Design of

Flexible
and Rigid
Pavement
P R E S E N TAT I O N B Y C H E TA N
& S A N J I VA N I
 INDEX
❖ INTRODUCTION
❖ FUNCTIONS OF PAVEMENT
❖ REQUIREMENTS OF PAVEMENT STRUCTURE
❖ LAYERS OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
❖ PARAMETERS FOR DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
❖ DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT USING IIT PAVE SOFTWARE AND IRC:37-2018
❖ LAYERS OF RIGID PAVEMENT
❖ COMPONENTS OF RIGID PAVEMENT
❖ PARAMETERS FOR DESIGN OF RIGID PAVEMENT
❖ STRESSES CONSIDERED FOR DESIGN OF RIGID PAVEMENT
❖ DESIGN OF RIGID PAVEMENT USING IRC:58-2015
 I N T RO D U C T I O N

❑ Development of the country depends on the connectivity of the various places

with the adequate road network.

❑ India has one of the largest road networks in the world. For the purpose of
management and administration , roads are divided into following five
categories:

▪ National Highways (NH)

▪ State Highways (SH)
▪ Major District roads (MDR)
▪ Other District roads (ODR)
▪ Village roads (VR)
 I N T RO D U C T I O N

Flexible
Pavement

Types of pavement

Rigid Pavement
 Fu n c t i o n s o f P ave m e n t

❑ A multilayer system that distributes the vehicular load over a larger area as not
to damage the subgrade.

❑ Provide all weather access to the vehicles.

❑ Provide soft smooth and comfortable ride

to the road users.

❑ Reduce the wear and tear of the vehicles.

 Re q u i r e m e n t s o f P ave m e n t S t r u c t u r e

❑ Sufficient thickness to spread loading to the subgrade which can tolerate the
pressure intensity.

❑ Sufficiently strong to carry imposed stress due to traffic load.

❑ Sufficient thickness to prevent the effect of frost susceptible subgrade.

❑ Pavement material should be impervious to the penetration of surface water

which weakens the subgrade and subsequently the pavement.

❑ Pavement surface should be skid resistant.

 L aye r s o f F l ex i b l e P ave m e n t

❑ Topmost layer i.e. surface course is the layer directly in contact with traffic
loads and generally contains superior quality materials.

❑ Second layer - Binder course is the bulk of asphalt concrete structure to

distribute load to base course with less asphalt and quality as compared to the
surface course.

❑ Third layer - Base course provides

additional load distribution and
contributes to the sub-surface
drainage.
 L aye r s o f F l ex i b l e P ave m e n t

❑ Fourth layer – sub-base course has primary functions such as to provide

structural support, improve drainage, and reduce the intrusion of fines from the
sub-grade in the pavement structure.

❑ Sub-grade is a layer of natural soil compacted to the desirable density, near the
optimum moisture content.

❑ Tack coat is an asphalt emulsion to

provide proper bonding between
two layers of binder Course.

❑ Prime coat is a low viscous bitumen

Layer over granular bases to provide the better bonding.
 P a r a m ete r s fo r D e s i g n o f F l ex i b l e P ave m e n t

❑ The Californian Bearing Ratio (CBR) test is a

penetration test used to evaluate the subgrade
strength of roads and pavements.

❑ Elastic modulus of materials used in various layers.

❑ Lane configuration of the road for distribution factor.

❑ Traffic for the period of the considered pavement life

(CVPD).

❑ Vehicle damage factor, Poisson’s ratio, Wheel load,

Tyre Pressure and Radial distance.
 D e s i g n o f F l ex i b l e P ave m e n t u s i n g I I T P ave s o f t wa r e
a n d I RC : 37 - 2 01 8
❑ Step 1: To calculate the design traffic to be catered by the pavement.

❑ Distribution factor:
Sr. No. Lane Configuration of Proposed road Distribution Factor (D)
1 Intermediate lane (5.5 m) 75 %
2 Two lane two way 50 %
3 Four lane single carriageway 40 %
4 Two Lane, three lane and four lane Dual carriageway 75 %, 60% and 45 %
 D e s i g n o f F l ex i b l e P ave m e n t u s i n g I I T P ave s o f t wa r e
a n d I RC : 37 - 2 01 8
❑ Indicative VDF values:

❑ Step 2: Determination of Modulus of Subgrade and Granular bases

 D e s i g n o f F l ex i b l e P ave m e n t u s i n g I I T P ave s o f t wa r e
a n d I RC : 37 - 2 01 8
❑ Elastic Modulus
of Bituminous
layers:

❑ Step 3: Calculate the strain induced as per the proposed trial thicknesses in IIT
Pave using following values:

i. Poisson’s ratio – 0.35

ii. Wheel Load – 20000 N (Dual Wheel type)
iii. Tyre Pressure for Granular bases – 0.56 Mpa
iv. Calculated values of MRS and MRGRAN
 D e s i g n o f F l ex i b l e P ave m e n t u s i n g I I T P ave s o f t wa r e
a n d I RC : 37 - 2 01 8
❑ Locations of Critical stains
for pavement section
as follows:

• Bituminous Layers
• Granular Base
• Granular Sub-base
❑ Step 4:Inputs to be given to
the IIT Pave software:
 D e s i g n o f F l ex i b l e P ave m e n t u s i n g I I T P ave s o f t wa r e
a n d I RC : 37 - 2 01 8
❑ Step 5: Check for Fatigue cracking:
 D e s i g n o f F l ex i b l e P ave m e n t u s i n g I I T P ave s o f t wa r e
a n d I RC : 37 - 2 01 8
❑ Step 6: Check for Rutting:

❑ Result:
Parameters Permissible Values (A) Induced Values (B) Result
Fatigue Strain 0.0003257 0.0003192 Safe (B<A)
Rutting Strain 0.0006731 0.0005619 Safe (B<A)
❑ Output from
IIT Pave
software:
 Comparison of the optimised calculations
a n d s t a n d a rd I RC p l a te
❑ Results for 10 MSA and 8% CBR:

Layers Optimsed Thickness as per Thickness as per IRC standard

IIT Pave plate
BC 30 30
DBM 60 60
WMM 200 250
GSB 175 200
 L aye r s o f R i g i d P ave m e n t

❑ The components of Rigid Pavement from

consists of

❖ Surface Course – Concrete

❖ Debonding layer
❖ Base Course
❖ Granular Sub-Base Course
❖ Soil Subgrade
 L aye r s o f R i g i d P ave m e n t

❑ Surface course i.e. pavement quality concrete is used which has high flexural
strength (45 Kg/cm2).
❑ Base Course is provided under Surface course (concrete pavement), this
provides uniform support and high K value and excellent platform for laying
concrete.
❑ The Granular Sub-Base Course (GSB) serve as a drainage layer and increase
service life and improved performance of the CC Pavement.
❑ The Subgrade is generally provided bottom of the Pavement. The strength of
subgrade is expressed in terms of modulus of subgrade reaction K. Subgrade
ultimately supports all layers of Rigid Pavement and traffic load
C o m p o n e n t s o f R i g i d P ave m e n t
 P a r a m ete r s fo r D e s i g n o f R i g i d P ave m e n t

❑ Load spectrum of commercial vehicles in terms of single, tandem, and tridem

axels vehicles

❑ CBR

❑ Lane configuration of the road for deciding slab lane width

❑ Climatic factors

❑ Design period
 S t r e s s e s c o n s i d e r e d fo r d e s i g n o f R i g i d P ave m e n t

❑ The flexural stresses due to simultaneous application of traffic loads and

temperature differentials between top and bottom fibres of concrete slab is
considered for design of pavement thickness

• Bottom up cracking during day time

• Top down cracking during night time

 S t r e s s e s c o n s i d e r e d fo r d e s i g n o f R i g i d P ave m e n t

❑ The flexural stress at the bottom layer of the concrete slab is maximum during
mid day because of the positive temperature gradient.
❑ Figure below illustrates Bottom up cracking (BUC)
 S t r e s s e s c o n s i d e r e d fo r d e s i g n o f R i g i d P ave m e n t

❑ During night time top surface is cooler than the bottom surface and the ends
curl up in concave shape. The flexural stress at the top layer of the concrete
leads to the Top down cracking.
❑ Figure below illustrates Top Down cracking (TDC)
 D e s i g n o f R i g i d P ave m e n t u s i n g I RC : 5 8 - 2 015

❑ Take out the Modulus of Subgrade as per effective CBR value:

❑ Take out the Modulus of DLC:

 D e s i g n o f R i g i d P ave m e n t u s i n g I RC : 5 8 - 2 01 8

❑ Table for Maximum

Temperature differential:

❑ Formula for relative

stiffness:
D e s i g n o f R i g i d P ave m e n t u s i n g I RC : 5 8 - 2 01 8
D e s i g n o f R i g i d P ave m e n t u s i n g I RC : 5 8 - 2 01 8
 D e s i g n o f R i g i d P ave m e n t u s i n g I RC : 5 8 - 2 01 8

❑ Check for CFD (Cumulative Fatigue Damage) < 1 then the design thickness is
safe.
❑ CFD = BUC + TDC