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1. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of (a) a golf ball of mass 50 g moving at 20 m/s and (b)
an electron with kinetic energy of 10 eV.
2. The threshold of sensitivity of the human eye is about 100 photons per second. The eye is
most sensitive at a wavelength of around 550 nm. For this wavelength, determine the
threshold in watts of power.
3. What is the energy, in electron volts, of light photons at the ends of the visible spectrum, that
is, at wavelengths of 380 and 770 nm?
4. Determine the wavelength and momentum of a photon whose energy equals the rest-mass
energy of an electron.
5. Show that the rest-mass energy of an electron is 0.511 MeV.
6. Show that the relativistic momentum of an electron, accelerated through a potential
difference of 1 million volts, can be conveniently expressed as 1.422 MeV/c, where c is the
speed of light.
7. A proton is accelerated to a kinetic energy of 2 billion electron volts (2 GeV). Find (a) its
momentum, (b) its de Broglie wavelength, and (c) the wavelength of a photon with the same
total energy.
8. Solar radiation is incident at the earth’s surface at an average of 1000 W/m2 on a surface
normal to the rays. For a mean wavelength of 550 nm, calculate the number of photons
falling on of the surface each second.
9. A small, monochromatic light source, radiating at 500 nm, is rated at 500 W.
a. If the source radiates uniformly in all directions, determine its radiant intensity.
b. If the surface area of the source is determine the radiant excitance.
c. What is the irradiance on a screen situated 2 m from the source, with its surface
normal to the radiant flux?
d. If the receiving screen contains a hole with diameter 5 cm, how much radiant
flux gets through?
1. A 1.5-mW helium-neon laser beam delivers a spot of light 5 mm in diameter across a room
15 m wide. The beam radiates from a small circular area of diameter 0.5 mm at the output
mirror of the laser. Assume that the beam irradiance is constant across the diverging beam.
a. What is the beam divergence angle of this laser?

b. Into what solid angle is the laser sending its beam?

c. What is the irradiance at the spot on the wall 15 m from the laser?
d. What is the radiance of the laser?
1. Asumsikan bahwa tubuh manusia dapat didekati sebagai sebuah bola benda hitam dengan
jejari 2,5 m pada T = 310 K.
• Pada panjang gelombang berapakah tubuh manusia (T = 310 K) memancarkan radiasi
elektromagnetik maksimum?
• Dapatkan daya total yang dipancarkan oleh badan dan massa yang hilang dalam 1 detik.
• Hitunglah daya yang diukur oleh suatu piranti penglihatan malam (night-vision) dengan
sebuah detektor seluas 10 cm2 yang diletakkan pada suatu jarak 100 m dari tubuh
manusia.
• Berapakah jumlah foton secara pendekatan yang mengenai piranti penglihatan malam
per detik?

1. Radiasi background gelombang mikro kosmik (CMBR) mempunyai suhu mendekati 2,7 K.
a.Berapa panjang gelombang max (dalam m) berhubungan dengan rapat spektral maksimum
u(,T) radiasi background kosmik?
b.Berapa jumlah secara pendekatan foton kosmik (CMBR) yang menabrak bumi per detik
per meter kuadrat [yaitu foton/(s m2)]?