The Collaborative Approach

This approach extends strategic decision-making to the organization's top management

team in answer to the question "How can I get my top management team to help
develop and commit to a good set of goals and strategies?"
Second bullet:
The strategic leader and his senior manager (divisional heads, business unit general
managers or senior functional managers) meet for lengthy discussion with a view to
formulating proposed strategic changes.
Third Bullet:
In this approach, the leader employs group dynamics and "brainstorming" techniques to
get managers with differing points of view to contribute to the strategic planning
process.
Forth Bullet:
When you have different people collaborating on a project, then you get a greater sense
of creative input. You are able to tap into the creative combination of several employees
in one group. The collection of different ideas, approaches to the project and
brainstorms can spur innovative results that can in turn raise the visibility and quality of
the products or services offered by your company.
Advantages:
The Collaborative Approach overcomes two key limitations inherent in the previous two.
By capturing information contributed by managers closer to operations, and by offering
a forum for the expression of managers closer to operations, and by offering a forum for
the expression of many viewpoints, it can increase the quality and timeliness of the
information incorporated in the strategy. And to the degree than participation enhances
commitment to the strategy, it improves the chances of efficient implementation.
Limitation:
However, the Collaborative Approach may gain more commitment that the foregoing
approaches, it may also result in a poorer strategy.
The negotiated aspect of the process brings with several risks -that the strategy will be
more conservative and less visionary than one developed by a single person or staff
team. And the negotiation process can take so much time that an organization misses
opportunities and fails to react enough to changing environments.
A more fundamental criticism of the Collaborative Approach is that it is not really
collective decisions making from an organizational viewpoint because upper-level
managers often retain centralized control. In effect, this approach preserves the artificial
distinction between thinkers and doers and fails to draw on the full human potential
throughout the organization.
The Cultural Approach
First Bullet:
This approach extends the Collaborative Approach to lower levels in the organization as
an answer to the strategic management question "How can I get my whole organization
committed to our goals and strategies?"
Second Bullet:
The strategic leader concentrates on establishing and communicating a clear mission
and purpose for the organization and the allowing employees to design their own work
activities with this mission. He plays the role of coach in giving general direction, but
encourages individual decision-making to determine the operating details of executive
the plan.
Third Bullet:
These techniques involve implementing strategy by employing the concept of "third-
order control." First-order control is direct supervision; second - order control involves
using rules, procedures, and organizational structure to guide behavior. Third - order
control is more subtle - and potentially more powerful. It consists of influencing behavior
through shaping the norms, values, symbols, and beliefs that managers and employees
use in making day-to-day decisions.
This approach begins to break down the barriers between "thinkers" and "doers."
Advantages:
The Cultural Approach has a number of advantages which establish an organization-
wide unity of purpose. It appears that the cultural approach works best where the
organization has sufficient resources to absorb the cost of building and maintaining the
value system.
The implementation tools used in building a strong corporate culture range from such
simple notions as publishing a company creed and singing a company song to much
complex techniques.
Limitations:
However, this approach also has several limitations. First, it only works with informed
and intelligent people. Second, it consumes enormous amounts of time to install. Third,
it can foster such a strong sense of organizational identity among employees that it
becomes a handicap; for example, bringing outsider in a top management levels can be
difficult because they aren't accepted by other executives.
The strongest criticism of this approach is that it has such an overwhelming doctrinal air
about it, and foster homogeneity (the state of being the same at all, resistant to change)
and inbreeding.

Global strategy as defined in business terms is an organization's strategic guide to

globalization. Such a connected world, allows a business's revenue to not be to be
confined by borders. A business can employ a global business strategy to reap the
rewards of trading in a worldwide market.
Global Business Strategies
A major concern for managers deciding on a global business strategy is the tradeoff
between global integration and local responsiveness. Global integration is the degree to
which the company is able to use the same products and methods in other countries.
Local responsiveness is the degree to which the company must customize their
products and methods to meet conditions in other countries.
Standardization Strategy
A standardization strategy is used when a company treats the whole world as one
market with little meaningful variation. The assumption is that one product can meet the
needs of people everywhere. Many business-to-business companies can use a
standardization strategy. Machines tools and equipment or information technologies are
universal and need little customization for local conditions. CEMEX, the Mexico-based
cement and building materials company, was able to expand globally using a
standardization strategy. Apple uses a standardization strategy because its products do
not have to be customized for local users. An iPod will look the same wherever you buy
it. Domino’s Pizza also uses a standardization strategy. Although toppings may vary to
meet local tastes, the basic recipes are the same and the store model of carryout or
delivered pizza is the same everywhere. A standardization strategy produces
efficiencies by centralizing many common activities, such as product design, gaining
scale economies in manufacturing, simplifying the supply chain, and reducing marketing
costs.
Multidomestic Strategy
A multidomestic strategy customizes products or processes to the specific conditions in
each country. In the opening example, Lincoln Electric should have used a
multidomestic strategy to customize its manufacturing methods to the conditions in each
country where it built factories. Retailers often use multidomestic strategies because
they must meet local customer tastes. 7-Eleven is an example of a company using a
multidomestic strategy. It tailors the product selection, payment methods, and marketing
to the values and regulations in each country where it operates. For example, in Japan,
7-Eleven allows customers to pay their utility bills at the store. In a company with a
multidomestic strategy, overall management is centralized in the home country but
country managers are given latitude to make adaptations. Companies sacrifice scale
efficiencies for responsiveness to local conditions. Companies benefit from a
multidomestic strategy because country managers understand local laws, customs, and
tastes and can decide how to best meet them.

Transnational Strategy
A transnational strategy combines a standardization strategy and a multidomestic
strategy. It is used when a company faces significant cost pressure from international
competitors but must also offer products that meet local customer needs. A
transnational strategy is very difficult to maintain because the company needs to
achieve economies of scale through standardization but also be flexible to respond to
local conditions. Ford Motor Company is adopting a transnational strategy. Ford is
producing a “world car” that has many common platform elements that accommodate a
range of add-ons. That way Ford benefits from the standardization of costly elements
that the consumer does not see but can add custom elements to meet country laws, can
customize marketing to local standards, and can provide unique products to meet local
tastes.
CONCLUSION:
In today’s economy almost all companies must consider the opportunities presented by
globalization, but global operations also present significant risks. Companies must
research and plan thoroughly before engaging in international operations. And they
must choose a strategy that matches their capabilities and objectives. The economies of
standardization and the responsiveness of customization are competing pressures
companies must resolve. The appropriate strategic choice is essential for a company to
make the right choices.

An e-business strategy defines a long-term plan for putting in place the right digital
technology for a company to manage it's electronic communications with all partners -
that's internal through the intranet and externally through to customers, suppliers and
other partners.
The e-business strategies
Even with the Internet constantly evolving, online businesses have mostly settled into
a few categories of e-commerce. Several strategies have proven successful to drive
revenue and promote a company both online and off. Choosing the best e-business
strategy for either an established company or a startup involves making decisions
about where money should come from and how the website can bring in the most
traffic.
  Marketplace Hosting
Many e-businesses succeed by hosting a site for auctions and online stores on which
member can place items for sale.

 Ad-Supported Content

Some websites develop into effective e-businesses without directly selling anything at
all.

 Freemium

The freemium model for e-business involves offering some content for free while
charging membership dues or other fees for special access or materials.

 Social Media

While allowing users to register accounts and contribute their own information and
content, a social media site can create revenue from ads on the site as well as selling
the members' information as marketing data.

business-to-business
"B2B" means "business to business." The term encompasses all companies that create
products and services geared toward other businesses. This can include SaaS
products, B2B marketing firms and overall business supply companies.
B2B (business-to-business) marketing refers to any marketing strategy or content that is
geared towards a business or organization. Any company that sells products or services
to other businesses or organizations (vs. consumers) typically uses B2B marketing
strategies. Any company that sells to other companies. This can come in many forms:
software-as-a-service (SaaS) subscriptions, security solutions, tools, accessories, office
supplies, you name it.
Examples of B2B companies
There are B2B companies in every industry, from manufacturing to retail. ... One
example of a traditional B2B market is in automobile manufacturing. Everyone knows
some of the biggest consumer-facing brands, but in every model of car or truck they
produce are dozens of other companies' products.
These include the tires, hoses, batteries and electronics that are essential for the final
consumer product – the vehicle – to operate properly. The manufacturer purchases
these products from its various suppliers and incorporates them into the final product.
When you buy a car from one company, you're purchasing parts created by dozens or
even hundreds of other businesses from all around the world. 
Examples of real-world B2B activity are plentiful and more visible than you might guess.
For instance, the cloud-based document storage company Dropbox serves businesses
as well as individuals. General Electric makes plenty of consumer goods, but it also
provides parts to other enterprises. Perhaps you've worked at a company where the
paychecks were stamped by ADP, a company that provides payroll and financial
services for businesses. Xerox is a household name that makes billions providing paper
and print services to businesses.

B2C marketing refers to all the marketing techniques and tactics used to promote
products or services to end consumers. Unlike B2B marketing, which often relies on
building long-term personal relationships and focusing on customer education, B2C
marketing aims to invoke an emotional response and capitalize on the value of the
brand.
What is B2C eCommerce?

B2C, or business-to-consumer, is used to describe a commerce transaction between a

business and an end consumer. Traditionally, the term referred to the process of selling
products directly to consumers, including shopping in-store or eating in a restaurant.
Today it describes transactions between online retailers and their customers.

Goals of a B2C marketing approach include:

 Raising brand awareness

 Increasing engagement
 Getting more leads
 Creating customer evangelists
 Driving more sales
 Boosting customer retention, loyalty, and lifetime value

Due to the rapid growth of eCommerce industry and the increasing influence of social
media channels, B2C marketing strategies are constantly evolving. Yet, some of the
most powerful strategies include:

Social media marketing and advertising

Paid search advertising
B2C content marketing
Email marketing
Creative contests
Loyalty and reward programs
Affiliate marketing
SEO optimization
Giveaways and free add-ons
Influencer marketing
Mobile-first marketing

Amazon.com is the world's largest online retailer. The company operates as both
a B2C and a C2C market, meaning it markets goods directly to customers and allows
users to sell goods themselves.
Google, Amazon and Facebook have changed buyer expectations across the globe—
not just in the B2C world, but in the B2B world as well. Nowadays, when a buyer
interacts with a company, they expect that company to know something about them and
help them find and buy the right solution to their problem.
B2B eCommerce is an online business model that facilitates online sales transactions
between two businesses, whereas B2C eCommerce refers to the process of selling to
individual customers directly.

For example, an online retailer that sells office furniture is a B2B business because its
primary target market is other businesses. B2B eCommerce also facilitates transactions
between wholesalers and retailers or manufacturers and wholesalers and is typically a
more complex process.

An example of a B2C transaction would be someone buying a pair of shoes online or

booking a pet hotel for a dog. It is likely the model that most people are familiar with.

Some companies operate as both B2B and B2C businesses. For instance, an events
management company may offer wedding organization services, but may also provide
conference management services to other businesses.