Problem 13.

206 [Difficulty: 4]

Given: Mach number and airfoil geometry

Find: Drag coefficient

Solution:

The given or available data is: R = 286.9 J/kg.K

k = 1.4
p1 = 95 kPa
M1 = 2
= 0 o

= 10 o

Equations and Computations:

The drag force is

D = (p F - p R)cs tan(/2) (1)

(s and c are the span and chord)

This is obtained from the following analysis

Airfoil thickness (frontal area) = 2s (c /2tan(/2))

Pressure difference acting on frontal area = (p F - p R)

(p F and p R are the pressures on the front and rear surfaces)

2
The drag coefficient is C D = D /(1/2V A ) (2)

But it can easily be shown that

V 2 = pkM 2
Hence, from Eqs. 1 and 2

C D = (p F - p R)tan(/2)/(1/2pkM 2) (3)

For the frontal surfaces (oblique shocks):

We need to find M 1n

The deflection angle is = /2

= 5 o

From M 1 and , and Eq. 13.49

(using built-in function Theta (M , ,k ))

(13.49)

For = 5.0 o

= 34.3 o

(Use Goal Seek to vary  so that  = 5o)

From M 1 and  M 1n = 1.13

From M 1n and p 1, and Eq. 13.48d

(using built-in function NormpfromM (M ,k ))

(13.48d)

p2 = 125.0 kPa

pF = p2

pF = 125.0 kPa
To find M 2 we need M 2n. From M 1n, and Eq. 13.48a
(using built-in function NormM2fromM (M ,k ))

(13.48a)

M 2n = 0.891

The downstream Mach number is then obtained from

from M 2n,  and , and Eq. 13.47b

M 2n = M 2sin( - ) (13.47b)

Hence M2 = 1.82

For p 02 we use Eq. 13.7a

(using built-in function Isenp (M , k ))

(13.7a)

p 02 = 742 kPa

For the rear surfaces (isentropic expansion waves):

Treating as a new problem

Here: M 1 is the Mach number after the shock

and M 2 is the Mach number after the expansion wave
p 01 is the stagnation pressure after the shock
and p 02 is the stagnation pressure after the expansion wave

M 1 = M 2 (shock)

M1 = 1.82
 p 01 = p 02 (shock)

p 01 = 742 kPa

For isentropic flow p 0 = constant

p 02 = p 01

p 02 = 742 kPa

For the deflection = 

= 10.0 o

We use Eq. 13.55

(13.55)

and

Deflection = 2 - 1 = (M 2) - (M 1) (3)

From M 1 and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k ))

1 = 21.3 o

Applying Eq. 3 2 = 1 + 

2 = 31.3 o

From 2, and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega(M, k))

For 2 = 31.3 o

M2 = 2.18

(Use Goal Seek to vary M 2 so that 2 = 31.3o)

Hence for p 2 we use Eq. 13.7a
(using built-in function Isenp (M , k ))

p 2 = p 02/(p 02/p 2)

p2 = 71.2 kPa

pR = p2

pR = 71.2 kPa

Finally, from Eq. 1 CD = 0.0177