Crane machine guide

8/31/2020 Crane (machine) - Wikipedia
Crane (machine)
A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist
rope, wire ropes or chains, and sheaves, that can be used both to
lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally. It is
mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting them to
other places. The device uses one or more simple machines to
create mechanical advantage and thus move loads beyond the
normal capability of a human. Cranes are commonly employed in
the transport industry for the loading and unloading of freight, in
the construction industry for the movement of materials, and in
the manufacturing industry for the assembling of heavy
equipment.
The first known crane machine was the shadouf, a water-lifting

device that was invented in ancient Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)
and then appeared in ancient Egyptian technology. Construction
cranes later appeared in ancient Greece, where they were
powered by men or animals (such as donkeys), and used for the
Diagram of a modern mobile crane
construction of buildings. Larger cranes were later developed in with outriggers. The latticed boom is
the Roman Empire, employing the use of human treadwheels, fitted with a jib.
permitting the lifting of heavier weights. In the High Middle
Ages, harbour cranes were introduced to load and
unload ships and assist with their construction —
some were built into stone towers for extra strength
and stability. The earliest cranes were constructed
from wood, but cast iron, iron and steel took over
with the coming of the Industrial Revolution.
For many centuries, power was supplied by the

physical exertion of men or animals, although hoists
in watermills and windmills could be driven by the
harnessed natural power. The first mechanical power
was provided by steam engines, the earliest steam
crane being introduced in the 18th or 19th century, Manual crane from the late 19th century used for
with many remaining in use well into the late 20th unloading small loads (balls, crates, etc.) from
century.[1] Modern cranes usually use internal ships at the Port of Barcelona, Spain.
combustion engines or electric motors and hydraulic
systems to provide a much greater lifting capability
than was previously possible, although manual cranes are still utilized where the provision of power
would be uneconomic.
Cranes exist in an enormous variety of forms, each tailored to a specific use. Sizes range from the
smallest jib cranes, used inside workshops, to the tallest tower cranes, used for constructing high
buildings. Mini-cranes are also used for constructing high buildings, in order to facilitate
constructions by reaching tight spaces. Finally, we can find larger floating cranes, generally used to
build oil rigs and salvage sunken ships.
Some lifting machines do not strictly fit the above definition of a crane, but are generally known as
cranes, such as stacker cranes and loader cranes.
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Contents
Etymology
History
Ancient Near East
Ancient Greece
Roman Empire
Middle Ages
Structure and placement
Mechanics and operation
Harbour usage
Early modern age
Industrial revolution
Mechanical principles
Stability
Types
Mobile
Truck-mounted
Rough terrain
Crawler
Floating
Other types
All terrain
Pick and carry
Sidelifter
Carry deck
Telescopic handler
Harbour
Travel lift
Railroad
Aerial
Fixed
Ring
Tower
Components
Assembly
Operation
Self-erecting tower cranes
Telescopic
Hammerhead
Level luffing
Overhead
Gantry
Deck
Jib
Bulk-handling
Loader
Stacker
Efficiency increase of cranes
Similar machines
Special examples
Crane operators
See also
References
Sources
Etymology
Cranes were so called from the resemblance to the long neck of the bird, cf. Ancient Greek: γέρανος,
French grue.[2]
History
Ancient Near East
The first type of crane machine was the shadouf, which had a lever mechanism and was used to lift
water for irrigation.[3][4][5] It was invented in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) circa 3000 BC.[3][4] The
shadouf subsequently appeared in ancient Egyptian technology circa 2000 BC.[5][6]
Ancient Greece
A crane for lifting heavy loads was developed by the Ancient

Greeks in the late 6th century BC.[7] The archaeological record
shows that no later than c. 515 BC distinctive cuttings for both
lifting tongs and lewis irons begin to appear on stone blocks of
Greek temples. Since these holes point at the use of a lifting
device, and since they are to be found either above the center of
gravity of the block, or in pairs equidistant from a point over the
center of gravity, they are regarded by archaeologists as the
positive evidence required for the existence of the crane.[7]
The introduction of the winch and pulley hoist soon led to a Greco-Roman Trispastos ("Three-
widespread replacement of ramps as the main means of vertical pulley-crane"), a simple crane type
motion. For the next 200 years, Greek building sites witnessed a (150 kg load)
sharp reduction in the weights handled, as the new lifting
technique made the use of several smaller stones more practical
than fewer larger ones. In contrast to the archaic period with its pattern of ever-increasing block
sizes, Greek temples of the classical age like the Parthenon invariably featured stone blocks weighing
less than 15–20 metric tons. Also, the practice of erecting large monolithic columns was practically
abandoned in favour of using several column drums.[8]
Although the exact circumstances of the shift from the ramp to the crane technology remain unclear,
it has been argued that the volatile social and political conditions of Greece were more suitable to the
employment of small, professional construction teams than of large bodies of unskilled labour,
making the crane preferable to the Greek polis over the more labour-intensive ramp which had been
the norm in the autocratic societies of Egypt or Assyria.[8]
The first unequivocal literary evidence for the existence of the compound pulley system appears in
the Mechanical Problems (Mech. 18, 853a32–853b13) attributed to Aristotle (384–322 BC), but
perhaps composed at a slightly later date. Around the same time, block sizes at Greek temples began
to match their archaic predecessors again, indicating that the more sophisticated compound pulley
must have found its way to Greek construction sites by then.[9]
Roman Empire
The heyday of the crane in ancient times came during the Roman
Empire, when construction activity soared and buildings reached
enormous dimensions. The Romans adopted the Greek crane and
developed it further. We are relatively well informed about their
lifting techniques, thanks to rather lengthy accounts by the
engineers Vitruvius (De Architectura 10.2, 1–10) and Heron of
Alexandria (Mechanica 3.2–5). There are also two surviving
reliefs of Roman treadwheel cranes, with the Haterii tombstone
from the late first century AD being particularly detailed.
The simplest Roman crane, the trispastos, consisted of a single-

Greco-Roman Pentaspastos ("Five-
beam jib, a winch, a rope, and a block containing three pulleys. pulley-crane"), a medium-sized
Having thus a mechanical advantage of 3:1, it has been calculated variant (c. 450 kg load)
that a single man working the winch could raise 150 kg (3 pulleys
x 50 kg = 150), assuming that 50 kg represent the maximum
effort a man can exert over a longer time period. Heavier crane
types featured five pulleys (pentaspastos) or, in case of the
largest one, a set of three by five pulleys (Polyspastos) and came
with two, three or four masts, depending on the maximum load.
The polyspastos, when worked by four men at both sides of the
winch, could readily lift 3,000 kg (3 ropes x 5 pulleys x 4 men x
50 kg = 3,000 kg). If the winch was replaced by a treadwheel, the
maximum load could be doubled to 6,000 kg at only half the
crew, since the treadwheel possesses a much bigger mechanical
advantage due to its larger diameter. This meant that, in
comparison to the construction of the ancient Egyptian Reconstruction of a 10.4 m high
pyramids, where about 50 men were needed to move a 2.5 ton Roman Polyspastos powered by a
stone block up the ramp (50 kg per person), the lifting capability treadwheel at Bonn, Germany
of the Roman polyspastos proved to be 60 times higher
(3,000 kg per person).[10]
However, numerous extant Roman buildings which feature much heavier stone blocks than those
handled by the polyspastos indicate that the overall lifting capability of the Romans went far beyond
that of any single crane. At the temple of Jupiter at Baalbek, for instance, the architrave blocks weigh
up to 60 tons each, and one corner cornice block even over 100 tons, all of them raised to a height of
about 19 m.[9] In Rome, the capital block of Trajan's Column weighs 53.3 tons, which had to be lifted
to a height of about 34 m (see construction of Trajan's Column).[11]
It is assumed that Roman engineers lifted these extraordinary weights by two measures (see picture
below for comparable Renaissance technique): First, as suggested by Heron, a lifting tower was set
up, whose four masts were arranged in the shape of a quadrangle with parallel sides, not unlike a
siege tower, but with the column in the middle of the structure (Mechanica 3.5).[12] Second, a
multitude of capstans were placed on the ground around the tower, for, although having a lower
leverage ratio than treadwheels, capstans could be set up in higher numbers and run by more men
(and, moreover, by draught animals).[13] This use of multiple capstans is also described by Ammianus
Marcellinus (17.4.15) in connection with the lifting of the Lateranense obelisk in the Circus Maximus
(c. 357 AD). The maximum lifting capability of a single capstan can be established by the number of
lewis iron holes bored into the monolith. In case of the Baalbek architrave blocks, which weigh
between 55 and 60 tons, eight extant holes suggest an allowance of 7.5 ton per lewis iron, that is per
capstan.[14] Lifting such heavy weights in a concerted action required a great amount of coordination
between the work groups applying the force to the capstans.
Middle Ages
During the High Middle Ages, the treadwheel crane was

reintroduced on a large scale after the technology had fallen into
disuse in western Europe with the demise of the Western Roman
Empire.[16] The earliest reference to a treadwheel (magna rota)
reappears in archival literature in France about 1225,[17] followed
by an illuminated depiction in a manuscript of probably also
French origin dating to 1240.[18] In navigation, the earliest uses
Medieval (15th century) port crane of harbor cranes are documented for Utrecht in 1244, Antwerp in
for mounting masts and lifting cargo
1263, Brugge in 1288 and Hamburg in 1291,[19] while in England
in Gdańsk.[15]
the treadwheel is not recorded before 1331.[20]
Generally, vertical transport

could be done more safely and inexpensively by cranes than by
customary methods. Typical areas of application were harbors,
mines, and, in particular, building sites where the treadwheel
crane played a pivotal role in the construction of the lofty Gothic
cathedrals. Nevertheless, both archival and pictorial sources of
the time suggest that newly introduced machines like
treadwheels or wheelbarrows did not completely replace more
labor-intensive methods like ladders, hods and handbarrows.
Rather, old and new machinery continued to coexist on medieval
construction sites[21] and harbors.[19]
Apart from treadwheels, medieval depictions also show cranes to

be powered manually by windlasses with radiating spokes, cranks
and by the 15th century also by windlasses shaped like a ship's
wheel. To smooth out irregularities of impulse and get over
Double treadwheel crane in Pieter
'dead-spots' in the lifting process flywheels are known to be in
Bruegel's The Tower of Babel
use as early as 1123.[22]
The exact process by which the treadwheel crane was

reintroduced is not recorded,[17] although its return to construction sites has undoubtedly to be
viewed in close connection with the simultaneous rise of Gothic architecture. The reappearance of the
treadwheel crane may have resulted from a technological development of the windlass from which
the treadwheel structurally and mechanically evolved. Alternatively, the medieval treadwheel may
represent a deliberate reinvention of its Roman counterpart drawn from Vitruvius' De architectura
which was available in many monastic libraries. Its reintroduction may have been inspired, as well,
by the observation of the labor-saving qualities of the waterwheel with which early treadwheels
shared many structural similarities.[20]
Structure and placement
The medieval treadwheel was a large wooden wheel turning around a central shaft with a treadway
wide enough for two workers walking side by side. While the earlier 'compass-arm' wheel had spokes
directly driven into the central shaft, the more advanced "clasp-arm" type featured arms arranged as
chords to the wheel rim,[23] giving the possibility of using a thinner shaft and providing thus a greater
mechanical advantage.[24]
Contrary to a popularly held belief, cranes on medieval building

sites were neither placed on the extremely lightweight scaffolding
used at the time nor on the thin walls of the Gothic churches
which were incapable of supporting the weight of both hoisting
machine and load. Rather, cranes were placed in the initial stages
of construction on the ground, often within the building. When a
new floor was completed, and massive tie beams of the roof
connected the walls, the crane was dismantled and reassembled
on the roof beams from where it was moved from bay to bay
during construction of the vaults.[25] Thus, the crane "grew" and
"wandered" with the building with the result that today all extant
Single treadwheel crane working
from top of the building
construction cranes in England are found in church towers above
the vaulting and below the roof, where they remained after
building construction for bringing material for repairs aloft.[26]
Less frequently, medieval illuminations also show cranes mounted on the outside of walls with the
stand of the machine secured to putlogs.[27]
Mechanics and operation
In contrast to modern cranes, medieval cranes and hoists —

much like their counterparts in Greece and Rome[28] — were
primarily capable of a vertical lift, and not used to move loads for
a considerable distance horizontally as well.[25] Accordingly,
lifting work was organized at the workplace in a different way
than today. In building construction, for example, it is assumed
that the crane lifted the stone blocks either from the bottom
directly into place,[25] or from a place opposite the centre of the
Tower crane at the inland harbour of
wall from where it could deliver the blocks for two teams working
Trier from 1413.
at each end of the wall.[28] Additionally, the crane master who
usually gave orders at the treadwheel workers from outside the
crane was able to manipulate the movement laterally by a small
rope attached to the load.[29] Slewing cranes which allowed a rotation of the load and were thus
particularly suited for dockside work appeared as early as 1340.[30] While ashlar blocks were directly
lifted by sling, lewis or devil's clamp (German Teufelskralle), other objects were placed before in
containers like pallets, baskets, wooden boxes or barrels.[31]
It is noteworthy that medieval cranes rarely featured ratchets or brakes to forestall the load from
running backward.[32] This curious absence is explained by the high friction force exercised by
medieval tread-wheels which normally prevented the wheel from accelerating beyond control.[29]
Harbour usage
According to the "present state of knowledge" unknown in antiquity, stationary harbor cranes are
considered a new development of the Middle Ages.[19] The typical harbor crane was a pivoting
structure equipped with double treadwheels. These cranes were placed docksides for the loading and
unloading of cargo where they replaced or complemented older

lifting methods like see-saws, winches and yards.[19]
Two different types of harbor cranes can be identified with a

varying geographical distribution: While gantry cranes, which
pivoted on a central vertical axle, were commonly found at the
Flemish and Dutch coastside, German sea and inland harbors
typically featured tower cranes where the windlass and
treadwheels were situated in a solid tower with only jib arm and
roof rotating.[15] Dockside cranes were not adopted in the
A crane constructed in 1742, used
Mediterranean region and the highly developed Italian ports
for mounting masts to large sailing
where authorities continued to rely on the more labor-intensive vessels. Copenhagen, Denmark
method of unloading goods by ramps beyond the Middle
Ages.[33]
Unlike construction cranes where the work speed was determined by the relatively slow progress of
the masons, harbor cranes usually featured double treadwheels to speed up loading. The two
treadwheels whose diameter is estimated to be 4 m or larger were attached to each side of the axle
and rotated together.[19] Their capacity was 2–3 tons, which apparently corresponded to the
customary size of marine cargo.[19] Today, according to one survey, fifteen treadwheel harbor cranes
from pre-industrial times are still extant throughout Europe.[34] Some harbour cranes were
specialised at mounting masts to newly built sailing ships, such as in Gdańsk, Cologne and
Bremen.[15] Beside these stationary cranes, floating cranes, which could be flexibly deployed in the
whole port basin came into use by the 14th century.[15]
Early modern age
A lifting tower similar to that

of the ancient Romans was
used to great effect by the
Renaissance architect
Domenico Fontana in 1586
to relocate the 361 t heavy
Vatican obelisk in Rome.[35]
From his report, it becomes
obvious that the
coordination of the lift
Erection of the Vatican obelisk in
An 1856 photo of Cologne between the various pulling
1586 by means of a lifting tower
Cathedral, then unfinished, with a teams required a
15th-century crane on south tower. considerable amount of
concentration and discipline,
since, if the force was not applied evenly, the excessive stress on
the ropes would make them rupture.[36]
Cranes were also used domestically during this period. The chimney or fireplace crane was used to
swing pots and kettles over the fire and the height was adjusted by a trammel.[37]
Fireplace crane
Industrial revolution
With the onset of the Industrial Revolution the first modern cranes were
installed at harbours for loading cargo. In 1838, the industrialist and
businessman William Armstrong designed a water-powered hydraulic
crane. His design used a ram in a closed cylinder that was forced down
by a pressurized fluid entering the cylinder and a valve regulated the
amount of fluid intake relative to the load on the crane.[38] This
mechanism, the hydraulic jigger, then pulled on a chain to lift the load.
In 1845 a scheme was set in motion to provide piped water from distant
reservoirs to the households of Newcastle. Armstrong was involved in
Sir William Armstrong,
this scheme and he proposed to Newcastle Corporation that the excess
inventor of the hydraulic
water pressure in the lower part of town could be used to power one of
crane.
his hydraulic cranes for the loading of coal onto barges at the Quayside.
He claimed that his invention would do the job faster and more cheaply
than conventional cranes. The corporation agreed to his suggestion, and
the experiment proved so successful that three more hydraulic cranes were installed on the
Quayside.[39]
The success of his hydraulic crane led Armstrong to establish the Elswick works at Newcastle, to
produce his hydraulic machinery for cranes and bridges in 1847. His company soon received orders
for hydraulic cranes from Edinburgh and Northern Railways and from Liverpool Docks, as well as for
hydraulic machinery for dock gates in Grimsby. The company expanded from a workforce of 300 and
an annual production of 45 cranes in 1850, to almost 4,000 workers producing over 100 cranes per
year by the early 1860s.[39]
Armstrong spent the next few decades constantly improving his crane design; his most significant
innovation was the hydraulic accumulator. Where water pressure was not available on site for the use
of hydraulic cranes, Armstrong often built high water towers to provide a supply of water at pressure.
However, when supplying cranes for use at New Holland on the Humber Estuary, he was unable to do
this, because the foundations consisted of sand. He eventually produced the hydraulic accumulator, a
cast-iron cylinder fitted with a plunger supporting a very heavy weight. The plunger would slowly be
raised, drawing in water, until the downward force of the weight was sufficient to force the water
below it into pipes at great pressure. This invention allowed much larger quantities of water to be
forced through pipes at a constant pressure, thus increasing the crane's load capacity
considerably.[40]
One of his cranes, commissioned by the Italian Navy in 1883 and in use until the mid-1950s, is still
standing in Venice, where it is now in a state of disrepair.[41]
Mechanical principles
There are three major
considerations in the design of
cranes. First, the crane must be able
to lift the weight of the load; second,
the crane must not topple; third, the
crane must not rupture.
Crane movements
Stability
For stability, the sum of all

moments about the base of the
crane must be close to zero so that
the crane does not overturn.[42] In
Broken crane in Sermetal practice, the magnitude of load that
Shipyard, former is permitted to be lifted (called the
Ishikawajima do Brasil – "rated load" in the US) is some value
Rio de Janeiro. The cause
less than the load that will cause the
of the accident was a lack
crane to tip, thus providing a safety
of maintenance and misuse
margin.
of the equipment.
Cranes can mount many different
Under United States standards for utensils, depending on load (left).
mobile cranes, the stability-limited Cranes can be remote-controlled
rated load for a crawler crane is 75% of the tipping load. The from the ground, allowing much
stability-limited rated load for a mobile crane supported on more precise control, but without the
outriggers is 85% of the tipping load. These requirements, along view that a position atop the crane
with additional safety-related aspects of crane design, are provides (right).
established by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers[1]
(http://www.asme.org) in the volume ASME B30.5-2018 Mobile
and Locomotive Cranes.
Standards for cranes mounted on ships or offshore platforms are somewhat stricter because of the
dynamic load on the crane due to vessel motion. Additionally, the stability of the vessel or platform
must be considered.
For stationary pedestal or kingpost mounted cranes, the moment created by the boom, jib, and load is
resisted by the pedestal base or kingpost. Stress within the base must be less than the yield stress of
the material or the crane will fail.
Types
Mobile
There are four principal types of mobile cranes: truck mounted, rough-terrain, crawler, and floating.
Truck-mounted
The most basic truck-mounted crane configuration is a "boom truck",

which features a rear-mounted rotating telescopic-boom crane mounted
on a commercial truck chassis.[43][44]
Larger, heavier duty, purpose-built "truck-mounted" cranes are

constructed in two parts: the carrier, often called the lower, and the
lifting component, which includes the boom, called the upper. These are
mated together through a turntable, allowing the upper to swing from
side to side. These modern hydraulic truck cranes are usually single-
engine machines, with the same engine powering the undercarriage and
the crane. The upper is usually powered via hydraulics run through the
turntable from the pump mounted on the lower. In older model designs
of hydraulic truck cranes, there were two engines. One in the lower
pulled the crane down the road and ran a hydraulic pump for the Liebherr all-terrain crane
outriggers and jacks. The one in the upper ran the upper through a building a bridge
hydraulic pump of its own. Many older operators favor the two-engine
system due to leaking seals in the turntable of aging newer design
cranes. Hiab invented the world's first hydraulic truck mounted
crane in 1947.[45] The name, Hiab, comes from the commonly
used abbreviation of Hydrauliska Industri AB, a company
founded in Hudiksvall, Sweden 1944 by Eric Sundin, a ski
manufacturer who saw a way to utilize a truck's engine to power
loader cranes through the use of hydraulics. A Grove truck-mounted crane in
road travel configuration
Generally, these cranes are able to travel on highways,
eliminating the need for special equipment to transport the crane
unless weight or other size constrictions are in place such as local laws. If this is the case, most larger
cranes are equipped with either special trailers to help spread the load over more axles or are able to
disassemble to meet requirements. An example is counterweights. Often a crane will be followed by
another truck hauling the counterweights that are removed for travel. In addition some cranes are
able to remove the entire upper. However, this is usually only an issue in a large crane and mostly
done with a conventional crane such as a Link-Belt HC-238. When working on the job site, outriggers
are extended horizontally from the chassis then vertically to level and stabilize the crane while
stationary and hoisting. Many truck cranes have slow-travelling capability (a few miles per hour)
while suspending a load. Great care must be taken not to swing the load sideways from the direction
of travel, as most anti-tipping stability then lies in the stiffness of the chassis suspension. Most cranes
of this type also have moving counterweights for stabilization beyond that provided by the outriggers.
Loads suspended directly aft are the most stable, since most of the weight of the crane acts as a
counterweight. Factory-calculated charts (or electronic safeguards) are used by crane operators to
determine the maximum safe loads for stationary (outriggered) work as well as (on-rubber) loads and
travelling speeds.
Truck cranes range in lifting capacity from about 14.5 short tons (12.9 long tons; 13.2 t) to about
2,240 short tons (2,000 long tons; 2,032 t). [46] Although most only rotate about 180 degrees, the
more expensive truck mounted cranes can turn a full 360 degrees.
Rough terrain
A rough terrain crane has a boom mounted on an undercarriage atop four rubber tires that is
designed for off-road pick-and-carry operations. Outriggers are used to level and stabilize the crane
for hoisting.[47]
These telescopic cranes are single-engine machines, with the

same engine powering the undercarriage and the crane, similar
to a crawler crane. The engine is usually mounted in the
undercarriage rather than in the upper, as with crawler crane.
Most have 4 wheel drive and 4 wheel steering for traversing
tighter and slicker terrain than a standard truck crane, with less
site prep. Rough terrain crane
Crawler
A crawler crane has its boom mounted on an undercarriage fitted

with a set of crawler tracks that provide both stability and
mobility. Crawler cranes range in lifting capacity from about 40
to 4,000 long tons (44.8 to 4,480.0 short tons; 40.6 to
4,064.2 t).[48]
The main advantage of a crawler crane is its ready mobility and

use, since the crane is able to operate on sites with minimal
improvement and stable on its tracks without outriggers. Wide
tracks spread the weight out over a great area and are far better Crawler crane
than wheels at traversing soft ground without sinking in. A
crawler crane is also capable of traveling with a load. Its main
disadvantage is its weight, making it difficult and expensive to transport. Typically a large crawler
must be disassembled at least into boom and cab and moved by trucks, rail cars or ships to its next
location.[49]
Floating
Floating cranes are used mainly in bridge building and port

construction, but they are also used for occasional loading and
unloading of especially heavy or awkward loads on and off ships.
Some floating cranes are mounted on pontoons, others are
specialized crane barges with a lifting capacity exceeding 10,000
short tons (8,929 long tons; 9,072 t) and have been used to
transport entire bridge sections. Floating cranes have also been
used to salvage sunken ships.
Floating crane
Crane vessels are often used in offshore construction. The largest
revolving cranes can be found on SSCV Thialf, which has two
cranes with a capacity of 7,100 tonnes (7,826 short tons; 6,988 long tons) each. For 50 years, the
largest such crane was "Herman the German" at the Long Beach Naval Shipyard, one of three
constructed by Hitler's Germany and captured in the war. The crane was sold to the Panama Canal in
1996 where it is now known as Titan.[50]
Other types
All terrain
An all-terrain crane is a hybrid combining the roadability of a truck-mounted and on-site

maneuverability of a rough-terrain crane. It can both travel at speed on public roads and maneuver
on rough terrain at the job site using all-wheel and crab steering.
AT's have 2-12 axles and are designed for lifting loads up to
2,000 tonnes (2,205 short tons; 1,968 long tons).[51]
Pick and carry
A pick and carry crane is similar to a mobile crane in that is

designed to travel on public roads; however, pick and carry
cranes have no stabiliser legs or outriggers and are designed to
lift the load and carry it to its destination, within a small radius, All terrain crane
then be able to drive to the next job. Pick and carry cranes are
popular in Australia, where large distances are encountered
between job sites. One popular manufacturer in Australia was Franna, who have since been bought by
Terex, and now all pick and carry cranes are commonly called "Frannas", even though they may be
made by other manufacturers. Nearly every medium- and large-sized crane company in Australia has
at least one and many companies have fleets of these cranes. The capacity range is between ten and
forty tonnes as a maximum lift, although this is much less as the load gets further from the front of
the crane. Pick and carry cranes have displaced the work usually completed by smaller truck cranes,
as the set-up time is much quicker. Many steel fabrication yards also use pick and carry cranes, as
they can "walk" with fabricated steel sections and place these where required with relative ease.
Sidelifter
A sidelifter crane is a road-going truck or semi-trailer, able to hoist

and transport ISO standard containers. Container lift is done with
parallel crane-like hoists, which can lift a container from the ground
or from a railway vehicle.
Carry deck
A carry deck crane is a small 4 wheel crane with a 360 degree Sidelift crane
rotating boom placed right in the centre and an operators cab
located at one end under this boom. The rear section houses the
engine and the area above the wheels is a flat deck. Very much an American invention the Carry deck
can hoist a load in a confined space and then load it on the deck space around the cab or engine and
subsequently move to another site. The Carry Deck principle is the American version of the pick and
carry crane and both allow the load to be moved by the crane over short distances.
Telescopic handler
Telescopic handlers are like forklift trucks that have a telescoping extendable boom like a crane. Early
telescopic handlers only lifted in one direction and did not rotate;[52] however, several of the
manufacturers have designed telescopic handlers that rotate 360 degrees through a turntable and
these machines look almost identical to the Rough Terrain Crane. These new 360-degree telescopic
handler/crane models have outriggers or stabiliser legs that must be lowered before lifting; however,
their design has been simplified so that they can be more quickly deployed. These machines are often
used to handle pallets of bricks and install frame trusses on many new building sites and they have
eroded much of the work for small telescopic truck cranes. Many of the world's armed forces have
purchased telescopic handlers and some of these are the much more expensive fully rotating types.
Their off-road capability and their on site versatility to unload pallets using forks, or lift like a crane
make them a valuable piece of machinery.
Harbour
Dry bulk or container cranes usually in the bay areas or inland water
ways.
Travel lift
A travel lift (also called a boat gantry crane, or boat crane) is a crane
with two rectangular side panels joined by a single spanning beam
at the top of one end. The crane is mobile with four groups of wheels
steerable wheels, one on each corner. These cranes allow boats with
masts or tall super structures to be removed from the water and
transported around docks or marinas.[53] Not to be confused
mechanical device used for transferring a vessel between two levels
of water, which is also called a boat lift.
Mobile container crane

Railroad
A railroad crane has flanged

wheels for use on railroads. The simplest form is a crane
mounted on a flatcar. More capable devices are purpose-built.
Different types of crane are used for maintenance work, recovery
operations and freight loading in goods yards and scrap handling
facilities.
Aerial
Rail crane
Aerial cranes or "sky cranes" usually are helicopters designed to
lift large loads. Helicopters are able to travel to and lift in areas
that are difficult to reach by conventional cranes. Helicopter
cranes are most commonly used to lift loads onto shopping centers
and high-rise buildings. They can lift anything within their lifting
capacity, such as air conditioning units, cars, boats, swimming
pools, etc. They also perform disaster relief after natural disasters
for clean-up, and during wild-fires they are able to carry huge
buckets of water to extinguish fires.
Some aerial cranes, mostly concepts, have also used lighter-than air Aerial crane
aircraft, such as airships.
Fixed
Exchanging mobility for the ability to carry greater loads and reach greater heights due to increased
stability, these types of cranes are characterised by the fact that their main structure does not move
during the period of use. However, many can still be assembled and disassembled. The structures
basically are fixed in one place.
Ring
Ring cranes are some of the largest and heaviest land-based cranes ever designed. A ring-shaped
track support the main superstructure allowing for extremely heavy loads (up to thousands of
tonnes).
Tower
Tower cranes are a modern form of balance crane that consist of the
same basic parts. Fixed to the ground on a concrete slab (and sometimes
attached to the sides of structures), tower cranes often give the best
combination of height and lifting capacity and are used in the
construction of tall buildings. The base is then attached to the mast
which gives the crane its height. Further, the mast is attached to the
slewing unit (gear and motor) that allows the crane to rotate. On top of
the slewing unit there are three main parts which are: the long
horizontal jib (working arm), shorter counter-jib, and the operator's cab.
Optimization of tower crane location in the construction sites has an

important effect on material transportation costs of a project.[54]
Tower crane atop Mont
The long horizontal jib is the part of the crane that carries the load. The Blanc
counter-jib carries a counterweight, usually of concrete blocks, while the
jib suspends the load to and from the center of the crane. The crane
operator either sits in a cab at the top of the tower or controls the
crane by radio remote control from the ground. In the first case the
operator's cab is most usually located at the top of the tower
attached to the turntable, but can be mounted on the jib, or partway
down the tower. The lifting hook is operated by the crane operator
using electric motors to manipulate wire rope cables through a
system of sheaves. The hook is located on the long horizontal arm to
lift the load which also contains its motor. Tower crane cabin
In order to hook and unhook the loads, the operator usually works
in conjunction with a signaller (known as a "dogger", "rigger" or
"swamper"). They are most often in radio contact, and always use
hand signals. The rigger or dogger directs the schedule of lifts for
the crane, and is responsible for the safety of the rigging and loads.
Tower cranes can achieve a height under hook of over 100

metres.[55]
Components Tower crane with "luffing" jib
Tower cranes are used extensively in construction and other

industry to hoist and move materials. There are many types of tower
cranes. Although they are different in type, the main parts are the
same, as follows:
Mast: the main supporting tower of the crane. It is made of steel

trussed sections that are connected together during installation.
Slewing unit: the slewing unit sits at the top of the mast. This is
the engine that enables the crane to rotate.
Operating cabin: on most tower cranes the operating cabin sits A tower crane rotates on its axis
just above the slewing unit. It contains the operating controls, before lowering the lifting hook.
load-movement indicator system (LMI), scale, anemometer, etc.
Jib: the jib, or operating arm, extends horizontally from the
crane. A "luffing" jib is able to move up and down; a fixed jib has a rolling trolley that runs along
the underside to move goods horizontally.
Counter jib: holds counterweights, hoist motor, hoist drum and the electronics.[56]
Hoist winch: the hoist winch assembly consists of the hoist winch (motor, gearbox, hoist drum,
hoist rope, and brakes), the hoist motor controller, and supporting components, such as the
platform. Many tower cranes have transmissions with two or more speeds.
Hook: the hook (or hooks) is used to connect the material to the crane. It is suspended from the
hoist rope either at the tip, for luffing jib cranes, or in the hoist rope belly underneath the trolley for
hammerhead cranes.
Weights: Large, moveable concrete counterweights are mounted toward the rear of the
counterdeck, to compensate for the weight of the goods lifted and keep the center of gravity over
the supporting tower.[57]
Assembly
A tower crane is usually assembled by a telescopic jib (mobile) crane

of greater reach (also see "self-erecting crane" below) and in the
case of tower cranes that have risen while constructing very tall
skyscrapers, a smaller crane (or derrick) will often be lifted to the
roof of the completed tower to dismantle the tower crane This crane's main jib failed due
to an overload.
afterwards, which may be more difficult than the installation.[58]
Tower cranes can be operated by remote control, removing the need

for the crane operator sit in a cab atop the crane.
Operation
Each model and distinctive style of tower crane has a predetermined lifting chart that can be applied
to any radii available, depending on its configuration. Similar to a mobile crane, a tower crane may
lift an object of far greater mass closer to its center of rotation than at its maximum radius. An
operator manipulates several levers and pedals to control each function of the crane.
Self-erecting tower cranes
Generally a type of pedestrian operated tower crane. Self-erecting

tower cranes are transported as a single unit and can be
assembled by a qualified technician without the assistance of a
larger mobile crane. They are bottom slewing cranes that stand
on outriggers, have no counter jib, have their counterweights and
ballast at the base of the mast, cannot climb themselves, have a
reduced capacity compared to standard tower cranes, and seldom
have an operator's cabin.
In some cases, smaller self-erecting tower cranes may have axles A self-erecting tower crane folds
permanently fitted to the tower section to make maneuvering the itself up at Erlangen, Germany.
crane onsite easier.
Tower cranes can also use a hydraulic-powered jack frame to raise themselves to add new tower
sections without any additional other cranes assisting beyond the initial assembly stage. This is how it
can grow to nearly any height needed to build the tallest skyscrapers when tied to a building as the
building rises. The maximum unsupported height of a tower crane is around 265 ft.[59] For a video of
a crane getting taller, see "Crane Building Itself" on YouTube.[60]
For another animation of such a crane in use, see "SAS Tower Construction Simulation" on
YouTube.[61] Here, the crane is used to erect a scaffold, which, in turn, contains a gantry to lift
sections of a bridge spire.
Telescopic
A telescopic crane has a boom that consists of a number of tubes

fitted one inside the other. A hydraulic cylinder or other powered
mechanism extends or retracts the tubes to increase or decrease
the total length of the boom. These types of booms are often used
for short term construction projects, rescue jobs, lifting boats in
and out of the water, etc. The relative compactness of telescopic
booms makes them adaptable for many mobile applications.
Though not all telescopic cranes are mobile cranes, many of them
are truck-mounted.
A telescopic tower crane has a telescopic mast and often a

superstructure (jib) on top so that it functions as a tower crane.
Some telescopic tower cranes also have a telescopic jib.
A telescopic mobile crane with truss

luffing jib
Hammerhead
The "hammerhead", or giant cantilever, crane is a fixed-jib crane

consisting of a steel-braced tower on which revolves a large,
horizontal, double cantilever; the forward part of this cantilever
or jib carries the lifting trolley, the jib is extended backwards in
order to form a support for the machinery and counterbalancing
weight. In addition to the motions of lifting and revolving, there
is provided a so-called "racking" motion, by which the lifting
trolley, with the load suspended, can be moved in and out along
the jib without altering the level of the load. Such horizontal Hammerhead crane (Finnieston
movement of the load is a marked feature of later crane design. Crane)
These cranes are generally constructed in large sizes and can
weigh up to 350 tons.
The design of Hammerkran evolved first in Germany around the

turn of the 19th century and was adopted and developed for use in
British shipyards to support the battleship construction program
from 1904 to 1914. The ability of the hammerhead crane to lift heavy
weights was useful for installing large pieces of battleships such as
armour plate and gun barrels. Giant cantilever cranes were also
installed in naval shipyards in Japan and in the United States. The
British government also installed a giant cantilever crane at the
Singapore Naval Base (1938) and later a copy of the crane was Hammerhead crane (1951) at
Garden Island Naval Precinct,
installed at Garden Island Naval Dockyard in Sydney (1951). These
Sydney, Australia; also HMAS
cranes provided repair support for the battle fleet operating far from
Choules.
Great Britain.
In the British Empire, the engineering firm Sir William Arrol Co Ltd
was the principal manufacturer of giant cantilever cranes; the company built a total of fourteen.
Among the sixty built in the world, few remain; seven in England and Scotland of about fifteen
worldwide.[62]
The Titan Clydebank is one of the four Scottish cranes on the Clydebank and preserved as a tourist
attraction.
Level luffing
Normally a crane with a hinged jib will tend to have its hook also move
up and down as the jib moves (or luffs). A level luffing crane is a crane of
this common design, but with an extra mechanism to keep the hook
level when luffing.
Level luffing crane
Overhead
An overhead crane, also known as a bridge crane, is a type of crane

where the hook-and-line mechanism runs along a horizontal beam that
itself runs along two widely separated rails. Often it is in a long factory
building and runs along rails along the building's two long walls. It is
similar to a gantry crane. Overhead cranes typically consist of either a
single beam or a double beam construction. These can be built using
typical steel beams or a more complex box girder type. Pictured on the
right is a single bridge box girder crane with the hoist and system
operated with a control pendant. Double girder bridge are more typical
when needing heavier capacity systems from 10 tons and above. The
advantage of the box girder type configuration results in a system that
has a lower deadweight yet a stronger overall system integrity. Also An overhead crane being
included would be a hoist to lift the items, the bridge, which spans the used in typical machine
area covered by the crane, and a trolley to move along the bridge. shop. The hoist is operated
via a wired pushbutton
The most common overhead crane use is in the steel industry. At every station to move system and
step of the manufacturing process, until it leaves a factory as a finished the load in any direction
product, steel is handled by an overhead crane. Raw materials are
poured into a furnace by crane, hot steel is stored for cooling by an
overhead crane, the finished coils are lifted and loaded onto trucks and trains by overhead crane, and
the fabricator or stamper uses an overhead crane to handle the steel in his factory. The automobile
industry uses overhead cranes for handling of raw materials. Smaller workstation cranes handle
lighter loads in a work-area, such as CNC mill or saw.
Almost all paper mills use bridge cranes for regular maintenance requiring removal of heavy press
rolls and other equipment. The bridge cranes are used in the initial construction of paper machines
because they facilitate installation of the heavy cast iron paper drying drums and other massive
equipment, some weighing as much as 70 tons.
In many instances the cost of a bridge crane can be largely offset with savings from not renting
mobile cranes in the construction of a facility that uses a lot of heavy process equipment.
Gantry
A gantry crane has a hoist in a fixed machinery house or on a

trolley that runs horizontally along rails, usually fitted on a single
beam (mono-girder) or two beams (twin-girder). The crane frame
is supported on a gantry system with equalized beams and wheels
that run on the gantry rail, usually perpendicular to the trolley
Gantry crane
travel direction. These cranes come in all sizes, and some can
move very heavy loads, particularly the extremely large examples
used in shipyards or industrial installations. A special version is
the container crane (or "Portainer" crane, named by the first manufacturer), designed for loading and
unloading ship-borne containers at a port.
Most container cranes are of this type.
Deck
Located on the ships and boats, these are used for cargo
operations or boat unloading and retrieval where no shore
unloading facilities are available. Most are diesel-hydraulic or
electric-hydraulic.
Jib
Deck crane
A jib crane is a type of crane where a
horizontal member (jib or boom),
supporting a moveable hoist, is fixed to a
wall or to a floor-mounted pillar. Jib cranes are used in industrial premises
and on military vehicles. The jib may swing through an arc, to give additional
lateral movement, or be fixed. Similar cranes, often known simply as hoists,
were fitted on the top floor of warehouse buildings to enable goods to be lifted
to all floors.
Jib crane
Bulk-handling
Bulk-handling cranes are designed from the outset to carry a

shell grab or bucket, rather than using a hook and a sling. They
are used for bulk cargoes, such as coal, minerals, scrap metal etc.
Loader
A loader crane (also called a knuckle-boom crane or articulating

crane) is an hydraulically powered articulated arm fitted to a
truck or trailer, and is used for loading/unloading the vehicle Bulk-handling crane
cargo. The numerous jointed sections can be folded into a small
space when the crane is not in use. One or more of the sections
may be telescopic. Often the crane will have a degree of automation and be able to unload or stow
itself without an operator's instruction.
Unlike most cranes, the operator must move around the vehicle
to be able to view his load; hence modern cranes may be fitted
with a portable cabled or radio-linked control system to
supplement the crane-mounted hydraulic control levers.
In the United Kingdom and Canada, this type of crane is often

known colloquially as a "Hiab", partly because this manufacturer
invented the loader crane and was first into the UK market, and
partly because the distinctive name was displayed prominently
Loader crane using a jib extension on the boom arm.[63]
A rolloader crane is a loader crane mounted on a chassis with

wheels. This chassis can ride on the trailer. Because the crane can move on the trailer, it can be a light
crane, so the trailer is allowed to transport more goods.
Stacker
A crane with a forklift type mechanism used in automated (computer

controlled) warehouses (known as an automated storage and retrieval system
(AS/RS)). The crane moves on a track in an aisle of the warehouse. The fork
can be raised or lowered to any of the levels of a storage rack and can be
extended into the rack to store and retrieve product. The product can in some
cases be as large as an automobile. Stacker cranes are often used in the large
freezer warehouses of frozen food manufacturers. This automation avoids
requiring forklift drivers to work in below freezing temperatures every day.
Efficiency increase of cranes

Stacker crane
Lifetime of existing cranes made of welded metal structures can often be

extended for many years by aftertreatment of welds. During development of
cranes, load level (lifting load) can be significantly increased by taking into account the IIW
recommendations, leading in most cases to an increase of the permissible lifting load and thus to an
efficiency increase.[64]
Similar machines
The generally accepted definition of a crane is a machine for lifting and
moving heavy objects by means of ropes or cables suspended from a movable
arm. As such, a lifting machine that does not use cables, or else provides only
vertical and not horizontal movement, cannot strictly be called a 'crane'.
Types of crane-like lifting machine include:
Block and tackle

Capstan (nautical)
Hoist (device) Shooting a film from
Winch crane
Windlass
Cherry picker
More technically advanced types of such lifting machines are often known as "cranes", regardless of
the official definition of the term.
Special examples
Finnieston Crane, a.k.a. the Stobcross Crane
– Category A-listed example of a "hammerhead" (cantilever) crane in Glasgow's former

docks, built by the William Arrol company.
– 50 m (164 ft) tall, 175 tonnes (172 long tons; 193 short tons) capacity, built 1926
Taisun
– double bridge crane at Yantai, China.

– 20,000 tonnes (22,046 short tons; 19,684 long tons) capacity, World Record Holder
– 133 m (436 ft) tall, 120 m (394 ft) span, lift-height 80 m (262 ft)
Kockums Crane
– shipyard crane formerly at Kockums, Sweden.

– 138 m (453 ft) tall, 1,500 tonnes (1,500 long tons; 1,700 short tons) capacity, since
moved to Ulsan, South Korea
Samson and Goliath (cranes)
– two gantry cranes at the Harland & Wolff shipyard in Belfast built by Krupp
– Goliath is 96 m (315 ft) tall, Samson is 106 m (348 ft)
– span 140 m (459 ft), lift-height 70 m (230 ft), capacity 840 tonnes (830 long tons; 930
short tons) each, 1,600 tonnes (1,600 long tons; 1,800 short tons) combined
Breakwater Crane Railway
– self-propelled steam crane that formerly ran the length of the breakwater at Douglas.
– ran on 10 ft (3,048 mm) gauge track, the broadest in the British Isles
Liebherr TCC 78000[65]
– Heavy-duty gantry crane used for heavy lifting operated in Rostock, Germany.
– 1,600 tonnes (1,600 long tons; 1,800 short tons) capacity, 112 m (367 ft) lift-height
Crane operators
Crane operators are skilled workers and heavy equipment
operators.
Key skills that are needed for a crane operator include:
An understanding of how to use and maintain machines and

tools
Good team working skills
Attention to details
Good spatial awareness. A woman driving a 20-ton O.E.T.
crane, 1914
Patience and the ability to stay calm in stressful situations[66]
See also
Accredited Crane Operator Certification
Banksman
Cherry picker
Davit
Floating sheerleg
Gantry crane
Lifting devices with one, two, and three legs:
derrick
sheers
gyn
Overhead crane
Pallet
Patient lift
Sidelifter
Steam shovel
Taisun
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This page was last edited on 26 August 2020, at 04:55 (UTC).
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8/31/2020 Crane (machine) - Wikipedia

The first known crane machine was the shadouf, a water-lifting

For many centuries, power was supplied by the

Ancient Near East

A crane for lifting heavy loads was developed by the Ancient

The simplest Roman crane, the trispastos, consisted of a single-

During the High Middle Ages, the treadwheel crane was

Generally, vertical transport

Apart from treadwheels, medieval depictions also show cranes to

The exact process by which the treadwheel crane was

Structure and placement

Contrary to a popularly held belief, cranes on medieval building

Mechanics and operation

In contrast to modern cranes, medieval cranes and hoists —

unloading of cargo where they replaced or complemented older

Two different types of harbor cranes can be identified with a

Early modern age

A lifting tower similar to that

For stability, the sum of all

The most basic truck-mounted crane configuration is a "boom truck",

Larger, heavier duty, purpose-built "truck-mounted" cranes are

These telescopic cranes are single-engine machines, with the

A crawler crane has its boom mounted on an undercarriage fitted

The main advantage of a crawler crane is its ready mobility and

Floating cranes are used mainly in bridge building and port

An all-terrain crane is a hybrid combining the roadability of a truck-mounted and on-site

Pick and carry

A pick and carry crane is similar to a mobile crane in that is

A sidelifter crane is a road-going truck or semi-trailer, able to hoist

Mobile container crane

A railroad crane has flanged

Optimization of tower crane location in the construction sites has an

Tower cranes can achieve a height under hook of over 100

Components Tower crane with "luffing" jib

Tower cranes are used extensively in construction and other

Mast: the main supporting tower of the crane. It is made of steel

A tower crane is usually assembled by a telescopic jib (mobile) crane

Tower cranes can be operated by remote control, removing the need

Self-erecting tower cranes

Generally a type of pedestrian operated tower crane. Self-erecting

A telescopic crane has a boom that consists of a number of tubes

A telescopic tower crane has a telescopic mast and often a

A telescopic mobile crane with truss

The "hammerhead", or giant cantilever, crane is a fixed-jib crane

The design of Hammerkran evolved first in Germany around the

Level luffing crane

An overhead crane, also known as a bridge crane, is a type of crane

A gantry crane has a hoist in a fixed machinery house or on a

Most container cranes are of this type.

Bulk-handling cranes are designed from the outset to carry a

A loader crane (also called a knuckle-boom crane or articulating

In the United Kingdom and Canada, this type of crane is often

A rolloader crane is a loader crane mounted on a chassis with

A crane with a forklift type mechanism used in automated (computer

Efficiency increase of cranes

Lifetime of existing cranes made of welded metal structures can often be

Types of crane-like lifting machine include:

Block and tackle

– Category A-listed example of a "hammerhead" (cantilever) crane in Glasgow's former

– double bridge crane at Yantai, China.

– shipyard crane formerly at Kockums, Sweden.

Samson and Goliath (cranes)

Breakwater Crane Railway