EXAMS FOR ENGINEERS

Give Clear Answer for Each Question (ARRA 2003&2004)

1. Explain The Purpose Of Super Elevation & Widening?

 Super elevation used to counter balance centrifugal force & resists

overturning of vehicles.
Factors of supper elevation are:-
a. Climate condition
b. Terrain types
c. Types of area (rural or urban)
d. Types of facility
 Widening used to for visibility of an object on circular curve for
psychological & off tracking vehicle.
2. Write The Types Of Terrain & The D/Ce B/T Them? types of terrains
are
 Flat terrain is offer a few obstacle to the construction of road, having
continuous unrestricted horizontal & vertical alignment & traverse
slope is 0-5%
 Rolling slope generally rise & fall moderately ,some restriction in
alignment & its traverse slope is 5-25%
 Mountainous definet restriction of alignment & ssd ,has steep grade
and their traverse slope is 25-50%
 Escarpment ፦inclusive of switch back roadway section& transverse
slope is >50%
3. Write The Types Of Sight Distance & Explain Them?
SD is distance visible to the drivers of a passenger’s car. The types of SD is
 Ssd is visible to the drivers to stop the passenger’s car before collapsed.
D=0.278vt+v2/254f
 Psd is a minimum sd on the two ways single road way that must be
available to enable that the driver of one vehicles to another vehicles
safely without interfering with the speed of oncoming vehicles at the
design speed.
D1=0.278t1(v-m+at1/2)
D2=0.278vt2
D4 =2/3(d2)
Psd=d1+d2 +d3 +d4 where is the speed d/ce b/n passed vehicle & passing
vehicles
4. What Is The Need Of HC&VC In The Road Construction?
Horizontal curve is used to compensate direction of road change and also
used to safe transition from tangent to circular curve.

Vertical curve is required to provide smooth transition between consecutive

gradients.
5. List At Least 3 Road Furniture & Marking?
Road furniture:-Traffic sign -regularly sign.
Traffic signs are of three general types:
Regulatory Signs: indicate legal requirements of traffic movement
-Warning Signs: indicate conditions that may be hazardous to highway users
Informatory Signs: convey information of use to the driver
:-Marker post-guide post
-Kilometer post:-Traffic signal and light
Road marking:-pavement marking
:-objective marking
:-road studs
6. Jot Down 5 Geometric Design Parameters Of Design Standard Of DS6?
 Design speed
 Super elevation
 Minimum horizontal curve radius
 Minimum ssd
 Minimum psd
 Vertical curve
 Min and max gradient
 Right of way
 Normal cross fail
 %age of passing opportunity
7. What Is The Use Of Mass Haul Diagram?
 It extremely used to determine the most economical distribution of
materials
 Classification of earth work operation
8. List down The Procedures Of Bidding?

 Preparation of bidding
 Submission of bidding
 Opening of bidding
 Evaluation of bidding
 Award of contract
9. What Are The X-Section Elements Of The Road For DS6?
 Carriageway

 Normal cross fall

 Side slop

 Back slop
10. Define Atterberg Limit?
 It is the water content corresponding to the transition from one state to
another.
 Atterberg limit include :-
A. Liquid limit: - transition state from the liquid state to plastic state.
B. Plastic limit: - transition state from the plastic state to semi solid state.
C. shrinkage limit: - is the volume change due to water content from semi solid
to solid state

11. What Is The Use Of Shoulder?

Shoulder is the portion of the road contiguous to the carriage way for the
accommodation of stopped vehicle. It used to
 Prevent edge raveling and maintenance
 Provide better surface of vehicle emergency repair
 Provide for heave pedestrian traffic
12. What Are The Factors Of Design Period Of Pavement?
 Functional important of the road
 Traffic volume
 Location of terrain type
 Financial constraints
 Difficulty of fore casting of traffic
13. What Are Highway Design Principles?
 Design control and criteria
 Functional classification system of highway
14. What are the route selection factors?
 Obligatory and non obligatory points
 Environment factors
 Financial constraint
 Topography
 Political issue
 Socio- economic factors
15. List soil laboratory test?
 Gradation test
 Atterberg limit
 Laboratory compaction test
 CBR test
 Plate bearing test etc
16. List down geometric design elements?
 Sight distance
 Horizontal alighment
 Vertical alighment
 Intersection and interchanges
17. If the expansive soil is present in the construction of the road, then
what is your engineering point of recommendation about the expansive
soil?
 Remove (cut) at allowable depth
  Provide capping layer (improved sub grade)
 Use stabilization method
18. List out the point which are used to bridge site selection?
A. The reach river should be straight
B. the river should be have less scour
C. the channel should be well defined
D. the crossing site should be as narrow as possible
E. the site should have suitable strata
F. the site should be selected where skewnes can be avoided
G. should have regime flow free of excess of currents

19. What is the measurable action if the CBR value of the sub-grade of
the road is low (very less) to improve the strength?
20. What types of culvert are mostly use in road design & why use
culvert instead of bridge?
Slab Bridge is the simplest types of bridge to construct & design as well as the
most common bridge. Slab Culvert use instead of bridge ,due to
 It requires less labor & formwork
 It is economical for length up to 15 meter
 It carry loads primarily in shear & flexural bending
 It is made with a uniform depth over the whole Bridge & the required
depth is usually 5.5-6% of the span length
21. List types of road maintenance?

 routine maintenance, required continually on every road, whatever its

engineering characteristics or traffic volume
  recurrent maintenance, required at intervals during the year with a
frequency that depends on the volume of traffic using the road
 periodic maintenance, required only at intervals of several years
 urgent maintenance, needed to deal with emergencies and problems
calling for immediate action when a road is blocked
22. What mean that DS6 in terms of traffic volume?
 D6 is one of standards road which cover annual average daily traffic is
from 50-100
23. What are the d/ce b/t hot mix asphalt &cold mix asphalt?
24. Write the procedure before the project started?
 Initiation
 Planning and design phase
 Programming
 Pre- construction
 Contractor selection phase
25. Write the procedure for payment certification?

26. The factor to decide the design standard of a road? (ARWE)

 Design control and criteria
 Functional classification system of highway
27. The factor that govern SSD? (ARWE)
 Perception reaction time of driver
 Coefficients of friction b/n tires & road way
 Design speed
 Breaking distance
 Effects of grade
28. The purpose of transition curve? (ARWE)
- Transition curve is inserted between tangent and circular curve and its
purpose is to reduce to abrupt introduction of lateral acceleration.
- Also its purpose a gradual change of direction from straight to curve and vice
-versa
29. The geometric design elements?(ARWE)
 Horizontal alignments
 Transition curve
 Vertical alignment
 Supper elevation
 Sight distance
 Intersection
 interchange
30. If the sub grade is unsuitable what types of soil is exist?(ARWE)
Since the soil group is expansive soil, dispersive soil, organic soil, saline soil
or presence of saline water, black cotton soil etc

31. The use of soil stabilization? (ARWE)

 Improve the strength (stability and bearing capacity) for sub grade, sub
base, base and low- cost road surfaces,
 Improve the volume stability – undesirable properties such as swelling,
shrinkage, high plasticity characteristics, and difficulty in compaction,
etc caused by change in moisture,
 Improve durability – increase the resistance to erosion, weathering or
traffic
32. what are the factors that should be considered in soil stabilization?
  Physical and chemical composition of the soil to be stabilized,
 Availability and economical feasibility of stabilizing agents,
 Ease of application,
 Site constraints,
 climate,
 curing time, and safety Improve high permeability, poor workability,
frost susceptibility
33. The d/ce b/t flexible & ridged pavement?(ARWE)
 The pavements can be classified based on the structural performance
into two, flexible pavements and rigid pavements.
 In flexible pavements, wheel loads are transferred by grain-to-grain
contact of the aggregate through the granular structure.
 The flexible pavement, having less flexural strength, acts like a flexible
sheet (e.g. bituminous road)
 in rigid pavements, wheel loads are transferred to sub-grade soil by
flexural strength of the pavement and the pavement acts like a rigid
plate (e.g. cement concrete roads)
 In addition to these, composite pavements are also available.
 A thin layer of flexible pavement over rigid pavement is an ideal
pavement with most desirable characteristics. However, such
pavements are rarely used in new construction because of high cost and
complex analysis required.
 Typical layers of a conventional flexible pavement includes seal coat,
surface course, tack coat, binder course, prime coat, base course, sub-
base course, compacted sub-grade, and natural sub-grade (Figure 1:2).
  Seal Coat: Seal coat is a thin surface treatment used to water-proof the
surface and to provide skid resistance.
 Tack Coat: Tack coat is a very light application of asphalt, usually
asphalt emulsion diluted with water. It provides proper bonding
between two layer of binder course and must be thin, uniformly cover
the entire surface, and set very fast.
 Prime Coat: Prime coat is an application of low viscous cutback
bitumen to an absorbent surface like granular bases on which binder
layer is placed. It provides bonding between two layers. Unlike tack
coat, prime coat penetrates into the layer below, plugs the voids, and
forms a water tight surface.
CE 320 Transportation Engineering I5 Dr. Tom V. Mathew
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO PAVEMENT DESIGN CE320 March 22, 2007
Tack Coat
Surface Course (25−50 mm)
Base Course (100−300 mm)
Binder Course (50−100 mm)
Subbase Course (100−300 mm)
Compacted Subgrade (150−300 mm)
Natural Subgrade
Seal Coat Prime coat
Figure 1:2: Typical cross section of a flexible pavement
Surface course
Surface course is the layer directly in contact with track loads and generally
contains superior
quality materials. They are usually constructed with dense graded asphalt
concrete(AC). The
functions and requirements of this layer are:
_ It provides characteristics such as friction, smoothness, drainage, etc. Also it
will prevent
the entrance of excessive quantities of surface water into the underlying base,
sub-base and sub-grade,
_ It must be tough to resist the distortion under track and provide a smooth
and skid resistant riding surface,
_ It must be water proof to protect the entire base and sub-grade from the
weakening e_ect
of water.
 Binder course
This layer provides the bulk of the asphalt concrete structure. It's chief
purpose is to distribute
 load to the base course
 The binder course generally consists ofaggregates having less asphalt
and doesn't require quality as high as the surface course, so replacing a part of
the surface course by the binder course results in more economical design.
 Base course
The base course is the layer of material immediately beneath the surface of
binder course and it provides additional load distribution and contributes to
the sub-surface drainage It may be composed of crushed stone, crushed slag,
and other untreated or stabilized materials.
 Sub-Base course
The sub-base course is the layer of material beneath the base course and the
primary functions are to provide structural support, improve drainage, and
reduce the intrusion of fines from the sub-grade in the pavement structure If
the base course is open graded, then the sub-base course with more fines can
serve as a filler between sub-grade and the base course A sub-base course is
not always needed or used. For example, a pavement constructed over a high
quality, sti_ CE 320 Transportation Engineering I6 Dr. Tom V. Mathew
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO PAVEMENT DESIGN CE320 March 22, 2007
Base or Subbase Course
Portland Cement Concrete
150 − 300 MM
100 − 300 MM
Figure 1:3: Typical Cross section of Rigid pavement
sub-grade may not need the additional features o_ered by a sub-base course.
In such situations, sub-base course may not be provided.
 Sub-grade
The top soil or sub-grade is a layer of natural soil prepared to receive the
stresses from the layers above. It is essential that at no time soil sub-grade is
overstressed. It should be compacted to the desirable density, near the
optimum moisture content.
 The major flexible pavement failures are fatigue cracking, rutting,
and thermal cracking.
 The fatigue cracking of flexible pavement is due to horizontal tensile
strain at the bottom of theasphaltic concrete. The failure criterion
relates allowable number of load repetitions to tensilestrain and this
 relation can be determined in the laboratory fatigue test on asphaltic
concrete specimens
 Rutting occurs only on flexible pavements as indicated by permanent
deformation or rut depth along wheel load path.
 Two design methods have been used to control rutting:
1 .one to limit the vertical compressive strain on the top of subgrade and
2.to limit ruttingto a tolerable amount (12 mm normally)
Thermal cracking includes both low-temperaturecracking and thermal
fatigue cracking
 There are many factors that affect pavement design which can be
classified into four categories
a. as traffic and loading,
 Contact pressure,
 wheel load,
 axle configuration,
 moving loads, load, and
 load repetitions
b. structural models,
 layered elastic model and
 visco-elastic model
c. material characterization,
d. environment
 temperature
 precipetation
34. List 5 drainage system on road construction?(ARWE)

35. The physical properties of asphalt?(ARWE)

Important properties of asphalt:
- Mechanical
- Adhesive
- Durability
- Smooth