off duty:
a. Nice People. These people are your average person; they will comply immediately
with any request or direction you give them. This type of person will not complain.
They will also tell 10 to 15 friends about the bad encounter with the MP. For
example, you attend a party/ BBQ and when you tell them that you are an MP, they
have a story to tell you about how they were badly treated by the MP or the police in
general;
b. Difficult People. You will always get resistance from these people. They are
temperamental and incapable of doing what you ask the first time. They immediately
rebel and have to be persuaded or subdued to gain compliance. Out of 10 people,
seven to nine of these people will comply using tactical communication techniques,
after a couple of requests; and
c. Two Faced People. They are the most dangerous people MP will encounter. They
will answer ‘Yes CPL/ SGT/ Sir/ Ma’am’ to your face, and then stab you in the back
afterwards. They will be nice to your face then complain to your superiors later.
These types of people do not accept responsibility.
You must be skilful with all three types of people
SECTION 4-5. HOW TO DEAL WITH VERBAL ABUSE
Deflection and Redirection

4.13 When encounting abuse or insults, ‘strip phrases’ can be used as a deflection or
redirection. The following are examples of strip phrases:
a. ‘I understand that but…’
b. ‘Appreciate that but…’
c. ‘I got that but…’
d. ‘Maybe so but, …’
e. ‘Sorry you feel that way but…’
f. ‘I hear that but…’
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4.14 Strip phrases prevent the offenders/subjects taking control of the situation. When the
abuse or insult has been dealt with ensure the person is made aware of the original
instruction. Remember that abuse is not directed at the person but towards authority and
the MP uniform.
4.15 The language used after the deflector and the word but must be professional language.
"Natural Language is Disastrous"
Reasons to use Deflectors

4.16 The reasons are as follows:
a. It instills confidence because the situation is handled tactfully,
b. Strip phrases springboard over insults that might otherwise pass control to the
offender,
c. It reduces the power of the offender and keeps MP focused on the real issue, and
d. These phrases sound professional and are directed at the problem.
"Say what you want, DO what I say";

"I have the last ACT, I give you the last WORD"
SECTION 4-6. COMMUNICATION SKILLS
Active Listening
4.17 Listening is not a natural act. The opposite of talking should be listening, but for most
people it is waiting; waiting to interrupt. Active listening is a highly complex skill that has
four different steps:
a. Being opened and unbiased,
b. Hearing literally,
c. Interpreting the data, and
d. Act appropriately.
4.18 Offenders/subjects are under various kinds of influences from drugs, alcohol to anxiety,
fear, rage, ignorance or misunderstanding. If MP do not listen carefully they will miss the
meaning of what these people are really saying. These influences are barriers to
interpreting the correct message.
4.19 Take responsibility to be a good communicator. Get people to listen by the power and
manner with which you send your message. When you are on the listening end, you may
be open and unbiased and able to literally hear, but how do you interpret what you are
heard so you can decide on a course of action?
4.20 People hardly ever say what they mean. If you react to what they say, you may make a
mistake. People under the influence of intoxicating liquor, drugs, rage, fear, anxiety,
ignorance, stupidity, or bias don’t mean exactly what they say.
Receivers Point of View

4.21 From the receiver’s point of view, there are three elements of communication from which
a person will take their cues. They are:
a. The content element – (Takes from seven to 10%). Your message which you
consider very important, is the least impressive;

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b. Your voice – carries a weight of 33 to 40%; and
c. Other Non Verbals (ONV) – make up 50 – 60% of the delivery.
Summarising and Confirmation

4.22 Paraphrasing is a powerful communication tool. It puts another person’s meaning into
your words and delivers it back to them. In other words, you take what you think they
mean, use your words and say it back to them. An example of paraphrasing is as follows:
a. ‘Let me be sure I heard what you just said… (pause) you are (angry, upset,
disappointed) because,….. Is that right?’
4.23 Confirmation is used in conjunction with summarising and will normally be deleted in a
paraphrase. Confirming enables MP to determine offenders/subjects feelings or intention
in a non-threatening manner. It also provides an opportunity for an offender/subject to
alter a stated position by reconsidering options. An empathetic approach will often de-
escalate potential conflicts. An example of confirmation is ‘You’re telling me you’re angry
because…is that right?’
SECTION 4-7. VOICE CONTENT

Introduction
4.24 In conjunction with body language, the voice is used to convey meaning and intentions to
others. Consisting of four elements, the voice used by MP must disguise emphasis, such
as anger, frustration and annoyance, in order to maintain control of situations. A negative
or condescending tone will often inflame or re-ignite a matter that was close to resolution.
Behavioral Warning Signs

4.25 Alterations in either pitch or tone could be an indication of a change of mood or intention.
MP need to be aware of these ‘Behavioral Warning Signs’ as indicators for which
remedial action may be required.
Tone
4.26 Although the importance of the other elements of voice content should not be understated
the most powerful element is tone. Tone verbally conveys the intention of a word or
phrase and it is this intention that MP may need to accentuate or disguise depending on
the situation.
Unless people are calm, words and meanings are almost never
the same.
SECTION 4-8. COMMUNICATION TACTICS
4.27 The use of Communication Tactics is the vehicle for delivery of phrases and words,
structured in order to ensure MP maximise their verbal skills. There are two tactics or
methods employed by MP the Tactical Five Step and the Eight Step Vehicle
Intercept/Field Contact.
4.28 Confirmation of the previous conversation needs to occur in order to progress to and/or
prevent step five.
The Tactical Five Step

4.29 The Tactical Five Step is a method that can be used against a verbally aggressive
uncooperative person. The five steps are:
a. Ask – Unless urgent, always ask;
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b. Explain – Set context;
c. Present Options – Explain various options available;
d. Confirm – Practical appeal; and
e. Act – Take appropriate action.
Step 1 – Ask
4.30 Make a request, ask for a reason, be specific; for example, ‘What are your regimental
details?’
Step 2 – Explain
4.31 Explain the reason, for example, ‘Private, the reason I am speaking to you is I observed
you urinating on the door. Do you have any justified reason for this?’
Step 3 – Present Options

4.32 Explain all the available options at that time, commencing with the preferred options.
Remember: If a person has something to gain or lose you have

something to use.
Step 4 – Confirm
4.33 Confirm using correct confirmation phrase, for example, ‘Private is there anything I can
say to get you to comply with my lawful request… (to state your regimental details)… I’d
really like you to think there is?’
4.34 To the untrained person or witness the phrase, ‘Is there anything I can say to have you
comply with my lawful request… I’d really like to think there is?’ is peaceful, non-
aggressive and fair. To the trained MP this is a trigger to act or not, dependant on the
offender’s response.
Repetition of Step 4 is a sign of weakness.
Step 5 – Act
4.35 MP should act immediately if there is a refusal to comply with Step 4. This action will
probably need to be the ‘Take down, Control and Secure’.
SECTION 4-9. EIGHT STEP VEHICLE INTERCEPT/FIELD CONTACT
4.36 Confrontations involving MP will involve routine vehicle intercept. This can be minimised if
the ‘Eight Step Vehicle Intercept’ procedure is followed. The “Eight Steps” are as follows:
a. Step 1 – Greeting;
b. Step 2 – Identify yourself and unit;
c. Step 3 – Reason for stop;
d. Step 4 – Reason for offence;
e. Step 5 – ID/License;
f. Step 6 – Other info;
g. Step 7 – Decision; and

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h. Step 8 – Close.
4.37 There are several reasons why the eight steps reduce confrontations, which are as
follows:
a. It is a very professional approach when dealing with offenders, especially
considering this could be the first and only contact that they have with MP;
b. It provides a script or a basis when MP speaks to offending drivers;
c. It provides limited opportunity for difficult people to become aggressive or
argumentative; and
d. All information required for the report is received in the shortest period of time.
Step 1 – Greeting
4.38 Good morning/evening, Sir/Ma’am/Sergeant etc. Say it with sincerity and a smile. More
than likely you will be dealing with a normal person not a dangerous offender. Do not call
the person mate, buddy or pal, these names could incite a response like, ‘I’m not your
bloody mate!’
Step 2 – Identify Self/Unit

4.39 By identifying yourself and your unit, MP establish command presence, through clarity
and an assertive approach. You have offered your title, name and authority. By stating
your name (which is on your nametag anyway), it personalises the encounter to the point
where you can expect less verbal abuse. If you have a partner, introduce them as well.
Try not to say unit names as abbreviations as if you are dealing with civilians that may not
understand.
Step 3 – Reason for Stop

4.40 ‘The reason I stopped you is … (At this stage you can pause, you will generally not then
be interrupted) … I noticed that you were not wearing a seatbelt.” By informing the driver
of why they were stopped it will remove the unknown factor from the drivers mind. It will
also stop sarcastic responses like, ‘What do you blokes want?’
Step 4 – Reasons for the Offence

4.41 ‘Is there any justified reason why you failed to wear your seatbelt?’ Generally the only
justified reasons are medical emergencies or exemptions etc.
Step 5 – ID/License
4.42 ‘Ma’am can you produce your defence ID card and drivers license please?’ Up to now
you have sounded professional and not angered the serviceman, officer or civilian, or
given personal ground for resistance.
Step 6 – Other Information

4.43 At this point you can ask for their unit details and/or addresses or any other relevant
information for your notebook/reports.
Step 7 – Decision
4.44 There are only four things MP can do, arrest, order to attend/follow, report or issue a
warning. When you decide be decisive, e.g. ‘Ma’am I am going to … (report you or warn
you) … for … (offence).
4.45 Do not lecture someone if they are going to be reported, it will incite them and is just plain
rude. Definitely do not tell them that, ‘they should know better’. How would you feel?

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Step 8 – Close
4.46 The goal here should be to close effectively and appropriately. Do not say, ‘Have a nice
day’; if you just reported someone. The best thing to say is ‘Thank you Ma’am for your
cooperation’.
Example of Eight Step

4.47 An example of the Eight Step is as follows:
a. ‘Morning Sir, (Salute) I am CPL Jones and this is CPL Brown from the Military
Police. The reason I have stopped you today is (Pause) I checked your vehicle
speed on radar, which displayed a speed of sixty-two kilometres per hour. The speed
limit in this area is forty kilometres per hour. Is there any justified reason for this?’
(Pause)
b. ‘No, there isn't.’
c. ‘Well Sir, can you produce your ID card and drivers licence, please?’
d. ‘Yes.’
e. ‘What is your unit and residential address Sir?’
f. ‘2 RAR, I live in the Officers' Mess.’
g. ‘Sir, I am going to submit a report to your unit in relation to this matter.’ (Return ID
card and licence).
h. ‘Yeah ok.’
i. ‘Thank you for your cooperation Sir’ (Salute).
Advantages
4.48 The advantages of this Eight Step is that it is polite, it assists in generating voluntary
compliance, its structure creates professional presence and deflects verbal abuse. If this
approach fails and resistance is still present you immediately switch to Step Two of the
Tactical Five Step (Setting up the context, explaining the reason). If this fails, continue on
with the Tactical Five Step.
Step Cards
4.49 To assist MP using the Five & Eight Step the following cards (Figures 4-1 & 4-2) can be
reproduced and used as memory prompts. The cards should be double sided, laminated
and kept inside the cover of MP notebooks.
4.50 As with verbal communication, body language and stance are two methods of dealing
with people and assist MP to maintain safe distance. Correct positioning and stance
enable MP to quickly react to any sudden movements and employ the physical aspects of
Defensive tactics.
Field Interview Stance

4.51 The Field interview stance is employed when conversing with an apparently co-operative
person. Figure 4-3 provides the techniques for the Field Interview Stance. Note position
of feet and weapon. While employing this (or any) stance MP should endeavor to “talk
with their hands”, as this will assist in the event of a sudden attack as MP will be better
prepared to respond.

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Figure 4-1: Tactical Communications Cards (Front)
Figure 4-2: Tactical Communications Card (Back)
SECTION 4-10. STANCES
Defensive Stance
4.52 In the event of a situation escalating or when dealing with an uncooperative person MP
should employ the Defensive Stance. As indicated at Figures 4-4 and 4-5, feet are slightly
wider than the Field Interview Stance and both legs are slightly bent at the knees. Hands
are raised with palms towards the person. Throughout this stance verbalisation continues.
Advantages of the Defensive Stance are:
a. Member’s body provides smaller target;
b. Vulnerable body parts not exposed;
c. Firearm is protected;
d. Increased balance/response time;
e. Same stance for all use of force applications;
f. Foot slightly wider than field interview stance;

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g. Knees bent;
h. Body weight slightly forward onto the front foot; and
i. Rear foot – heel raised off the ground.
Figure 4-3: Field Interview Stance
SECTION 4-11. RELATIVE POSITIONING THEORY
4.53 Relative Positioning Theory enables MP to maximise position relative to offenders,

enables faster reaction to sudden escalation of threat and better prepares MP to employ
lethal or non-lethal Defensive Tactics in order to ensure an offender complies with
directions. It also enables MP the ability to withdraw to safety from an untenable position.
An explanation of the degrees at Figure 4-6 is as follows:
a. 0 Degrees. This is the inside position, which is directly in front of the subject, an area
to avoid being in if possible. (Remember subject control cannot be a 50/50
proposition);
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b. 45 Degrees Front. The left or right position is best for a frontal approach;
c. 90-Degree Side. The lateral position next to the subject increases your response
time, but the subject will usually reposition to face you;
d. 45-Degree Rear. This position is ideal for escort or compliance holds; and
e. 90-Degree Behind. This position is best for decentralisation and control.
Figure 4-4: Defensive Stance Side View
Figure 4-5: Defensive Stance Front View

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Figure 4-6: Relative Positioning Chart
SECTION 4-12. BODY MECHANICS
4.54 For any defensive/offensive technique to be used, the ability to use the basic principles of
body mechanics dramatically increases a MP’s potential to control a confrontation, while
decreasing the chances of injury. Four main components of body mechanics are as
follows:
a. Wide base
(1) Feet are shoulder width apart. Stance maintains lateral balance (from side to
side). Body weight is equally distributed between each leg.
b. Deep base
(1) Linear balance (front to back) is maintained using a deep base. Feet one-step
apart (reaction leg forward, weapon leg back).
(2) When combined with wide base, this position balances the body from all sides.
c. Low centre
(1) Low centre is achieved by slightly bending the knees. Body weight rests equally
on both feet without creating tension in the knees or ankles.
d. Head-over centre
(1) This position keeps body weight balanced over the base. Head is over the
centre of the body.
Relaxation versus Tension

4.55 While maintaining the concept of body mechanics, the MP needs to remain relaxed in
order to apply each of the four principles. Tense muscles cannot engage in dynamic
movement, which is vital in using an impact weapon, or unarmed impact technique. Only
when the strike is delivered is tension a component of impact techniques.

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Basic Principles
4.56 Technique success is based on the following basic principles of body mechanics:
a. Centre. The member uses the Pyramid Concept in order to maintain balance during
the execution of strikes.
b. Decentralisation. Using proper distancing techniques, the assailant is kept off
balance and therefore, in a weaker tactical position.
c. Position. The member uses a strong defensive position during the confrontation
including a safe distance, but still within striking range of the assailant. Assaults by
the assailant are re-directed.
d. Power generation. Maximum striking power is delivered through the use of seven
components of power:
(1) Balance is the most basic component of power. It must be automatic, instantly
fluid, present during continuous movement and capable of being sustained as
momentum increases. Balance is linked with timing and is improved by working
with moving targets.
(2) The second component of power is endurance, primarily cardio-vascular.
Endurance is improved through aerobic exercise such as running, swimming or
bicycling.
(3) The third component of power is flexibility. Rigidity presents tremendous
problems during a confrontation. It is tied to tension, fear, nervousness and lack
of confidence. Stretching and relaxation improve flexibility. Flexibility is
enhanced when muscles are in dynamic tension, resisting each other in perfect
tone.
(4) Focus is the fourth component of power. Focus is the result of proper mind/
body coordination and occurs when the mental and physical system compliment
each other to the point that total concentration can be directed to a specific
technique for a short period of time. The two barriers to focus are hesitation and
over-compensation. Hesitation is often tied to lack of flexibility. Over-
compensation is defined as ‘trying too hard’
(5) Speed is the fifth component of power. It is through continuous repetition that a
technique becomes both physiologically and psychologically developed and lag
time reduced. It is clear from ballistics research that speed is vitally important to
the generation of power.
(6) The sixth component of power is strength. The low ranking of strength in the
power typology is due to the other factors which can make up for the lack of
strength, and the manner in which alternative components can impair power if
not present with strength. The strongest officer possesses little power when off
balance, exhausted or inflexible.
(7) The seventh component of power is simplicity. Repetition of fundamentals
combined with clear, systematic sequencing yields tremendous power.

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5-1
CHAPTER 5
ESCORT HOLDS
5.1 The correct use of escort holds by MP, as an adjunct to tactical communications, ensures
compliance with verbal directions and controls a potentially hostile or damaging public
relations incident. MP need to be cognisant that escort holds may be applied not only
during passive resistance and they should be prepared for the eventuality of aggressively
subduing an offender.
5.2 There are three types of escort holds:
a. Blanket Hold,
b. Escort Hold, and
c. Compression Hold.
SECTION 5-2. TYPES OF HOLDS
Blanket Hold
5.3 The purpose of a Blanket Hold is to assist MP direct compliant offenders and provides a
sound basis for reaction to verbal or ONV cues from the offender. As indicated at Figures
5-1 and 5-2, the procedure for a Blanket Hold is as follows:
a. Adopt a 45 degree rear position;
b. With the weapon side hand grasp offenders upper arm (front of biceps) and with
reaction side hand grasp rear of upper arm (triceps);and
c. Decentralise offender slightly forward in direction of travel.
Beware of an offender's unrestrained arm.
Escort Hold
5.4 The purpose of an Escort Hold is to assist MP direct passively resistant offenders. The
basis of this hold is reaction to verbal or ONV cues from the offender. As indicated at
Figures 5-3 and 5-4, this hold can progress directly from the Blanket Hold. The procedure
for an Escort Hold is as follows:
a. Maintain 45-degree rear position;
b. Slide hand from biceps and pincer grip wrist;
c. Retain hand on triceps and maintain controlled pressure against elbow; and

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d. Decentralise slightly in the direction of travel.
Figure 5-1: Blanket Hold
Figure 5-2: Blanket Hold - Close Up
Be aware of an offender's ability to head butt, stomp or strike.

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Figure 5-3: Escort Hold
Figure 5-4: Escort Hold - Close Up
Compression Holds
5.5 The purpose of a Compression Hold is to assist MP direct non-compliant offenders. This
hold can progress directly from either the Blanket or Escort Holds, however, for simplicity
the examples in the proceeding paragraphs are from an Escort Hold. There are two types
of Compression Holds; Forward and Rear.
Forward Compression Hold
5.6 As indicated at Figure 5-5, the procedure for the Forward Compression Hold is as follows:
a. From the 45 degree rear position:
(1) Take hold of the offender's free arm, at the same time step in close to the side
of the subject;

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(2) While stepping close, place reaction arm under offender’s closed arm between
offender's body and underarm;
(3) Secure offender’s arm against your body by squeezing your reaction arm into
your body;
(4) Place both hands onto the offender’s restrained hand; press down on hand to
apply pain compliance to wrist; and
(5) Apply pressure to the wrist when required (not continually).
Figure 5-5: Forward Compression Hold
Rear Compression Hold
5.7 The Rear Compression Hold is normally applied from a forward Compression Hold
position and enables close combat of offenders. As indicated at Figure 5-6, the procedure
for a Rear Compression Hold is as follows:
a. From Forward Compression Hold position:
(1) Move offenders arm behind their back as you change hands on their wrists;
(2) With your free hand hold offenders shoulders (near neck - Brachial Plexus) or
hair; and
(3) Commence moving offender in desired direction.
5.8 The two factors to consider during the application of Escort Holds are:

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a. Once compliance is obtained decrease application of pain; and
b. If technique does not work, disengage and/or escalate.
Figure 5-6: Rear Compression Hold
SECTION 5-3. DECENTRALISATION
From the Escort Hold
5.9 The technique of decentralisation is used in order to maintain offender compliance, to

regain the initiative or in response to an escalated threat. The procedure, as indicated at
Figures 5-7 and 5-8, for decentralisation from an Escort Hold is as follows:
a. From Escort Hold position:
(1) With weapon hand:
(a) Pull offenders arm across your body.
(2) With reaction hand:
(a) Slide off offender’s arm, and
(b) Place forearm on offender's elbow.
(3) Twist offender's arm towards the ground, pushing down on the elbow.
(4) Maintaining control of arm, take offender to the ground and move to a control
position.
5.10 The procedure for decentralisation from the Forward Compression Hold, as indicated at
Figures 5-9 and 5-10, is as follows:
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a. From Forward Compression Hold positions:
(1) Maintain 45 degree rear positions;
(2) Adopt a half-squat position [(Figure 5-9) this will cause the offender to adopt the
same position due to the compression hold];
(3) Verbally instruct offender to kneel then lay on their stomach (this needs to be
done in two stages); and
(4) Maintaining compression hold, move offender into control position.
Figure 5-7: Decentralisation from the Escort (Stage 1)
Figure 5-8: Decentralisation

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Figure 5-9: Decentralisation from Forward Compression (Stage One)
Figure 5-10: Decentralisation from Forward Compression (Stage Two)

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6-1
CHAPTER 6
REDIRECTION AND DECENTRAILISATION TECHNIQUES
6.1 MP employment, by its very nature, requires members to arrest and restrain people under
a wide variety of circumstances. Regardless of the level of threat, resistance or assault
that person presents they must, at some stage, be physically restrained and transported.
Clear tactics for dealing with these situations safely are necessary. It is the philosophy of
the RACMP to avoid the use of force, however; there are times when force must be used.
SECTION 6-2. TACTICS FOR MINIMISING PHYSICAL CONTACT
6.2 MP tactics for minimising physical contact incorporate verbal de-escalation techniques
and the use of physical restraint techniques. Physical restraint is encapsulated in ‘Take
Down, Control and Secure’ techniques and are as follows:
a. Take Down (Decentralise). Taking down an uncooperative offender is the first step
in gaining control of the situation and minimising the danger to all parties involved.
When an offender is taken to the ground they are less mobile and have a reduced
ability to attack. An offender may assume a take down position with the use of
appropriate ‘Tactical Communication’ techniques. Where communication skills are
ineffective or inappropriate physical techniques should be employed;
b. Control. When an offender has been taken down they should be controlled with the
use of teamwork and basic control techniques. Good control techniques should not
be dependent on pain compliance. The use of pain compliance techniques is
unreliable and may merely inflame the situation. By establishing control of the
offender, MP will be able to transfer the offender into a position to be secured safely
while minimising the likelihood of Positional Asphyxia; and
c. Secure. In order to maximise the safety of all parties the subject is secured and
calmed ready for transportation or removal from the area. The primary method of
restraint is with standard issue handcuffs.
Dangers of Restraint and Control

6.3 The dangers associated with the employment of control techniques are as follows:
a. Vulnerability of Equipment. Close proximity of MP and offenders increases the
opportunity for equipment to be removed from an equipment belt. Control positions
reduce the likelihood of this occurring by encouraging the MP to stay to the rear of
the subject;
b. Communicable Disease. Where the likelihood of communicable disease is
identified close contact with the subject should be avoided. In some cases it may not
be possible to identify subjects who are potential carriers of infectious disease. The
concept of staying to the rear reduces the opportunity for assailants to bite or spit at
members. Where possible the use of protective equipment will also reduce the risk of
contamination. The avoidance of impact techniques reduces the likelihood to break
skin or draw blood;
c. Positional Asphyxia. As indicated at Chapter 2, the dangers of positional asphyxia
need to be considered whenever MP restrain offenders; and

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d. Environmental Considerations. Although restraint and control will minimise the
danger in many physical conflict situations there may be situations where the
environment may increase risk. These dangers may include:
(1) Any area where broken glass or other sharp objects are present,
(2) Crowds hostile towards MP,
(3) Roadways where vehicles are likely to travel, or
(4) Stairwells or locations where a fall is possible.
Take Down (Decentralisation) Techniques

6.4 The employment of Take Down or Decentralisation Techniques involves the following
three basic principles:
a. Relative positioning,
b. Moving to the rear, and
c. Teamwork.
6.5 Relative Positioning. As detailed in Chapter 4, relative positioning enables positional
awareness and forms the basics of operational safety. Employing Contact and Cover
tactics are crucial in maximising a MP’s position relative to an offender. As indicated at
Figure 6-1 Contact and Cover Tactics involve the following:
a. Contact. The Contact member is responsible for maintaining the subject’s attention,
by taking details, conversing and employing communication techniques and tactics;
and
b. Cover. The Cover member is responsible for maintaining situational awareness by
observing the subject and surroundings. The cover member does not take notes,
interact with other subjects or become distracted and is always prepared to assist
with the One Up, One Down Takedown method.
6.6 When a take down is initiated the general principle of ‘One Up – One Down’ should be
adopted. This means that one member should control the person’s upper body while the
other member controls the person’s lower body. There are no rules in regard to which
members should go high and who should go low. This will depend on the situation.
6.7 Moving to the Rear. Takedowns from the rear are the most likely to be successful
because the offender is less able to resist, grab or attack the member. When a MP
perceives a situation where a take down is likely they should be prepared to move into a
position at the rear of the offender.
6.8 Go Behind Techniques. Go Behind Techniques assist MP in moving to the rear of any
offender where a take down is to be initiated. The importance of these techniques is in
the constant reinforcement of the ‘Go to Back’ concept. The two ‘Go Behind techniques’
used are:
a. Arm Drags, and Go behind from Clinch.
Arm drags
6.9 Arm drags are an effective way for MP to redirect and get to the rear of an offender, The
use of an arm drag could be initiated from any position to the front or side. Its practical
application may be in reaction to a push, punch or other aggressive behaviour.
6.10 In conjunction with Figures 6-2 to 6-4, the procedures for an arm drag are as follows:
(1) Redirect the wrist and grip under the subject’s triceps (see Figures 6-2 and 6-3),
and

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(2) Pull through or past the offender using their momentum, in order to employ take
down from the rear procedure
Figure 6-1: Contact and Cover Tactics
Go Behind from Clinch

6.11 The Go Behind from Clinch technique is an effective and efficient method for MP to move
to the rear of an offender from the clinch position. As indicated at Figures 6-5 to 6-7, the
Go behind from Clinch procedure is as follows:
a. From the clinch lift offenders elbow and lower your head (Figure 6-5);
6.12 Duck under arm and drive your head upward establishing good posture (see Figures 6-6
and 6-7); and
Figure 6-2: Arm Drag (Position One)

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Figure 6-3: Arm Drag (Position Two)
Figure 6-4: Arm Drag (Position Three)

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Figure 6-5: Clinch (Position One)
Figure 6–6: Clinch (Position Two)

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Figure 6–7: Clinch (Position three)

a. Move to rear of offender (Figure 6–8).
Figure 6–8: Clinch (Position Four)

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Rear Take Down Procedures
6.13 The Take Down from the Rear procedure should be the culmination of employing the
previous mentioned techniques, however; alternative take down procedures may also
need to be adopted in order to meet most likely scenarios. The two takedown procedures
are:
a. Take Down from the Rear, and
b. Take Down from the Side.
Take Down from the Rear

6.14 The Take Down from the Rear procedure is as follows:
a. Move to the rear of offender and grab shoulders or clothing (Figure 6–9 refers);
b. Push one foot behind offender’s knee, to assist breaking their posture [(see Figure
6-10) ensure same leg or right on right or left on left is used]:
c. While stepping backward pull. offender to the ground; and
d. Turn offender to the side in order to move to a control position (see Figure 6-11).
Figure 6–9: Take Down from the Rear (Position One)
Take Down from Side

6.15 The Take Down from the Side procedure is as follows:
a. Grip offender’s wrist or legs (see Figure 6-12),
b. While pushing the offender’s body, chest or jaw, step through and trip away the
closest leg of the offender. Do not release offenders arm (see Figures 6-13 to 6-14).
c. Once on the ground move offender to a control position.

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Figure 6-10: Take Down from the Rear (Position Two)
Figure 6-11: Take Down from the Rear (Position Three)

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Figure 6-12: Take Down from Side Position (Stage One)
Figure 6-13: Take Down from Side Position (Stage Two)

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Figure 6-14: Take Down from Side Position (Stage Three)
SECTION 6-3. GROUND CONTROL TECHNIQUES
The Process of Control

6.16 The unpredictable nature of offenders and the dynamics involved during the application of
physical force means that MP need to be able to ensure offenders comply with directives,
either physically or verbally. Regaining the initiative or meeting the escalation of a threat
can occur at any time, a situation that MP should be cognisant of and prepared to meet.
The employment of Ground Control techniques enables MP to overcome non-compliant
offenders in order to regain the initiative.
6.17 There are two main methods or techniques for ground control:
a. Go to Back and Back Control. As with the philosophy of ‘Take Down’, promotes
going to the back to control an offender. Keeping back control allows MP to use
forearm control and monitor for the effects of positional asphyxia. This technique has
the added advantage of minimising an offender’s ability to strike, bite, kick, spit, or
grapple; and
b. Side Mount Control. Although there are variations to Side Mount Control, its
application is directed towards the control of an offender who is facing up, providing
safety for MP and reducing the offender’s resistance. It also allows the reduction in
ribcage and lung pressure, therefore, reducing the likelihood of positional asphyxia.
The Side Mount Position is suitable for MP operating ‘one up’, however, is more
effective when applied in pairs.
6.18 Side Mount Procedures (including variations) are as follows:
a. Side Mount. All actions relating to this procedure commence at the start position
(see Figure 6-14):
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6.19 After taking offender down one of their arms is pushed away, enabling the MP to remain
at the rear;
(1) Take up offender’s arm, closest to MP, roll them away and step over with one
foot (see Figure 6-15); and
Figure 6-15: Side Mount (Step One)

(2) Reach under offender’s head and grab wrist in order to wrap offender’s arm
across their body [(vary grip as required). (See Figure 6-16)
Figure 6-16: Side Mount (Step Two)

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6.20 The key position to remember with this procedure is that an offender’s arms should be
rear as leverage points, being used to move an offender in the desired direction.
6.21 No control position is static. Physical confrontation is dynamic. Control begins with the
use of simple techniques, which lead to positions where the offender can be secured.
Teamwork and Technique Lead to Control.
Figure 6-17: Side Mount (Step Three)

6.22 Variation to the Side Mount Control technique may need to be employed in order to
overcome non-compliant offenders or the situation requires additional control. These
subtle variations, as indicated at Figures 6-18 and 6-19, are as follows:
a. Variation One. MP applies downward pressure on offender’s head, forcing forearm
into neck. Pressure release is to occur on compliance (see Figure 6-18).
6.23 Variation Two. MP applies pressure to offender’s shoulder forcing elbow into ground.
The knee is positioned on offender’s extended arm for additional control and stability.
Pressure release is to occur on compliance (see Figure 6-19).
Figure 6-18:Side Mount (Variation One)

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Figure 6-19: Side Mount (Variation Two)
Hooks in Back Control

6.24 Hooks in Back control provides MP with a method of controlling offenders in the following
circumstances:
a. When the offender offers compliance in the Side Mount position and attempts to turn
onto their stomach and stand up, and
b. If rolled off when executing a Side Mount Control procedure.
6.25 The procedure for the Hooks in Back Control is as follows:
a. Step One. Remain on offenders back, slipping your feet under their body and knees
(see Figures 6-20 and 6-21); and
Figure 6-20: Hooks in Back Control (Step One)

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Figure 6-21: Hooks in Back Control (Feet Positioning – Close Up)

b. Step Two. Simultaneously from Step
c. Two, slide hands under offender’s arms onto forearms, griping forearms in a cup
position (see Figures 6-22 and 6-23).
Figure 6-22: Hooks in Back Control (Step Two)
Figure 6-23: Hooks in Back Control (Hand Positioning – Close Up)

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Breakdown
6.26 At the completion of Step One and Two, safety is maximised by maintaining this position
by remaining at the rear of the offender and enables transition to the Breakdown and
Transfer procedures.
Breakdown procedure
6.27 The Breakdown procedure progresses from Hooks in Back Control Step Two and is
achieved by:
a. Pushing back against offender’s legs and pulling offender’s arms under using
forearm control;
b. Arching back and driving hips forward enables full body weight to force offender flat;
and
c. The completed Breakdown procedure (see Figure 6-24) enables quick transfer to the
Three Point Hold.
Figure 6-24: Breakdown (Completed position)

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Transfer to a Three Point Hold
6.28 Transferring to the Three Point Hold is employed predominately from either the Side
Mount or Hooks in Back Control Breakdown position or a variation of either method.
Forearm control and transfer of body weight are used to maintain control of the offender.
The transfer to a Three Point Hold occurs in three stages during which MP must retain
ascendancy in order to complete the entire maneuver.
6.29 The three stages for transferring to a Three Point Hold from the Hooks in Back Control
Breakdown position are as follows:
a. Stage One. MP keeps body weight on offender and extracts forearms and legs from
underneath offender. MP is now in a position to spin 180 degree and progress to
stage Two (see Figure 6-25);
Figure 6-25: Transfer (Stage One)

b. Stage Two. MP spin 180 degrees and maintaining control of offender’s forearm and
positioning knee on offender’s scapula is in a more dominant and safe position and
is prepared to progress to stage Three (see Figure 6-26); and
Figure 6-26: Transfer (Stage Two)

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c. Stage Three. Remove offender’s arm, initially by pulling, but if there is resistance by
the offender use their forearm as a lever and force the forearm out. Once the hand is
free progress to the Three Point Hold (see Figure 6-27).
Figure 6-27: Transfer (Stage Three)
Three Point Holds

6.30 Individuals or teams of two can employ the Three Point Hold. This hold is ideal for
providing maximum ground control prior to moving offenders. The following holds will
demonstrate:
a. Three Point Hold;
b. Three Point Hold – Arm Option One;
c. Three Point Hold – Arm Option Two;
d. Three Point Hold – Team; and
e. Three Point Hold – Leg Control (Team).
Figure 6-28: three Point Hold

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Three Point Hold
6.31 The basic Three Point Hold is as follows:
a. Step One. From a controlled position, exercise arm control and verbal techniques
(see Figure 6-29); and
b. Step Two (see Figure 6-30).
6.32 Place one knee across shoulder (not in the centre of back or neck);
(1) Other knee grounded against offenders ribs or back; and
(2) With offender’s arm between both your knees, effect a shoulder lock or wrist
compression hold.
Three Point Hold – Arm Option One

6.33 The procedure for a Three Point Hold – Arm Option One is as follows (see Figure 6-30):
a. From Step Two of the Three Point Hold, extend offenders arm vertically. This action
assists with pain compliance through the shoulders and arm.
Figure 6-29: Three Point Hold (Step One)
Figure 6-30: Three Point Hold (Step Two)

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Three Point Hold – Arm Option Two
6.34 The procedure for a Three Point Hold – Arm Option Two is as follows (see Figure 6-31):
a. From Three Point Hold – Arm Option One, apply wrist compression to extended arm,
and
b. Position knees on offender’s back in order to increase control and leverage on arm.
6.35 The procedure for wrist compliance by two MP during a Three Point Hold is as indicated
for a Three Point Hold but applied by two MP (see Figure 6-33).
Three Point Hold – Leg Control

6.36 The procedure for a Three Point Hold with Leg Control is as follows (see Figure 6-34):
a. Three Point Hold is effected (see Figure 6-28); and
6.37 Second MP crosses offender’s legs and pushed legs forward with full body weight. Notice
the necessity to grip offender’s shirt in order to ascertain position and balance.
Figure 6-31: Three Point Hold (Arm Option One)
Figure 6-32: Three Point Hold (Arm Option Two)

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Figure 6-33: Three Point Hold (Second Member)
Figure 6-34: Three Point Hold (Leg Control)
The Step and Drag Move

6.38 In the event of an offender rolling onto their back or side while being taken down, control
can be re-established in order to execute a Three Point Hold. The Step and Drag move
should be employed to position on offender so that further control procedures can be
implemented. The procedure for a Step and Drag Move is as follows:
a. Step One. Grab uppermost arm and apply compression hold (see Figure 6-35); and
b. Step Two. Lower your center of gravity (bend knees) and stepping to the rear pull
offender rolling them onto their stomach. Secure with a Three Point Hold. (see
Figure 6-36).
Methods of Leg Control

6.39 Controlling an offender’s leg greatly restricts their ability to twist, kick, get up and thrash.
The following methods of leg control are used in assisting the control of offenders or can
be applied by individuals when circumstances dictate. The three techniques are:
a. Leg Tackle and Wrap,
b. Leg Lock, and

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c. Reverse Leg Lock.
d. Leg Tackle and Wrap
6.40 The Leg Tackle and Wrap is normally employed as a secondary method of control;
however, in some circumstances can be used as an initial take down. The procedures for
a Leg and Tackle Wrap are as follows:
a. Wrap both legs at thigh level in a “Bear Hug” grip (see Figure 6-37);
b. Squeeze offender’s knees together and slightly lift, unbalancing the offender causing
them to fall; and
c. Move your head to the rear, maintaining leg control (see Figure 6-37). This allows
your partner to control the offender’s upper body.
Figure 6-35: Step and drag (Step One)
Figure 6-36: Step and Drag (Step Two)
6.41 If the offender continues to resist, apply pressure to the ‘peroneal pocket’, ensuring the
pressure is released upon achieving compliance or a “panadol effect” will be induced.

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Figure 6-37: Leg Tackle and Wrap (Step One)
Figure 6-38: Leg tackle and Wrap (Step Two)
Leg Lock
6.42 A partner or second MP, to further assist in compliance, applies the Leg Lock, normally.
This technique is applied on an offender lying on their stomach. The technique is as
follows:
a. Legs are crossed over and bent at the knees, locking one ankle behind the other
(see Figure 6-39); and
b. For added pressure (ensuring compliance) sit astride legs. Additional pain
compliance is through twisting ankles.
Reverse Leg Lock

6.43 The Reverse Leg Lock is a modified version of the Leg Lock that provides extra control.
The technique is as follows:
a. Sit on offender’s leg and simultaneously pick up the other leg and hold under your
arm (see Figure 6-40); and
b. Support is maintained by propping the feet forward.

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6.44 This technique enables pain compliance to be applied to the Achilles Tendon; however,
the main purpose is greater physical control than the Leg Lock Technique. The 90-degree
bend in the knee forces the offender to remain face down.
Figure 6-39: Leg Lock Figure 6-40: Reverse Leg Lock

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CHAPTER 7
HANDCUFFING
7.1 MP must be mindful that they are responsible for the security of persons arrested or
otherwise placed in their custody. Handcuffs are part of a member's basic equipment and
as such must be applied with confidence and professionalism. Competence also
increases likelihood of successful application during a stressful confrontation. The correct
application of handcuffs will assist in preventing incidents of escape, mischief and
potential injury or death. MP should remember that they have a duty of care and are
responsible for the security and welfare of persons arrested or otherwise placed in their
custody.
Handcuff Type
7.2 The standard handcuff in service with the RACMP is the SAFLOK. The SAFLOK is
superior to other models of handcuff due to its cast and machined construction and barrel
lock mechanism.
Carriage of Handcuffs
7.3 Handcuffs are carried on the reaction side of the equipment belt, usually worn at the front.
This allows easy access with either hand, and reduces the likelihood of back injury,
caused by handcuffs worn at the rear, during a fall, vehicular accident or other impact.
Ratchet Position
7.4 Handcuffs will be kept in the 'ready' or ratchet position so as they can be quickly applied.
Position of Offenders Hands

7.5 The preference for positioning of handcuffs is to the rear unless impractical to do so.
Handcuffing to the front is inherently dangerous and should not be done unless
exceptional circumstances exist.
Correct Location and Fit

7.6 The handcuffs should be placed on the wrists between the knucklebones of the wrist
(carpus) and the hand (metacarpus). To test that the handcuffs are correctly tightened the
tip of the index finger should fit between the wrist and the handcuff strands on the top and
bottom.
Handcuff Key
7.7 MP should keep a handcuff key separate from other keys to ensure it is located in the
shortest possible time. MP should also carry a spare key on their person or in their
personal equipment.
Maintenance
7.8 The Handcuffs should be regularly cleaned and maintained. Boiling in water and then
soaking in kerosene may clean fouled handcuffs. The handcuffs should be soaked for
several days and barrels rotated daily throughout this period. After soaking the cuffs
should be dried with high-pressure air blasting and wiped off with a dry rag. Do not apply
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grease, petroleum jelly or graphite. The handcuffs are designed to be wiped off with a dry
mechanism. DO NOT APPLY DIRECT HEAT OR FLAME as this may alter the
characteristics of the metal.
SECTION 7-2. HANDCUFFING PROCEDURES
7.9 RACMP Handcuffing procedures ensure the safe transition from compliance holds to
transporting or moving offenders. The two procedures employed by MP involve
apparently co-operative and non-cooperative offenders.
Apparently Cooperative
7.10 There are five steps in the procedure for handcuffing an apparently cooperative offender.
Steps One and Two

7.11 During these steps the following actions should occur:
a. Step One. Instruct offender to turn away and place both hands behind their back,
palms turned out so the back of the hands are touching (see Figure 7–1) and thumbs
are up; and
Figure 7–1: Handcuffing Procedure (Step One)

b. Step Two. Remove handcuffs and grip shanks in weapon hand, ensuring single
strands are forward (see Figure 7–2).

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Figure 7–2: Handcuffing Procedure (Step Two)
Steps Three, Four and Five

7.12 During these steps the following actions occur:
a. Step Three. With reaction hand, grip offender’s thumbs, pulling arms slightly from
offenders back [(This action enables the single strand to swivel freely) see Figure 7–
3]:
Figure 7–3: Handcuffing Procedure (Step Three)

b. Step Four. Apply handcuffs by placing single strands against wrist and pushing one
cuff at a time forward (see Figure 7–4); and
c. Step Five. Check handcuffs fit correctly and double lock the mechanism (see Figure
7–5).

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Figure 7–4: Handcuffing Procedure (Step Four)
Figure 7–5: Handcuffing Procedure (Step Five)

7.13 The situation may dictate that alternate positions need to be employed to maintain
control. Figure 7–6 provides an example of an alternate position, but other positions could
include:
a. Offender looks away to the side;
b. Offender’s feet are positioned wider than shoulder width apart, with toes pointing out;
or,

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c. Offender kneels with ankles crossed.
Figure 7–6: Alternate Procedure
Uncooperative
7.14 In order to handcuff un-cooperative offender’s several MP should be involved, as this
reduces the probability of any injuries. As indicated at Figures 7–7 and 7–8, an offender
needs to be secured, normally via a Three Point Hold, to be handcuffed.
7.15 The two step procedure for handcuffing an un-cooperative offender is as follows:
a. Step One. Control offender with Three Point Hold (see Figure 7–7). Lift hands away
from body in order to allow strands to swivel freely; and
Figure 7–7: Uncooperative (Step One)

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b. Step Two. Place single Strands against wrists (see Figure 7–8) and apply handcuffs
one strand at a time. Check for correct fit and apply double locking mechanism.
Figure 7–8: Uncooperative (Step Two)
Loosening Handcuffs
7.16 If an offender complains or you establish that the handcuffs are too tight, DO NOT use
the key and release them and readjust them. The procedure is:
a. Apply another set of handcuffs and ensure they fit correctly (see Figure 7–9); and
b. Remove the original set.
Figure 7–9: Changing Handcuffs

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Removing Handcuffs
7.17 Where the handcuffs are to be removed the following procedure will minimise risk to MP
by reducing opportunity:
a. An agreement of cooperation should be elicited from the offender prior to the
removal of handcuffs. Do not remove handcuffs off an uncooperative offender, they
remain handcuffed until they are cooperative;
b. Instruct the offender to face away and to stand with their feet wider than shoulder
width apart, with toes facing outward (see Figure 7–10);
Figure 7–10(a): Removing Handcuffs (Step One)
Figure 7-10(b): Removing Handcuffs(Step One)

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c. Move in and take hold of the handcuffs (wrist compliance can be applied as a further
level of control), unlock one hand and instruct offender to place that hand on their
head (see Figure 7–11); and
Figure 7–11: Removing Handcuffs (Step Two)
Figure 7-11(b): Removing Handcuffs (Step Two)

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7.18 Unlock and remove second cuff, instructing offender to place that hand on their head.
Move away from the offender and replace handcuffs in pouch, ensuring they are reset to
ready position.
SECTION 7-3. MOVING A HANDCUFFED OFFENDER TO A STANDING

POSITION
7.19 Moving a handcuffed offender to a standing position needs to be conducted safely and
humanly. There are three steps to be taken during this procedure:
a. Step One. Kneel beside offender and roll them on their side, ensuring your knee is
touching their back (see Figure 7–12);
b. Step Two. Instruct offender to pull knees towards their chest (see Figure 7–13); and
c. Step Three. Rock offender forward (usually two to three times) in order to stand
them up using their momentum. Secure offender in a Blanket Hold (See Figure 7–
14)
Figure 7–12: Standing Position (Step One)
Figure 7–13: Standing Position (Step Two)

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Figure 7–14: Standing Position (Step Three)

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CHAPTER 8
SEARCHING
SECTION 8-1. REASON FOR SEARCH – SAFETY AND EVIDENCE
8.1 The reason for searching is for 'Safety and Evidence' and as such has two stages. These
are 'pre-arrest' and 'arrest'.
Pre-arrest
8.2 The pre-arrest stage involves a visual search. During this stage look for or at the
following:
a. Obvious bulges or ‘printing’ indicative of a concealed weapon(s);
b. Potential or actual weapon(s);
c. Possible places of concealing a weapon or other contraband (overcoats etc); and
d. Hands.
8.3 A visual search is conducted every time you encounter an offender or suspect. The cover
person has the responsibility for doing a through visual search whilst the contact member
is communicating with the offender.
Arrest
8.4 After arrest, members should search the offender prior to transportation.
Search Procedures
8.5 When searching you need to consider the following:
a. Wear protective gloves either latex or specially made searching gloves;
b. When searching places such as bags, always tip contents onto a flat surface so that
they may be viewed prior to searching;
c. Be aware of persons likely to be carrying injecting equipment. A visual search may

indicate a person is an intravenous drug user, like needle marks. Use extreme
caution when searching such a person and take particular care over pockets. If
clothing is too tight, loosen slightly prior to searching pockets. Don’t put your hands
inside pockets, pull the lining out; and
d. Same sex members only searching.
Search Procedure for Cooperative Offenders

8.6 Always ask the offender if they have anything on them that they should not have or
anything that may injure the member or themselves. The search procedure for
cooperative offenders is as follows:

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a. Have the offender turn away and place their feet wider than shoulder width apart,
their arms out parallel to the ground with their thumbs pointing down (see Figure
8-1); and
O
b. Stand behind the offender, 45 bladed and commence the search in the following
sequence:
(1) Hair/Ears/Mouth (Moving the head as required);
(2) Neck/collar of shirt jumper;
(3) Left shoulder/arm and then the right shoulder/arm;
(4) Back;
(5) Chest;
(6) Waist/waist band/belt;
(7) Buttocks/Groin/Abdomen;
(8) Down back of leg, then down the front; and
(9) Shoes/Socks/Feet.
c. When searching, do not rub or run hands over the offender as this could result in
needle stick injuries. Use procedures known as "Roll & Scrunch" and/or 'Pat &
Squeeze'.
Figure 8–1: Search Position (Cooperative)

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8.7 For added safety the offender can be placed on their knees, with ankles crossed. In either
the standing or kneeling position the offender can place their hands on their head with
fingers interlocked (see Figure 8-2 and 8-3).
Figure 8–2: Alternate Search Position (Hands on head)
Figure 8–3: Alternate Search Position (Kneeling)

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Uncooperative
8.8 Uncooperative offenders are searched on the ground after being secured by handcuffs.
The procedure is still the same, however the offender will have to be rolled onto their side
during the search (see Figure 8-4).
Figure 8–4: Search Position (Uncooperative)
Covering Member
8.9 The duties of the covering member during a search are:
a. Protect the contact member,
b. Prevent escape of the offender,
c. Provide assistance as required,
d. Corroborates,
e. Works as a team with their partner applying relative positioning, and
f. Maintains the reactionary gap between the partner and the offender during the
search.
Situational Awareness
8.10 During the searching process both members must be cognisant of their safety through
situational awareness. Incidents of members being assaulted during the searching
process are quite high and usually result in injury. If there is any doubt to the
offender/subject category the offender should be secured and searched on the ground. If
there is a risk to members from other people in the crowd or mob situation the offender
should be secured, removed to a safer place and then searched.

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CHAPTER 9
UNARMED IMPACT
9.1 Where previous pain compliance has been ineffective or inappropriate the application of
unarmed impact could be appropriate.
9.2 The purpose of unarmed impact is to cause a temporary disruption of an offender’s ability
to resist. In doing so, this allows decentralisation of the offender to the ground for
handcuffing, to make space or to render them incapable of continuing the assault.
When to Cease?
9.3 When the level of resistance declines to a level that can be controlled by lesser control
techniques.
Making a Fist
9.4 If a fist is made incorrectly there is an increased likelihood of being injured, which may
lead to an inability to continue employing unarmed impact techniques and escalating to a
higher level of force. The way to make a fist is:
a. Folding the fingers; folding the upper palm; thumb across bottom part of fingers; no
air inside (solid);
b. Wrist is straight in line with forearm; and
c. Striking surface is the first two knuckles (supported by the forearm).
Heel Palm Push
9.5 The Heel Palm Push is used to prevent an offender from closing the reactionary gap. This
method of unarmed impact is as follows:
a. Weapon side arm placed out to the front of the member.
b. The heel of the hand strikes the offender in the centre of the face.
c. Purpose - to stop the offender's forward momentum or redirect his/her attack.
Straight Punch
9.6 This method of unarmed impact is as follows (see Figure 9-1):
a. Power source - shoulder;
b. Keep elbow down for as long as possible, hand moves forward to the target in a
straight line from the shoulder. During the strike the hand is kept open, with the heel
of the palm used to strike the offender;

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c. Hand is immediately brought back to following the punch in order to strike again or
defend;
d. When making a weapon side punch, rotate the right hip and shoulder forward into
the punch gaining extensions and generating greater power, (pivoting on the weapon
side foot); and
e. Purpose – To stop the offender’s forward momentum or redirect his attack.
Figure 9-1: Straight Punch
Heel Palm Strike
9.7 As with the Heel Palm Push, the Heel Palm Strike is used to prevent an offender from
closing the reactionary gap. This method of unarmed impact is as follows:
a. Power source - shoulder;
b. Keep elbow down for as long as possible, hand moves forward to the target in a
straight line from the shoulder. During the strike the hand is kept open and the heel
of the palm is used to strike the offender;
c. Hand is immediately brought back to following punch in order to strike again and/ or
defend;
d. When making a weapon side punch, rotate the right hip and shoulder forward into
the punch gaining extensions and generating greater power (pivoting on the weapon
side foot); and
e. Purpose - To stop the subject's forward momentum or redirect his attack.

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Forearm Strike
9.8 The Forearm Strike is used in close situations, with the clavicle as the target area. This
method of unarmed impact is as follows:
a. Formed by bringing the fist into the shoulder;
b. Striking area last 3cm (approx.) of forearm/elbow region (see Figure 9-2); and
c. Purpose – To stop the subject from over-powering you, used as a clearance strike
to make distance.
Figure 9-2: Forearm Strike
Round Kick
9.9 The Round Kick is used to decentralise offenders. This method of unarmed impact is as
follows:
a. Striking area is with the shin;
b. Hip rotates to a diagonal or horizontal angle;
c. The front foot is rotated to provide maximum power; and
d. The kick is delivered to the ‘peroneal pocket’ above the knee joint or alternatively to
the muscle mass area of the upper leg (see Figure 9-3).

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Figure 9-3: Round Kick
Defensive Front Kick
9.10 The Defensive Front Kick is used to stop an offender from closing the reactionary gap.
This method of unarmed impact is as follows:
a. Striking area is entire sole of the foot;
b. The knee is raised to about knee height; and

c. The kick is thrust out with the entire body weight, thrusting the hips forward (see
Figure 9-4).
Knee Strike
9.11 This strike is used in close to stop an offender’s forward momentum and to interrupt
respiration in order to effect decentralisation. This method of unarmed impact is as
follows:
a. The area of impact is just above knee cap (important to minimise surface area, so
avoid striking with the thigh);
b. Pull the offender’s head to your chest, by placing hands (fingers not interlocked)
overlapped and cupped on the offender head/neck (see Figure 9-5);
c. Apply three knee strikes to the solar plexus area of the offender's chest. To add
more power to the strike allow the offenders head to move off your chest slightly and
then pull it back as you strike;
d. Use the offender's respirator disruption to take them down and secure; and

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9.12 Due to the disruption to the offender's respiratory system be aware for the potential of
positional asphyxia (see Chapter 1 Annex A).
Figure 9-4: Defensive Front Kick
Figure 9-5: Knee Strike

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CHAPTER 10
OLEORESIN CAPSICUM SPRAY
SECTION 10-1. HISTORY
10.1 Since 1973 Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) Spray has been available to law enforcement
agencies in the United States. Prior to that, it had been utilised by the US Wildlife Service
against bears and the US Postal Service against dog attacks.
10.2 In 1987 the FBI became interested in the use of OC for law enforcement and in the period
1987 to 1989, exposed approximately 828 individuals to it. This research was monitored,
by a FBI working group and research chemists. The outcome of all tests culminated in
OC being adopted as a general issue item to FBI agents. Currently a large number of
federal and state law enforcement agencies throughout North America have adopted OC
Spray.
10.3 In 1993 the police commenced trials of OC spray within Australia and was introduced for
operational police in 1998. It’s use is now wide spread within the law enforcement
community of Australia.
10.4 In 1997, the ADF commenced trials of OC Spray in a crowd control role, which
eventuated in its use as a use of force option in a community policing/law & order role.
10.5 Oleoresin Capsicum is based on an oil extract (capsicum) produced from the fleshly part
of Cayenne peppers. There are a number of grades of capsicum including:
a. Pharmaceutical – used in creams for various ailments;
b. Analytical – which is a much harsher concentrate used for research purposes; and
c. Food grade – the extract is found in cayenne peppers, which is a common food spice
and requires no special handling.
10.6 Food grade capsicum is the grade used in OC spray products for law enforcement.
Extensive local and international research into the potential for OC to be either
carcinogenic or mutanogenic, has failed to isolate any harmful effects.
10.7 Properly deployed, OC can incapacitate an attacking person or animal, regardless of size
or strength, with minimum physical contact on the part of the user. The effects are rapid
and can last up to 45 minutes. OC spray is an organically based, less than lethal option,
which has been introduced to assist MP in resolving critical incidents.
Description of OC Spray Unit
10.8 The unit selected for use by the Military Police (see Figure 10-1) is relatively small and
easy to handle. It is fitted with a safety lever, which must be lifted to deploy the spray.
And incorporates a finger-locating guide to reduce any risk of the spray being accidentally
discharged in the wrong direction.
10.9 The canister is black and has a black label with red writing. The label indicates the
strength (in percentage form), weight of the can as well as the type of deployment
method. The only two deployment methods the Military Police use are ‘stream’ and
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Figure 10–1: Live OC Canister
Propellant
10.10 The propellants (Isobutane and Propane) are hydrocarbons, as utilised in cleaning and
personal aerosol sprays. It allows a consistent discharge rate from the first application,
until the contents are exhausted (sufficient for at least eight applications).
Carrier
10.11 An alcohol-based carrier has been chosen as the oily capsicum resin blends evenly with
it. When the unit is activated, the alcohol evaporates within the first 60 cm of the spray,
allowing the remaining spray to be pure OC; thus maximising it’s effectiveness.
Flammability
10.12 It must be noted that the spray is flammable. Research has shown, however, that only a
naked flame will ignite the spray. Ignition is only obtained when the flame is held at a
distance where the spray has traveled far enough from the nozzle to allow sufficient
oxygen to be present for the mixture to burn. Cigarettes are not a naked flame and will
not ignite deployed OC spray.
Effects of OC Spray
10.13 The effects of OC, are both psychological (60%) and physical (40%). On unprepared
offenders the effects are both rapid and debilitating, enabling members to control subjects
with minimal physical contact. The eyes immediately shut due to an involuntary response
known as blepharism. Breathing becomes temporarily difficult and there is inflammation
and a burning sensation on any exposed skin. The mucous membranes secrete freely

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and there may be reduced muscle coordination. Consequently, there is a requirement for
the offender to be constantly reassured as to their well being in order to avoid panic.
10.14 Warning – MP are to be aware that not all people respond to OC spray. In some cases
exposure to OC spray may result in minimal or at times, no effect whatsoever (1% of the
population). At all times members must be prepared to use other tactical options.
Policy
10.15 In line with the relevant legislation, OC spray must only be deployed:
a. In situations of violent and serious physical confrontation;
b. Where a person is involving in violent or other physical conduct likely to seriously

injure themselves or result in suicide;
c. Where it is appropriate to deter attacking animals; or
d. In line with the training given by qualified DT Instructors, Continuation Trainers and
instructions contained in LWP-MP 3-8-2 Defensive Tactics.
10.16 The deployment of OC spray is considered serious physical control and as such, its use
can only be justified when there is a need to prevent serious injury. MP must establish
that the subject has demonstrated the intent to inflict serious physical injury to the
members, another person or themselves. This intent may be deliberate action or
telegraphed through body language (demeanour) and/or verbalisation. The member must
also establish that the subject has the physical capabilities to carry out the threat.
10.17 As with any use of force, the deployment of OC spray will be subjected to evaluation and
there will be a requirement for the member(s) to justify its use.
Issue and Carriage of OC Spray
10.18 The carriage, possession or use of OC spray is illegal under domestic criminal legislation,
unless licensed or exempted under the relevant acts. MP are exempted under the
Defence Act, whilst performing police duties and marked “on duty” in a role book.
10.19 Authority for Issue. The CO/ OC of the MP unit must confirm that individual members
using or carrying OC spray are deemed competent and qualified by an appropriate trade
testing authority (DPTC or CIVPOL) in the use and carriage of OC spray.
10.20 Carriage of OC Spray. When issued, OC Spray is carried in the issued holder on the
reaction side of the equipment belt.
Drawing OC Spray
10.21 When required, the canister is drawn with the reaction hand and transferred to the
weapon hand in preparation for deployment. The canister may be transferred to the
weapon hand either in the front of the body or, if wishing to remain covert, behind the
back.
10.22 The unit when held in the hand either facing forward or down for concealment is said to
be in the ready position (see Figure 10-2). When the unit is lifted to eye level, in
preparation for deployment, it is said to be in the loaded position (see Figure 10-3)
Deployment of OC Spray
10.23 The decision to deploy OC spray can be either planned or unplanned.

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Figure 10-2: Ready Position Figure 10–3: Loaded Position

10.24 Unplanned Use may be defined as where a member is required to react to an immediate
threat and deploys OC spray to prevent serious injury, in a reactive way. Members must
keep in mind that the unplanned use of OC spray is still a tactical decision to be made
commensurate with the appropriate level of force required to deal with the situation.
10.25 Planned Use of OC spray is a deployment in circumstances whereby the member(s)

have a degree of preparation and consciously decide to deploy OC spray utilising a plan.
These type of incidents would normally involve emergency action plans/risk assessments
and as such, the plan would probably not be written.
Tactical considerations
10.26 OC spray is just one option within the range of skills and options contained within this
manual and MP Defensive Tactics training. Remember that careful planning together with
a proper risk assessment and a controlled cautious approach will minimise the need to
use force in most cases.
10.27 Using communication skills, time, distance, cover, team tactics, positioning and
maintaining safe, reactive distances are critical to the successful resolution of a critical
incident.
10.28 MP members are to keep in mind that OC is a ‘double edged weapon’. It may affect the
user and other members if utilised incorrectly. The following principles and techniques are
designed to successfully resolve critical incidents with minimal risk to members,
bystanders and the offender(s) exposed. It is to be remembered that the maximum
effective range of OC spray in a still environment is three metres.

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Figure 10–4: Incorrect Deployment (wind affected) Primary Exposure by Members
10.29 The four main factors that will define any situation are:
a. Subjects/MP;
b. Indoors;
c. Outdoors; and
d. Bystanders.
10.30 Subjects/MP:
a. Size – this may be an indicator of physical strength;
b. Special fighting skills that the subject possess and the member knows;
c. Age – of the member and the offender. Must be considered because of physiological
differences;
d. Gender – of member and offender. Must be considered because of physiological
differences;
e. Degree of motivation/ mental state – of those present;
f. Proximity of weapons to the offender – this includes the members equipment;
g. Special knowledge – about the situation/incident or the offender;
h. Injury/Exhaustion – to the member/s;
i. Ground position – of the member;
j. Imminent danger – to all involved including bystanders;

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k. Multiple offenders – If the member(s) is/are out numbered then the level of force may
exceed that necessary to control one subject. Waiting for backup or disengaging
should be considered; and
l. Multiple MP – lesser control techniques may be used when members outnumber
offender/s.
10.31 Indoors:
a. Room size – The smaller the room the greater likelihood that members will receive a
secondary exposure;
b. Exits – Control all exits to contain the offender within the room/building; and
c. Air conditioners – As OC spray is ‘double edged’, its use in buildings and anything
else, which has recycled air conditioning must be taken into account. The use of OC
in these areas could result in cross contamination of areas remote from the initial
deployment site.
10.32 Outdoors:
a. Wind – Strength and direction may reduce the range or effectiveness of OC spray;
b. Rain – Depending on its severity, may have some diluting effect; and
c. Terrain – This may create limitations in movement either of members and/or

offender.
10.33 Bystanders:
a. All bystanders should be moved to safety, if possible/practicable; and
b. If unable to evacuate bystanders, their location and proximity to the offender must be
taken into consideration when deploying OC spray.
Extreme Caution – Armed Offenders

10.34 Caution should be exercised where the subject is armed, as the effective distance
required to deploy the spray, could expose the members to unnecessary risk.
General Tactics
10.35 The mixing and matching of the previously mentioned factors and variables will determine
what tactics to use in a given situation where OC spray is to be deployed. The following
diagrams have been presented as a guide and have been left open ended in regard to
many of the variables as previously mentioned. They are designed to be used as a
discussion point in relation to the utilisation of appropriate operational tactics:
a. when ‘one up’;
b. when with a partner; or
c. Multiple members.
Observation
10.36 Members must watch the offender’s body language, hands and eyes, and be prepared to
respond to any threat. At this time it is important to maintain communication with the
offender, followed by directions that the member wants the offender to follow. For
example:
a. ‘Military Police, DON’T MOVE!’

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b. ‘Drop the knife/weapon’.
c. ‘Put your hands where I can see them’.
d. ‘Get down’.
Indoor Tactics
10.37 As an offender/aggressor approaches, the member must have sufficient time and
reactionary gap to allow deployment of OC spray.
Figure 10-5: Single Member/Multiple Offenders
Team Tactics
10.38 Through the use of the appropriate team tactics, potentially life threatening incidents may
be able to be resolved without resorting to the use of lethal force. By detailing a member
with another appropriate use of force option to provide cover to the member deploying
OC spray, a potentially violent confrontation may be concluded using the minimum
amount of force. The ideal position to cover from will vary depending upon the terrain,
geography of the premises and layout of the room.
Figure 10–6(a): Single Member/Single Offender

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Figure 10-6(b): Single Member/Single Offender
Figure 10–7(a): Multiple Members/Single Offender

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Figure 10-7(b): Multiple Members/Single Offender.
Outdoor Tactics
10.39 Prior to deployment, members are to take note of wind strength and direction. Where
possible, members are to position themselves upwind from the subject to ensure their
own safety and to maximise the effect upon the subject. Spraying directly into the wind
may prevent the OC from reaching the intended subject and it may be blown back onto
the deploying member/s. Thereby receiving a secondary or if the wind is strong enough,
they could expose themselves to a primary exposure.
Deployment
10.40 When deploying OC spray at an offender the primary target area is the face, primarily the
eyes and nose. If the OC spray does not hit this area, the offender will not receive a
primary exposure and the spray will be less effective.
10.41 At the same time the spray is deployed, move sideways as the subject comes into contact
with the spray and assess the effect of the spray. During this reassessment, look for
where the orange/red die is on the offender, this will assist you in determining if the
exposure was a primary or secondary. If necessary, be ready to re-spray the subject or
use alternative tactical option whilst maintaining communication.
Figure 10–8: Multiple Members/Single Offender

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Figure 10–9(a): Out Door Tactics
Figure 10-9(b): Outdoor Tactics
Remember, a goal-orientated offender can fight through the effects of

the OC spray.
Figure 10-10 Good Deployment

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Figure 10–11: Incorrect Target Area
10.42 MP must move to the side once spray is deployed on an offender as although their eyes
will be closed, they can charge in the direction they last saw the member.
Remember, a goal-orientated offender can fight through the

effects of OC spray.
10.43 Close proximity spraying has the potential to be ineffective because the alcohol carrier
does not have a chance to evaporate and additionally, because of the minimum distance,
the spray may affect the member(s).
Figure 10–12: Minimum Distance (wind affected)
Do NOT deploy OC Spray any closer than 60cm from the face of a
subject.

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Warning Prior to Use
10.44 Critical Incidents. A common thread in the resolution of violent, potentially violent
incidents is the ability to conduct a continuous thorough and well-balanced risk
assessment that provides a number of options for the safe resolution of incidents. Risk
assessment in the context of OC spray is acutely applicable to the warning of subject(s),
in its intended use and will impact on the success of the deployment.
10.45 The RACMP Policy states:
“A verbal warning must be given prior to

discharging OC spray … unless
the gravity of the situation makes it
impracticable to do so.”
10.46 Purpose of the Warning. The purpose of the warning is twofold. Firstly, as a
deterrent to indicate to the subject(s) of the impending use of OC spray. Secondly, as a
signal for other members to invoke various tactics, to either take evasive action or
implement an arrest plan.
10.47 Application As the period of time OC remains in the air is largely dependent on the
prevailing atmospheric conditions. Members should remain aware of those conditions and
on the effect an OC deployment would have on them.
10.48 The risk assessment must take into account of all safety factors including the potential for
harm to the member or the offender. The risk assessment should be cognisant of the
gravity of the overall incident and all the prevailing circumstances. It remains an
operational decision whether to warn or not, based on the risk, as the effects of the OC
spray can last from 10 to 45 minutes. The following must be adhered to:
a. Observation. A sprayed person must be accompanied and kept under constant

observation for at least 45 minutes or until the symptoms or effects are no longer
apparent, including during transportation; and
10.49 Transport. A sprayed person must not be transported in the secure compartment of an
MP vehicle, divisional van or equivalent, until the symptoms or effects are no longer
apparent.
Figure 10–13: Deploying OC spray (Single MP)

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Figure 10-14(a): Deploying OC Spray (Multiple MP)
Figure 10–14(b): Deploying OC spray (Multiple MP)
After-Care
10.50 The physical and psychological effects of OC spray are immediate and debilitating. It
causes blood vessels to dilate rapidly, irritation to the bronchial passages, mucous
membranes to secrete freely and eyes to burn and close tightly. Although the immediate
effects may be severe, full recovery should occur within 10 – 45 minutes. There is no
known long term after effects.
10.51 When persons are exposed to OC spray it is essential that treatment commence as soon
as practicable. After-care is to be maintained until symptoms are alleviated and the
person is no longer experiencing the effects.
Asthmatics
10.52 Approximately 10% of the Australian population suffer from some type of asthma. The
effects of OC spray on asthmatics may in addition to the effects already outlined, cause a
narrowing of the airways, which is called Bronchia Constriction.
Initial Action
10.53 Once the spray has been deployed and the subject is on the ground or restrained, the
member deploying the OC spray must ask the following questions of the subject:
a. ‘Do you have asthma?’
(1) If yes, then ask – ‘Do you want salbutamol?’

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(2) If yes, then ask – ‘Do you have yours on you?’
(3) If yes, then let the offender administer it to him or herself.
(4) If no, seek medical assistance.
b. ‘Do you wear contact lenses?’
(1) If yes, have the subject remove them after they have washed their hands.
(2) Under no circumstances are members to remove contact lenses for the
offender.
10.54 Members should then carry out the following After-Care procedures:
a. Provide reassurance;
b. Advise the offender NOT to rub their eyes;
c. Place in an area where cool breezes can provide relief; and
d. Flush hands, face, or any other skin areas affected with COOL water (a non oil
based soap may be used to assist the cleansing – Do not use warm or hot water,
salves or cream.
10.55 If effects are still being experienced beyond 45 minutes, or there is any doubt as to the
well being of the person, then seek medical treatment. While medical treatment is being
sought maintain reassurance and appropriate after care techniques.
10.56 Whilst providing after care members must concentrate on maintaining a calm voice when
giving instructions. Members must remember that they do not have to yell at the sprayed
offender. Members should wear disposable latex gloves when handling an exposed
offender to prevent cross contamination and secondary exposures.
Medical Attention
10.57 Medical attention must be provided immediately, if the offender:
a. Does not recover within a reasonable time;
b. Complains of a medical condition;
c. Asks for medical attention; or
d. In the members opinion appears to be suffering from a medical condition.
10.58 Medical data sheets have been circulated to all civilians/Defence hospitals, medical
centres and Emergency Medical Services (EMS) agencies.
Medical Conditions/Respiratory Distress Symptoms
10.59 This may include:

a. Rapid breathing rate (more than 20 breaths per minute);
b. Audible wheezing or noisy breathing, particularly on breathing out;
c. Blue discoloration of lips and tongue (cyanosis);
d. Rapid pulse rate (more than 100 beats per minute);
e. Deteriorating consciousness;

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f. Chest or neck pain;
g. Profuse sweating; or
h. Shallow, restrained or difficult breathing (lasting more than 2 to 3 minutes).
10.60 If an offender displays or complains of any of these symptom seek EMS immediately.
Inert Sprays
10.61 In addition to the live OC canisters, inert sprays are available for use during training.
These sprays are manufactured to duplicate the characteristics of the live unit. The
training sprays are manufactured in both stream and fog units
10.62 The inert canisters are black in colour and look similar in appearance to the live OC
canisters. During training members are to visually check the labels to ensure that they are
using inert sprays.
Figure 10–15: Inert Spray Canisters

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CHAPTER 11
EXPANDABLE BATON
SECTION 11-1. MEDICAL ASPECTS OF BATONS (EXPANDABLE

BATON)
11.1 The use of a baton is potentially hazardous and blows in high-risk areas are
unpredictable, with blows ranging from ineffective to fatal. Minimise the risk by avoiding
blows to areas of high-risk (see Table 11-1). Maximise the effectiveness of the baton by
striking the recommended areas only. The recommended areas for baton blows are
limbs, shoulders, chest and buttocks. Danger areas should only be used when lethal
force is justified.
Table 11–1: Areas to Be Avoided
Area to Avoid Reasons

Head Fractured skull, brain injury, death, (there is
variation in skull strength).
Face Facial fracture, dental injury, skull fracture.
Front of Neck Injury to voice box. Sudden death from apparently
minor injury.
Back of Neck Spinal injury, paralysis, death.
Abdomen Sudden collapse, rupture internal organs.
Kidney Region Kidney damage, rupture liver/spleen.
Spinal Region Spinal injury, paralysis, death.
Groin Infertility and long medical term problems.
The Expandable Baton
11.2 The expandable baton offers the advantage of a straight baton, while also providing
several desirable aspects of other intermediate force weapons. They are lightweight and
easily carried. A blow from the expandable baton can immobilise a combative person,
and also disarm a person carrying an offensive weapon.
11.3 Opening the baton is a psychological deterrent, and a clear indication to a person that the
MP intends to strike. The baton offers ‘sudden reach’ capabilities if opened during the
execution of a strike.
SECTION 11-2. TECHNICAL INFORMATION
11.4 The concept of an ‘expandable’ baton originated in the Orient. Early models suffered
from poor design and construction methods. The first American baton of this type, the
‘Titan Taper’, received limited exposure in the 1960s. However, the method of
construction as well as the durability of the unit was not compatible with long-term police
use.
11.5 The expandable baton is a defensive, impact weapon designed to be inconspicuous yet
highly effective in an operational setting.
The concealment nature of the baton makes it an ideal

intermediate weapon for the plain clothes or covert member.

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11.6 The baton has two telescoping blades, which lock into place with a flick of a wrist.
Opening of the baton also presents a clear statement to a potential assailant, a final
warning prior to the escalation of the use of force by the MP.
11.7 The expandable baton is composed of the following:
a. Threaded butt cap or plug;
b. Retaining spring, securing the shaft in the handle;
c. Threaded handle;
d. Shaft composed of the mid-section and end-section; and
e. Tip.
SECTION 11-3. MAINTENANCE
11.8 The expandable baton should be maintained in the same manner as any other weapon.
The baton should be kept dry. If exposed to water, salt, air or perspiration, the blade
should be opened and the baton dried with a soft cloth.
11.9 The butt cap, or plug, should be periodically checked to make sure it is tightly screwed
onto the handle. The tip should also be checked for looseness. If the tip breaks loose,
Loctite should be applied to the threads to secure it to the end-section.
The baton should be periodically checked for hairline fractures

or excessive wear between the sections. Fractures may occur if
the baton is continually opened without too much force.
SECTION 11-4. BATON OPERATION
11.10 Holding the handle and snapping the wrist activates the expandable baton. This action
causes the blade to extend. The sudden snap of the wrist locks the shaft in place with a
friction lock.
11.11 To close the baton, the tip must be struck sharply and directly into a non-giving surface
(e.g. concrete).
11.12 When closed, the retaining spring in the handle holds the blade, preventing its accidental
extension.
11.13 The force necessary to open the baton may be adjusted using the retaining spring inside
the handle. Extending the sides of the spring outward will increase the amount of force
necessary to open the baton. Pushing the sides of the spring together will lessen the
force needed to extend the baton.
Expandable Baton Modes
11.14 There are two modes for the expandable baton:
a. Closed – the baton is fully closed within the handle of the weapon; and
b. Open – the baton is fully extended and locked in place.

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Carrying the Expandable Baton
11.15 The expandable baton may be carried on either the reaction side or weapon side of the
body. The baton is carried in the closed mode, tip down. The scabbard is worn on the
equipment belt either on the hip or slightly forward. It is not to be worn on the back of the
equipment belt as it can cause lower back injuries. If the scabbard is worn on the weapon
side it is to be position as not to interfere with the use of the sidearm.
When carried by covert/plain clothes members it can be carried

in the waistband, near the front of the body, halfway between the
hip and the navel, or in the rear pants pocket.
Drawing the Expandable Baton (Presentation)
11.16 The expandable baton can be drawn with either the weapon or the reaction hand. If
drawn by the reaction hand, it is transferred into the weapon hand, either in front or
behind the body. All basic strikes are delivered with the baton in the weapon hand.
Reaction Side Draw
11.17 When worn on the reaction side, the baton may be presented in a ‘Cross Draw’
movement with the weapon hand. Draw the baton quickly, blocking or redirecting with the
reaction hand.
WARNING – Without correct use of a reaction hand defence, an

assailant may pin the members weapon hand to the body
preventing a baton draw. Create a safe distance to allow
redirection with the reaction hand.
11.18 The baton may also be drawn with the reaction hand and then transferred to the weapon
hand. It can be transferred in front or behind the body. Like the cross draw, it is vital that
distance first be established and maintained in order to ensure the safe drawing of the
baton. Blocks and redirection of the assailant allow for the safe drawing of the
expandable baton.
Weapon Side
11.19 When drawn from the weapon side, the baton is drawn with the weapon hand.
Baton Grip
11.20 With either reaction side or weapon side presentation, the baton is held in the centre of
the grip with approximately the same length of the handle extending from each side of the
hand. The baton is held with a ‘full hand’ grip. All four fingers should grasp the baton
(see Figures 11-1 and 11-2).
Opening the Expandable Baton
11.21 Snap the baton downward or upward to open. Avoid opening the baton horizontally as
innocent bystanders may be hit with the extending tip. The methods of opening are
referred to as ‘Open to the Sky’ or ‘Open to the Ground’ (see Figures 11-3 and 11-4).
11.22 A sharp flick of the wrist will open and lock the baton. It is not necessary to violently
extend the blade of the baton. Doing so will make it difficult to close the baton and may
damage the blade.

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Figure 11–1: Baton Grip
Figure 11–2: Defensive Stance (Baton in Closed Mode)

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Figure 11–3: Open to the Sky
Figure 11–4: Open to the Ground

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Closing the Baton
11.23 Striking the tip against a solid surface closes the expandable baton. To close the baton,
drive the tip straight down onto a non-giving surface. Impact on a soft surface, such as
carpet or wood, may not release the locking mechanism. Do not violently close the baton
all in one movement.
Figure 11–5: Closing the Baton

11.24 Break the deadlock and then push the baton together. This prevents damage to the
retaining spring and the tapered ends of the blade.
Baton Positions
11.25 Loaded Position. This position is adopted when the baton is ready for immediate use.
The member adopts the defensive stance; the shaft of the baton is positioned along the
weapon arm, near the upper arm. The weapon arm is raised to shoulder level, the elbow
bent at approximately 45 degrees (see Figures 11-6 and 11-7), with the handle end
facing the offender.
Figure 11–6: Loaded Position (Front)

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Figure 11–7: Loaded Position (Side)
11.26 Ready Position. The weapon arm is extended down along the weapon, wide of the body
and slightly back. The shaft is extended down, along the back of the weapon leg. The
ready position is adopted when a lower profile is desired or more appropriate (see
Figures11-8 and 11-9).
Figure 11–8: Ready Position (Front)

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Figure 11–9: Ready Position (Side)

11.27 In all positions the reaction hand is raised to block or redirect an offender’s attack.
Threat Level
11.28 After drawing the baton, assume the ready position (low threat) or loaded position (high
threat). The baton may be opened or kept closed, depending on the threat level.
Expandable Baton Strikes

11.29 There are only three basic expandable baton strikes:
a. Weapon side strike (see Figures 11-10 and 11-11),
b. Reaction side strike (see Figures 11-12 and 11-13), and
c. Clearance strike (see Figures 11-14 and 11-15).
Figure 11–10: Weapon Side Strike (Arm)

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Figure 11–11: Weapon Side Strike (Leg)
Figure 11–12: Reaction Side Strike

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Figure 11–13: Reaction Side Strike (Two)
Figure 11–14: Clearance Strike (Front)

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Figure 11–15: Clearance Strike (Side)

11.30 All strikes are executed with the weapon hand from a ready or loaded position. The
reaction hand redirects, creates distance, checks and supplies reaction power to strikes
through hip rotation.
11.31 Points of Impact. To ensure maximum power and shock a baton blow needs to be
delivered to main points of impact. Figures 11-16 to 11-18 are the points of impact for the
main areas for baton strikes, the upper and lower arm and upper leg.
Figure 11–16: Point of Impact (Upper Arm)

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Figure 11–17: Point of Impact (Fore Arm)
Figure 11–18: Point of Impact (Upper Leg)
Baton Retention
11.32 If the baton is grabbed or an attempt is made to take it, you must react immediately and
instinctively using whatever unarmed impact is necessary to ensure the offender is
unsuccessful in their attempt.
11.33 There are two baton retention techniques from the holstered and unholstered positions
that greatly enhance your ability to regain the initiative.
11.34 Holstered. During this technique you should:

a. Place weapon/reaction side hand on top of the offender’s hand preventing them from
removing the baton (see Figures 11-19 and 11-20); and
b. With your free hand use any unarmed impact technique to neutralise the offender
(see Figure 11-20). Unarmed impact utilising the lower limbs would also be justified
(see Figure 11-21).

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Figure 11–19: Baton Retention (Holstered – Step One)
Figure 11–20: Baton Retention (Holstered – Step Two)

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Figure 11–21: Baton Retention (Holstered – Step Three)
11.35 There are two methods (variations) to be employed if an offender grabs an unholstered
baton. Remember to remain calm and not attempt to get into a ‘tug of war’.
11.36 Unholstered Method One. Maintain the weapon hand on the baton and place the
reaction hand on the tip of the baton (see Figures 11-23 and 11-24)
a. Rotate the baton sharply towards the offender, tip down, handle up (see Figure
11-25); and
b. When the offenders grip is broken, disengage and/or escalate.
Figure 11–22: Baton Retention (Unholstered – Step One)

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Figure 11–23(a): Baton Retention (Unholstered – Step Two)
Figure 11–24: Baton Retention (Unholstered - Step Three)

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11.37 Unholstered Method Two. This method involves the use of baton speed and manoeuvre
to retain the baton:
a. Grab the baton handle with both hands (see Figures 11-26 and 11-27);
b. With a double handed grip sharply force the offender’s arm to fully extend outward
and then quickly move the tip of the baton back into a position that is in the centre of
your body, which will break the assailants grip [(see Figures 11-28 and 11-29) the
key to this movement is speed]; and
c. When the assailants grip is broken, disengage and/or escalate (see Figure 11--30).
Figure 11–25: Baton Retention Unholstered (Step One)
Figure 11–26: Baton Retention Unholstered (Step Two)

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Figure 11–27: Baton Retention Unholstered (Step Three)
Figure 11–28: Baton Retention Unholstered (Step Four)
Figure 11–29: Baton Retention Unholstered (Step Five)

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CHAPTER 12
GROUND DEFENCE
12.1 A member who is knocked to the ground and attacked is in a dangerous position. The
member is vulnerable to strikes from all angles, or worse still, the member may be
vulnerable to grappling attacks if the assailant moves in and attacks from a control
position. When a member is placed in this situation, an increased level of force is justified
under the principles of self-defence as they are extremely vulnerable to attack and
serious injury. Due to this increased justification members should consider deploying OC
Spray from the defensive prone position and in extreme circumstances lethal force could
be an option.
12.2 MP who are involved in struggles on the ground must be in the process of controlling the
offender. If members are unable to control the offender they should disengage and
escalate, or tactically withdraw.
Defensive Prone Position
12.3 If the member cannot get up immediately they need to protect themselves and their
equipment until they can regain their footing. The basic position is:
a. Keep the head away from the offender. Feet are held up to use for kicking out in
defence and keeping the offender at distance. Position the reaction hand up in front
of the head to protect against strikes. Consider turning so that the weapon side is
down to ensure retention of any weapons or firearm; and
Figure 12–1: Defensive Prone Position
b. Actively kicking out should prevent being struck or mounted. The member can use
several kicks as a defence, which are explained in the following paragraphs of this
chapter.

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High Leg Kick
12.4 This kick is powerful if executed correctly and will decentralise an offender, creating
space for the member to stand up and disengage and/or escalate. The method of kick is:
a. As the offender approaches, the member pushes their body up off the ground with
their lower hand. At the same time they come up onto their lower knee, so that their
side is off the ground; and
Figure 12–2: High Leg Kick (Stage One)
b. The member then straightens their high leg, thrusts forward and strikes the offender
anywhere between the thigh and the abdomen.
Figure 12–3: High Leg Kick (Stage Two)

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Round Kick
12.5 This kick involves very dynamic movement, however is by far the most effective of ground
kicks. If executed correctly it will decentralise an offender most likely to the ground,
creating space for the member to stand up and disengage and/ or escalate. The method
of kick is:
a. As the offender attempts to move around behind the member, the member starts to
roll over and onto their hands and knees; and
Figure 12–4: Round Kick (Stage One)

b. As the second leg comes over, it is extended towards the offender and strikes them
with the shin around the peroneal pocket or knee. If executed correctly and with
force, it will allow the member to disengage and stand up.
Figure 12–5: Round Kick (Stage Two)

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Disengage and Stand Up
12.6 If a member is knocked to the ground it is vital that the members know how to protect
themselves with the defensive ground position. They then need to be able to get back up
to a standing position safely. The following technique will allow the member to get up from
a prone position while protecting themselves, and keeping the offenders in sight. At no
time should a member turn their back on an offender.
12.7 The procedure is as follows, from the low leg kick:
a. From the defensive ground position (weapon side down), kick out at the offender’s
leg to cause them to back away;
b. Place the weapon side hand on the ground to brace and slide the weapon side foot
underneath, through to the rear; and
Figure 12–6: Stand Up from Low Kick (Stage One)

c. Stand up and move back while keeping the hands up to protect the head, and utilise
an appropriate tactical option.
Figure 12–7: Stand Up from Low Kick (Stage Two)

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12.8 The procedure is as follows, from the high kick:
leg to cause them to back away; and
Figure 12–8: Stand Up from High Kick (Stage One)

b. Place the reaction side leg on the ground, stand up and move back while keeping
the hands up to protect the head, and utilise an appropriate tactical option.
Figure 12–9: Stand Up from High Kick (Stage Two)

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12.9 The procedure is as follows, from the round kick:
leg to cause them to back away; and
b. Roll back into the defensive prone position and stand up as for the low kick, and
utilise an appropriate tactical option.
12.10 Warning. When executing the round kick it is human nature to want to stand up straight
away whilst on ‘hands and knees’. Standing up from this position is to be avoided as it
exposes the member’s back to the offender and makes them vulnerable to further attack.
Once again, at no time should a member turn their back on an offender.
Preventing a Mount
12.11 If an offender gets to a mounted position on top of the member, the member is in very
serious danger. The member who is knocked down should keep any offender away by
using the feet as much as possible.
12.12 When the offender moves in to get in the mounted position, the member should:
a. Put the feet into the hips or body of the offender and as they move in push off with
the legs to drive the offender off.
Figure 12–10: Preventing a Mount

12.13 Where an offender moves in quickly to attack the member, this technique may result in a
full front sweep. This is where the offender is thrown over the member as a result of his or
her own forward momentum. If this happens, the member must immediately stand up
whilst the offender is still dazed and lying on the ground.
Escapes from under Mounted Position

12.14 If the member is unfortunate enough to end up under the mounted position they should
use the escape as soon as possible and preferably before the offender becomes settled
with a good point of balance. From a mounted position the offender can punch, elbow,
head-butt, and choke the member who is almost defenceless. In this situation the
member is in extreme danger of serious injury. To escape from under the mount the
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member must secure the offender’s body and roll them off using a ‘bridge and roll’ or
‘clinch and roll’ movement to unbalance the offender and get out from underneath.
Figure 12–11: Preventing a Mount (Sweep)
Escape One – Bridge and Roll
12.15 Procedure:
a. Trap one arm and hold the offender’s body down;
Figure 12–12: Bridge and Roll (Stage One)
b. Use a foot or leg to trap the offender’s ankle on the same side as the trapped arm;
c. Buck the hips as high as possible and roll in the direction of the trapped limbs; and
d. Push off the offender’s body standing up and backing away. If an offender holds the
member with their legs the member should use repeated strikes to the body and

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head of the offender. These strikes are intended to make the offender protect
themselves and will allow the member to disengage.
Figure 12–13: Bridge and Roll (Stage Two)
Figure 12–14: Bridge and Roll (Stage Three)
Figure 12–15: Bridge and Roll (Stage Four)

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Escape Two – Clinch and Roll
12.16 Procedure:
Figure 12–16: Clinch and Roll (Stage One)
a. Grab around the offender’s waist with a bear hug. Use this grip to pull down on the
offender’s lower back and force them to brace with the hands on the ground;
b. When the offender attempts to strike the member they will have to compromise their
base. The member should thrust up with the hips and roll the offender over in the
direction of what offender’s hand is being used; and
c. Disengage and utilise an appropriate tactical option.
Figure 12–17: Clinch and Roll (Stage Two)

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CHAPTER 13
VEHICLE INTERCEPTS
13.1 Although a daily occurrence for MP whilst on mobile patrols, vehicle intercepts should
never be taken for granted. Safety is paramount at all times due to the unknown nature of
the occupants of the vehicle as well as the passing vehicle traffic.
Intercept Procedure
13.2 After identifying a target vehicle members should adopt the following the follow
procedure:
a. Risk assessment;
b. Observer make relevant notes – Date, Time, Place, Vehicle Description, Registration
Number, and offence or reason for intercept;
c. Conduct registration check with local police (where practical);
d. Choose a safe intercept location;
e. Signal to the vehicle to stop by; and
(1) Activating emergency lighting;
(2) Flashing Headlights;
(3) Activating near side indicator;
(4) Activating a short burst of the siren (if required);
Safety Corridor
13.3 When the target vehicle moves to the side of the road and stops, the driver of the MP
vehicle parks behind it in such a position to provide a safety corridor for the members to
walk in without being vulnerable to oncoming traffic. This is achieved by:
a. Stopping the MP vehicle no closer than five meters from the intercepted vehicle;
b. Offsetting the MP vehicle so it is two meters further from the curb than the
intercepted vehicle; and
c. Leaving the emergency lighting activated to provide early warning to other vehicles.
Approaching the Vehicle
13.4 The following procedure should be followed after intercept and as the contact member
(usually the driver) approaches the vehicle:
a. Place on the MP Reflective Vest, IAW OH&S guidelines (Regardless of light level);
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b. Take your time approaching the vehicle and make eye contract with the driver of the
vehicle in the side mirror;
c. Look in the back of the vehicle as you approach; and
d. The cover member remains outside but with the MP vehicle, watching the occupants
of the intercepted vehicle.
Figure 13–1: Diagram of Safety Corridor
Figure 13–-2: Forward view of Safety Corridor
Contact and Cover
13.5 Contact and cover positioning is important when talking to an offending driver. Both
members should be positioned as follows:
a. Contact Member. They should stand beside the ‘B’ pillar of the vehicle, in a field
interview stance. This causes the driver to look over their shoulder limiting their
attack opportunities. It also keeps the member out of the wary of the car door if
opened quickly; and

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b. Cover Member. They should stand near the ‘A’ pillar on the near side of the vehicle.
This position allows observation and corroboration of the contact member. It also
allows the cover member to observe all occupants’ movements inside the vehicle
and if needed early warning.
Figure 13–3: Forward view of ‘Contact and Cover’ positions
Figure 13–4: 45° degree rear view of vehicle intercept
Eight Step
13.6 Tactical communication principals are prevalent when communicating with offending
drivers. This was explained in detail in Chapter 4, The procedure is:
a. Greeting:
(1) ‘Good morning Ma’am’ (salute)
b. ID – Self/Unit:
(1) ‘I am Sergeant Jones and this is Sergeant Brown, from the Military Police’
c. Reason for stop:
(1) ‘Ma’am, the reason I stopped you today is (PAUSE) that I observed you fail to
stop at the stop sign on Malay and Morobe Roads.’
d. Reason for offence:

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(1) ‘Ma’am, is there any justified reason for this?’ (PAUSE)
e. ID/Licence:
(1) ‘Ma’am, can you produce your army ID card and drivers licence please?’
f. Other info – confirm:
(1) ‘Ma’am, what is you unit and residential address?’
g. Decision:
(1) ‘Ma’am, I am only going to warn you today, please obey the road rules at all
times in the future.’
h. Close:
(1) ‘Ma’am, please drive carefully. Your safety is important to us.’ (Salute)
Departure
13.7 When members return to their vehicle, they should allow the offender’s vehicle to depart
prior to them returning to patrol duties.
Vehicle Extractions
13.8 On occasion members will have to use force to remove a person from a vehicle. To do
this using the minimum amount of force required and to assist with generating voluntary
compliance, a form of head control can be used. The technique is as follows:
a. place one hand at the base of the offender’s head and at the same time place the
other hand under the offenders nose so that the first knuckle of the pointer finger is
under the nose;
b. then holding the back of the head still, place pressure under the nose by lifting that
hand up and back, until pain compliance is achieved;
c. then proceed to talk the offender though removing his seat belt, opening the car door
and leaving the vehicle; and
d. once the offender is outside the vehicle they should be placed in a pain compliance
hold and moved to a safe area of the road and secured.
SECTION 13-2. HIGH RISK VEHICLE INTERCEPTS
13.9 Members of the MP may be required to intercept vehicles, which are known to, or
suspected to contain violent or armed offenders. These high-risk intercepts are only to be
conducted if MP members have the numerical superiority.
Risk Assessment
13.10 Members must consider the following prior to any high risk intercept:
a. Cause for the intercept:
(1) Why is the intercept being conducted?
(2) What are the circumstances behind it?

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b. Occupants:
(1) How many?
(2) Who are they?
(3) What is known about them?
(4) Do they have priors or a known history?
(5) Watch for sudden movements/discreet movement
Figure 13-5: Vehicle Extraction
c. Weapons:
(1) Do they have any?
(2) Have you seen them?
(3) Has the possession of weapons been implied?
(4) How reliable is the information?
(5) Would you have weapon superiority?
(6) Availability of ballistic vest for members?
d. Vehicle:
(1) What type of vehicle?
(2) What condition is it in?
(3) Could there be other people concealed from view?

(4) Watch movements of occupants in mirrors.
e. Location:

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(1) Is the area safe/secure?
(2) Safety of witnesses?
(3) Opportunity to take hostages?
(4) Look for positions of ‘Cover & Concealment’ at intercept location.
(5) If offender’s vehicle stops in an unsuitable location use the PA to advise driver
to move forward.
Commencement of Intercept
13.11 In line with your ‘If/Then’ thinking and ongoing risk assessment the following points must
be considered:
a. Select the location in advance and advise your supporting MP, local police or HQ;
b. Act at a time and place of your choosing;
c. Consider ‘contact & cover’ roles and responsibilities;
d. Assume nothing;
e. Beware of tunnel vision;
f. Use all available resources – ‘Peace through superior fire power’; and
g. Maintain high state of awareness and constantly reassess.
Procedure after Intercept

13.12 To maximise member’s safety the following procedure should be used during a high risk
intercept:
a. Firstly position the patrol vehicle a safe distance (reactionary gap) from the offenders
vehicle and create a safety corridor for the members. If practicable the patrol vehicle
can be used to block all on coming traffic;
Figure 13–-6: Vehicle reactionary gap/safety corridor

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b. Using the PA instruct all occupants to place their arms out the windows. If there is an
occupant in the centre rear seat have them place their hands on the window behind
them or on the roof. The window is the preferred option as the hands are visible at all
times;
Figure 13–-7: Arms out
c. Members then exit the patrol vehicle, draw and come to the assessment position,
and then approach the vehicle in a ‘contact & cover’ formation. The contact member
continually verbalises with the offender and maintains control;
Figure 13–8: Contact and Cover

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Figure 13–9: Contact Member at assessment position
Figure 13–10: Cover member at assessment position
d. Contact member then instructs the offender to open the door using his left hand and
the outside door handle. The offender’s right arm remains visible out the window;
Figure 13-11 Opening door

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e. Contact member then instructs the offender to release his seat belt with his right
hand, whilst keeping the left hand visible and outside the door;
Figure 13–-12: Releasing the seatbelt
f. Contact member then instructs the offender to turn in the seat and place his feet on
the ground, whilst keeping his hands up and visible;
Figure 13–-13: Turning and Feet Placement
g. Contact member then instructs the offender to stand up and walk slowly around the
front of the vehicle, maintaining his arms in the air. The contact member is
responsible for ensuring that he does not move into a cross fire position with the
cover member;
h. Contact member instructs the offender move around to the side of the vehicle and a
safe distance from it and to stop. The cover person stays at a position on the off side
of the vehicle to ensure he is not drawn into a cross fire position;
i. Contact member then directs the offender to lay on their stomach on the ground and
place their arms and legs out (like a starfish). The offenders head and eyes should
be directed away from the Contact member, towards the cover;

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j. Contact member them moves from the off side of the vehicle, holsters his firearm,
and places the offender in a three point hold; and
Figure 13–14: Moving to front of vehicle
Figure 13–15: Moving to side of vehicle
Figure 13–16: Offender on ground

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Figure 13–17: Three-point hold
k. The cover member can de-escalate to another force option, however this should only
be done on the direction of the cover member and after the offender is controlled on
the ground or secured.
Figure13–18: De-escalation (Option One)
Figure 13–19: De-escalation (Option Two)

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Multiple Vehicle Occupants
13.13 When dealing with a vehicle with multiple offenders, the same procedure is followed and
each person is removed individually from the vehicle, starting with the driver. The only
difference is that more MP members are required for the cover roles, one for the vehicle
and a minimum of one for the offenders on the ground.
13.14 The more MP members involved, the more secure the intercept will be, however the more
likelihood of ‘cross fire positions’ between members as well as the effect of tunnel vision.
Once again it is the responsibility of the contact member to maintain control of the
intercept.

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CHAPTER 14
CONTINUATION TRAINING
14.1 Continuation Training must be carried out on a regular basis to ensure that all members
are competent, as part of the Corp’s ‘Duty of Care’. This is not only for their
professionalism but their partner’s operational safety.
14.2 Qualified RACMP DT Instructors or Continuation Trainers must only conduct continuation
training. Members not holding these qualifications are not authorised to conduct training
and may be legally responsible for injuries sustained, due to ‘Vicarious Liability’. This
includes PT lessons involving DT related skills.
SECTION 14-2. DEFENSIVE TACTICS CURRENCY/REQUALIFICATION
14.3 DT Practitioners must undergo continuation training, under the supervision of a

continuation trainer/DTI, a minimum of twice per training year.
14.4 DT continuation trainers must undergo continuation training under the supervision of a
DTI a minimum of once per training year.
14.5 DTIs should undergo continuation training with DPTC a minimum of once per two training
years.
14.6 Once members have re-qualified units are to promulgate the results in Routine Orders
and forward to company orderly room for recording on PM Keys.
SECTION 14-3. RECOGNITION OF PRIOR LEARNING
14.7 Applications for Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) or Recognition of Current

Competency (RCC) will be considered on an individual basis in accordance with the
RACMP Recognition of Current Competency/Recognition of Prior Learning Policy.
SECTION 14-2. WARMING UP – COOLING DOWN & FLEXIBILITY
Warming Up
14.8 Definition: A warm up is an activity that proceeds an exercise session and prepares the
body both physiologically and psychologically for the activity to follow.
14.9 Physiological Effects of a Warm up: Some of the physiological effects of a warm up are
as follows:
a. Increased core temperature leading to better chemical reactions within the body;
b. Give energy systems time to adjust to the work-load thereby decreasing lactic acid
accumulation;
c. Increased muscle temperature and elasticity. (Muscle will be more responsive to

stretching when its temperature is raised slightly);

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d. A gradual increase in blood pressure and heart rate together with the stimulation of
the heart and lungs increases in blood flow and O2 availability;
e. Blood is redirected away from non-essential areas, eg. The intestines, to the working
muscles;
f. Increased joint lubrication. (Light or non weight bearing movements act to increase
secretion of synovial fluid into the active joints prior to the introduction of large
compressive forces);
g. Increase the reaction time of the muscle by improving motor unit recruitment and
firing as well as nerve transmissions and coordination; and
h. Stimulation of the sensory organs.
14.10 Basically, we warm up to prepare the body and mind for the activities to come. A point to
remember: It takes at least five to 10 minutes of continuous activity for the aerobic system
to reach an efficient state.
14.11 Active vs Passive Warm Ups. Active warm ups are those in which physical movement is
present and the subject takes an active part in increasing physiological responses.
Passive warm ups on the other hand require little input from the subject and are more
reliant on an external stimulus like a spa bath.
14.12 There are several disadvantages of using a passive warm up to prepare for physical
activity and these include:
a. As the muscles themselves are not directly involved in increasing their internal heat
muscular elasticity is not increased;
b. Metabolic requirements are lower as muscle energy is not utilised to perform

contractions. This means that the aerobic production of energy does not increase as
effectively;
c. The joints are not moved through continual repetition therefore less synovial fluid is
released; and
d. Little coordinated movement is required therefore not preparing the psychological

(like game awareness) or physiological (synergy to coordinate several muscle
groups aspects.
14.13 Even though blood flow is increased through a passive warm up, this blood is redirected
away from muscles to the periphery systems (skin) in order to aid in heat loss and
maintain homeostasis. Therefore the crucial supply of oxygen and nutrients to the
working muscle through the blood is lost.
14.14 Duration of Warm up Benefits. The physiological benefit gained from a complete warm
up is said to last from 45 to 80 minutes. This is important to realise as even those who
may sit on the bench during the initial period of a team will gain benefits from a complete
warm up with the remainder of the team. It also shows that participants can be warmed
up before the main group activity is explained (eg. Team games rules or circuit) as they
will not suddenly loose the physiological benefits of the warm up.
14.15 Warm Up Formats. The following warm-up procedure has been developed and adopted
by the Australian Defence Force Physical Training School (ADFPTS) under guidance
from the Australian Institute of Sport.
14.16 Format. The exact format for a warm-up is dependent on the size of the group and area
available. The type of activity that is to follow should determine the selection of warm-up
exercises. All warm-ups should consist of three basic phases, the general phase, and the

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range of movement (ROM) phase and the specific phase. An optional fourth phase can
be included, the introductory game. An explanation of each is as follows:
a. General Phase: Begin with low intensity level exercises, as the body becomes
warmer the intensity can be gradually increased until the presence of mild sweating
is achieved, or the heart rate is elevated to a level between 120 and 150 BPM. This
should last for at least five minutes and may be longer depending on the fitness level
of participants and climatic influences;
b. Range of Movement (ROM) Phase. The ROM phase may involve range of motion
exercises and/or range of motion stretching. The aim of this phase is to move the
muscles that will be required in the main group activity through their full range of
motion. For the chest and anterior shoulder musculature, slow full range chest press
exercises can be performed, as can specific chest stretches. This phase should be
of an approximate three to four minute duration;
c. Specific Phase. On completion of the ROM phase, exercises are introduced at an

intensity appropriate to the level required for the main group activity to follow, eg. 3/4
pace run through when sprinting or, additional upper body ROM for rope climbing.
Activities that involve resistance (push-ups, ropes, strength games, circuits, etc.)
should include some form of low intensity muscle loading. This phase should last for
approximately three to four minutes; and
d. Introductory Game. An introductory game should generally follow the warm-up. It is

designed to motivate participants and set the tone for the main group activity to
follow. The duration should be approximately one to two minutes.
14.17 Total Duration. The total time for a total warm-up should be approximately seven to
twelve minutes. This will vary with climatic conditions, group’s fitness level, etc.
Cooling Down
14.18 Definition. A cool down is a post exercise activity that gradually returns the body to a
state of resting Homeostasis.
14.19 Reasons for Cooling Down. During physical exertion the heart pumps blood rapidly
around the body. Muscular contractions, provided by muscular movement, are then
utilised to return this blood via the veins to the heart. By suddenly ceasing movement
(training) the blood will not have the means of returning to the heart and will therefore
pool in the part of the body. A person then becomes light headed and can faint.
14.20 Physiological Effects of a Cool Down. Some of the physiological effects of a cool down
are as follows:
a. To maintain muscular movement whilst heart rate and blood flow are still elevated in
order to provide venous return and prevent blood pooling;
b. To maintain sufficient transport of oxygenated blood to the working muscles,

enabling the removal of lactic acid and other metabolic by products;
c. Progressive return of the metabolic system to a state of resting homeostasis; and
d. To re-establish range of motion in muscles and prevent muscular imbalances.
14.21 Cool Down Formats. Again the exact formats for a cool-down is dependent on the size
of the group and area available. The type of activity that has been undertaken should
determine the selection of cool-down exercises. A cool-down should be directed
specifically towards the muscles and joints that were placed under stress (directly or
indirectly) during the session.

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14.22 Guidelines. The cool-downs should involve exercises that are specific to the main group
activity. For example, aerobic activities such as running or endurance marching should be
followed by slow jogging or marching, which should then be followed by walking for at
least two minutes. Cool-downs should then conclude with specific flexibility exercises to
return ROM to the muscles contracted during the session. The total length of time for the
cool-down should be at least four to five minutes.
Flexibility
14.23 Definition. Flexibility is the ability of a joint or group of joints to move fluidly through the
range of motion required.
14.24 Factors Effecting Flexibility are as follows:
a. Bones and joints. Joint function allows only specific ROM – for example the knee
joint is a biaxial hinge joint and due to structure will only allow movement along two
axis
b. Muscle Elasticity. The current elasticity of the muscle will limit ROM;
c. Muscle Bulk. Depending on the degree of hypertrophy, ROM may be limited by the
physical placement taken up by the muscle. A large pectoralis may limit the
movement of the Humerus when performing horizontal adduction or flexion; and
d. Connective Tissue. There are two predominant types of connective tissue,

collagenous and elastic. The collagenous connective tissues are commonly tendons
and ligaments, which are responsible for joint integrity and connecting muscle to the
bone. This type of connective tissue comprises of 57% of stiffness (capsules and
ligaments 47% and tendons 10%) in ROM. As these tissues are not elastic in nature,
if over stretched there remain lengthened and can lead to joint laxity. That is why
stretching is aimed at the elastic connective tissue such as muscle fascia which
comprises 41% of ROM stiffness (The remaining 2% is made up from skin.).
14.25 Means of Increasing Flexibility. At present stretching is still one of the most effective
means of increasing flexibility. Resistance training however, utilising full ROM is also
associated with increases in flexibility.
Stretching
14.26 Definition. Stretching refers to the process of elongating muscle in order to increase
ROM. The benefits of stretching are as follows:
a. Prevention of injuries by increasing ROM,
b. Increased extensibility of a muscle allows greater force to be generated,
c. Improve muscle coordination and bio-mechanical efficiently,
d. Decreased muscle tightness after training by returning muscles to their ROM,
e. Counter act possible restricting effects of hypertrophy, and
f. Help develop mind muscle link.
14.27 When to Stretch:
a. In the morning before the start of the day,
b. After any form of physical training or labour,

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c. At work to release muscular tightening,
d. Whenever you feel stiff,
e. Prior to any form of physical training, and
f. After injury to return ROM to repairing tissue.
Recommended Stretches
14.28 The following are stretches recommended by Army PTIs for DT Training:
Upper Body
Figure 14–1: Chest Sag
a. Stretches:
(1) Latissimus dorsi,
(2) Thoracic spine, and
(3) Shoulder joints.
b. Action:
(1) Slide hands forward,
(2) Keep chest low – sag,
(3) Don’t move hips beyond the knees, and
(4) Hold stretch.
c. Stretches:
(1) Teres minor intraspinatus;
(2) Posterior deltoid;
(3) Latissimus dorsi;
(4) Pectorals;
(5) Rhomboids;

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(6) Forearm flexors;
(7) Shoulder/elbow; and
(8) Wrist joint.
Figure 14–2: Reach
d. Action:
(1) Clasp Hands,
(2) Turn palms out,
(3) Lift arms overhead,
(4) Reach up, and
(5) Alternate sides.
e. Stretches:
(1) Neck extensors,
(2) upper trapezius, and

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Figure 14–3: Neck Bend
f. Action:
(1) Tuck in chin,
(2) Curl head forward,
(3) Bring elbows forward,
(4) Hang, and
(5) Lengthen back of neck.
g. Stretches:
(1) Upper trapezius,
(2) Sternocle domastoid,
(3) Anterior and middle deltoid, and
(4) Bicep.

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Figure 14–4: Pull Behind
h. Action:
(1) Grasp wrist behind back;
(2) Pull down and across;
(3) Side bend head away;
(4) Hold the stretch;
(5) Lengthen back of neck;
(6) Warm up – three to four seconds; and
(7) Cool down - 20 seconds.
i. Stretches:
(1) Rhomboids,
(2) Middle trapezius, and
(3) Teles major.

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Figure 14–5: Slump Pull
j. Action:
(1) Round upper back,
(2) Tuck in chest,
(3) Place arms straight out in front, and
(4) Grasp wrist or palm over palm.
Figure 14–6: Pull Across
k. Stretches:
(1) Supraspinatus,

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(2) Posterior Deltoid,
(3) Intraspinatus, and
(4) Teres Minor and Major.
l. Action:
(1) Place arm across upper chest, and
(2) Pull elbow further across.
Figure 14–7: Pectorals
m. Stretches:
(1) Pectorals,
(2) Anterior Deltoid,
(3) Biceps brachii,
(4) Coracobrachiaus, and
(5) Anterior shoulder joint.
n. Action
(1) Clasp hands behind back.
(2) Arms straight.

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(3) Roll shoulder back, and
(4) Lift arms.
Figure14–8: Forearm Flexors
o. Stretches:
(1) Forearm flexors.
p. Action:
(1) Palm up,
(2) Clasp hands,
(3) Bend wrist & fingers back, and
(4) Keep arms straight.
q. Stretches:
(1) Triceps Latissimus Dorsi,
(2) Intercostals,
(3) Teres major, and
(4) Rhomboids.
r. Action:
(1) Pull elbow down and across.
(2) Lean upper body to side, and

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(3) Push ribs out and up.
s. Stretches:
(1) Spine,
(2) Abdominals, and
(3) Erector spine
Figure 14–9: Triceps
t. Action:
(1) Relax stomach down,
(2) Then tuck stomach in and round back upward, and
(3) Tuck head and buttocks under.
(4) Lower Body
u. Stretches:
(1) Posterior Hip,
(2) Upper hamstrings,

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(3) Gluterals,
(4) Deep hip rotators, and
(5) Lower back extensors.
v. Action:
(1) Slide buttocks back;
(2) Reach forward;
(3) Keep spine straight; and
(4) Head/neck neutral.
Figure 14–10: Cat
Figure 14–11: Cross Leg Buttock
w. Stretches:

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(1) Gastrochemus.
x. Action:
(1) Feet to be pointed forward,
(2) Knee straight,
(3) Lean forward, and
(4) Push heel down
Figure 14–12: Calf Stretch
Figure 14–13: Quads Side Lie
y. Stretches:
(1) Quadriceps, and
(2) Retus femur.

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z. Action:
(1) Clasp foot,
(2) Pull thigh backward, and
(3) Keep knee in line with hip.
aa. Stretches:
(1) Deep hip rotators,
(2) Gluterals,
(4) Posterior, and
(5) Hip joint.
Figure 14–14: Deep Hip
bb. Action:
(1) Pull knee into chest and hug.
Figure 14–15: Spinal Rotation
cc. Stretches:
(1) Gluterals,

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(2) Lateral hip,
(3) Lumbar spine, and
(4) Oblique abdominals.
dd. Action:
(1) Bend knee towards chest,
(2) Grasp with opposite hand,
(3) Pull across floor,
(4) Keep shoulders flat on floor, and
(5) Hold stretch.
Figure 14–16: Lying Hamstring Stretch
ee. Stretches:
(1) Hamstring,
(2) Sciatic nerve,
(3) Gluteus maximus, and
(4) Gastrocnemius.
ff. Action:
(1) Draw leg toward chest;
(2) Straighten leg; and
(3) Bend foot toward you (increase calf stretch).
gg. Stretches:
(1) Short hip adductors, and

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(2) Lateral hip.
hh. Action:
(1) Feet together;
(2) Grasp ankles;
(3) Lean forward/back straight; and
(4) Push knees towards floor
Figure 14–17: Short Groin Stretch
Partner Assisted
Figure 14–18: Partner Hamstring Stretch
a. Stretches:
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(1) Hamstring; and
(2) Gluteusmaximus.
b. Action:
(1) Raise leg towards upper body,
(2) Partner applies pressure to increase stretch,
(3) Leg slightly bent, and
(4) Gluteals stay on ground.
Figure 14–19: Partner Hamstring Stretch (Toe Flex)

b. Action:
(1) As per hamstring stretch,
(2) Toes are pushed towards shin, and
(3) Increases calf stretching.
c. Stretches:
(1) Posterior hip,
(3) Gluteals,
(4) Deep hip rotators, and
(5) Lower back extensors

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Figure 14–20: Partner cross leg buttock
d. Action:
(1) Slide buttocks back,
(2) Reach forward,
(3) Maintain straight spine, and
(4) Partner applies pressure by placing hands on scapular.
Figure 14–21: Front Shoulder
e. Stretches:
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(1) Anterior shoulder joint,
(2) Biceps,
(3) Anterior deltoid, and
(4) Pectorals.
f. Action:
(1) Hold partners hands;
(2) Shoulder width apart, palms forward;
(3) Partner lifts arms up; and
(4) Keep back straight.
Figure 14–22: Quad Side Lie (Partner)
g. Stretches:
(1) Quadriceps, and
(2) Retus femur.
h. Action
(1) As per quad side lie, and
(2) Partner increases stretch though pressure application.
i. Stretches:
(1) Biceps,
(2) Anterior deltoid,
(3) Pectorals, and
(4) Coracobrachials.
j. Action:
(1) Hand on partner,

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(2) Arm straight,
(3) Turn away,
(4) Vary height of arm, and
(5) Stand tall with good spinal alignment.
Figure 14–23: Front Shoulder (Partner)
Figure 14–24: Short Groin Stretch (Partner)

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k. Stretches:
(1) Short hip abductors, and
(2) Lateral hip.
l. Action:
(1) Feet together;
(2) Grasp ankles;
(3) Lean forward/ back straight;
(4) Push knees towards floor; and
(5) Partner applies pressure to inside of knee.
Stretches Which Must Be Avoided
14.29 The following stretches must not be used:
Figure 14–25: Toe Grip
a. Stresses (Toe Grip):
(1) Lumbar portion of spine.

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Figure 14–26: Side Bend (Locked Leg)
b. Stresses (Side Bend):
(1) Collateral ligament knee.
Figure 14–27: Tricep Stretch with Forward Flexion

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c. Stresses (Tricep Stretch with Forward Flexion) :
(1) Cervical portion of spine.
Figure 14–28: Rearward Reach
d. Stresses (Rearward Reach):
(1) Portion of spine.
Figure 14–28: Forward Flexion with Rotation

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e. Stresses (Forward Flexion with Rotation):
(1) Lumbar portion of spine, and
(2) Collateral & lateral ligament of the knee.
Figure 14–30: Hurdler Stretch
f. Stresses (Hurdler Stretch):
(1) Anterior cruciate ligament and patellar tendon.
References
14.30 This chapter was completed with the assistance of Army PTIs using the following
references:
a. ADFPTS, Basic Physical Trainers Course, Module 03, Exercise Physiology &
Muscular Conditioning Manual 1998; and
b. VICPOL, Operational Safety & Tactics Training Unit, Warm Up Exercises Training
Manual 1999.
SECTION 14-5. GROUND FIGHTING/GRAPPLING
14.31 One of the latest trends in law enforcement is ground fighting. Studies have shown that
many arrest situations involving combative suspects end up on the ground. In the past,
members have been taught how to take suspects to the ground and handcuff them.
Rarely have members been taught what to do if they end up on the ground with a
suspect.
14.32 The current ground fighting techniques being taught are a combination of Ju Jitsu and
plain old fashion high school wrestling. Ground fighting is effective when properly applied
and rarely results in serious injury to the suspect, a plus in the current social climate
where use of force issues are constantly in the news. Wrestling around on the ground
with a suspect who ends up handcuffed without being punched, kicked or struck
repeatedly with a baton just is not dramatic enough to warrant coverage by the local news
network. Lawyers have a difficult time making a case when the offender has no visible
injuries, so complaints of excessive force will likely diminish.
14.33 Wrestling with suspects looks better to the public but is not necessarily a good thing to
encourage members to do. Go to any wrestling tournament and you’ll see two martial
artists equally matched in so far as size and weight, in top physical condition wearing
headgear and a skin tight uniform grappling one on one on a padded mat with a referee
insuring strict adherence to rules and safety considerations.
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14.34 Ground fighting techniques are valuable but have their limitations. Generally speaking,
members do not have the aerobic fitness or strength to apply them effectively and ensure
their safety. Going to the ground should be viewed as a method of last resort in the
“hands on” scale rather than a favoured practice.
Grappling Training
14.35 This manual contains several grappling techniques. These are:
a. Side mount and arm transfer,
b. Bridge and roll,
c. Clinch and roll,
d. Breakdowns, and
e. Hooks in back control
14.36 These are only a few of the techniques used in grappling. Grapplers use joint
manipulators to their advantage and are quite patient fighters awaiting the opportunity to
strike.
14.37 Grappling is an important part of continuation training. Not only does it help members put
their skills to practice it also illustrates to them that strength and power are not the basis
to all skills. Through this it will emphasise the R.I.S.C. principles as well as the “Factors
effecting the Use of Force”.
14.38 Grappling also assists younger or less experienced members who have anxiety when
handling the human body. It also graphically illustrates to them how flexible the human
body can be as well as its limitations and in turn their limitations.
Safety Considerations for Grappling Training
14.39 Safety during grappling is paramount and has to be due to injury prevention
considerations. To assist in this the following conditions must be met:
a. Conducted on soft floor/ mats/ grassed areas;
b. 2:1 student/trainer ratio;
c. Students not to raise higher than their knees; and
d. No choke holds or neck control is to be used, demonstrated or condoned.
SECTION 14-6. SCENARIO TRAINING – GUIDE FOR INSTRUCTORS
Introduction
14.40 The scenario training component of a Defensive Training program can improve members’
overall ability in responding to potentially dangerous situations by offering an opportunity
to participate in simulated high risk situations in a controlled environment.
14.41 The role playing exercises provide a certain degree of realism, self awareness and
confidence to the member and serve to remind the more experienced member how
complacent he or she may have become.

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14.42 Members are provided with an opportunity to practice how to control a potentially violent
encounter and how to de-escalate rather than intensify tensions between themselves and
persons they may come into contact with through everyday operational situations.
14.43 The exercises allow members to safely experiment with a variety of techniques to reduce
the risk of violence in dangerous encounters.
14.44 Just as members’ abilities differ in general, it cannot be expected that all members will
attain the same level of proficiency or expertise in incident management. However,
through opportunities to safely explore their strengths and weaknesses, members will
gain a better understanding of their personal skill limitations and should learn to
overcome some deficiencies and to compensate for those they find hard to change.
14.45 Whilst this type of training can generally engender a certain amount of competitiveness
amongst members, it is incumbent upon instructors to provide a safe learning
environment. Striving for realism should not outweigh the risk of personal injury.
14.46 In summary, scenario training provides guidance to MP in making judgements concerning

the most appropriate tactics to use in incident management.
Facility
14.47 Whilst the facility or venue where the scenario training is conducted will depend largely on
the resources available to the unit/sub-unit, there are some guidelines which must be
followed:
a. The room or venue must be no smaller than 6m x 6m (20’ x 20’) and free of all
objects (except training props);
b. For OHS purposes the room must not have any uncovered protruding objects on the
floor or walls. Columns, ceiling supports, pylons and the like must be covered with
protective padding; and
c. The room must have a matted training area no smaller than 6m x 6m (20’ x 20’).
Personnel
14.48 The personnel required as instructors to conduct scenario training for a group of up to 20
students are:
a. One qualified Defensive Tactics Instructor acting as the primary or main instructor;
b. The role of this instructor is to select and control the scenario from start to finish,
assess the members performance and provide an accurate de-brief to the members
concerned;
c. At least one qualified Defensive Tactics instructor acting in the capacity as a ‘Safety
Officer’; and
d. The role of the ‘Safety Officer’ is primarily to ensure scenario guidelines in the
document are observed. In particular OHS considerations.
Note: It is permissible for other Defensive tactics qualified instructors to participate in the
scenarios as a role player, however, it must be stressed that their function is strictly limited to
the role player and the member concerned does not offer technical or judgmental advice to the
student.

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Occupational Health and Safety Issues
14.49 Conduct. Prior to any scenario training taking, place students are to be shown how to
properly wear the safety equipment for both the role player and the member. They are
also to be informed of the following safety rules:
a. No live firearms are allowed in the training area;
b. When the Safety Officer gives the command to ‘stop’, all activity will stop
immediately;
c. The Safety Officer will call a stop to the scenario when the Role Player is taken to
the ground with a takedown technique. Participants will not be allowed to struggle on
the ground;
d. Students must notify the instructor of all pre-existing conditions that may preclude
the student’s ability to fully participate in the training;
e. Students must immediately report any injury sustained during the training to the
Primary Instructor or Safety Officer; and
f. No training will occur without the direct supervision of the Safety Officer.
14.50 Warm-ups. Prior to any scenario training taking place members are to engage in ‘warm
up’ exercises.
14.51 Safety Equipment. The recommended minimum safety equipment necessary to conduct
scenario training is as follows:
a. one complete ‘Redman’ suit;
b. two ‘Officer’ suits;
c. clean towels, bottle of disinfectant; and
d. First aid kit, athletic tape.
Training Aids
14.52 The training aids to be used in scenario training are as follows:
a. red guns;
b. foam covered training batons and baton holders;
c. rubber knives;
d. environmental weapons, i.e., cane/walking stick, baseball bat, piece of wood – all
plastic props;
e. non-injurious objects to use as ‘cover’ eg., a stack of training mats, cardboard boxes,
etc; and
f. lightweight flashlight.
Personal Equipment
14.53 Members attending the scenario training component of a Defensive Tactics program
should be advised to wear athletic clothing and must bring with them their equipment belt.

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14-29
Conducting the Scenario
14.54 When conducting scenario training it is most important to ensure that as far as the role
players maintain possible realism. But this needs to be balanced by the risk of personal
injury to a student. An unrealistic scenario can be worse than none at all because it can
teach members tactics that are unlikely to be effective in actual operational situations.
The primary instructor in conjunction with the safety officer should:
a. Select the scenario from only those provided (see annex A);
b. Explain the scenario to the member(s) and the class;
c. Select the threat response from only those provided (see annex B) and secretly
inform the role player (Redman suit member);
d. Allow time for all role players to get in position before commencing the scenario;
e. Never place the student in a ‘no win’ situation;
f. Never tell the student ‘your dead’ or ‘you have just been killed’; and
g. Always train with these behavioural objectives in mind:
(1) the student will demonstrate the correct ‘Use of Cover’;
(2) the student will demonstrate the correct ‘Use of Force Option’; and
(3) the student will demonstrate the correct use of communication skills;
h. A scenario should not last more than five minutes from the time the students contact
the threat;
i. The role player is to be advised that they should only hit the student very lightly, if
and when appropriate; and
j. The safety officer and the role player must be made familiar with the following four
signals to be used in scenario training:
Table 14-1: Scenario Control Signals
Increase the intensity – become more
THUMB UP
aggressive
Decrease the intensity – become less
THUMB DOWN
aggressive towards compliance
HEAD NOD Maintain the level of intensity
This will tell the safety officer to stop
SHOUT ‘STOP’
the action immediately
Teaching Points
14.55 In order for members to obtain utmost benefit from participating in scenario training there
are a number of areas instructors must consider in order to properly de-brief and assess
students.
a. Scenarios:
(1) Ensure that the students undertake a variety of scenarios i.e. Situations,
escalation/de-escalation levels, threat responses, etc;
(2) Let the scenario continue until satisfied with the conclusion; and

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14-30
(3) If the student makes an obvious critical mistake during the scenario, then after
the de-briefing have the student perform the scenario again.
b. Planning:
(1) Watch and listen for any planning by the student in approach to the incident,
and
(2) Watch for the teamwork performed by the students.
c. Time/Distance/Cover:
(1) Watch for the student’s use of available cover,
(2) Watch to see if the student fails to use cover or moves away from available
cover,
(3) Watch to see if the student maintains a safe distance from the threat, and
(4) Watch and listen for the student creating time.
d. Communication Skills:
(1) Does the member identify himself/herself as police;
(2) Listen for use of proper/improper verbal commands/conflict resolution skills;
(3) Listen to the words being spoken and whether it is appropriate or too
aggressive for the situation;
(4) Listen to the words being spoken, are they in actual fact threats or is the
language being used too vulgar;
(5) Listen for verbal commands being utilised when force applied. One member
only should be giving commands;
(6) Listen to the commands whether they lack projection and/or authority; and
(7) Listen for whether the commands are too wordy, unclear or are not concise.
e. Defensive Tactics Techniques:
(1) Look for an appropriate selection of use of force options or whether there has
been an under/over reaction to the situation; and
(2) Look for the actual techniques used with any armed or unarmed strikes and
whether they were consistent with the Defensive Tactics Manual.
f. De-briefings: One of the most important aspects of scenario training is the de-brief. It
is possible that without an accurate and proper de-briefing after each scenario
members may take different messages from the exercise than were intended. A
student de-brief should take into account all the previously mentioned teaching
points and include questions of the student and/ or class regarding:
(1) Safety principles,
(2) Force philosophy,
(3) Use of force options,

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14-31
(4) Justification for use of firearms,
(5) Reasonable force,
(6) Reasonable self-defence, and
(7) Incident planning.
g. Other points to be conscious of are:
(1) To be positive with the critique. Don’t use negative terms, as this will make
the student defensive. Find something right first, then, comment on the
deficiency;
(2) Have the student critique himself/herself. If a student has difficulty admitting
a mistake, call on the ‘peer jury’ to provide help, or credence to your comments.
The ‘peer jury’ works well because the critique becomes de-personalised for the
student/instructor. It also involves the whole class in the learning process; and
(3) Always check with the student if he/she has sustained any injuries.
h. Assessment: Assessment of student’s performance during scenario training must be

consistent with the guidelines contained in the LWP-MP 3-8-2 Defensive Tactics.

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14A-1
POSSIBLE SCENARIOS
General Incidents
1. Soldiers causing trouble outside local social club.
2. Attend the local railway station regarding four soldiers causing trouble. Alcohol is apparently
involved. Two of the soldiers have baseball bats.
3. Attend at front of local OR accommodation. Three soldiers are drunk and causing trouble.
4. On foot patrol in local shopping centre, a male soldier runs past you, carrying what looks
like a ladies purse. You chase and corner this person.
5. Attend local OR Mess regarding two drunken soldiers harassing females.
6. As a result of several complaint phone calls to your Pl from annoyed neighbours, you attend
a local park where a very noisy and apparently drunken group of soldiers are congregating.
7. Whilst on foot patrol you observe a person acting suspiciously loitering in a unit car park.
8. Report of a man sitting in a vehicle with engine running. Stationary for several hours, parked
in an unlit back road of the base.
9. Military vehicle parked dangerously on freeway. Soldier changing tyre.
10. Attend to a soldier sitting under a tree in a park, clutching large knife.
11. Youth disturbed in the act of smashing a phone box with a baseball bat on the Base.
12. Vehicle intercept of a confirmed drunk driver (officer).
13. Routine vehicle intercept, a check reveals it is listed as a stolen vehicle.
14. Routine vehicle intercept, a soldier refuses to provide identification and is becoming
agitated.
15. Attend a warehouse at a local unit regarding a dispute between a civilian employer and
employee. Upon attendance you observe the employee on the roof threatening to jump.
16. Attend a licensed nightclub where a member of the public is complaining of being assaulted
by a soldier. Both the members of the public and the soldier are in a highly agitated state
upon police arrival.
17. Attend a report of a taxi driver holding a soldier for fare evasion.
Domestic Incident
18. Attend a local hotel where a Barman complains about a drunken soldier causing trouble. He
wants this person removed from the premises.
19. Attend a complaint about two soldiers in a private residence who are arguing violently.

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14A-2
20. Whilst on foot patrol, you are confronted by an officer whom you know recently received
several penalty notices. He complains bitterly to you.
21. Attend a domestic argument at a married quarter where the husband is physically abusing
and threatening his wife. Alcohol is involved.
22. Whilst on foot patrol, you overhear two soldiers arguing heatedly over repair costs for a
damaged vehicle. The owner of the vehicle becomes aggressive so you intervene.
Suspect Premises
23. A neighbour rings your Pl advising that he heard several gunshots that seem to come from
the garage of the married quarter next door. You are called to investigate.
24. Whilst on patrol at night you notice a front roller door part way up in a unit orderly room in a
poorly lit area.
25. A woman (or man) who lives by herself (or himself), arrives home about 10pm to find all the
lights in the house are on.
26. Attend a warehouse where security guards have just seen a soldier acting suspiciously
around the warehouse after hours.
27. Attend a local amusement parlour where the manager has several young soldiers causing
trouble.
28. Attend an address where an obviously frightened woman says she saw a person dressed in
DPCU and wearing a balaclava, try to get in through the window in her house.
29. Attend the male toilets at the ORs Mess regarding a report of a soldier apparently dealing in
drugs.
30. Attend a complaint of several soldiers at a noisy party at the ORs Mess.
31. Attend at a local restaurant where the manager is having a heated argument with a soldier
who is refusing to pay for a meal.
Miscellaneous Incident
32. You attend at the Officers Mess to serve a warrant to search a member’s accommodation.
The officer refuses to comply.
33. You are on duty at DFCE where you observe two male prisoners fighting in a cell.
34. You are conducting a taped interview at a Pl when the suspect you are interviewing
suddenly becomes aggressive over the allegations being made.

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14B-1
ANNEX B TO CHAPTER 14
POSSIBLE RESPONSES
1. Static resistance:
- Verbalise, but refuses to move.
2. Static resistance:
- Verbalises, and reluctantly move.
3. Despondent:
- Do not acknowledge the member’s presence.
- May scream for no reason.
4. Verbally abusive:
- No threatening gestures.
5. Verbally abusive & physically menacing:
- Advance on member but do not strike.
6. Immediately combative:
- Pushing and punching to body, arms or shoulders.
7. Initially compliant:
- Close in and attempt to grab member’s firearm.
8. Initially compliant:
- Punch the member when opportunity arises. Note: No direct face punches
9. Produce weapon:
- Menace only.
10. Produce weapon:
- After verbalisation from member(s), drops weapon and remains combative.
11. Produce weapon:
- After verbalisation from member(s), drop weapon and run at members.
12. Produce weapon:
- After verbalisation from member(s), drop weapon and no longer a threat.

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14B-2
13. Threaten suicide:
- Hold knife or firearm to own body.
- Do not threaten member(s).
14. Hold club:
- Hold walking stick, cane or baseball bat, etc.
- Do not menace or threaten.
15. Threaten with club:
- Verbally abusive and physically menacing with a club.
- Advance on member(s).
- Do not strike.
16. Under influence:
- Act in drunken or drugged state.
- May produce weapon.

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COVERING RESTRICTED

The information given in this document is not to be communicated, either directly or

LAND WARFARE PROCEDURES

As this publication is new and is developing doctrine it does not

LAND WARFARE PROCEDURES

© Commonwealth of Australia (Australian Army) 2004

Defence Police Training Centre

LWP-MP 3-8-2 DEFENSIVE TACTICS, 2004

2. When this information is supplied to Commonwealth or foreign governments, the recipient

a. be safeguarded under rules designed to give it the equivalent standard of security to

b. not be released to a third country without Australian consent;

c. not be used for other than military purposes;

d. not be divulged to a non-Defence organisation unless that organisation is sponsored

e. not be downgraded or declassified without Australian Government approval.

Released to: ……………………………………………………………………………………………

Released by: ……………………………………………………………………………………………

Date Released: ……………………………………………………………………………………………

LWP-MP 3-8-2 DEFENSIVE TACTICS, 2004

AUSTRALIAN ARMY, LAND WARFARE PROCEDURES MILITARY POLICE, LWP-MP 3-8-2,

2. It is certified that the amendments promulgated in the undermentioned amendment lists

LWP-MP 3-8-2 DEFENSIVE TACTICS, 2004

LWP-MP 3-8-2 DEFENSIVE TACTICS, 2004

As this is new and developing doctrine this publication does not

Level and Scope

3. This publication is sponsored by the Commandant, Defence Military Police Training

a Australian Defence Force Publication 201, Defence Law Manual;

b Defence Act 1901;

c Occupational Health & Safety (Commonwealth Employment) Act 1991;

d Commonwealth Employees Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1998;

e Exercise Physiology & Muscular Conditioning Manual 1998; and

5. Online doctrine is also available at the following intranet address:

LWP-MP 3-8-2 DEFENSIVE TACTICS, 2004

This Page Intentionally Blank

LWP-MP 3-8-2 DEFENSIVE TACTICS, 2004

SECTION 1-2. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY (COMMONWEALTH

SECTION 1-3. PROVISIONS OF THE ACT – GENERAL 1-2

SECTION 1-4. SAFETY AND INJURY PREVENTION PHILOSOPHY 1-2

CHAPTER 2 MILITARY POLICE POWERS 2-1

LWP-MP 3-8-2 DEFENSIVE TACTICS, 2004

Searching – No Suspect 2-2

SECTION 2-2. VERBAL CONTROL 2-2

SECTION 2-3. TACTICAL COMPONENTS 2-5

SECTION 2-4. USE OF COVER 2-11

CHAPTER 3 USE OF FORCE 3-1

SECTION 3-2. USE OF FORCE 3-1

SECTION 3-3. MILITARY POLICE/SUBJECT FACTORS AFFECTING LEVELS OF

LWP-MP 3-8-2 DEFENSIVE TACTICS, 2004

SECTION 3-4. SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES REQUIRING AN INCREASED LEVEL OF

SECTION 3-5. CONDITIONS OF AWARENESS 3-5

SECTION 3-6. ELEMENTS REQUIRED BY MILITARY POLICE FOR THE SAFE

SECTION 3-7. USE OF FORCE SUCCESS FACTORS 3-7

CHAPTER 4 COMMUNICATION SKILLS 4-1

SECTION 4-2. GOAL OF TACTICAL COMMUNICATION 4-1

SECTION 4-3. TACTICAL COMMUNICATION OPTIONS 4-2

SECTION 4-4. TYPES OF PEOPLE 4-3

SECTION 4-5. HOW TO DEAL WITH VERBAL ABUSE 4-3

SECTION 4-6. COMMUNICATION SKILLS 4-4

SECTION 4-7. VOICE CONTENT 4-5

SECTION 4-8. COMMUNICATION TACTICS 4-5

Step 1 – Ask 4-6

SECTION 4-9. EIGHT STEP VEHICLE INTERCEPT/FIELD CONTACT 4-6

SECTION 4-10. STANCES 4-9

SECTION 4-11. RELATIVE POSITIONING THEORY 4-10