Bacteriology Table

General Virulence
Organism Diagnosis Disease Treatment
features Factors
EXOTOXIN  Penicillinase-
DEPENDANT:
 Gastroenteritis resistant
  Toxic shock penicillins
 Gram stain Microcapsule syndrome like
 Gram (+), CULTURE:
 Protein A:  Scalded skin
Staphylococcu
s binds igg syndrome
Clustered Blood agar, (eg.methicilli
aureus cocci  Clumping
Mannitol salt n,
 Β-hemolytic factor DIRECT INVASION OF
cloxacillin)
(nose, skin esp.  Coagulase agar  Coagulase ORGANS
hospital staff  Hemolysins  Pneumonia
(+)  Catalase test  Vancomycin
and pts; vagina)  Penicillinase  Meningitis
 Catalase (+)  Coagulase  Acute bacterial  Clindamycine
 Hyaluronidase  NOTE -
 Facultative test  Staphylokinase endocarditis
 Novobiocine  Osteomyelitis if methicillin
anaerobe  Lipase
 Skin infection resistant,
test  Bacteremia/sepsis treat w/ IV
 UTI vancomycin

 Gram stain
CULTURE:
 Polysaccharide
 Blood NOSOCOMIAL
Staphylococc  Gram (+), capsule INFECTION
us clustered agar,  Prosthetic joints,
epidermidis cocci (adherence to
Mannitol
 Catalase (+) prosthetic valves
salt agar  Sepsis from
(skin, mucous  Coagulase (-) devices)
 Catalase test
membranes)  Facultative  High antibiotic intravenous lines (SAME )
 Coagulase  UTI
anaerobe resistance
test
 Novobiocine
test
  Gram stain
CULTURE:
 Gram (+),  Blood agar,
Staphylococcus clustered
cocci  Mannitol
saprophyticus  Γ-hemolytic
 Catalase (+) salt agar
 Coagulase (-)  Catalase test  Utis in sexually
active women
 Facultative  Coagulase (SAME )
anaerobe test
 Novobiocine
test
 CULTURE:
Blood agar
 Gram (+),
Streptococc  Optichin test  Penicillin G
diplococcic
(+) (IM)
us  Grow in  Pneumonia  Erythromycin
 Bile test (+)
pneumoniae chains  Meningitis  Ceftriaxone
 Inulin
 Catalase (-)  Sepsis  Vaccine:
(oral colonization) fermentation
 Facultative  Otitis media against the
(-) 23 most
anaerobe (children)
 Quellung common
 Α-hemolytic
test capsular Ag’s
 Capsulated
(encapsulate
d bacteria)
(+)
 Gram (+)cocci,  Optichin test
chains (-)
Streptococcus  Α-hemolytic  Bile test (-)
viridans (green)  Inulin
 Catalase (-) fermentation
(normal orophry nx  . Facultative (+)
flora & GI)
anaerobe
 .
Direct
Invasion/toxin
 Pharyngiti
 Penicillin G
 Sepsis  Penicillin V
 Skin infections  Erythromyci
 Toxic shock n
syndrome  Penicillinase
Streptococc  Gram  Scarlet fever
-resistant
us (+)cocci, (strawberry
penillicin
pyrogenes chains  Bacitracin tongue)
 (NOTE:
(group A)  Β-hemolytic susceptibility Antibody-
sensitive to
 Catalase (-) test(+) mediated
-lactam
 Microaerophili  Camp (-)  Rheumatic
fever antibiotics
c
 Myocarditis especially
 Arthritis
 Chorea cephalosporin
 Rash )
 Acute post-
streptococcal
Glomeruloneph
ritis
  Gram (+ )cocci,
Steptococcus chains  Bacitracin  Neonatal
agalactiae  Catalase (-) susceptibility meningitis
(group B)  Facultative test(-)  Neonatal  Penicillin g
anaerobe  Camp (+)
pneumonia
(vaginal  Β-hemolytic
colonization)  Neonatal sepsis
 Gram (+), chains
   CULTURE:
Enterococci  Gamma -
 Blood agar
(group D) hemolytic  Extracellular
 Catalase (-)
 Macconkey agar  Subacute bacterial  Ampicillin
(ferment lactose dextran  Resistance
 Facultative endocarditis
producing small (helps bind to  Biliary tract to penicillin
(normal colon anaerobe
pink magenta Heart valves) G
flora)  Non-capsulated infections
colonies )
& non-motile  3. UTI
 Catalase (-)
(Eg: E. Fecalis, E.  Salt tolerable
Faecium) and bile soluble
LEC 7

General Virulence Treatme

Organism Diagnosis Disease
features Factors nt
 Gram(-) rods  DIRECT GRAM
 Catalase (+) STAIN.
 CULTURE:
Escherichia coli  Oxidase (-)
 Blood agar  Fimbriae (pili):
 Lactose  Macconkey  Urinary
fermenter agar
colonization  Tract infections
 Facultative  Eosine  Factor
(human gi and ut;  Peritonitis
transmitted fecal- oral, Methaline Blue  Siderophore
anaerobe  Appendicitis
urethral migration,
 Flagellated agar  Adhesins
colonization of catheters)  Postoperative wound
 BIOCHEMICAL  Capsule
 . Capsulated infections ,
REACTION: (k antigen)
 Antigens are o, Indole production  Neonatal meningitis
 5. Flagella (h
k, h & fimbrial +ve.  Sepsis.
 Mr +ve. antigen)
antigens
 Urease enzyme
production –ve.


Gram(-) rods  CULTURE:  Shiga toxin: causes a

Catalase (+)  Macconkey breakdown of the
Shigella 
Oxidase (-) agar(non- intestinal lining.

Glucose lactose  Penetrate the colonic
Dysenteriae
fermenter fermenting pale mucosa
 Facultative yellow colonies)  Bloody diarrhea with
(humans; fecal-oral anaerobe  Salmonella- mucus and pus
transmission) Shigella (SS)
 Indole –ve
except (S. agar
Flexneri.)  Deoxycholate
 Non-motile. citrate
 agar(DCA)

 Gram-negative
rod. SPECIMENS:
 Non-spore-  Blood
forming. Feces and urine
 Non capsulated CULTURE:
Salmonella  Macconkey agar.
 Motile  Deoxycholate citrate
typhi  Typhoid fever
 Produce agar (DCA).  Paratyphoid fever,
hydrogen sulfide  Brilliant green
 Food-borne illness.
 (test) bismuth sulphite
(fecal-oral, Birds, agar.
 Oxidase (-)(test)
reptiles, and turtles  Salmonella-Shigella
 Glucose
transmission) (SS) agar
fermenter  Selenite F broth
 Facultative  Indol (-)
anaerobe  Catalase (+)
  Gram(-) rods
 Indole, oxidase
Klebsiella (-)
 Glucose,lactose  Chest infections
pneumoniae
fermenter  Bronchopneumonia
 Facultative  CULTURE:
 Lung abscesses
MacConkey
anaerobe  UT1
 Capsulated  Septiceamia
 Non-motile.

• Doxycycli
 Gram –ve bactera
ne
 Oxidase (+) (test)
• Vibrio Enterotoxins • Iv
 Grows at 42⁰c,
 Tolerant to alkali Rise in cyclic replace
Vibrio cholera   STOOL adenosine
 Grow rapidly in the ment
ph rang 7.4-9.6 SPECIMENS monophosphate (camp) Of the
(fecal-oral  Vibrio cholerae Thiosulfate- production.. lost fluids
transmission) Adapted to salt citrate-bile- • Severe diarrhea with and
water habitats and
sucrose(TCBS) rice water stools, no electrolyt
are halophilic
 Darting movement pus e
 Fermentative • Vomitting
(except lactose)


  Gram –ve rods
 Microaerophilic
 Dark-field
 Non-fermenting
Campylobacter  Motile microscopy
jejuni  Are oxidase-  Darting motility  Guillain-Barre
 Definitive
positive Syndrome
 Grow optimally at diagnosis: stool
(zoonotic: wild and
(Most common
37or 42°C. culture
domestic animals and  Oxidase (+) (test)  PREFERRED
cause of acute
poultry; transmitted by
 Catalase (+)(test) MEDIA: Blood neuro-muscular
uncooked meat and
fecal-oral)
 Sensitive to agar plates paralysis)
Nalidixic acid containing
antibiotic

 Microaerophilic
 Nonsporulating  Urease (+)
 Gram-negative  Urea breath
curved rods
Helicobacter test  Duodenal ulcers
 Person-to-person
pylori (radioactive
transmission  Chronic gastritis
 Be associated urea)
with Chronic  By Gram stain
Superficial (curved gram(-)
Gastritis (CSG) rods)
 Highly motile
 A: Clostridium
• Antibody
difficile (diarrhea)
associated colitis
• Cell cytotoxicity • Toxin A
test = diarrhea
Clostridium • Enzyme • Toxin B
immunoassay = cytotoxic to
(inhabit the soil  Gram-positiv (detects toxin A, colonic epithelial
and the intestinal  Relatively large toxin B, or both)
cells
• PCR assays
tracts of humans  Rod-shaped
• Flagella (H-Ag (+))
and animals) bacteria
 Anaerobe B:Clostridium perfringens
 All species form (Gastroenteritis)
(GRAM +VE )
endospores  Isolation and
 Natural habitat
identification of  Gas gangrene,
is the soil
bacteria is stool tetanus, botulism,
samples and pseudo
 Nagler test membranous colitis.
(+) = (opaque zone  (common for both)
on the upper right
half)
 Non motile

Lec 8

General Virulenc
Organism Diagnosis Disease Treatment
features e Factors
  Gram (+)
Club-shaped  Specimens:
Corynebacteri rods throat and
 Terminal
um nasopharyngeal
volutin swabs
diphtheriae granules  Special Stain
 Exotoxin-  Albert’s stain.
producing (demonstrate  Extra  antitoxin
{Two cellular (to neutralize
the
functionally toxin the toxin)
metachromatic
distinct  Immunization
granule)s  Upper
fragments, A with DPT/
 Blood agar respiratory
(for toxic  Tellurite Blood DTaP
tract
activity ) and (Boosters
agar  Necrotic
B (binding to (Selective every 10
injury to
receptors of medium for years)
epithelial
target cells)} C.diphtheriae) cells
• aerobes and  Catalase (+)
facultative  Pseudomembra
anaerobes ne formation
• growth is 20- (lead to
40ºC respiratory
• non blockage)
haemolytic
  WHOOPING
 Gram (-) rod COUGH
 Small 1. Catarrhal
 Coccoid stage
 Non motile  Low-grade
Bordetella fever
pertussis  Grown
 occasional
aerobically on
cough
special culture  Vaccination
 SPECIMEN :  The 2. Paroxysmal
(Man; highly mediums available
Nasopharyngea filamentous stage
contagious; resp  Are nutritionally  (DPT)
l secretions hemaggluti  rapid
transmission. fastidious  Pertussis
 Bordet-Gengou nin coughs
Colonizes the cilia of  Cultivated on rich  Vomiting vaccine,
medium  Tracheal
the mammalian ( killed
media  Serological cytotoxin and
respiratory epithelium)  bacterial cell
Colonizes the tests  Exotoxins exhaustion
 Paroxysm suspension)
cilia of the
mammalian al attacks
respiratory 3. Convalescen
epithelium ce stage
 Transmitted by  Gradual
Aerosol droplets recovery
 Less
persistent
 In cows and
 Usually extra
Mycobacteriu rarely in
pulmonary,
m humans (both
affecting
can be
Bovis bones that led
carriers)
to hunched
(unpasturised
backs.
milk)
Mycobacteriu
m  Infects people
Avium with late stage
HIV

Mycobacteriu  Acid fast • Sputum, CSF ,  TB  Vaccination

m bacteria Urine, Pus, symptoms BCG vaccine:
 Large Tissues, Gastric [Fever, live, avirulent
tuberculosis
nonmotile washing, Blood night M. bovis
(mostly affects • DETECTION  Early
rod-shaped sweats,
lungs,  Facultative  Ziehl-Neelsen weightloss, detection &
transmitted intracellular method cough effective
through air) parasite  Carbol fuchsin (productive therapy
 Obligate stains or non  Prophylactic
• FLUORESCEN productive) chemotherap
aerobe
 Mycolic acids T STAINING , y
 Auramine O  (Rifampin &
(lipids in cell hemoptsis]
fluorochrome Isoniazid
walls)
stain
 Resistant to (INH)
• CULTURE
drying and and Ethambu
 From sputum
disinfectants  Lowenstein- tol or
streptomycin.
Jensen
 Multidrug –
medium which
Resistant
is an egg
Mycobacteriu
based medium
 Middlebrook's m
medium which tuberculosis
is an agar (MDR-TB)
based
 medium.
PCR
SEROLOGY

Lec 9

Virule
General nce
Organism Diagnosis Disease Treatment
features Facto
rs
 Gram (-) rods  CULTURE • Infections of the Vaccine available
 Small chocolate agar upper and lower (DTP)
   SAMPLES respiratory tract in
Hemophilus  Often
cerebrospinal individuals with
influenzae encapsulated
fluid (CSF), weakened immune
 Non motile
blood, pus, or defenses and
 Aerobic purulent children
 Enter the resp. sputum • Most common
tract by inhalation  microscopy cause of meningitis
 Fastidious  Direct in children under 4
detection of H. years of age.
influenza • Sepsis
polysaccharide • Pneumonia,
in CSF by latex • Otitis media,
agglutination • Epiglottises
kits
    SMAPLE:
Neisseria • Gram-negative blood  SIGNS OF
diplococci CSF
Meningitidis MENINGITIS
• Coffee-bean-  Chemical
 Headache
shaped cocci profile
• Non motile  Fever
(neonates  Gram stain
• Polysaccharide  Neck stiffness  Penicillin G.
parasites of the  SELECTIVE
capsule MEDIA  Severe  Vaccine
nasopharynx.) • Highly
Modified  Malaise
contagious  Rash
Thayer-Marten
• Facultative
(MTM  Cause death in
anaerobe
 Oxidase (+) few hours
 Serology
Listeria  Gram-positive    CULTURE:  Neonatal meningitis
monocytogenes rods Aerobically on  Very sick with fever
 non-spore- blood agar.  Muscle aches
(ingestion of  A blood or  Stiff neck,
contaminated raw forming
milk or cheese;  Peritrichous spinal fluid test  Develop fever
vaginal
transmission)  flagellation Chills while
 Reproduce in pregnant
 phagocytes
 Asymptomatic
in healthy
adults
 Can cross
placenta

 Tetanospasmin
• Gram-positive
 Sustained
bacilli  Robertson cooked muscle
Clostridium • endospore-
media contraction  Antitoxic therapy
tetani forming  TOXIN  Muscle spasm  Tetanus toxoid
• obligate anaerobe
[SPORE DETECTION  Lockjaw (trismus)  Metronidazole
• Motile
FORMING] PCR  Respiratory muscle  ( preventive)
• clear zone of
 Difficult to culture  Human tetanus
hemolysis paralysis
 Inoculated in cmb immunoglobulin
(soil; entry via • Puncture wounds  Neonatal tetanus
wounds) Grows in deep and blood agar  Opis-thotonus
wounds
 • Gram-positive
• Endospore-
forming  Polyvalent
• Obligate  Toxin detection antitoxin
anaerobe By mouse  Proper
Clostridium Neutralization canning
• ubiquitous in  Botulism
Botulinum soil and H2O test.  Flaccid paralysis of  Nitrites
[SPORE • 7 different  Serology the musculature. prevent
FORMING] Neurotoxins  Pcr, endospore
• Botulinum patient serum or germination
(soil, canned food, ) Toxin: (MOST food reminant in sausages
POTENT TOXIN
ON EARTH)

• Acid-fast rod
Leprosy or • Grows best at
30°c
Hansen’s  Tuberculoid and/or
• Via nasal
Disease Acid fast stain Lepromatous
secretions
(Transmission • Incubation Leprosy
contact with an time
infected person) 10 years
 Gram negative  Serological test  [Weil’s]  Doxycycline
 Obligate aerobe
 Headaches
 Spirochete
Leptospira  Flagella  Muscular aches
interrogans  Reservoir: Dogs  Fever
and rats  Kidney failure a
(type of  Transmission
possible
 Skin/mucosal
Spirochaete) complication
contact from urine-
 contaminated water

 Gram (-)
diplococci  Endocarditis
 Coffee-bean-  Meningitis
Neisseria shaped cocci  Arthritis
 Gram stain
gonorrhoeae  Frequently  Chocolate blood  Ophthalmia
(Sexually pleomorphic neonatorum
agar
transmitted  Non motile  Modified Thayer-  Male
disease)  Polysaccharide (Painful urination  Fluoroquinolones
Martin
capsule. Pus)
media
 Intra or extra  Women:
 Oxidase (+)
cellular (symptoms
 ELISA
 Ferments as pelvic
 PCR
glucose inflammatory
 Facultative disease)
anaerobe
  Gram (-) bacteria
 Obligate
Chlamydia intracellular
trachomatis
parasites  Painful urination
 Smallest living  Watery discharge
organisms  Women:  Doxycycline,
(humans, direct  Elementary bodies  Culturing
contact)  Reticulate bodies  PCR
(symptoms  Azithromycin
 Secrete glycogen
 As pelvic
and transform into inflammatory
the reticulate disease
body.
 Divide by binary
fission.
 Gram (-), thick  Fresh primary or  Primary Syphilis  Penicillin is the
rigid spirals secondary lesions  Forms a drug of choice
Treponema  Microaerophilic by darkfield chancre(Usually
pallidum  Small microscopy painless)
 Spiral  Fluorescent  Mainly the
(humans, STD) spirochete antibody genitalia
(type of  Motile techniques  Secondary
Spirochaete)  Not  NON- Syphilis
 Cultivated on TREPONEMAL  Spread to local
artificial media ANTIGEN lymph nodes
 Pass through the TEST  Then to the blood
placenta VRDL stream
[Detect reagin  Hair loss
antibody Non-  Fever
  Malaise
 Lymph node
swelling
specific antigen
 Late Syphilis
{cardiolipin}]
 TREPONEMAL (tertiary
 Gummas
ANTIGEN
 (Granulomas)
TESTS
Destructive
[FTA-ABS tests
 Cardiovascular,
for anti-
CNS involvement
treponemal  General paresis,
antibodies]  Optic atrophy
 Progressive
inflammatory
disease

Lec 10

General Virulence
Organism Diagnosis Disease Treatment
features Factors
  Gram stain
and colony
identification
 wet mount
 Ciprofloxacin
and • Two
is the drug of
malachite exotoxins
choice
green • Third toxin
component :  Doxycycline
staining for
 Gram (+), spores. cell receptor- is used
Bacillus rods binding  Oral penicillin
 Confirmatory
protein V OR
Anthracis identification
 endospore- called the Amoxicillin is
[SPORE {CDC may
forming protective used to
FORMING] include
 Nonmotile antigen complete the
phage lysis,
• One toxin, regimen of
(affect cattle, sheep;  Nonhemolytic
capsular
the edema treatment.
staining,
inhaled, ingested)  Aerobic toxin  Vaccination of
direct
 Catalase • The other livestock
fluorescent
(live
 Primary antibody toxin, lethal
attenuated
(DFA) testing toxin
habitat is soil vaccine)
on capsule • The capsule
 Anthrax
antigen and of B.
Vaccine for
cell wall anthracis is
human
polysaccharid very unusual (killed
e.} vaccine)
 Serologic
testing
 Quantitative
serology