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Q.1 Discuss briefly the concept of gender, gender inequality and gender oppression.

Answer.

Gender Inequality

Gender inequality refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based

on their gender. It arises from differences in socially constructed gender roles.
[1]
 Gender systems are often dichotomous and hierarchical; gender binary systems
may reflect the inequalities that manifest in numerous dimensions of daily life.
Gender inequality stems from distinctions, whether empirically grounded or socially
constructed.
Gender Differences
Gender differences are variances between males and females that are based on biological
adaptations that are the same for both sexes. This differs from sex differences in that sex
differences are driven by actual biological gender disparity (such as distinct physical differences)
rather than by differing environmental factors that affect our cognition and behavior. Sex is
typically used to mean a biological difference like traits that are sexually dimorphic (different
between males and females) whereas gender is more of a range and can include many different
attributes because of the social and cultural influences on sexual behavior. Sex differences
therefore refer only to those differences that can be attributed solely to biological difference.

Q.2 Discuss identification theory of Sigmund Freud in detail.

Answer

Identification theory of sigmund Freud

According to Freud, as children develop, there comes a time in which the child must adopt the
characteristics of one of the parents. During this process of identification, the child adopts the
characteristics of the same-sex parent and begins to associate themselves with and copy the
behavior of significant others. In addition, Freud stated that this process also involves the
development of the child's superego (our moral guide in life - the moral component of
personality) which is done by incorporating characteristics of the parents superegos into the
child's own. So, a young male child will begin to take on characteristics of the father (act more
like his father than his mother in the sense of being a male) and will develop a superego that has
similarities to the moral values and guidelines by which the parents live their lives (e.g., if the
parents are honest people, the child may come to realize that honesty is important and that lying
is wrong).

Q.4 What are the core assumptions of Bandura's social learning theory? Explain briefly.

Answer
 Core assumptions of Bandura's social learning theory
 People can learn by observing other's behaviors and the consequences that result.
 Learning can occur without a change in behavior.
 Cognition plays important roles in learning.
 People can have considerable control over their actions and environments.
 Self-regulation plays a major role in learning, e.g., goals, self-observation, self-judgment, self-reaction.
 We move from the individual (behaviors and internal process) paradigm to learning as a shared function am
(internal person), behavior (external person), and environment.
 The nature of humans is social, therefore we learn through social interactions e.g. interactional conversation
observation, apprentice activities, collaboration/cooperation, reciprocal teaching.
 Humans are intrinsically active and exploratory in  attempting to impose order, stability, and meaning on exp
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Assignment 1

Q.1 Define and differentiate between gender and sex.

Answer

Sex refers to biologically defined and genetically

acquired differences between males and
females, according to their physiology and
reproductive capabilities or potentialities. It is
universal and mostly unchanging, without
surgery.
Gender refers to the economic, social, political,
and cultural attributes and opportunities
associated with being women and men. The
social definitions of what it means to be a
woman or a man vary among cultures and
change over time. Gender is a sociocultural
expression of particular characteristics and roles
that are associated with certain groups of people
with reference to their sex and sexuality.