CHAPTER FOUR

Carpentry and Joinery

Wood Joints & Carpentry Tools

ENG: saed abdi saed

CARPENTRY TOOLS

1.Try Square
2.Steel Rule
3.Coping Saw
4.Penon Saw
5.Ironjack Plane
6.Benchwise etc
Name that tool
Try Square
 This is used to mark lines at 90
degrees to a straight edge.
 It is used to mark out lines square to
the face edge and face side.
 It may also be used to check if edges
are straight. If the try square is
placed on the edge of the material
and held up to a light, any light
shining through between the material
and the try square blade indicates
that the edge of the material is not
straight.
Name that tool
Steel Rule
 A steel rule is a very accurate marking
and measuring tool. The steel is thin and
the markings on the rule are very fine.
 The measurements are in millimetres on
one edge and inches on the other.
 The steel rule can also be used as a
straight edge to check if materials or
edges of materials are straight.
 The measurements on the steel rule go
all the way to the end unlike the plastic
ruler. This is because the rule may be
used to measure inside pipes. It may
also be used to measure diameters and
circumferences of pipes and tubes
accurately. The end of the rule with the
measurements to the edge is called the
zero end.
Name that tool
A Coping Saw
 Coping saws are used to remove
complicated shapes and cut curves
in woods and plastics.
 The blade is held in a frame and may
be easily replaced if broken.
 The teeth of the blade point
backwards towards the handle.
 The saw cuts on the pull stroke and
not on the forward stroke. This is
because the blade is too flexible to
be pushed.
 The blade can be angled in the frame
if the frame gets in the way when
cutting larger sheet materials.
Name that tool
A Panel Saw
Large panels or sheets of materials
for example plywood. require
larger ripsaws in order to cut them
by hand.

Sheets that are small enough may be

held in the vice whereas larger
sheets may need to be supported
on special types of portable
carpenter's supports called
trestles.
WOOD JOINTS AND TOOLS

WOOD PLANES
 1. Ironjack Plane
is used to make
smooth surface.
 BENCH VICE

A bench vice is secured on the work bench to

grip work piece while it is worked on.
Common
Woodworking Joints

Beginning Woodworking
Joints
 Lap Joint

The lap Joint is obtained by overlapping the woods

 Mortise & Tenon Joint

-Very Strong
-Used on leg
and rail
construction
Wood joints
 Advantages  Disadvantages
− Give strength − Time-consuming
− Long lasting − Require skill – difficult to make
− Decorative − Special tools needed
− Resist forces well
Butt joints

• Simple joints
• Need nails or screws
• Rebate will give strength
• Greater glue area
Edge joints

 Simple joints
 Join narrow boards
together to make wider
boards
 Strengthened with
– Tongue & groove
– Loose tongues
– Biscuit joint
Halving joints

 The two halves of the

joint make up the full
thickness

 Uses
– Frames
– Rails
Housing joints

 Uses
– Shelved units
– Dividers for boxes
Bridle joints

 Uses
– Frames
– Doors
– Making tables
– Making chairs
More bridle joints

 Uses
– Frames
– Doors
– Making tables
– Making chairs
Finger joint

 Large glue area

 Common joint
 Odd number of fingers

 Uses
– Joining corners of
frames and boxes
– Cabinet
construction
Mortise and tenon joints

 Widely used
 Large glue area gives
strength
 A number of different
types

 Uses
– Frames
– Doors
– Tables & chairs
Mortise and tenon joints

 Barefaced mortise and

tenon joint
– Barefaced tenon has
only one shoulder
Mortise and tenon joints

• Stopped mortise and

tenon joint

• Wedged mortise and

tenon joint
Mortise and tenon joints

 Twin mortise and

tenon joint
– Greater glue area
and a stronger
joint
– Used when a wide
tenon could
become loose with
shrinkage
Mortise and tenon joints
• Haunched mortise
and tenon joint
Dovetail joints
 Strong joint
 Attractive
 Dovetail tightens when
a pulling force is applied

 Use
– Drawers
Dovetail joints
 Single through dovetail  Tee dovetail halving
joint joint
 Uses
– Corners of boxes
– Where rails meet legs
Dovetail joints
 Through dovetail joint  Lapped dovetail joint
 Uses  Used
– Box carcases – Where strength is needed,
– Drawer carcases but the front end grain of
the tails has to be hidden
– Drawer fronts
Screws
 Screws are used to hold a
joint together
 First, a pilot hole is drilled
and then countersunk
Screws and plugs
 Screw is hidden with a
round wooden plug
Joint block
 Allow pieces to be taken apart
 Not very strong or attractive

 Knock-down fitting  Wooden blocks can also

be made to do the same
thing
Mitre joint
 A simple form of joint that can be strengthened with loose
tongues, biscuits or dowels
Dowel joint

 Used in place of
mortise and tenon
 Dowel is a wooden
cylinder
 A dowelling jig is used
Example 1
 Describe a suitable method of joining the rail ‘R’ to the leg ‘L’
on the table pictured in the diagram.

Example
Example 2
 In the unit shown, describe a
suitable method of joining:
− Side A to the shelf S
− Base B to side A

− Shelf S to side A using

a housing joint
A

A
− Base B to side A with
B
finger joints
Quiz
 Name the joints

− Barefaced mortise and − Twin mortise and tenon

tenon
 Name the joints

− Tee dovetail halving − Finger joint

 Name the parts shown
Dowel

Tail A

Pins
B
 Name the joints

− Stopped housing joint − Lapped dovetail

 Name the part shown

Haunch