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Module 2 PDF
Module 2 PDF
Pilani Campus
MATH F311
(Introduction to Topology)
Module-2
Product Spaces & Subspace
Dr Trilok Mathur,
BITS Pilani Assistant Professor,
Pilani Campus Department of Mathematics
Let X & Y be two topological spaces. The product
topology on XxY is the topology having as basis the
collection B of all sets of the form UxV, when U is an
open subset of X and V is an open subset of Y.
* The collection B is not a topology on XxY. The union of
two rectangles pictured in following figure, for instance is
not a product of two sets, so it can not belong to B,
however it is open in XxY.
(
V2
(
)
V1
)
( ( ) )
U1 U2
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Theorem 15.1: If B is a basis for the topology of X and C
is the basis for topology of Y, then the collection :
D ={BxC: B ∈ B, C ∈ C}
is a basis for the topology of XxY.
Projections:
Let 1 : X Y X be defined as : 1 ( x, y ) x
Let 2 : X Y Y be defined as : 2 ( x, y ) y
V { 21 (V )
11 (U )
6
{
U BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Subspace Topology: Let (X,τ) be a topological space.
Let Y⊂X, then the collection τY = {U⋂Y: U ∈ τ} is a
topology on Y, called the subspace topology. With this
topology Y is called subspace of X.
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Example 3. Let X = {1, 2} ×ℕ with the dictionary order.
Then 1×1 is the least element of X, though there is no
greatest element of X.
The ordering produces the inequalities: 1×1 < 1×2 <
1×3 < · · · < 2×1 < 2×2 < · · · where the first “· · ·”
indicates that all elements of the form 1×n are present.
Notice that all but one singleton is in the basis 𝔹 for the
order topology: {1×1} = [1×1, 1×2)
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