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Signals

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

EEE F434 Lecture 1-3
Sarang Dhongdi

Signals Signal types

 Function of independent variable such as time, distance,  CT signal vs DT signals
position, pressure etc.
 Natural vs synthetic (man-made) signals
 Speech – Air pressure as function of time at a point in space
– 1D
 Real valued vs complex valued
 B&W image – Light intensity as function of two spatial
coordinates -2D  Even or Odd signals

 B&W video – Sequence of images – w.r.t. time -3D  Energy or power signals

 Colour video – multi-channel (3 channel), three 3D signals  Deterministic vs random

Digital Signal Processing Purpose ?

The purpose of such processing may be to estimate

It is concerned with the representation of signals by characteristic parameters of a signal or to
sequences of numbers or symbols and the transform a signal into a form which is more
processing of these sequences. desirable in some sense.

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Scope of DSP – No visible sign of saturation Cell Phone

Field Applications
SPACE -Space photograph enhancement
-Data compression
-Intelligent sensory analysis by remote space probes
MEDICAL -Diagnostic imaging (CT, MRI, ultrasound, and others)
-Electrocardiogram analysis
-Medical image storage/retrieval
TELECOMM -Voice and data compression
-Echo reduction
-Signal multiplexing
-Filtering
MILITARY -Radar
-Sonar
-Secure communication
INDUSTRIAL -Oil and mineral prospecting
-Process monitoring & control
-Nondestructive testing

What does this course offer? What does this course offer?
- In teaching – - In lab
- Review of “Signals and Systems” - Tools to Explore
- Analog filter design - MATLAB (Z transform, FFT functions etc.)
- Digital filters design - Simulink (Filter Design toolbox)
- Types of filters (LP, HP, BP, BS)
- Realization of digital filters
- Finite word length effects
- Multirate DSP

Why Digital? Advantages

 Signals and coefficients (of digital signal  Guaranteed Accuracy
operations) are specified as binary words.  Perfect Reproducibility
 No drift due to temp and age
 Easy storage and retrieval
 Greater reliability, smaller size, lower cost, low
power consumption, higher speed
 Multiplexing functionality / time-sharing
 Greater flexibility
 Ease of operation at lower frequencies (compared  Superior performance
to analog which requires large size components)

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Disadvantages
 For Large Bandwidth applications
 ADC/DAC
 Finite word length effect
Historical perspective
 Rather digital computers were used to simulate a
signal processing system before implementing it on
analog hardware – flexible experimental
environment.
 Essentially it was to approximate or simulate an
analog signal processing system.
 Speed, size and cost were main limitations.
Historical perspective
 FFT algorithm reduced the computation time of FT
by orders of magnitude, permitting implementation
of signal processing algo with lesser processing time
– interactive experimentation was possible.
 Considering that FFT algo can be implemented on
special-purpose digital hardware, many signal
processing algorithms appeared to have practical
implementation.
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Historical perspective
 Discrete time signal processing has a rich history.
 Until the early 1950, the signal processing was typically
done using analog systems using electronic circuits.
 Digital computers were expensive and had limited
capabilities.
 Signal processing could not generally be done in real
time.
Historical perspective
 When signals were being processed, certain algorithms
were developed out of flexibility of digital computer,
and had no apparent practical implementation on
analog system –Ex. Cepstrum analysis.
 It prompted the notion of “all-digital” implementation
of signal processing systems.
 Algorithm of Cooley and Tukey– FFT – this was
inherently discrete time concept.
Historical perspective
 Rather than mere approximation of analog systems,
DTSP became an important field of investigation in
it’s own right.
 DTSP is a dynamic and rapidly growing field, it’s
fundamentals are well formulated.
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Digital signal processing – Digital Filters Block Diagram

 Need of Digital filter?
 Adaptive filters – periodic changes in coefficients
 Frequency selective filters with adjustable cut-off
frequencies
 Linear phase filter
 Multirate signal processing
 Many specific algo developed only in/for digital domain
 Cepstrum analysis
 Homomorphic filtering

Spectrum view Nyquist sampling rate

where
 fs = sampling frequency

 BW = bandwidth of input signal

Aliasing distortion undersampling

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Discrete time impulse function Discrete time unit step function

kronecker delta u[n]

δ[n]
1 1

n n

Discrete time exponentials

Exponentially varying DT sinusoids

(0.9)ncos (nπ/6)
(0.8)n 1 (-0.8)n
1

n n

(1.2)n
1

n
(1.1)ncos (nπ/6)

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Discrete time sinusoids Non-uniqueness

cos (nπ/12 + π/4) cos (3πn/7)

cos (11πn/7)

Fundamental range of frequencies

Example
cos (2nπ)
x1 (t )  c o s (6  t )
x 2 ( t )  c o s (1 4  t )
cos (nπ/8) or cos (15nπ/8)
x3 (t )  c o s(2 6 t )
Sampling rate is 10 Hz for all the signals cos (nπ/2) or cos (3nπ/2)

x1 ( n )  c o s ( 0 .6  n )  c o s ( 0 .6  n )
cos (nπ)
x 2 ( n )  c o s (1 . 4  n )  c o s ( 0 .6  n )
x 3 ( n )  c o s ( 2 .6  n )  c o s ( 0 .6  n )