Problem 13.

207 [Difficulty: 4]

Given: Mach number and airfoil geometry

Find: Plot of lift and drag and lift/drag versus angle of attack

Solution:

The given or available data is:

k = 1.4
p1 = 50 kPa
M1 = 1.75
= 12 o

c = 1 m

Equations and Computations:

The net force per unit span is

F = (p L - p U)c

Hence, the lift force per unit span is

L = (p L - p U)c cos() (1)

The drag force per unit span is

D = (p L - p U)c sin() (2)

For each angle of attack the following needs to be computed:

For the lower surface (oblique shock):

We need to find M 1n

Deflection = 

From M 1 and , and Eq. 13.49

(using built-in function Theta (M , ,k ))

(13.49)

find 

(Use Goal Seek to vary  so that  is the correct value)

From M 1 and  find M 1n

From M 1n and p 1, and Eq. 13.48d

(using built-in function NormpfromM (M ,k ))

(13.48d)

find p2

and pL = p2
For the upper surface (isentropic expansion wave):

For isentropic flow p 0 = constant

p 02 = p 01

For p 01 we use Eq. 13.7a

(using built-in function Isenp (M , k ))

(13.7a)

find p 02 = 266 kPa

Deflection = 

we use Eq. 13.55

(13.55)

and
Deflection = 2 - 1 = (M 2) - (M 1) (3)

From M 1 and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k ))

find 1 = 19.3 o

Applying Eq. 3 2 = 1 +  (4)

From 2, and Eq. 12.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k ))

From 2 find M2

(Use Goal Seek to vary M 2 so that 2 is the correct value)

 Hence for p 2 we use Eq. 13.7a
(using built-in function Isenp (M , k ))

p 2 = p 02/(p 02/p 2)

pU = p2

Finally, from Eqs. 1 and 2, compute L and D

Computed results:

 (o)  (o)  (o) Error M 1n p L (kPa) 2 (o) 2 from M 2 (o) Error M2 p U (kPa) L (kN/m) D (kN/m) L/D
0.50 35.3 0.50 0.0% 1.01 51.3 19.8 19.8 0.0% 1.77 48.7 2.61 0.0227 115
1.00 35.8 1.00 0.0% 1.02 52.7 20.3 20.3 0.0% 1.78 47.4 5.21 0.091 57.3
1.50 36.2 1.50 0.0% 1.03 54.0 20.8 20.8 0.0% 1.80 46.2 7.82 0.205 38.2
2.00 36.7 2.00 0.0% 1.05 55.4 21.3 21.3 0.0% 1.82 45.0 10.4 0.364 28.6
4.00 38.7 4.00 0.0% 1.09 61.4 23.3 23.3 0.0% 1.89 40.4 20.9 1.46 14.3
5.00 39.7 5.00 0.0% 1.12 64.5 24.3 24.3 0.0% 1.92 38.3 26.1 2.29 11.4
10.00 45.5 10.0 0.0% 1.25 82.6 29.3 29.3 0.0% 2.11 28.8 53.0 9.35 5.67
15.00 53.4 15.0 0.0% 1.41 106.9 34.3 34.3 0.0% 2.30 21.3 82.7 22.1 3.73
16.00 55.6 16.0 0.0% 1.44 113.3 35.3 35.3 0.0% 2.34 20.0 89.6 25.7 3.49
16.50 56.8 16.5 0.0% 1.47 116.9 35.8 35.8 0.0% 2.36 19.4 93.5 27.7 3.38
17.00 58.3 17.0 0.0% 1.49 121.0 36.3 36.3 0.0% 2.38 18.8 97.7 29.9 3.27
17.50 60.1 17.5 0.0% 1.52 125.9 36.8 36.8 0.0% 2.40 18.2 102.7 32.4 3.17
18.00 62.9 18.0 0.0% 1.56 133.4 37.3 37.3 0.0% 2.42 17.6 110 35.8 3.08

Sum: 0.0% Sum: 0.0%

To compute this table:
1) Type the range of 
2) Type in guess values for 
3) Compute  from Eq. 13.49
(using built-in function Theta (M ,, k )
4) Compute the absolute error between each  and 
5) Compute the sum of the errors
6) Use Solver to minimize the sum by varying the  values
(Note: You may need to interactively type in new  values
if Solver generates  values that lead to no )
7) For each , M 1n is obtained from M 1, and Eq. 13.47a
8) For each , p L is obtained from p 1, M 1n, and Eq. 13.48d
(using built-in function NormpfromM (M ,k ))
9) For each , compute 2 from Eq. 4
10) For each , compute 2 from M 2, and Eq. 13.55
(using built-in function Omega (M ,k ))
11) Compute the absolute error between the two values of 2
12) Compute the sum of the errors
13) Use Solver to minimize the sum by varying the M 2 values
(Note: You may need to interactively type in new M 2 values)
if Solver generates  values that lead to no )
14) For each , p U is obtained from p 02, M 2, and Eq. 13.47a
(using built-in function Isenp (M , k ))
15) Compute L and D from Eqs. 1 and 2
 Lift and Drag of an Airfoil
as a Function of Angle of Attack

120

100
L and D (kN/m)

80
Lift
60
Drag
40

20

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
()
o

Lift/Drag of an Airfoil
as a Function of Angle of Attack

140
120
100
80
L/D

60
40
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
 (o)