Topper's Notes

UPSC Mains
Value Addition Material
(Data/Statistics)

Rank 95, UPSC CSE 2019-20

Rushikesh Reddy
Learning Made Faster!
ClearIAS Learning App
Human development
1. India is witnessing favourable demographic dividend i.e. 65% of our
population are below 35 years of age. India’s DD will peak around 2041, when
the share of working-age, i.e. 20-59 years, population is expected to hit 59%. 


2. By 2020, the average Indian will be only 29 years old, compared with an
average age of 37 in China and the United States, 45 in Western Europe, and
48 in Japan.


3. India’s HDI has improved significantly from 0.427 to 0.640 between 1990 and
2017. But its position is still lowest among its peer countries (Asian and
developing economies). As per the UNDP Human Development Index (HDI),
India is ranked 130 among 189 countries. Moreover, India also reflects inter-
State disparities in regional and human development which are reflected by
State level HDIs. 


4. As per the India Skill Report 2016, the present demographic advantage of India
is predicted to last only till 2040.


5. According to the economic survey, about 55-60 lakh jobs will have to be
created annually over the next decade. The government’s own figures say that
just 1,35,000 jobs were created in the frontline sectors of textiles, leather,
metals, automobiles. 


6. According to NASSCOM, only 15% of Indian graduates are employable thus,

signifying the low quality of education and skills.


7. Only 2% formal skill training. In Germany it is 70%.


8. 90% informal sector workforce. 50% GDP unorganised.


9. Urban India now form about one-third of the population and they produce
more than three-fifths of the country’s GDP. 


10. More than 2/3rd of the urban population lives in 27 big cities with million plus
populations. 


11. It is estimated by UN that almost 2/3rd world population would be in urban

areas by 2050.


[For more notes refer: clearias.com] Page 1

 12. According to the 2011 Census, around 18% of urban households live in slums. 


13. A 2010 McKinsey report estimates that India will need to spend $1.2 trillion on
cities by 2030.


14. Indian cities require annually about 2.5 million new dwellings but less than 15
percent of the requirement is being constructed.


15. Only 35-40 percent of the urban population has the privilege of sewage system.
Most of the cities have old sewerage lines which are not looked after properly.


16. The annual rate of growth of labour migrants nearly doubled relative to the
previous decade, rising to 4.5 percent per annum in 2001-11 from 2.4 per cent
in 1991-2001. 


17. SDG 11 talks about making cities sustainable. 


18. The share of elderly population will continue to rise steadily, nearly doubling
from 8.6% in 2011 to 16% by 2041. 


19. India has topped the list of people living abroad at 17 million with about 5
million Indians residing in the Gulf region alone, according to a UN report. 


20. It shows that between 2011 and 2016, close to nine million people migrated
between states annually, up from about 3.3 million according to successive
censuses.


Women and Children

1. According to National Crime Record Bureau (NCRB), almost 300 crimes are
committed against women per day. According to UN, one out of every three
women experiences violence. 


2. According to NCRB, there has been an increase of 336% of rape cases against
children in the last decade. 


3. According to the National Crime Record Bureau’s 2014 report, 40% of rape
victims are girls under the age of 18. 


[For more notes refer: clearias.com] Page 2

4. MoWCD study showed that 53% of children reported having faced some form
of sexual abuse and proved that boys were as vulnerable as girls 


5. The CSR is on descending order since 1991. In 1991 it was 945, in 2001 it was
927 and in 2011 it stood at 919. While the overall sex ratio is showing an
upward trend. It has improved from 933 (2001 census) to 943 (2011 census). 


6. According to 2016 NCRB data, overall crimes against women have risen by
about 3%, incidents of rape have gone up by 12%. NCRB data recording an 83
percent increase in crimes against women between 2007 and 2016. 


7. According to economic survey, 'son preference' giving rise to sex selective

abortion lead to an estimated 63 million missing women. 


8. As per National Family Health Survey (NFHS), 26.8% women were married
before 18 years of age. But UNICEF has estimated that India saw sharp decline
of 20% in child marriages in the last decade. 


9. According to NSSO data, India’s female Labour Force Participation Rate

(LFPR) has fallen to a historic low of 23.3% in 2017-18. 


10. According to global wage gap report 2018-19, India has the highest gap of 34.5
percent between what men and women earn. That means women get 34 percent
less compared to men for performing the same job with same qualifications. 


11. IMF Chief Christine Lagarde said that gender parity in workforce can boost
India’s GDP by 27%. McKinsey report estimates that India can add $700
billion of additional GDP by 2025 if gender parity is achieved.


12. The average percentage of women’s representation in politics globally stands at

about 22%, whereas in case of India it is a mere 11.8%.


13. According to Census 2011, there has been a 24% increase in the number of
female agricultural labourers between 2001 and 2011. 


14. With present trend, it will take 217 years for women’s access to economic
opportunity to be on a par with that of men. 


15. In Asia and Africa, women walk an average of 6 kilometres (3.7 miles) per
day collecting water. 


[For more notes refer: clearias.com] Page 3

 16. India ranks 132 out of 187 countries on the gender inequality index (GII) –
lower than Pakistan (123), according to the UNDP’s HDR 2013.


17. Offender known to victim in 98% of rape cases.


18. The decade 1991-2001 represents an anomaly in that the overall sex ratio has
posted its highest ever increase of 6 points from the all time low of 927 to 933,
but the child sex ratio has dropped from 945 to 927.


19. According to economic survey there are more than 21 million unwanted girls
in India. This has been arrived by calculating the sex ratio of the last child
(son-meta preference). 


20. In 2015, more than 50% cases of human trafficking involved minors and close
90% of them were girls trafficked to be forced into prostitution.


21. As per Census 2011, in the age group (5-14) years, 10.1 million (3.9% of total
child population) are child labourers. 


22. 4.1% of the crimes are committed by the juveniles.


Polity
1. In 2013, India ranked 94 out of 177 countries in the Corruption Perception
Index of Transparency International. 


2. Government has abolished more than 1400 old acts in the recent years.


3. There are 17 judges per million in India.


4. From the time of independence there were only 5 women sitting judges in
Supreme court.


5. The Indian judicial system has over 3.53 crore pending cases (Supreme Court-
0.16%, High Courts- 12.30% and Subordinate Courts- 87.54%). There is huge
inter-state variation in average pendency of cases in lower courts. 


6. Vacancies in high courts have reached 50% of their sanctioned strength. 5000
posts in sub-ordinate judiciary is vacant.


[For more notes refer: clearias.com] Page 4

 7. A study by Daksh group says that 86% of cases took 10-15 years to get
disposed of in India. 


8. Delhi Government approves proposal for home delivery of ration under TPDS
to all ration beneficiaries. 


9. According to BPRD 2017 report, there are 150 police per lakh population in
India. On an average, globally, there are 300 police per 1 lakh population. 


10. The Digital Dividend Report prepared by the World Bank estimates that India
can save ₹77,000 crore every year by the use of Aadhaar. 


11. More than 122 crore Aadhaar numbers had been issued, covering 99% of
India’s population above the age of 18. 


12. Many state-supported schemes, including some by the DBT mechanism, have
been linked to Aadhaar. 10.33 crore MGNREGA card holders get wage
payment through DBT in their bank accounts. 


13. 22.80 crore of PAHAL and Ujjwala beneficiaries are given cooking gas
subsidies through DBT in their Aadhaar-linked bank accounts. 


14. The Income Tax Department has already linked 21 crore PAN card holders
with their Aadhaar numbers. 


Health
1. India’s spending is 1.2% of GDP, while developed countries spending is more
than 5%. It needs to be increased to 2.5% of GDP as stated by National health
Policy, 2017. 


2. According to Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI), Out-of-pocket (OOP)

health expenses plunge 55 million Indians into poverty in 2017. Medicines
contributed to more than 67% of OOP healthcare expenditure in 2011-12. 


3. The Under Five Mortality Rate (U5MR) in India is 39 per 1000 live births,
Infant Mortality Rate is 34 per 1000 live births and Neonatal Mortality Rate is
24 per 1000 live births.


4. The MMR has declined from 167 in 2011-2013 to 130 in

2014-2016. Bangladesh is better than us. According to LANCET report, one

[For more notes refer: clearias.com] Page 5

 third of total maternal deaths in 2015 happened in India.


5. Institutional delivery rates in rural and urban areas were 28.9% and 67.5%
respectively as per NFHS-III in 2005-06. This is grossly less compared to other
countries. 


6. India has the highest number of undernourished people in the world (15
percent of India’s total population during 2014-16). According to global
malnutrition report, 48% of women in India suffer from anaemia. Around 40%
of Indian children have malnutrition problem. 


7. According to Centre for Disease control and prevention (CDC), there is a $10
return on investment for every $1 spent on childhood vaccinations. 


8. IMR is 39 per 1000 live births. NHP 2017 targets to reduce infant mortality
rate to 28 by 2018.


9. Nearly 2 lakh children under five die every year from diarrhoea diseases
caused by unsafe water and poor sanitation, according to the charity WaterAid. 


10. On the Global Hunger Index (GHI) 2016, India ranks 97 out of 118 developing
countries. 190 million people in India go hungry daily. 


11. India’s total fertility rate (TFR) has halved from 4.5 in 1984 to 2.3 as of 2016.
TFR is now below replacement level fertility in 13 out of the 22 major states.


12. India’s accounts for close to 10% of the global pharmaceutical industry in
terms of volume. This number goes to 20% for generic-drug exports by
volume. 


13. Punjab is the worst off with an incredibly low child sex ratio of 793 (only state
below 800), followed by Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi, Gujarat and Himachal
Pradesh. Even Kerala, the state with the best overall sex ratio does not do too
well at 963, while the highest child sex ratio of 986 is found in Sikkim.


14. One in two deaths in India are due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs).
India is third most obese country in the world at present. By 2030, India is
expected to be the diabetes capital of the world.


15. According to National Health Profile 2018, India has just one government
allopathic doctor for over 11,000 people. This is against the WHO norm of

[For more notes refer: clearias.com] Page 6

 1:1,000. 


16. The latest National Sample Survey (NSS) shows that over 80% of India’s
population is not covered under any health insurance scheme. Even RSBY
could cover only 12% of urban and 13% of rural population.


17. Private doctors are most significant source of treatment. According to

economic survey, 72 percent of the treatment provided in rural areas and 79
percent in urban areas was availed in the private sector.


18. Youngsters in the 15-29 years age group accounted for the highest rate of
suicide. 70 million Indians suffer from mental illnesses, more than 2 lakh
commit suicide per year.


19. Vasectomy accounts for only 2% of all sterilisations which happen in India.


20. The rural sanitation coverage has increased significantly from 42 per cent in
2014 to 63 per cent. 3 States have been declared Open Defecation Free (ODF).


Education
1. Education spending has increased from 2.8% in 2014-15 to 3% in
2018-19. Developing countries like South Africa and Brazil spend about 5.8%
whereas countries like Norway, Sweden and Finland spends more than 7% of
its GDP on education. 


2. India accounts for just 3% of all the research papers published in the world in
science and engineering. 


3. Only 46,904 patents were filed in India in 2016 (China filed over a million
patents). We have enabled an ethos of publishing, but not ‘patenting,
publishing and prospering’.


4. Literacy rate in India is around 73% while male literacy is around 82% and
female literacy is around 65%. SC literacy is around 66% in India. 


5. According to Gender Development Index (GDI) mean years of schooling for

girls in India is at 3.6 years which is substantially lower than that for males.


6. It can be seen that the drop-out rate in higher education among ST students for
2014-15 is much higher at around 25 percent compared to the all India annual

[For more notes refer: clearias.com] Page 7

 average drop-out rate at 17 per cent.


7. 50% of Indian children aged 6-18 do not go to school. 


8. Just one out of nine children finishing school joins a college. India has one of
the lowest higher education enrolment ratio.


9. According to ASER, 1 out of 4 children leaving Class VIII are without basic
reading skills.


10. Despite the high number of pass-outs in D.Ed./B.Ed. programme and surplus
teachers in zero enrolment schools, there were 9.08 lakh vacancies of teachers
at elementary level in government schools.


11. A study by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)

showed that 90 percent of the colleges and 70 percent of the universities that
the council graded were of either average or poor quality.


12. In India, only 53% of habitation has a primary school while only 20% of
habitation has a secondary school.


13. Shortage of teachers was endemic with even the IITs reporting 20 to 30 percent
shortfall in faculty.


14. Indian students now spend $7 billion to go abroad and study in foreign
universities because of the poor quality of education at home. Yet the
government drags it feet over permitting foreign universities to set up shop in
India.


Economy
1. Economy Size: Rs. 190 lakh crore = $2.7 Trillion in 2018-19. India is the 6th
largest economy in terms of nominal GDP and ranks third in PPP terms. 


2. India grew at 7.5% against the world growth of 3.6% in last 5 years. 


3. Between 2004–05 to 2009–10, employment elasticity of India was as low as

0.01, which implies that with every 1 percentage point growth in GDP,
employment increased by just one basis point. 


[For more notes refer: clearias.com] Page 8

4. India’s share in world GDP has increased from an average of 4.8% during
2001-07 to 7% during 2014 to 2015 in current PPP terms (IMF). 


5. Economic Survey expects GDP to grow at 7% in 2019-20. According to

economic survey, a minimum growth rate of 8% will make India a $5 Trillion
economy by 2025. 


6. Following the formation of Monetary Policy Committee (MPC), inflation has

remained within the mandated band of 4%. 


7. Per capita income Rs. 1,44,000. 


8. Following the global crisis, the fixed investment rate fell from 37% in 2007-08
to 27% in the following ten years. It has recovered to 28% recently. Out of this,
Government sector investment = 4%. 


9. Exports $535 Billion (~20% of GDP). Goods exports $331 Billion (62% of
total exports) and service exports $204 Billion (38% of total exports). 


10. Imports are 22% GDP. Trade is 42% GDP. 


11. China-India trade deficit is around 46b$ and presents an increasing trend.
India-central Asia is around 1b$. 


12. Direct taxes: 51 percent. Indirect taxes: 49 percent. Corporate tax was the
largest contributor to the GTR followed by GST while contribution of customs
was the lowest. 


13. India’s tax-GDP ratio of around 17% is half the average of OECD countries
(35%). Tax/GDP = 17% (Centre 12% & States 5%). 


14. Monthly GST collection (Centre & States combined) = Approx. Rs. 1 lakh
crore. 


15. Over 1 crore tax payers registered under the GST. 


[For more notes refer: clearias.com] Page 9

16. 

17. The gross fiscal deficit (GFD) to GDP ratio declined from 4.5% (2013-14) to
3.4% (2018-19). The fiscal deficit for FY19 has been revised upward to 3.4%. 


18. The government increased the target for disinvestment to Rs. 1.05 lakh crore
for FY-20. 


19. India’s foreign exchange reserves stood at US $422.2 billion in 2019. 


20. Under the FRBM framework, the fiscal deficit is to be reduced to 3% of the
GDP by 2018-19, while the revenue deficit is expected to fall to 0.9% of the
GDP by 2019-20. 


21. Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) in India has declined to 36.9% in
2017-18 from 39.5% in 2011-12 (NSSO) as per usual status. 


22. According to Economic Survey, Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) is

49.8% in India. Female LFPR is 23.3% in India. 


23. The unemployment rate (UR) in India stood at 6.1% with 5.3% in rural areas
and 7.8% in urban areas as per usual status. 


24. As the labour is an item in the Concurrent List, there are 44 state laws and
more than 100 central laws which deal with a host of labour issues. 


25. Rationalisation of 38 central labour laws into four codes, namely Code on
wages; Code on safety; Code on industrial relations; and Code on social
security and welfare.


26. According to Economic Survey, nearly 95% of trade by volume and 68% by
value of the country’s international trade is carried on through maritime
transport. 


[For more notes refer: clearias.com] Page 10

27. As per the Global Findex Database, almost 80% of adult Indians now have
bank accounts. 


28. Under PMJDY, of 35.70 crore account holders, around 18.88 crore account
holders are women. 


29. According to the Economic Survey for 2015-16 leakages in LPG subsidy
transfers fell 24%. 


30. HAM projectsaccounted for around 46% of total awards in terms of highway
length and 63% in terms of total value in the fiscal year 2017-18. 


31. Sum recovered by IBC code till now is more than Rs. 3 lakh crore. 


32. World bank estimated that automation would impact 69% jobs in India alone. 


33. Gross NPA ratio declined to 9.3 percent as on March 2019 against the peak of
11.5 percent recorded in March 2018.


34. The financial services market in India is primarily untapped, with 40% of the
population having no association with any bank and more than 80% of the
transactions carried out through cash. 


35. Almost 1 billion Indians are offline and they cannot participate in the digital
economy in meaningful way. 


36. Infrastructure sector received a push of Rs 5.97 trillions in the budget 2018-19
up from Rs. 1.91 trillion allocated to infrastructure in 2014-15. 


37. 370 major cash based schemes were implemented under the DBT mechanism. 


38. Indian improved its ‘Resolving Insolvency’ ranking from 134 in 2014 to 108 in
2019 in EoDB. 


39. Declining share of Railways in total freight traffic from 89% in 1950-51 to
30% in 2011-12. 


40. India jumped to 36th rank in 2016 from 58th rank in 2014 in the World Bank’s
Logistics Performance Index (LPI). 


[For more notes refer: clearias.com] Page 11

41. Logistics sector employs over 22 million people and is growing at the rate of
15%. 


42. Logistics cost in India is very high i.e. 13-14% of GDP as compared to USA
9%. 


43. India has about 14,500 km of navigable waterways. The logistic share of
waterways in India remains only at about 1.5%, as compared to China having
8.7% share. 


44. 42 per cent of India’s population living in the coastal states, it can make a
positive impact on the lives of more than 500 million people.


45. As per the World Bank, the cost of transport of one tonne of freight over a km
by road is Rs. 2.28, by rail Rs. 1.41 and Rs 1.19 for waterways. 


46. The capacity augmentation of navigation on NW-1 through the Jal Marg Vikas
Project estimated to entail a capital expenditure of Rs. 2.53 crore per km only.
Compared to this road and rail each cost over 5 crore per km. 


47. IPPB aims to link all the 1.55 lakh post office branches with India Post
Payments Bank services by the end of 2018. 


48. India is the fifth largest manufacturer in the world with a compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) of around 7.7 per cent between 2012-13 and 2017-18.
However, the contribution of manufacturing sector as a percentage of the GDP
remained stagnant at 16-17 % of GDP. 


49. MSME enterprises 6 crore. Employment in MSME enterprises 11

crore. Contribution to GDP 38%. Contribution to Exports 40%. Share in
manufacturing 45%. 


50. The Indian e-commerce market is expected to grow to US$ 200 billion by 2026
from US$ 38.5 billion as of 2017. 


51. The rate of growth of Gross Capital Formation (GCF) in industry has
registered a sharp rise from -0.7 per cent in 2016-17 to 7.6 per cent in 2017-18.


52. Contract enforcement remains the single biggest constraint to improve our
Ease of Doing Business (EODB) ranking. India ranks 163 out of 175 in

[For more notes refer: clearias.com] Page 12

 contract enforcements.


53. Industrial Disputes Act (IDA), 1947 mandates firms with more than 100
employees, to get permission from the Government. 


54. An average 40 year old firm in the USA generates 5 times as much more
employment than the average 40 year old Indian firm. 


55. According to economic survey, productivity per worker in manufacturing in

India is 1/3rd of that in China. So, average manufacturing wages in India are
lesser compared to China. 


56. 78 sick CPSEs in the economy are generating a losses of around 300 billion
rupees. 


57. In manufacturing, in 2010-11, small firms employing less than 20

workers accounted for 72% of manufacturing employment but only 12% of
manufacturing output. 


58. India is gradually becoming a startup hub as more than 1,200 startups came up
in 2018, taking the total number of startups to almost 7,200 in the country. 


59. Among the top 15 services provider countries, the services sector accounts for
more than two-thirds of total employment in 2016 in most of them except
India, China, and Mexico. India has the lowest share of 28.6 per cent. 


60. India’s share in international tourist arrivals (ITA) is a paltry 1.1 percent with a
rank of 24 compared to the 7.1 percent of France which ranks 1st in 2015. 


61. The World Travel and Tourism Council calculated that tourism accounted
for 9.2% of India's GDP in 2018 and led to 8.1% of its total employment. 


62. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), Tourism and
Travel contributes for 1 in 10 jobs in global economy. 


63. India currently has around 18 per cent of the global medical tourism market.
‘E- Medical Visa’ has also been introduced for 166 countries. 


64. In the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index 2017, India has improved its
ranking 12 places to reach the 40th position globally among 136 countries in

[For more notes refer: clearias.com] Page 13

 tourism. 


65. Under UDAN scheme, a total of 719 routes have been awarded in three rounds
of bidding for regional connectivity, 182 of which are operational.


Poverty
1. India’s rank in HDI is 130 out of 188 countries as per HDR, 2018. India is last
among BRICS. 


2. According to the economic survey, about 4.2% of GDP is currently spent on

key subsidies.

3. According to the World Bank, more than 270 million people in India (22%)
live in conditions of extreme poverty, earning $1.90 or less a day. 


4. BPL households spend 70% of their income on food. 


5. Diversions of grains from PDS amounted to 46.7 percent according to NSSO’s

data. 


6. As per the data Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas 5 crore LPGs were
distributed to the entitled beneficiaries, resulting in more use of cleaner
cooking fuels thereby reducing the effects of household air pollution. 


7. About 20 crore people go to bed hungry and 7,000 people die of hunger every
day. Wastage of food is not less than a social delinquency. 


8. India loses Rs. 58,000 crore every year because of wastage of food. The energy
spent over wasted food results in 3.3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide
production every year. 


[For more notes refer: clearias.com] Page 14

 9. e-payment under MGNREGA has increased from 77.34% in 2014-15 to 99%
in 2018-19.


10. More than 99% of manual scavengers, in India, are Dalits.


11. Overall SC literacy stands at 60% while ST literacy stands at 51%.


12. Since 2014, around 190,000 km of rural roads have been constructed.


13. PMAY-G was launched in 2016 with a target to complete one crore pukka
houses with basic amenities by March 31, 2019.


14. As on March 2019, 2.6 crore households have been electrified since the launch
of SAUBHAGYA scheme. 


15. Expenditure on social services by the Centre and States as a proportion of GDP
has registered an increase of more than 1 percentage points during the period
2014-15 (6.2%) to 2018-19 (7.3%). 


16. Almost 55 percent of all the payments under MGNREGA are through Aadhaar
Based Payment Systems (ABPS). 


17. According to SECC, out of 18 crore house holds in India, around 11 crore are
classified as deprived.


Agriculture
1. Agricultural food grain production (2018-19) is 281 MT. Horticulture
production (2018-19) is 315 MT. 


2. Staple crops (cereals, pulses and oilseeds) occupy 77 percent of the total gross
cropped area (GCA) but contribute only 41 percent to the output of the crop
sector. High value crops (HVCs) contribute an almost similar amount to total
output as staples do, but they occupy only 19 percent of the GCA. 


3. Agriculture exports $33 Billion. Agriculture imports $25 Billion. 


4. Agriculture Export Policy, 2018. It aims to double agricultural exports from

present USD 33 Billion to USD 60 Billion by 2022. 


[For more notes refer: clearias.com] Page 15

5. Indian Food Processing Industry (FPI) contributes to around 8.8% and 8.39%
of Gross value added (GVA) in Manufacturing and Agriculture
respectively. Indian FPI contributes around 13% to India’s exports. 


6. According to economic survey, 2018, almost 30% of the farmer income come
from animal wealth. Animal husbandry constitute 25% of agricultural GVA.


7. India ranks first in milk production, accounting for 20 percent of world

production.


8. India is the second largest fish producer with a total production of 13.7 MT in
2018-19 of which 65% was from inland fisheries. Fisheries constitute 5.08
percent of agricultural GVA. 


9. Almost 89 percent of groundwater in India is extracted for irrigation. By 2050,

India will be in the global hot spot for ‘water insecurity’. The water guzzlers,
paddy and sugarcane, consume more than 60 percent of irrigation water
available in the country. 


10. Crop production, grazing and animal water supply accounted for a little over
92% of total water use in India. 


11. According to the 2015-16 agricultural census, share of marginal holdings (less
than 1 ha) in total operational land holdings increased to 68.5 % in 2015-16.
Share of Large holdings (above 4ha) decreased to 4.3%. 


12. 82% of farmers are marginal or small with less 2 hectares of land. 


13. The share of operational holdings cultivated by women has increased to 13.9
percent in 2015-16. 


14. More than 72% of farmers who committed suicide in 2015 had less than two
hectares of land (small farmers). 


15. About 42% of India’s land area is facing drought, with 6% exceptionally dry
according to drought early warning system. 


16. More than 3 lakh farmers committed suicide in the last decade alone. A
majority of them were concentrated in five major agricultural states –

[For more notes refer: clearias.com] Page 16

 Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Chhattisgarh. 


17. NSSO survey says that 40% of credit needs of farmers are met through
informal channels and mostly by small farmers. 


18. According to NABARD, 52% of the farmers are in debt. The average monthly
income per agricultural household stands at Rs 6,426. 


19. At present, almost 130 million hectares of land is degraded in India. 


20. WHO report says that the average use of fertilisers on average in India is 3.5
times more than the world average. 


21. MSP is given for 24 crops. 


Energy
1. India’s energy mix is dominated by coal (49.6 percent) share, followed by oil
and gas (35 percent), biomass (11.5 percent), renewable and clean energy (2.2
percent) and nuclear energy (1.2 percent). 


2. We import approximately 82 percent of crude oil and 45 percent of natural gas

requirements during 2017. We also import 200 million tonnes of coal. 


3. In the power sector, the all-India installed power capacity is about 357 GW,
renewables constitute 17.3% of total installed capacity (around 63 GW). 


4. Energy sector accounted for 73% of GHGs, Industrial Processes for 8%,
agriculture for 16% and waste sector for 3%.


5. According to India’s Second Biennial Update Report (BUR), emission

intensity of India’s GDP came down by 21% between 2005 & 2014 and its
achievement of climate goal for pre-2020 period is on track. 


6. India expanded its solar generation capacity more than ten times from 2.65 GW
in 2014 to 28.18 GW in 2019. 


7. According to the MNRE (2018), India has an annual solar cell manufacturing
capacity of about 3 GW while the average annual demand is 20 GW. The
shortfall is met by imports of solar panels. Solar panel imports, mostly from

[For more notes refer: clearias.com] Page 17

 China, accounted for 90% of 2017 sales. 


8. India has witnessed a record low solar tariffs of ₹2.44 per unit. 


9. Despite 18% of world’s population, India uses only around 6% of the world’s
primary energy. Per capita energy consumption in India continues to be only
around one-third of the global average and one-eleventh that in the United
States. 


10. In India, transport sector is the second largest contributor to CO2 emissions
after the industrial sector. Road transport accounts for around 90% of the total
emissions in the transport sector in India. 


11. Indian market share of electric cars is a meagre 0.06% when compared to 2%
in China and 39% in Norway.


12. Recently, on the World Biofuel Day Prime Minister announced that now India
will produce 450 crore litre of ethanol in the next four years. It will result in
import savings of Rs 12,000 crore. 


Environment
1. World Bank estimates that environmental degradation costs India $80 billion
per year or 5-6% of its economy. 


2. We generate around 40 MMT of e-waste every year, worldwide. E-waste

comprises 70% of our overall toxic waste. 


3. Annually 62 MMT of solid waste is generated in India. 


4. India produces around 9.4 MMT of plastic each year. Roughly half of annual
plastic production is destined for a single use product. 


5. It is estimated that around 10 million tonnes of plastic ends up in oceans every

year. As per World Economic Forum (WEF) studies by 2050, there will be
more plastic in the oceans than there are fish. 


6. According to WHO survey across G20 economies, 13 of the 20 most polluted

cities are in India. 


[For more notes refer: clearias.com] Page 18

7. A report from the Lancet estimated that two lives in India are lost every minute
due to ambient air pollution. 


8. India has 16% of world population but only 4% of world’s water resources. 


9. Per capita fresh water availability in India has decreased sharply from 3000
cu.meters in 1950s to about 1200 cu.meters at present. According to NITI's
composite water management report, 600 million people face high-to-extreme
water stress. 


10. The composite water management report says that 21 major cities like New
Delhi, Bengaluru and Hyderabad will run out of groundwater by 2020,
affecting 100 million people. 


11. According to NITI, 70% of our fresh water is contaminated. 


12. Only around 31% of wastewater generated is treated and that too with huge
inter-city variations. 


13. A CPCB report indicates that almost half of India’s inter-State rivers are
polluted. 


14. The water use efficiency in conventional irrigation ranges from 30 to 50

percent against 80 to 95 percent in the case of Micro Irrigation (MI) including
drip irrigation. 


15. A recent report of the World Bank found that climate change could effectively
negate economic progress, pushing 45 million Indians into extreme poverty
over the next 15 years. It also noted that the farmers income losses from
climate change would be 15% and 18% on an average. 


16. According to Economic Survey of 2018, India incurs losses of about $9-10
billion annually due to extreme weather events. 


17. India has a target of building 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022.
This requires $200 billion in funding. 


[For more notes refer: clearias.com] Page 19

18. The SDG 7 is to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern
energy for all. 


19. According to recent report of ‘Earth Overshoot Day’ the mankind had used its
full quota of resources that earth can regenerate in a year by August 2 in 2017.
That means we are living on an ecological overdraft from August 2. This day
has been consistently shifting upwards since 2010. 


20. Swachh status report says that almost 50% of rural population defecates in
open in India, while it is just 4% in Bangladesh. 50% toilets in India are un-
used due to various problems. 


21. Nearly 2 lakh children under five die every year from diarrhoea diseases
caused by unsafe water and poor sanitation, according to the charity WaterAid. 


22. Since October 2014, over 9.5 crore toilets have been built all over the country. 


23. 93.41% of villages are ODF in India. 24 states in India became ODF. 


24. Nearly 90% of all SBM toilets have already been geo-tagged. 


25. Under SBM, an incentive of Rs. 12,000 is provided for construction of

individual household latrines.


26. A total of nearly Rs. 51000 crore has been allocated since 2014-15 for SBM.
Nearly 8% of the Centre’s SBM contribution goes to social and behaviour
change communication cost. 


27. Estimates suggest that world requires US$5 to US$7 trillion per year for
financing SDG goals. 


28. According to the Climate Bonds Initiative, $81 billion worth of labelled green
bonds were issued in 2016. 


29. According to a 2015 report of Indian institute of remote sensing, 147 million
hectares of land is eroded in India. Every year India loses 68 billion rupees due
to soil erosion. 


[For more notes refer: clearias.com] Page 20

 30. As per a study by TERI, Land degradation cost India about 2.54 per cent of its
GDP. 


Science and Technology

1. India ranks 6th position for scientific publications and ranks at 10th for patents
which included only resident applications. 


2. India has improved its innovation ranking 29 spots in Global Innovation Index
(GII) in last five years from 81th position in 2014 to 52th position in 2019. 


Security
1. According to Institute for Economic Peace, violence in India causes around 4%
of loss to India’s GDP. 


2. The estimated cost of cyber-attacks in India stands at $4 billion which is

expected to reach $20 billion in the next 10 years. 


3. It is estimated that a total of $343 billion has been laundered out of India
during last decade. 


4. India's defence spending annually is around 4.31 lakh crores, which is around
21% of total expenditure. 


5. India has spent around $50 billion on defence purchases in the last decade. 


[For more notes refer: clearias.com] Page 21

clearias.com
clearias.com